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1 Supplementation of Kemuning Leaves Powder (Murraya paniculata) and Lingzhi
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Powder (Ganoderma lucidum) in the Diets on Milk Production of PE Goats
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N. Suningsih1, D. Evvyernie2*, and H. A. Sukria2
5 1Major Program of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Graduate School, Bogor Agricaltural University
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Departement of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,
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Bogor Agricaltural University
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Jln. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680, Indonesia
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*Corresponding E-mail: erniedea8492@gmail.com

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ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the supplementation of kemuning leaves powder and

13lingzhi powder in diets for milk production of Ettawa crossbred (PE) goats. The
14experimental design used was a randomized block design consisting of 3 treatments and
154 goats block. The treatments were T0 = basal diets, T1 = T0 + 5% kemuning leaves
16powder, T2 = T0 + 0.5% lingzhi powder. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and
17Duncan test. Variables observed were the intake of dry matter (DM) and organic matter
18(OM), the digestibility of DM and OM, the milk production, and the milk quality. The
19results showed that the supplementation of 5% kemuning leaves powder and 0.5%
20lingzhi powder in diets gave the same effect with control to the all variables
21measurement. From this study it could be concluded that supplementation 5% kemuning
22leaves powder in the diets was able to maintain lactating peak on milk production loss
23phase so it might be used as feed supplement to improve milk production of PE goats.
24Key words: kemuning leaves (Murraya paniculata), lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum), PE
25goats, milk production
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27

ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi suplementasi tepung daun kemuning

28dan tepung lingzhi di dalam ransum terhadap produksi susu kambing Peranakan Ettawa
29(PE). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok yang
30terdiri atas 3 perlakuan ransum dan 4 kelompok ternak. Perlakuan yang dicobakan
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31yaitu T0 = ransum basal, T1 = T0 + tepung daun kemuning 5%, T2 = T0 + tepung
32lingzhi 0.5%. Data dianalisis dengan ANOVA dan uji Duncan. Peubah yang diamati
33adalah konsumsi bahan kering (BK) dan bahan organik (BO), kecernaan BK dan BO,
34produksi susu, dan kualitas susu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi
35tepung daun kemuning 5% dan tepung lingzhi 0.5% memberikan pengaruh yang sama
36dengan kontrol terhadap semua peubah yang diukur. Dari penelitian ini dapat
37disimpulkan bahwa suplementasi tepung daun kemuning 5% di dalam ransum dapat
38mempertahankan puncak laktasi pada fase penurunan produksi susu sehingga dapat
39digunakan sebagai suplemen pakan untuk memperbaiki produksi susu kambing PE.
40Kata kunci: daun kemuning (Murraya paniculata), lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum),
41kambing PE, produksi susu.
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INTRODUCTION
Increasing the number of people in Indonesia also accompanied by increasing

44public awareness of the importance of consuming milk, goat's milk which can provide
45additional benefits to the nutritional value and health (Silanikove et al., 2010). This
46condition is not matched with the availability or sufficient of milk production. In the
47years 2012 - 2013 the availability of milk in Indonesia was 0.73% while the
48consumption of milk by 17.39% (BKP, 2014). It is meant Indonesia was still deficient
49milk supply for 16.16% and Indonesia imported milk for sufficient it (Marwah et al.,
502010).
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One cause of the low milk production in Indonesia is due to disease in animals,

52such as mastitis disease and parasitic worms (Purnomo et al., 2006; Moreno-Gonzalo et
53al., 2012). Mastitis is an inflammation of internal mammary gland tissue marked by
54physical change in mammary gland (clinical mastitis) or no physical change in
55mammary gland (subclinical mastitis) (Nazifi et al., 2011; Jacome et al., 2014). The

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56prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Indonesia until the year 2009 was 85% (Rahayu,
572009). Many subclinical mastitis is caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as
58Staphylococcus aureus (Suwito and Indarjulianto, 2013) that had impact on decline of
59milk production by 10% - 25% (Leitner et al., 2008). The parasitic worm infections will
60result in a decrease in milk production by 6.25% - 21.5% (Alberti et al., 2012 The use
61of chemical drugs as antibiotics to overcome incidence of mastitis and also parasitic
62infection will cause resistance in animal,found drug residues in animal product (meat,
63milk, and eggs) (Nelwida et al., 2008; Fatisa, 2013) so it can be harmful to consumers.
64Utilization of natural materials that can serve as antimastitis and also as antiparasitic
65needs to be done instead of chemical drugs, so that the purpose of the increase in milk
66production can be achieved without endangering cattle, consumer and also reduce losses
67of farmers.
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Natural materials supplementation such as kemuning leaves (Murraya paniculata)

