36

Subject/Unit Name/Module Name
http://10.20.3.1:8080/engineering/I_YEAR/EM/M36...
StrengthofMaterials/Unit10/Module1Column-I
ProblemSet[ProfessorVideo-1][ProfessorVideo-2][ProfessorNote]
[FacultyVideo][FacultyNote]
1. TworigidbarsACandBCareconnectedasshowntoaspringofconstantk.
Knowingthatthespringcanactineithertensionorcompression,determinethe
criticalloadP forthesystem.
cr
2. Determine(a)thecriticalloadforthesteelstrut,(b)thedimensiondforwhichthe
aluminum strut will have the same critical load. (c) Express the weight of the
aluminumstrutasapercentoftheweightofthesteelstrut.
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Friday 19 August 2011 10:05 AM
3. Acompressionmemberof1.5-meffectivelengthconsistsofasolid30-mm-diameter
brassrod.In orderto reduce the weightofthe memberby25%,the solid rod is
replaced bya hollow rod ofthe crosssection shown.Determine (a)the percent
reductioninthecriticalload,(b)thevalueofthecriticalloadforthehollowrod.Use
E=105GPa.
AdditionalProblemSet
1. TherigidABisattachedtoahingeatAandtotwosprings,eachofconstantk=2
kips/in.thatactineithertensionorcompression.Knowingthath=2ft,determinethe
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criticalload.
2. Acolumnof6-meffectivelengthistobemadefromthreeplatesasshown.UsingE
=200GPa,determinethefactorofsafetywithrespecttobucklingfroacentricload
of16kN.
Examples
1. Tworigidbars,eachoflengthL,formingastraightverticalmemberasshownin
Fig(a),have torsionalsprings of stiffness k at idealpinnedjoints B andC.
DeterminethecriticalverticalforceP andtheshapeofthebuckledmember.
cr
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Solution:
InordertodeterminethecriticalbucklingforceP ,thesystemmustbegivena
cr
displacementcompatiblewiththeboundaryconditions.Suchadisplacement
withpositivesenseisshownasA'B'CinFig.(a).BarBCrotatesthroughan
angle and bar AB independently rotates through an angle .
1
2
Therefore,thissystemhastwo degreesoffreedom.Free-bodydiagramsfor
members AB and BC in deflected positions are drawn in Fgs.(b) and (c).
Then, assuming that the member rotations are infinitesimal, equations of
equilibriumarewrittenforeachmember.Inwritingtheseequations,itshould
benotedthatM =k( - ),wherethetermsinparenthesesconstitutethe
1
2
1
infinitesimalrotationanglebetweenthetwobars.Onthisbasis,
and
Rearranging,
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Thesetwohomogeneouslinearequationspossessatrivialsolution, 1=
2=0,aswellasanonzerosolutionifthedeterminateofthecoefficientsis
zero,i.e.,
Onexpandingthisdeterminant,oneobtainsthecharacteristicequation
Therootsofsuchanequationarecalledeigenvalues,thesmallestofwhichis
thecriticalbucklingload.Inthiscase,therearetworoots:
andP =P .
cr
Substituting the roots into either one of the simultaneous equations

determines the ratios between the rotations of the bars. Thus, for P ,
1
2/ 1=1.62,andforP2, 2/ 1=-0.62.Thecorrespondingdeflected
modesareshowninFigs.(d)and(e).TheoneinFig(d)correspondstoP .
cr
These mode shapesare called eigenvectorsand are often written in matrix

