GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE IDUKKI

PAINAVU 685 603

NOISE DETECTOR
MINI PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
ANJANENDU C (Reg.no:12004732)
ARYA S (Reg. no:12004784)
ATHIRA PRADEEP (Reg. no:12004742)
NEETHU C K (Reg. no:12004765)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY
MAY, 2015

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE IDUKKI

PAINAVU 685 603
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled NOISE DETECTOR is a
bonafide record of the paper presented by ANJANENDU C(12004732), ARYA
S(12004784), ATHIRA PRADEEP(12004742), NEETHU C K(12004765) during
their sixth semester in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of BTech Degree in Electronics & Communication Engineering of Mahatma Gandhi
University, Kottayam, Kerala.
PROJECT GUIDES

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Ms. NELSA ABRAHAM

Asst.Prof.ECE
Mr. SUNIL RAJ
Asst.Prof.ECE
INTERNAL EXAMINER
.

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
...

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project titled

SOUND DETECTOR being submitted in partial

fulfillment for the award of B.Tech degree is the original work carried out by me. It has not
formed the part of any other thesis submitted for award of any degree or diploma, either in this or
anyother University.
(Signature of the Candidate)
NAME
Register No: NU

ACKNOWLEDGEMNT
We give all honor and praise to the LORD who gave
us wisdom and enabled us to complete this project
successfully.
We express our heartfelt thanks to Dr. J. David,
Principal, Government Engineering College, Idukki for
granting us permission to do the project.
We express our sincere thanks to our head of the
department Prof.K R Ramesh Babu and project guide Ms
Nelsa Abraham and Mr Sunil Raj for their valuable advice
and guidance.
We also express our gratitude and thanks to all our
teachers and other faculty members of the department of
Electronics and Communication, Government Engineering
College, Idukki for their sincere and friendly cooperation
in completing this project.
We are extremely grateful to our parents for their
silent prayer.

ABSTRACT
Project is all about a circuit that can detect sound , such as talking,
clapping, or shouting. Based on this sound that the circuit detects, we can let
anything happen in the circuit, such as have an LED light. This sound detector
circuit mainly consists of - an op-amp, LED, microphone.The sound detector
monitors the sound level and indicates through the LED when the level is above
the preset value. For this the sound is captured by the microphone.The preset value
can be set according to the requirements.

This circuits can be used for various applications by making some changes
in the circuit.The product can be used as security system by providing the
microphone at the door.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 01
CHAPTER 2. SYSTEM DESIGN
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 02
2.2 BLOCK DESCRIPTION ..03
2.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ..08
2.4 WORKING ...09
CHAPTER 3. PCB DESIGNING .10

3.1 COMPONENT LAYOUT 12

3.2 PCB LAYOUT ....12
.
CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION ..13
4.1 FUTURE ASPECTS ...13
REFERENCE .14
APPENDIX
.15

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Noise is a major issue in the present world. Living beings are sensitive to various sound levels.
Noise disturbances may harm the activity or balance of human and animal life. Due to noise
pollution, stress or excitation may create increased chance of heart attack in old people, and
hearing loss may occur to any aged ones. So reduction of noise is a must for our life safety.
A murmuring or music in low volume will not be considered a noise. So noise is something
above a particular threshold value. This value which we selected for our project is 70dB,
corresponding to a loud conversation or noisy street or TV set at high volume.
This circuit is intended to signal, through a flashing LED, at the exceeding of the fixed threshold
in room noise. For capturing sound we use an electret microphone. It can detect sound levels
from 50dB onwards.
The further information about the project is given in the following chapters.
Chapter 2 explains the block level description of the system, It includes high pass filter,
amplifier, comparator, and peak detector blocks. Chapter 3 includes the PCB design general
steps, and the specification of op-amp lm324. The 4th chapter deals with the entire working of the
system.
The last chapter includes the application and future aspects of our project.