69has previously been done in the diet both in vitro and in vivo, but has not shown
70significant results (Yuniarti et al., 2015; Nurjannah et al., 2015) that need to be studied
71further, Kemuning leaves or Murraya panicualata (Linn.) Jack included in the family
72Rutaceae (Aziz et al., 2010). Kemuning leaves commonly known as orange jasmine,
73satin wood, honey bush and so on. Kemuning leaves contain a variety of bioactive
74components are flavonoids, indole alkaloids, spiroquinazoline, coumarin, isoflavonoids,
75essential oils, polysaccharides, and fatty acids (Gill et al., 2014; Chowdhury et al.,
762008). The bioactive components can show antioxidant activity, anti-implantation,
77antinociception, antiinflammatory, immunoreaktif, antiinfertil, antimicrobial, antifungal,
78stimulants, and dysentery (Chen et al., 2009; Rout et al., 2007; Sharker and Shaid,
792009).

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The lingzhi mushroom or Ganoderma lucidum included in the family

81Polyporaceae and has another name, wood mushrooms, red mushroom, and reishi
82(Ningsih et al., 2009; Furi and Arifah 2011). Lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum)
83containing phenolic components as much as 49.52 mg/g and flavonoids as much as
8410.66 mg/g can act as an antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, antiinflammatori, anti85carcinogenic, and antidiabetic (Celik et al., 2014; Ningsih et al., 2009). Also according
86to Parjimo and Hardi (2008) Lingzhi mushrooms contain 43.1% carbohydrate, 26.4%
87protein, 4.5% fat, 19.0% ash and 6.9% water. The bioactive components in lingzhi are
88classified into 3 namely soluble in water 30% (polysaccharides and organic
89germanium), soluble in organic solvents as much as 65% (adenosine and terpenoids)
90and volatile components as much as 5% (ganoderat acid). Polysaccharides are immune
91activator substrate (Lu, 2011). Utilization of Ganoderma lucidum as supplements can
92improve immunity in sheep (Khalkhane et al., 2013).
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Based on the description, in this study was conducted supplementation of

94kemuning leaves powder and lingzhi powder in goats diets. This study aimed to assess
95the effect of supplementation of kemuning leaves powder and lingzhi powder in the
96diets on DM and OM intake, DM and OM digestibility, milk production, and milk
97quality.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Kemuning Leaves Powder, Lingzhi Powder, Experimental Diets, and Animals

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Kemuning leaves powder obtained by drying the kemuning leaves in the sun that

101is protected by the canopy for 48 hours, then dried at 60C oven for 48 hours. Once
102dried and then milled using a grinding machine Disk Mill to be obtained in the form of
103powder. The lingzhi powder obtained by chopping advance, then dried in the sun and

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104then dried at 60C oven. Once dry milled in a machine powder lingzhi brands Yamaku
105Disk Mill Model FFC-37 made in Jimo Shandong China with a speed of 3600 rpm.
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Treatment given diets consisting of 35% forage and 65% concentrate (Table 1).

107Forage consists of grass and pellet of indigofera. Concentrate consisting of the dregs of
108palm, soybean dregs, coconut cake, bran, DCP, and CaCO3. The amount of feed given to
109each goat is 4% DM of their body weight a goat. While the drinking water provided ad
110libitum.
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The basal diet in this study is the best diets obtained from research Yuniarti et al.,

112(2015). The diets formulation used in this study contains nutrients suitable for the
113maintenance and productivity of goat lactation. According to NRC (2007), the crude
114protein requirement of goat lactation ranged between 12-17%, TDN ranged between
11553% - 66%, and feeding in the form of dry ingredients ranged between 2.8% - 4.6% DM
116of body weight.
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This study uses 12 PE goats in lactation to - 4 ( 111th day in lactation or week -

11815), the period of lactation 1-4 with average body weight - average 55.76 kg 10.03.
119the Ggoats are placed in individual cages.
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Design of Experiments, Chemical Analysis, and Data Collection

121The experimental design used was a randomized block design with 3 treatments and 4
122groups of goats. Grouping is based on daily milk production of goat milk production is
123very low group were coded 1 (416 ml - 632 ml), low-coded 2 (640 ml - 804 ml), was
124given a code 3 (812 ml - 940 ml), and high coded 4 (1006 ml - 1396 ml). The treatments
125were tested, namely T0 = basal diets, T1 = T0 + 5% kemuning leaves powder, and T2 =
126T0 + 0.5% lingzhi powder. Supplementation 5% kemuning leaves powder is based on
127the dosage of 1% extract kemuning leaves equivalent to 5% of kemuning leaves powder