formas
where 1 isanarbitraryconstant.
2. A2-m-longpin-endedcolumnofsquarecrosssectionistobemadeofwood.
AssumingE=13GPa, =12MPa,andusingafactorofsafetyof2.5in
all
computingEuler'scriticalloadforbuckling,determinethesizeofthecross
sectionifthecolumnistosafelysupport(a)a100-kNload,(b)a200-kNload.
Solution:
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(a)Forthe100-kNLoad.Usingthegivenfactorofsafety,wemake
P =2.5(100kN)=250kNL=2mE=13GPa
cr
inEuler'sformula(Eq.10)andsolveforI.Wehave
Recallingthat,forasquareofsidea,wehaveI=a /12,wewrite
4
-6
a /12=7.794X10 m a=98.3mm100mm
Wecheckthevalueofthenormalstressinthecolumn:
Since issmallerthantheallowablestress,a100X100-mmcrosssectionis
acceptable.
(b)Forthe200-kNLoad.SolvingagainEq.(10)forI,butmakingnowP =
cr
2.5(200)=500kN,wehave
-6
I=15.588X10 m
4
-6
a /12=15.588X10 a=116.95mm
Thevalueofthenormalstressis
Sincethisvalueislargerthantheallowablestress,thedimensionobtainedis
notacceptable,andweselectthecrosssectiononthebasisofitsresistance
tocompression.Wewrite
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-3
a =16.67X10 m a=129.1mm
A130X130-mmcrosssectionisacceptable.
3. AnaluminumcolumnoflengthLandrectangularcrosssectionhasafixedend
B and supports a centric load at A. Two smooth and rounded fixed plates
restrainendA from movinginone ofthe verticalplanes ofsymmetry ofthe
column,butallowittomoveintheotherplane.(a)Determinetheratioa/bofthe
two sides of the cross section corresponding to the most efficient design
againstbuckling.(b)Designthe mostefficientcross sectionfor the column,
6
knowingthatL=20in.,E=10.1X10 psi,P=5kips,andthatafactorofsafety
of2.5isrequired.
Solution:
BucklinginxyPlane.ReferringtoFig.14wenotethattheeffectivelengthof
thecolumnwithrespecttobucklinginthisplaneisL =0.7L.Theradiusof
e
gyrationr ofthecrosssectionisobtainedbywriting
z
I =(1/12)ba A=ab
x
and,since
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Theeffectiveslendernessratioofthecolumnwithrespecttobucklinginthexy
planeis
(1)
Buckling in xz Plane. The effective length of the column with respect to
bucklinginthisplaneisL =2Landthecorrespondingradiusofgyrationis
e
Thus,
(2)
a.MostEfficientDesign.Themostefficientdesignisthatforwhich
thecriticalstressescorrespondingtothetwopossiblemodesofbucklingare
equal.Wenotethatwillbethecaseifthetwovaluesobtainedaboveforthe
effectiveslendernessratioareequal.Wewrite
and,solvingfortherationa/b,
b.DesignforGivenData.SinceF.S=2.5isrequired,
P =(F.S)P=(2.5)(5kips)=12.5kips
cr
Usinga=0.35b,wehaveA=ab=0.35b and
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MakingL=20in.inEq(2),wehaveL /r =138.6/b.SubstitutingforE,L /r,and
crintoEq.(10)wewrite
e y
b=1.620in.a=0.35b=0.567in.
FacultyNotes
1Introduction
Theselectionofstructuralandmachineelementsisbasedonthreecharacteristics:
strength,stiffness,and stability.The proceduresofstressand deformation analysisin
stateofstableequilibriumwerediscussedinsomedetailintheprecedingchapters.But
notallstructuralsystemsarenecessarilystable.Forexample,considerasquare-ended
metalrodofsay10minindiameter.Ifsucharodweremade20mmlongtoactasan
axiallycompressedmember,noquestionofinstabilitywouldenter,andaconsiderable
forcecouldbeapplied.Ontheotherhand,ifanotherrodofthesamematerialweremade
1000mmlongtoactincompression,then,atamuchsmallerloadthantheshortprice
couldcarry,thelongrodwouldbucklelaterallyandcouldcollapse.Aslendermeasuring
stick, if subjected to an axial compression, could fail in the same manner. The
considerationofmaterialstrengthaloneisnotsufficienttopredictthebehaviourofsuch
members.Stabilityconsiderationsareprimaryinsomestructuralsystems.
The Phenomenon of structural instability occurs in numerous situations where