01

CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM DESIGN
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 2.1 includes the major block diagram of sound detector.the system includes
microphone,high pass filter,amplifier,peak detector,comparator and LED,power supply.The
power supply is provided by a 6V battery source for the entire system.The amplification is
provided by LM324 IC.

2.2 BLOCK DESCRIPTION

The system
includes the following blocks:TRANSDUCER
HIGH PASS FILTER

AMPLIFIER

TRANSDUCER
Transducer is a device which converts one form of energy in to another form.Here
the transducer we are using is microphone. It converts sound signals in to electrical signals.
Microphone converts sound into an electrical signal (air pressure motion of conductor/coil
magnetic field electrical signal)

OUTPUT
STAGE

COMPARATOR

PEAK
DETECTOR

Figure 2.2 example, the first transducer could be a microphone, and the second transducer
could be a speaker.

HIGH PASS FILTER

A high-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes signals with a frequency higher than
a certain cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff
frequency. The amount of attenuation for each frequency depends on the filter design. A highpass filter is usually modeled as a linear time-invariant system .

FIGURE 2.3
03

The product of the resistance and capacitance (RC) is the time constant (); it is inversely
proportional to the cutoff frequency fc, that is,

where fc is in hertz, is in seconds, R is in ohms, and C is in farads.

High-pass filters are also used for AC coupling at the inputs of many audio power amplifiers, for
preventing the amplification of DC currents which may harm the amplifier, rob the amplifier of
headroom
In this sound detector circuit the out put of the microphone is given as the input to high
pass filter.
AMPLIFIERS
An electronic amplifier,is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal. The
amplifier is often described as the heart or the nervous system of a microphone or loudspeaker. It
does this by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input
signal shape but with a larger amplitude. In this sense, an amplifier modulates the output make
the output signal stronger than the input signal. An amplifier is effectively the opposite of an
attenuator: while an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss. The four basic types of
electronic amplifiers are voltage amplifiers, current amplifiers, transconductance amplifiers, and
transresistance amplifiers. A further distinction is whether the output is a linear or nonlinear
representation of the input

Figures of merit
Amplifier quality is characterized by a list of specifications that includes:

Gain, the ratio between the magnitude of output and input signals

Bandwidth, the width of the useful frequency range

Efficiency, the ratio between the power of the output and total power consumption

Linearity, the degree of proportionality between input and output

Noise, a measure of undesired noise mixed into the output

Output dynamic range, the ratio of the largest and the smallest useful output levels

Slew rate, the maximum rate of change of the output

Rise time, settling time, ringing and overshoot that characterize the step response

Stability, the ability to avoid self-oscillatio.

Hera we use an Operational amplifiers (op-amps) LM324.

An operational amplifier is an amplifier circuit with very high open loop gain and differential
04
inputs that employs external feedback to control its transfer function, or gain. Though the term
today commonly applies to integrated circuits, the original operational amplifier design used
valves, and later designs used discrete transistor circuits.

PEAK DETECTOR
A Peak detector is a series connection of a diode and a capacitor outputting a DC voltage equal to
the peak value of the applied AC signal. The circuit is shown in Figure below with the
corresponding SPICE net list. An AC voltage source applied to the peak detector, charges the
capacitor to the peak of the input. The diode conducts positive half cycles, charging the
capacitor to the waveform peak. When the input waveform falls below the DC peak stored on
the capacitor, the diode is reverse biased, blocking current flow from capacitor back to the
source. Thus, the capacitor retains the peak value even as the waveform drops to zero. Another
view of the peak detector is that it is the same as a half-wave rectifier with a filter capacitor
added to the output.

Figure 2.3
In our sound detector circuit the output of amplifier is given as the
input to peak detector. it enables to hold the output for few seconds. time for which the
out put being hold depends on the value of resistor and capacitor.
COMPARATOR
In electronics , a comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents and outputs a
digital signal indicating which is larger. It has two analog input terminals
and
and one
binary digital output . The output is ideally

A comparator consists of a specialized high-gain differential amplifier. They are commonly used
in devices that measure and digitize analog signals, such as analog-to-digital converters (ADCs),
as well as relaxation oscillators.