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128(level tests have been conducted in vitro). The lingzhi supplementation of 0.5% is based
129on the dosage of 0.02% lingzhi extract (10 g extract/50 kg body weight of cattle) is
130equivalent to 0.5% of powder lingzhi. The variables were observed in this study is
131intake of DM and OM, digestibility of DM and OM, milk production and milk quality.
132Also on the discussion will be a correlation between the intake of BO/W 0.75 (metabolic
133body weight) with a milk production of 6% FCM (Rice, 1970), Formula milk yield of
1346% FCM (Fat corrected milk) are as follows:
1356% FCM (kg) = (0.4 M + 15 F) / 1.3
136Notes : M = milk production (kg)
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F = milk fat
Analysis of the nutrient content of the diets done Proximate method (AOAC,

1392005). Density of milk is measured by using the tool Laktodensimeter, milk fat was
140measured by the method of Gerber, and milk protein content was measured using
141Formol Titration. The solid non fat of milk calculated by subtracting the total solid
142content of milk with fat milk, which total solid of milk calculated using the Fleischman
143formula:
144Total solid of Milk = 1.23 L + 2.71 100 (D 1)
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146Notes : L = milk fat

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D = density
Collecting and Analysis of Data
The data collecting of feed intake and milk production is done every day

150throughout the study. Milking is done every two times a day ie morning (7:00 am) and
151afternoon (17:00 pm). Milk production was measured using a scale measuring cup 1 L.

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152To determine the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter carried colecting feed
153faeces for 7 days before the study ended.
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Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if there

155are significant differences between treatments, carried out a further test Duncan (Steel
156and Torrie, 1993). Data analysis using SAS 9.3 statistical software assistance.
157

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

158

Intake and Digestibility of Diets

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The value of dry matter (DM) intake and organic matter (BO) intake, DM and BO

160digestibility in goats were given diets of treatment is shown in Table 2. The intake value
161and digestibility in this study, the control treatment (T0), the treatment received
162supplementation 5% kemuning leaves powder (T1) and the treatment received
163supplementation of powder lingzhi 0.5% (T2), both in did not differ significantly. This
164shows that the treatment of T1 and T2 have the same potential with T0 in influencing
165intake and digestibility. In the treatment of T1 seen no trend of increased DM and OM
166intake, DM and OM digestibility. This indicates that the addition of kemuning leaves
167powder within 5% relative increase the palatability of the feed diets. The palatability of
168feed is affected by the aroma, flavor, color and physical feed. In this case the kemuning
169leaves powder supplementation can cause a distinctive aroma because it contains
170essential oils that are volatile as sesquiterpenoids (49.0%), -cyclocitral (22.9%), and
171methyl salicylate (22.4%) (Olawore et al., 2005) which can increase livestock to feed
172favorite (Rochfort et al., 2008; Rapisarda et al., 2012).
173

The DM intake value in this study 32.16% lower than the research Marwah et al.,

174(2010) who did katuk (Sauropus adrogynus) leaves powder supplementation in the diets
175goats. However, DM and OM digestibility values in this study was 39.79% sequentially

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176and 39.76% higher than the DM and OM digestibility value on research Marwah et al.,
177(2010). This means that the feed used in this study can be put to good use by the
178animal's body.
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Milk Production
In Figure 1 we can see the effect of basal diets (T0), supplementation of 5%

181kemuning leaves powder (T1) and supplementation of 0.5% lingzhi powder (T2) in
182diets for goat milk production. The average milk production at T0 was 0.74 L/head/day,
183T1 of 0.83 L/head/day, and T2 of 0.69 L/head/day. The milk production of 6% FCM
184(Table 2) at T0 treatment was 0.90 L/head/day, T1 treatment as much as 0.99
185L/head/day, and T2 treatments as much as 0.84 L/head/day.
186

Milk production is the main objective of raising dairy cattle. Milk production in

187this study were observed for 30 days, from day 111 to day-to-140 with the average daily
188milk production of 0.751 L/head/day. On the 115th day milk production almost at the
189same point for all treatments, with a range of milk production by 0.776-0.802
190L/head/day. Observations milk production until the last day of a decline of 4.18% to
1910.681-0.830 L/head/day. Daily milk yield (0.751 L/head/day) in this study is higher
1925.06% of daily milk production (0.713 L/head/day) goat on research Yuniarti et al.,
193(2015) which uses multiple levels dregs of palm in goat ration. Milk production in T0
194treatment decreased by 5.59% on the last day of observation (day 140). Milk production
195in T1 treatment decreased by 0.76% and milk production in T2 treatment decreased by
19612.95%. Factors affecting milk production during lactation is among others feed,
197genetic, season, parity number, ages, breeds, and months of lactation where mutually
198influence each other and support (Ishag et al., 2012; Assan, 2015; Waheed and Khan,
1992013; Marete et al., 2014).