compressive stresses are present. Thin sheets, although fully capable of sustaining
tensile loadings,are verypoorin transmitting compression.Narrow beams,unbraced
laterally,canturnsidewiseandcollapseunderanappliedload.Vacuumtanks,aswellas
submarinehulls,unlessproperlydesigned,canseverelydistortunderexternalpressure
andcanassumeshapesthatdifferdrasticallyfromtheiroriginalgeometry.Athinwalled
tubecanwinkleliketissuepaperwhensubjectedeithertoaxialcompressionoratorque;
seeFig.1.Duringsomestagesof
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firing,thethincasingsofrocketsarecriticallyloadedincompression.Thesearecrucially
importantproblems for engineering design.Moreover,often the buckling or wrinkling
phenomenaobservedinloadedmembersoccurrathersuddenly.Forthisreason,many
structuralinstabilityfailuresarespectacularandverydangerous.
A vastnumber ofthe structural instability problems suggested by the preceding
listingofproblemsarebeyondthescopeofthistext.Essentially,onlythecolumnproblem
willbeconsideredhere.
Forconvenience,thischapterisdividedintotwoparts.PartAisdevotedtothetheory
ofcolumnbuckling,andpartBdealswithdesignapplicationsFirst,however,examplesof
possible instabilitiesthatmayoccurin straightprismaticmemberswith differentcross
sectionswillbediscussed.Thiswillbefollowedbyestablishingthestabilitycriteriafor
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staticequilibrium.Thepurposeofthenexttwointroductorysectionsistoclarifyforthe
readertheaspectsofcolumninstabilityconsideredintheremainderofthechapter.
2ExamplesofInstability
Analysisofthegeneralinstabilityproblemofevenstraightprismaticcolumnsdiscussed
inthischapterisrathercomplex,anditisimportanttobeaware,atleastinaqualitative
way, of the complexities involved to understand the limitations of the subsequently
derivedequations.Bucklingofstraightcolumnsisstronglyinfluencedbythetypeofcross
sectionandsomeconsiderationsofthisproblemfollow.
In numerousengineering applications,compression membershave tubularcross
sections.Ifthewallthicknessisthin,theplate-likeelementsofsuchmemberscanbuckle
locally.AnexampleofthisbehaviorisillustratedinFig.2(a)forasquarethin-walledtube.
Ata sufficiently large axial load,the side walls tend to subdivide into a sequence of
alternatinginwardandoutwardbuckles.Asaconsequence,theplatescarryasmaller
axialstressintheregionsoflargeamountofbucklingdisplacementawayfromcorners;
see Fig 2(b). For such cases, it is customary to approximate the complex stress
distribution bya constantallowable stressacting overan effective width w nextto the
cornersorstiffeners.Inthistext,exceptforthedesignofaluminum-alloycolumns,itwill
be assumed thatthe thicknesses ofa column plate elementare sufficiently large to
excludetheneedforconsideringthislocalbucklingphenomenon.
11 of 33
Some aspects requiring attention in a general column instability problem are

illustratedinFig.3.Heretheemphasisisplacedonthekindofbucklingthatispossiblein
prismaticmembers.Aplankoflimitedflexuralbutadequatetorsionalstiffnesssubjected
toanaxialcompressiveforceisshowntobuckleinabendingmode;seeFig3(a).Ifthe
same plankissubjected to end moments,Fig.3(b),in addition to a flexural buckling
mode,thecrosssectionsalsohaveatendencytotwist.Thisisatorsion-bendingmodeof
bucking,andthesamekindofbucklingmayoccurfortheeccentricforceP,asshownin
Fig.3(c).Lastly,a pure torsional buckling mode isillustrated in Fig .3(d).Thisoccurs
when the torsional stuffinessofa memberissmall.Aswe know thatthin-walled open
sectionsaregenerallypoorintorsionalstiffness.Incontrast,thin-walledtubularmembers
areexcellentforresistingtorquesandaretorsionallystiff.Therefore,atubularmember,
suchasshowninFig.2,generally,willnotexhibittorsionalbuckling.Anumberofthe
open thin-walled sectionsFig.4 are nextexamined fortheirsusceptibilityto torsional
buckling.
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Two sections having biaxial symmetry,where centroids C and shear centers S