05
An operational amplifier (op-amp) has a well balanced difference input and a very high gain.
This parallels the characteristics of comparators and can be substituted in applications with lowperformance requirements.[4]
In theory, a standard op-amp operating in open-loop configuration (without negative feedback)
may be used as a low-performance comparator. When the non-inverting input (V+) is at a higher
voltage than the inverting input (V-), the high gain of the op-amp causes the output to saturate at
the highest positive voltage it can output. When the non-inverting input (V+) drops below the
inverting input (V-), the output saturates at the most negative voltage it can output. The op-amp's
output voltage is limited by the supply voltage. An op-amp operating in a linear mode with
negative feedback, using a balanced, split-voltage power supply, (powered by VS) has its
transfer function typically written as:
. However, this equation may not
be applicable to a comparator circuit which is non-linear and operates open-loop (no negative
feedback)

Figure 2.4
OUTPUT STAGE
In the output stage we can you an indicator to show that the input is above the
threshold value.The indicator can be a buzzer or a LED .here we use a LED.
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn-junction
diode, which emits light when activated.[4] When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads,
electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor.An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical
components may be used to shape its radiation pattern
Color
Red
Red-orange
Green
Cyan
Blue

Wavelength range (nm)

620 < < 645
610 < < 620
520 < < 550
490 < < 520
460 < < 490
06

Typical efficacy (lm/W) Typical efficiency (W/W)

72
0.39
98
0.29
93
0.15
75
0.26
37
0.35

Advantages

Efficiency: LEDs emit more lumens per watt than incandescent light bulbs.[127] The
efficiency of LED lighting fixtures is not affected by shape and size, unlike fluorescent
light bulbs or tubes.

Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters as
traditional lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.

Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2[128]) and are easily attached to printed
circuit boards.

On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve full
brightness in under a microsecond.[129] LEDs used in communications devices can have
even faster response times.

Figure 2.5

07

2.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.4

WORKING

The input audio signal is fed in to a microphone which is powered with

5V.Microphone convert audio signals in to electrical signals.These are ac signals having varying
frequencies.In the next stage a high pass filter is used.It consists of a capacitor and resistor.Only
those audio signals that are converted in to electrical signals go through the high pass filter.This
signal passes on to the op-amp which LM-324.In this case it has been configured as an
amplifier.Since the input from microphone is very low like 0.02V,it is amplified by the op-amp
by putting two resistors overhead .This provides a gain of 100 and its out become 2V.This
output is being fed to a peak detector circuit,which consists of a diode ,capacitor and resistor.This
circuit enables to hold the output for few seconds and the time for which the output is being hold
at its peak depends on the value of capacitor and resistor.This is fed to an op amp working as
comparator.This stage contains a potential divider to fix a voltage. Here it is 0.45V,which is at
the negative input of op amp.The positive input is fed with the output of peak detector.When the
comparator exceeds 0.45V,the output goes to the posive which is +5V in this case and LED
glows.If 0.45V is greater than the audio signal voltage ,the output goes to negative ,which is at
ground and the LED does not glows.A 100 resistor is used before LED to limit the current
through it.So this circuit will work as aperfect sound detector

ADVANTAGES
Easily implementable.
We use low cost LM324.
Availability of components.

09

CHAPTER 3

3.1 PCB DESIGNING

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD is popularly known as PCB. A PCB ensures that various
circuit components are interconnected as per the circuit diagram after they are placed on the PCB
in their proper fabrication.
Terms & Acronyms
PCBPrinted Circuit Board
TracksForm the connections between components.
PadsUsed to make connections between your component and the track with solder.
Layers-Everything is drawn on a layer, layers
canhavedifferentphysicalproperties.Examplelayersare:Toplayer,bottomlayer,Topoverlay,bottom
overlay, Mechanical1,KeepOut.
Plated Through Holes (PTH)Drilled holes that are plated with conductive material(usually
copper).
Footprints
collectionofpadsandoutlineswhichdescribeanindividualcomponentsphysicallayoutonaPCB.Desig
nRulesRulesspecifiedbythedesignertoensurePCBintegrity(moreonthislater).Vias
UsedtomakeconnectionsbetweendifferentlayersofthePCB.Silkscreen
Aprotectivelayeroverthetopoftheboard,makessolderingeasier.
Different steps involved in the fabrication of a PCB are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Components layout designing.