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Goats were used in this study was the goat on the phase of the 4th lactation month

201or week 15, where milk production is only around 38.89% or milk production has
202decreased by 61.11% from the peak milk production that has occurred in the week 3rd
203(Fitriyanto et al., 2013; Waheed and Khan, 2013) and goat milk production is likely to
204continue to decline until the dry period. In Figure 1 the production of milk in the
205treatment of T1 showed peak production at day - 124 and 126, the T0 treatment of milk
206production peak occurred on day - 125 and in treatment T2 production peak occurred on
207day - 118. Based on these results, supplementation of powder kemuning leaves 5% in
208the diet can prolong lactation peak and slow the decline in milk production. It is
209suspected that the diet rich in bioactive components used to improve the physiological
210condition of the body, especially physiological udder gland (Mardalena et al., 2011) so
211as to extend the period of lactation.
212

Furthermore, by comparing the production of milk in treatment T1 (0.830

213L/head/day) with the production of milk (0.812 L/head/day) of goat breeders were given
214rations consisting of elephant grass, soybean dregs, pollard, coconut cake, bran, premik,
215and CaCO3 (Nurjannah et al., 2015), known distinction milk production by 2.33%
216higher at T1. It is suspected kemuning leaves of plants belonging to the group
217galactogogue (improve milk production) seems like alfalfa and borage (Zuppa et al.,
2182010; Farhadi et al., 2012), which is galactogogue mechanism through dopamine
219receptor antagonists that activates the hormone prolactin, which is hormones that can
220stimulate the production of milk (Diana and Lisa 2009).
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The correlation between the OM intake/ W0.75 with 6% FCM Milk Production
Value regression in this calculation aims to examine the relationship or correlation

223between the intake of BO / W0.75 with 6% FCM milk production as shown in Figure 2.
224The regression equation at T0 treatment is Y = -65.972X + 1222.4 (R 2 = 0.0926, R =

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2250.3040), T1 is Y = 78,106X + 560.69 (R = 0.1027, R = 0.3205), and T2 is Y =
226-186,93X + 2248.8 (R = 0.1283, R = 0.3578). T0 treatment showed a negative
227correlation (30.40%) between intake BO/W0.75 with milk production, which means
228intake of BO/W0.75 not been able to increase milk production. In contrast to the
229regression equation in treatment T1, which showed a positive correlation (32.05%)
230between intake BO/W0.75 with milk production, which means intake of BO/W0.75 able to
231increase milk production. While the regression equation in treatment T2 showed a
232negative correlation of 35.78%, which means that the intake of BO/W 0.75 not been able
233to increase the production of milk goats.
234

Based on these descriptions, then that indicates an increase in the production of

235goat's milk is goats that are subjected to T1. Thus it can be said that the supplementation
236of powder kemuning leaves 5% in the diet has the potential to improve the production
237of goat milk goat. It is presumed content of bioactive components in the powder
238kemuning leaves such as flavonoids and coumarin that can express antioxidant activity
239(Ajila et al., 2007) can improve lipid metabolism and oxidation reactions causing the
240oxidation reaction equilibrium through improvement of metabolism in the rumen
241thereby increasing the ratio of acetate : propionate, improve digestibility, increase in
242volatile fatty acid (Vazquez-Anon et al., 2008; Bodas et al., 2008), decreased somatic
243cell count, udder health improvement and increased intake of BK (Cigari et al., 2014).
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Milk Quality
In Table 3 it can be seen that the variable quality of the milk (density, BK, protein,

246fat, and BKTL) did not differ significantly between treatments. This shows that the
247addition of kemuning leaves powder and powder lingzhi 5% 0.5% do not have a
248negative impact on the quality of milk.