coincide, are shown in Fig 4(a). Compression members having such cross sections
buckle either in pure flexure,Fig 3 (a) or twistaround S,Fig.3 (d).For thin-walled
members,whenthetorsionalstiffnessissmallerthantheflexuralstiffness,acolumnmay
twistbeforeexhibitingflexuralbuckling.Generally,thisismorelikelytooccurincolumns
withcruciformcrosssectionsthaninI-shapedsections.However,thetorsionalmodeof
bucklinggenerallydoesnotcontrolthedesign,sincetheusualrolledorextrudedmetal
crosssectionsarerelativelythick.
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ThecrosssectionsshowninFigs.4(b)and(c)havecentroidsCandshearcentersS
in differentlocations.Flexural buckling would occurforthe sectionsin Fig.4(b)ifthe
smallest flexural stiffness around the major principal axis is less than the torsional
stiffness.Otherwise,simultaneousflexuralandtorsionalbucklingwoulddevelop,withthe
membertwistingaround S.Forthe sectionsin Fig.4(c),buckling alwaysoccursin the
lattermode.Inthesubsequentderivations,itwillbeassumedthatthewallthicknessof
membersaresufficientlylargetoexcludethepossibilityoftorsionalortorsional-flexural
buckling.CompressionmembershavingcrosssectionsofthetypeshowninFig.4(c)are
notconsidered.
The following interesting casesofpossible buckling ofstraightmembersare also
excludedfromconsiderationinthistext.OneoftheseisshowninFig.5,wheretwobars
withpinnedjointsattheendsfromaverysmallanglewiththehorizontal.Inthiscase,itis
possiblethatappliedforcePcanreachamagnitudesuchthatthedeformedcompressed
barsbecomehorizontal.Then,onaslightlyfurtherincreaseinP,thebarssnap-through
to a new equilibriumposition.Thiskind ofinstabilityisofgreatimportance in shallow
thin-walledshellsandcurvedplates.AnotherpossiblebucklingproblemisshowninFig.
6,whereaslendercircularbarissubjectedtotorqueT.WhenappliedtorqueTreachesa
criticalvalue,thebarsnapsintoahelicalspatialcurve.Thisproblemisofimportancein
thedesignoflongslendertransmissionshafts.
3CriteriaforStabilityofEquilibrium
14 of 33
Inordertoclarifythestabilitycriteria forstaticequilibrium,considera rigid vertical bar

withatorsionalspringofstiffnesskatthebase,asshowninFig.7(a).Thebehaviourof
suchabarsubjectedtoverticalforcePandhorizontalforceFisshowninFig.7(b)fora
largeandasmallF.Thequestionthenarises:HowwillthissystembehaveifF=0?
To answerthisquestion analytically,the systemmustbe deliberatelydisplaced a

small (infinitesimal)amountconsistentwith the boundaryconditions.Then,ifrestoring
forcesaregreaterthantheforcestendingtoupsetthesystem,thesystemisstable,and
viceversa.
TherigidbarshowninFig.7(a)canonlyrotate.Therefore,ithasonlyonedegreeof
freedom.Foranassumedsmallrotationangle,therestoringmomentisk,and,withF
=0,theupsttingmomentisPLsin PL.Therefore,if
k>PLthesystemisstable(1)
andifk<PLthesystemisunstable
(2)
Rightatthe transistion point,k =PL,and the equilibriumisneitherstable nor
unstable,butisnutral.Theforceasssociatedwiththisconditionisthecritical,orbuckling,
load,whichwillbedesignatedP .Fotthebarsystemconsidered,
cr
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P =k/L(3)
cr
InthepresenceofhorizontalforceF,theP-curvesareasshownbythedashed
linesinFig.7(b)becomingasymptotictothehorizontallineatP .Similarcurveswould
cr
resultbyplacingtheverticalforcePeccentricallywithrespecttotheaxisofthebar.In
either case,even for unstable systems, cannotbecome infinitely large,as there is
alwaysapointofequilibriumatsomewhatlessthan.Theapparentdiscrepancyinthe
graphiscausedbyassuminginEqs.1and2thatissmallandthatsin,andcos
1.The condition found forneutral equilibriumwhen F=0 can be furthereleborated
uponbymakingreferencetoFig.8.
Itisconvenientto relate the processfordetermining the kind ofstabilityto a ball