PCB layout designing.
Transferring the PCB layout design onto the PC board laminate.
Developing the PCB.
Other operations like drilling, cutting, tinning etc.

1.COMPONENTS LAYOUT DESIGNING

Component layout designing is the placement of different components with their
interconnections as per the circuit diagram on PCB board. This exercise usually begins with an
estimate of size of PCB needed to accommodate various circuit components. Interconnections
can be made by drawing lines known as tracks.
2.PCB LAYOUT DESIGN
PCB layout designing is the mirror image of components layout. The components layout
is drawn looking from the components side whereas the PCB layout is drawn looking from the
copper side. It is obtained by taking a carbon copy of the computer layout by placing a reverse
carbon underneath the paper.
10

3.PCB LAYOUT ONTO PCB LAMINATE

First the PCB laminate is chosen. The copper side of the laminate is thoroughly cleaned
with petrol to make it completely free from contaminants. The PCB layout is drawn on the
copper side. Care should be taken to position of the holes. The same is redrawn giving proper
width to different tracks and leaving proper space using permanent marker.
4.DEVELOPING THE PCB
In this process, all excess copper is removed leaving behind only the drawn pattern. To do
etching, an aqueous solution of ferric chloride is poured into a tray with the quantity depending
upon the size of the PCB to be etched. The mark is then removed using an alcohol.
5.DRILLING AND TINNING
After etching, drilling is done. The diameter of holes varies from components to
components. It is1mm for IC pins, 1.25 for resistors and capacitors, 1.5mm for diodes and even
larger for mounting presence. Tinning can prevent the oxidation of copper portions which can be
done by using a soldering.
3.1 SOLDERING
Solder is an alloy of lead and tin used to fuse metals at relatively low temperature, about
260-315k. The joint where two metal conductors are to be fused is heated and then solder is
applied so that it can melt and cover the connection. The reason for soldering is that it makes
good bond between the joint metals, covering the joints completely to prevent oxidation. The
coating of solder provides protection for practically long period of time. The trick in soldering is
to heat the joints and not the solder. Either a soldering iron or soldering gun can be used, rated at
25-100W.

In addition to the solder, flux is used to remove any oxide film on the metal being joined.
The flux enables the molten solder to wet the met.
11

3.2 COMPONENT LAYOUT

3.3PCB LAYOUT
12
CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION
The Noise detector circuit is cost effective, practical,
eco-friendly way to detect noise.It can detect the noise pollution any
where , so that it alerts us to reduce noise.
It can be easily implemented in a public place or a
concert hall. The circuit can be implemented in may ways , even by
using basic components.
4.1 FUTURE ASPECTS
SECURITY SYSTEM
Replace the LED with a buzzer, and place the mic on
your door. Any robber trying to trespass our room
making a sound can be detected.
SPY CIRCUIT
Replace the LED with a speaker and place the mic on
your dress collar unable to distinguish. Voice from a
secret meeting can be captured and given to the speaker
placed somewhere else.
HOME APPLIANCES
Replacing LED with FET connected to light or fan,
then you can switch it ON/OFF even with your clap.
ENTERTAINMENT
LED is made to flash according to the music beats that
the mike sense.
13

REFERENCE
Electronicsforu

www,Wikipedia.com

www.alldatasheets.com

www.Electronicscircuits.com

14

APPENDIX

15

CHAPTER 3
COMPONENT STUDY

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

2
6

27

28

29

30

31

32

35

36