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249

Goat milk quality standards that have premium according to Thai Agricultural

250Standard (2008) contains a protein content> 3.70%, fat content> 4%, dry matter> 13:00.
251In this study, both from goat milk quality in the given control diet, supplementation of
252powder kemuning leaves 5% (T1) and powder lingzhi 0.5% (T0) already meet the
253existing standards of milk quality, ie 1.0300 to density, 16.74% - 16.92 % for BK, 3.85 2544:00% for protein, 7.05 to 7.07% for fat, and 9.68 - 9.87% for BKTL. Factors affecting
255the quality of which is the nation's dairy milk cattle, lactation status, environmental
256conditions, feed, and milking procedures (Mahmoud et al., 2014; Mutamimah et al.,
2572013).
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The value of milk protein concentrate is affected by the provision Sukarini (2006)

259as an energy source, especially soluble carbohydrates, which facilitates the

260establishment of propionic availability thereby reducing the need for amino acids for
261gluconeogenesis that makes more amino acids available in the small intestine and
262synthesis of protein in the mammary gland (Zurriyati et al., 2011; Sukarini 2006; Utari
263et al. 2012). Goat milk fat in this study exceeded existing standards. This is presumably
264because the ration being used is rich in antioxidants that tend to increase the
265concentration of milk fat (Boerman et al., 2014; Cabiddu et al., 2006). Several other
266studies also noted that the precursor of milk fat is acetic acid as a product of fibrous
267feed fermentation in the rumen. The higher production of acetate, the more the synthesis
268of fatty acids. Thus the higher the fat content of milk (Zurriyyati et al., 2011).
269
270

CONCLUSION
Supplementation powder kemuning leaves 5% and 0.5% lingzhi powder in ration

271gives the same effect with control over intake and BO BK, BK and BO digestibility,
272milk production and milk quality. Supplementation powder kemuning leaves 5% in peak

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273lactation ration able to maintain the reduction in milk production phase so that it can be
274used as a feed supplement to improve the production of goat's milk.
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276

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to thank DIPA IPB through medicinal Study Center LPPM

277fiscal year 2014 that has funded this study to complete.

278

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443Table 1. Composition and nutrient content of the treatment diets

Treatments
Feed Ingredient (%)
T0
T1
Forage
Elephant grass
25.00
25.00
Pellet of indigofera
10.00
10.00
Concentrate
65.00
60.00
Kemuning leaves powder
5.00
Lingzhi powder
Nutrien Content*
Crude protein (%)
14.77
14.22
Crude fiber (%)
23.68
23.18
TDN (%)**
59.49
59.19

T2
25.00
10.00
64.50
0.50
14.68
22.12
61.59

444

445Notes : T0 = basal diets; T1 = T0 + 5% kemuning leaves powder; T2 = T0 + 0.5% lingzhi powder; *

446
Laboratory analysis results of Biological Resources and Biotechnology IPB (2015); **TDN is
447
based on the formula of Hartadi et al. (1990) TDN = 37.937 - 1.018 SK 4.886LK + 0.173
448
BETN + 1.042 PK + 0.015 SK2 0.058 LK2 + 0.008 (SK) (BETN) + 0.119 (LK) (BETN) +
449
0.038 (LK) (PK) + 0.0039 (LK2) (PK).

450Tabel 2. DM and OM intake, DM and OM digestibility, milk production of 6% FCM in

451
goats fed treatment
Treatments
Variable
T0
T1
T2
DM intake (kg/head/day)
1.110.16
1.260.09
1.110.19
OM intake (kg/head/day)
0.990.14
1.160.08
1.070.18
DM intake (%)
60.0310.21
66.415.18
58.676.31
OM intake (%)
47.238.43
56.244.52
54.09 5.60
Milk production of 6% FCM
0.900.05
0.990.05
0.840.08
(L/head/day)
452

453Notes : T0 = basal diets, T1 = T0 + 5% kemuning leaves powder, T2 = T0 + 0.5% lingzhi powder, DM =

454
dry matter, OM = organic matter, FCM = fat corrected milk

455

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456
457Figure 1. Mean of milk production (L/head/day) goats were given treatment diets, T0 = basal diets, T1 =
458
T0 + 5% kemuning leaves powder, T2 = T0 + 0.5% lingzhi powder.

459
460Figure 2. The correlation between OM intake/W0.75 with milk production of 6% FCM; T0 = basal diets;
461
T1 = T0 + 5% kemuning leaves powder; T2 = T0 + 0.5% lingzhi powder.
462

463Table 3. The quality of goat's milk treatment fed tail

Variable
Milk density
Total solid (%)
Milk protein (%)
Milk fat (%)
Solid non fat (%)

T0
1.030.00
16.870.51
4.000.31
7.070.43
9.810.25

Treatments
T1
1.030.00
16.740.61
3.850.42
7.060.45
9.680.33

T2
1.030.00
16.920.76
3.950.44
7.050.53
9.870.27

464

465Notes : T0 = basal diets, T1 = T0 + 5% kemuning leaves powder, T2 = T0 + 0.5% lingzhi powder.

466

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80

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