resting on differentlyshaped frictionlesssurfaces;see Fig.8.In thisfigure,in all three
cases, the balls in position 1 are in equilibrium. In order to determine the kind of
equilibrium,itisnecessarytodisplcetheballsaninfinitesimaldistancetoeitherside.
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Inthefirstcase,Fig.8(a),theballwouldrollbacktoitsinitialposition,andtheequilibrium
isstable.Inthesecondcase,Fig.8(b),theballoncedisplcedwillnotreturntoitsinitial
position,andtheequilibriumisunstable.Inthelastcase,Fig.8(c),theballcanremainin
itsdisplaced position,where itisagain in equilibrium.Such an equilibriumisneutral.
Therefore,byanalogy,astructuralsystemisinastateofneutralequilibriumwhenithas
at least two neighboring equilibrium positions an infinitedimal distance apart. This
criterion forneutral equilibriumisapplicable onlyforinfinitesimal displacements,asat
largedisplacements,differentconditionsmayprevail(Fig.5).
Basedonthepreviousreasoning,thehorizontallineforF=0showninFig.7(b)is
purelyschematicfordefiningP .Theoreticallyithasmeaningonlywithinaninfinitesimal
distancefromtheverticalaxis.
cr
Todemonstatethisagain,considertherigidverticalbarshowninFig.7(a)andsetF
=0.Then,inordertodetermineneutralequilibrium,displacethebarineitherdirection
through an angle (notthrough the angle shown in the figure)and formulate the
equationofequilibrium:
PL-k=0or(PL-k)=0(4)
Thisequationhastwodistinctsolutions:first,when=0andPisarbitrary,FIg.7(b),
and,second,whentheexpressioninparenthesesvanishes.Thissecondsolutionyields
P = k/L. For this value of the axial force, is arbitrary. Therefore, there are two
cr
equilibriumpositionsatP .One ofthese isfora straightbar,and the otherfora bar

cr
inclinedatanangle.SinceatP ,therearethesetwobranchesofthesolution,sucha
cr
pointiscalledthebifurcation(branch)point.
Inthepreviousillustration,therigidbarhasonlyonedegreeoffreedom,sinceforan
arbitraryinfinitesimaldisplacement,thesystemiscompletelydescribedbyangle.A
problemwithtwodegreesoffreedomisanalyzedinthefollowingexample.
Beforeproceedingwiththederivationforcriticalcolumnloadsbasedontheconcept
ofneutralequilibrium,itissignificanttoexaminethemeaningofsuchanalyses.Critical
loadsdonotdescribethepostbucklingprocess.However,byusingtheexact(nonlinear)
differentialequationsforcurvature,itcanbeshownthatforelasticcolumns,onecanfind
equilibriumpositionsaboveP .TheresultsofsuchananalysisareillustratedinFig9.
cr
Note,especially,thatincreasingP bymere1.5percentcausesamaximumsideways
cr
deflection of22 percentofthe column length.For practical reasons,such enormous

deflections can seldom be tolerated.Moreover,the material usually cannotresistthe
inducedbendingstresses.Therefore,failureofrealcolumnswouldbeinelastic.Generally
there islittle additional post-buckling strength forreal coulmns,and the use ofP for
cr
columncapacityisacceptable.Thiscontrastswiththebehaviorofplatesandshellwhere
significantpost-bucklingstrengthmaydevelop.
AnotherillustrationofthemeaningofP
cr
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inrelationtothebehaviorofelasticand
elastic-plasticcolumn based on nonlinearanalysesisshown in Fig 10.In these plots,

columnsthatareinitiallybowedintosinusoidalshapeswithamaximumcenterdeflection
ofare areconsidered.Thepathsofequilibriumforthesecasesvary,depenlingonthe
o
extentoftheintialcurvature.However,regardlessofthemagnitudeof ,criticalloadP
o
cr
serves as an asymptote for columns with a small amount of curvature, which are
aommonlyencounteredinengineeringproblems;seeFig10(b).Itistobenotedthata
perfectly elastic initially straight long column with pinned ends, upon buckling into
approximatelyacomplete"circle,"attainstheintolerabledeflectionof0.4ofthecolumn
length.Behaviorofelastic-plasticcolumncanreachP andthereafterdropprecipitously
cr
in its carrying capacity. Column imperfections such as crookedness drastically the

essential parameter for determining column capacity. With appropriate safeguards,
designprocedurescanbedevisedemployingthiskeyparameter.
BUCKLINGTHEORYFORCOLUMNS
4.EulerLoadforColumnswithPinnedEnds
Atthe critical load,a column thatiscircularortubularin itscross-sectional area may
bucklesidewaysinanydirection.Inthemoregeneralcase,acompressionmemberdoes
notpossessequalflexuralrigidityinalldirections.Themomentofinertiaisamaximum
around tone centroidal axis and of the cross-sectional area a minimum around the
other;seeFig.11.ThesignificantflexuralrigidityEIofacolumndependsontheminimum
I,andatthecriticalloadacolumnbuckleseithertoonesideortheotherintheplaneof
themajoraxis.TheuseofaminimumIinthederivationthatfollowsisunderstood.
18 of 33
Considertheidealperfectlystraightcolumnwithpinnedsupportsatbothends;see
Fig.12(a).The leastforce atwhich a buckled mode ispossible isthe critical orEuler
bucklingload.
In orderto determine the critical load forthiscolumn,the compressed column is

displacedasshowninFIg.12(b).Inthisposition,thebendingmomentaccordingtothe
beamsign convention is-Pv.Bysubstituting thisvalue ofmomentinto the differential
equationfortheelasticcurvefortheinitiallystraightcolumnbecomes
(5)
byletting
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=P/EIandtransposing,gives
(6)
Thisisan equation ofthe same fromasthe one forsimple harmonicmotion,and its
solutionis
v=Asinx+Bcosx(7)
where A and B are arbitrary constants that must be determined from the boundary
conditions.Theseconditionsare
v(0)=0andv(L)=0
Hence,v(0)=0=Asin0+Bcos0orB=0
andv(L)=0=AsinL
(8)
ThisequationcanbesatisfiedbytakingA=0.However,with Aand Beach equal to
zero,ascan be seen fromEq.7,thisissolution fora straightcolumn,and isusually
referredtoasatrivialsolution.Analternativesolutionisobtainedbyrequiringthesine
terminEq.8tovanish.Thisoccurswhennequalsn,wherenisaninteger.Therefore,
,thenthcriticalforceP thatmakesthedeflected
since wasdefinedas,the
n
shapeofthecolumnpossiblefollowsfromsolving
(9)
L=n.Hence,
These P 'sare the eigenvaluesforthisproblem.However,since in stabilityproblems

n
onlytheleastvalueofP isimportance,nmustbetakenasunity,andthecriticalorEuler
n
loadP foraninitiallyperfectlystraightelasticcolumnwithpinnedendsbecomes
cr
(10)
where Eisthe elasticmodulusofthe material,Iisthe leastmomentofinertia ofthe

constantcross-sectional area ofa column,and L is its length.This case ofa column
pinnedatbothendsisoftenreferredtoasthefundamentalcase.
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AccordingtoEq.7,atthecriticalload,sinceB=0,theequationofthebuckledelastic
curveis
v=Asinx(11)
This is the characterstic,or eigrnfunction,ofthis problem,and since =n /L,n can
assumeanyintegervalue.Thereisaninfinitenumberofsuchfunctions.Inthislinearized
solution,amplitudeAofthebucklingmoderemainsindeterminate.FOrthefundamental
case n = 1,the elastic curve is a half-wave sine curve.This shape and the modes
correspondington=2and3areshowninFIg.13.Thehighermodeshavenophysical
significanceinbucklingproblems,sincetheleastcriticalbucklingloadoccursatn=1.
5.EulerLoadsforCOlumnswithDifferentEndRestraints
Thesameprocedureasthatdiscussedbeforecanbeusedtodeterminethecriticalaxial
loadsforcolumnswithdifferentboundaryconditions.Thesolutionsoftheseproblemsare
verysensitivetotheendsrestraints.Consider,forexample,acolumnwithoneendfixed
and the other pinned,as shown in FIg.14,where the buckled column is drawn in a
deflectedposition.HeretheeffectofunknownendmomentM andthereactionsmustbe
o
consideredinsettingupthedifferentialequationfortheelasticcurveatthecriticalload:
21 of 33
(12)
Letting2 =P/EIasbefore,andtranposing,gives
(13)
Thehomogeneoussolutionofthisdifferentialequation,i.e.,whentherightsidezero,is
thesameasthatgivenbyEq.7.Theparticularsolution,duetothenonzerorightside,is
2
givenbydividingthetermonthatsideby .Thecompletesolutionthenbecomes
v=Asinx+Bcosx+(M /P)(1-x/L)(14)
o
whereAandBarearbitraryconstants,andM istheunknownmomentatthefixedend.
o
Thethreekinematicboundaryconditionsare
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v(0)=0v(L)=0andv'(0)=0
Hence,v(0)=0=B+Mo/P
v(L)=0=AsinL+BcosL
andv'(0)=0=A -M /PL
o
Solving these equations simultaneously, one obtains the following transcendental

equation
L=tanL(15)
whichmustbesatisfiedforanontrivalequilibriumshapeofthecolumnatthecriticalload.
thesmallestrootofEq.15is
L=4.493
fromwhichthecorrespondingleasteigenvalueorcriticalloadforacolumnfixedatone
endpinnedattheotheris
(16)
Itcanbeshownthatinthecaseofacolumnfixedatbothends,Fig.15(d),thecriticalload
is
(17)
The last two equations show that by restraining the ends the critical loads are
substantiallylargerthanthoseinthefundamentalcase,Eq.10.Ontheotherhand,the
criticalloadforafree-standingcolumn,Fig15(b),withaloadatthetopis
(18)
23 of 33
Inthisextremecase,thecriticalloadisonlyone-fourthofthatforthefundamentalcase.
Allthepreviousformulascanbemadetoresemblethefundamentalcase,provided
thattheeffectivecolumnlengthsareusedinsteadoftheactualcolumnlength.Thislength
turns outto be the distance between the inflection points on the elastic curves.The
effectivecolumnlengthL forthefundamentalcaseisL,butforthecasesdiscusseditis
e
0.7L,0.5L,and 2L,respectively.Fora general case,L =KL,where Kisthe effective

e
lengthfactor,whichdependsontherestraints.Hence,amoregeneralformoftheEuler
formula,incorporatingtheconceptoftheeffectivecolumnlengthL
e
(19)
InconstrasttotheclassicalcasesshownFig.15actualcompressionmembersare
seldom truly pinned or completely fixed againstrotation atthe ends.Because ofthe
uncertaintyregardingthefixityoftheends,columnsareoftenassumedtobepin-ended.
With the exception of the case shown in Fig. 115(b), where it cannot be used, ths
procedureisconservative.
24 of 33
ProcedureSummary
Column buckling loads in this and the preceding section are found using the same
curvature-momentrelation thatwasderived forthe deflection ofbeams.However,the
bendingmomentsarewrittenforaxiallyloadedcolumnsinslightlydeflectedpositions.
Mathematicallythisresultsinentirelydifferentkindofsecondorderdifferentialequation
thanthatforbeamflexure.Thesolutionofthisequationshowsthat,forthesameload,two
neighboring equilibrium configurations are possible for a column. One of these
configurationscorrespondstoastraightcoumn,theothertoaslightlybentcolumn.The
axialforceassociatedsimultaneouslywiththebentandstraightshapeofthecolumnis
thecriticalbucklingload.Thisoccursatthebifurcation(branching)pointofthesolution.
Inthedevelopedformulation,thecolumnsareassumedtobelinearlyelastic,andto
have the same cross section throughout the column length. Only the flexural
deformationsofacolumnareconsidered.
Forthe second orderdifferential equationsconsidered in thistreatmentthe same
kinematicboundaryconditionsareapplicableasforbeamsinflexure.
Elasticbucklingloadformulasaretrulyremarkable.Althoughtheydonotdepenon
the strength ofa material,they determine the carrying capacity ofcolumns.The only
material property invoved is the elastic modulus E, which physically represents the
stiffnesscharacteristicofamaterial.
The previous equations do not apply if the axial column stress exceeds the
proportionallimitofthematerial.
ProfessorNote
Elasticstability:Euler'sBucklingloadAxialloadingshaytoa
columnisverticalcomparedtoabeamwhichishorizontal.A
columnislongandslender.
AcolumncanbesubjectedtoconstrainsatendsA&B.
TheconstrainsonsupportA&Barehingedsupports.They
restrictlateralmovementsinYdirectionatthesupport.
TheyalloebendingofbeamanaxialforcepactsattheendA
withareactionforceatendB
IntiallythecolumnisinstraightlineAB
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When load p isapplied also itisin a pointC.When thisforce isapplied the column
deflectsfromstraightlinetoadeflectedposition
WhenloadQINYdirectionactsatpointC.Whenthisforceisappliedthecolumndeflects
fromstraightlinetoadeflectedposition.
When load Qisremoved the deffromed column revertsbackto itsoriginal position of
straightlineAB
IfwekeepincreasingtheaxialloadPandtestthecolumnelasticloadPQwefindthethe
columnisnoelasticanymore.ThecolumnremainsinthedeformedshapewhenQis
removedanddoesnotreverback.
TheloadPQwhichcausescolumntobeinstableunderaxialloadiscalledEuler'scritical
loadorthebucklingload
Wecomeacrosscompressiveloadsonmembersasinbuildings,longtowers,reentering
spacevehicleetc.Thedifferentnamestheareknownbyare
Columnsandstanchionsareverticalmembersofbuildingframes.
Apostisageneraltermusedforacompressionmember
AStrutisacompressivememberoftruss.
A boom is the principal compression member ofa crane Minar Qutub,
charminar:Inmiddleeastbuilding
Axiallyloadedcompressionmembers
Thestressinthecolumnis
Ifataloadthecolumncrushesitiscalledthecrushingload.Iff bethe
c
ultimatecrushingstrengththencompressivecrushingloadp =f A
c
Ashortcolumncrushesincompression
Permissiblestress=
Example1
26 of 33
Wroughtironbucklingstressof
andstrongtimberhas
Itsfactorofsafetyrequiredis2.Findthecrosssectionalareaofthecolumniftheloadis
20KN.Toavoidtrussing.
Permissiblecrushingstress
Load=20KN;
compressingstress
Crosssectionalarea
Timber
needs more area for
TimberAssumeacolumnbuckledunderloadperareaiscalledbucklingloadorcritical
load orcrippling load Aisthe area ofcrosssection orcolumn oflength,l,which has
deflectedbye,atthemiddleofthecolumn.
Axialstressoncolumn=
Bendingstressoncolumn=
TotalStress
WhenZ=sectionalmodulesofsectionaboutaxisofbend
27 of 33
WhenP
max
reachesthecrushingstressf ,thecolumnmemberwillfail.Thereasonfor
c
failure is not compression stress P , alone but the combined compression P and
c
bendingP .
b
Euler'sTheoryoflongcolumns:
Lookfromcentrelikeconcave+ve
EndsAandBcanhavekindofB.C's
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bothendspinned
Oneendfixedothersendfree
Whenbothendsarefixed
Whenoneendisfixedtheotherispinned
Case1:
Whenbothendsofthecolumnarepinnedorfixedbendingmomentequationatpointx
onthebeam
28 of 33
Solutiontoaboveequationis
Deflection
Findc &c fromB.C's

1
Atx=0,Bdeflectioniszeroy=0
cos(0)=1,sin(0)=0
y=c +0=0orc =0
1
Atx=l,y=0
Trivalsolution
( Case called harmonics

possiblesolutions)
Theleastpracticalvalue=
PisthecriticalEulerloadbeyondwhichthegivencolumnwillbuckle.
AssumptionsmodeinEuler'stheoryforcripplingload
1.
2.
3.
4.
29 of 33
columnisintiallyaxiallyloadedandhasaxialcompressiveload
columnhasuniformsection
columnmaterialisperfectlyelastic,homogeneous,isotropicandobeyshooke's
Thelengthofthecolumnisverylargecomparedtolateraldimensions
5. SelfweightIignorable
6. columnwillfairbybucklingalone
Example2:
Amildsteeltube4mslong,30mminternaldiameterand4mmthickisusedasastrut
withbothendshinged.Findcollapsingloadtake
Forbothendshinged
Forhollowpipe
Example3:
Findtheshortestlengthforpinendedsteelcolumnhavinga
crosssection of60mmX10mmforwhich Euler'sformula
5
AppliesE=2X10 N/mm criticalproportionallimitis250

N/mm
Weneedtotaketheminimumofmomentofinertia
AsI istheleastofthetwoitwillgivelowervaluesofP tobeusedindesign

xx
30 of 33
Euler's
=Criticalstress=
Criticalproportionalitylimitiswhen
CriticalproportionallimitisthestresswhencriticalEulerstressisreached
'l'is15.39timelargestlateraldimensionof100mm=15.39fortheloadPG=250X60X
100=1500KNcolumnwillcrush.
EffectiveLengthofacolumn
Fora given end condition the effective length ofan column ofthe same material and
sectionwiththehingedendshavingthevalueofthecripplingloadequaltothatofthe
givencolumnl=actualcolumnlength;L=effectivelength
31 of 33
EquivalentlengthLfordifferentboundaryconditions
Fixed-freeboundaryconditionsmakesAflexiblecolumncantakecriticalload1/4times
thatthestiffFixed-Fixedcolumn
32 of 33
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Queries, Comments andC omplements can be mailed on :

sunil.raiyani@rgukt.in
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