ASSIGNMENT 1

UNIT-1
DATA & COMPUTER COMMUNICATION
Que 2) Identify the five components of data communications system ?
A data communications system has five components:

Rule 1:
Rule 2:

Protocol

Protocol

Rule n:

Rule 1:
Rule 2:

Rule n:

SENDE
R
RECEIV
ER
1. Message: The message is the information (data) to be communicated. Popular
forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
2. Sender: The sender is the device that sends the data message. It can be a computer,
Workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on.
3.

Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a computer,
workstation, telephone handset, television, and so on.

4.. Transmission medium: The transmission medium is the physical path by which
a message travels from sender to receiver. Some examples of transmission media
include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and radio waves.

5. Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It represents

an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two
devices may be connected but not communicating, just as a person speaking French
cannot be understood by a person who speaks only Japanese
Que 3) What are the different ways of data representation?
The different ways of data representations areText

In data communications, text is represented as a bit pattern, a sequence of bits (Os or

1s). Different sets of bit patterns have been designed to represent text symbols. Each set
is called a code, and the process of representing symbols is called coding. Today, the
Prevalent coding system is called Unicode, which uses 32 bits to represent a symbol or
character used in any language in the world.
Numbers
Numbers are also represented by bit patterns. However, a code such as ASCII is not used
to represent numbers; the number is directly converted to a binary number to simplify
Mathematical operations.
Images
Images are also represented by bit patterns. In its simplest form, an image is composed
of a matrix of pixels (picture elements), where each pixel is a small dot. The size of the
pixel depends on the resolution. For example, an image can be divided into 1000 pixels
or 10,000 pixels. In the second case, there is a better representation of the image (better
resolution), but more memory is needed to store the image. After an image is divided into pixels,
each pixel is assigned a bit pattern. The size and the value of the pattern depend on the image.
Audio
Audio refers to the recording or broadcasting of sound or music. Audio is by nature
different from text, numbers, or images. It is continuous, not discrete.
Video
Video refers to the recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie. Video can either be
produced as a continuous entity (e.g., by a TV camera), or it can be a combination of
images, each a discrete entity, arranged to convey the idea of motion.
Que5) What is the difference between half-duplex and full-duplex transmission modes?
Half-Duplex: Half-duplex data transmission means that data can be transmitted in both

directions on a signal carrier, but not at the same time. For example, on a local area network
using a technology that has half-duplex transmission, one workstation can send data on the line
and then immediately receive data on the line from the same direction in which data was just
transmitted.
Full-Duplex: Full-duplex data transmission means that data can be transmitted in both directions

on a signal carrier at the same time. For example, on a local area network with a technology that
has full-duplex transmission, one workstation can be sending data on the line while another
workstation is receiving data. A full-duplex link can only connect two devices, so many such
links are required if multiple devices are to be connected together.

Que6) Define multiplexing with its function?

Multiplexing is the set of techniques

that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link.As data and
telecommunications use increases, so does traffic. We can accommodate this increase by continuing
to add individual links each time a new channel is needed, or we can install higher-bandwidth links
and use each to carry multiple signals. A generic term for such sharing is called multiplexing.
In a multiplexed system, n lines share the bandwidth of one link
The lines on the left direct their transmission
streams to a multiplexer (MUX), which combines them into a single stream (many-toone).
At the receiving end, that stream is fed into a demultiplexer (DEMUX), which
separates the stream back into its component transmissions (one-to-many) and directs them to
their corresponding lines.

Que7) What are different types of multiplexing? Explain.

The different types of multiplexing are:
1. Frequency-Division Multiplexing
2. Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
3. Time-Division Multiplexing
Frequency-Division Multiplexing - Frequency division multiplexing is possible when
the useful bandwidth of the transmission medium exceeds the required bandwidth of signals to b
transmitted. A number of each signals can be carried simultaneously if each signal is modulated
onto a different carrier frequencies are sufficiently separated that the bandwidths of the signals
do not significantly overlap. Channels can be separated by strips of unused bandwidth-guard
bands-to prevent signals from overlapping. In addition, carrier frequencies must not interfere
with the original data frequencies.
We consider FDM to be an analog multiplexing technique; however, this does
not mean that FDM cannot be used to combine sources sending digital signals. A digital signal
can be converted to an analog signal before FDM is used to multiplex them.

Multiplexing Process
In multiplexing process. Each source generates a signal of a similar frequency range. Inside the
multiplexer, these similar signals modulates different carrier frequencies (f1,f2, and f3). The
resulting modulated signals are then combined into a single composite signal that is sent out over
a media link that has enough bandwidth to accommodate it.

Demultiplexing Process
The demultiplexer uses a series of filters to decompose the multiplexed signal into its constituent
component signals. The individual signals are then passed to a demodulator that separates them from
their carriers and passes them to the output lines.

Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is designed to use the high-data-rate capability of
fiber-optic cable. The optical fiber data rate is higher than the data rate of metallic transmission
cable. Using a fiber-optic cable for one single line wastes the available bandwidth. Multiplexing
allows us to combine several lines into one. WDM is conceptually the same as FDM, except that
the multiplexing and demultiplexing involve optical signals transmitted through fiber-optic
channels. The idea is the same: We are combining different signals of different frequencies. The
difference is that the frequencies are very high and At the receiver, the signals are separated by
the demultiplexer.

Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing

Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a digital process that allows several connections to share the high
bandwidth of a link Instead of sharing a portion of the bandwidth as in FDM, time is shared. Each
connection occupies a portion of time in the link. TDM is possible when the achievable data rate of

the medium exceeds the data rate of digital signals to b transmitted. Multiple digital signals can
be carried on a single transmission path by interleaving portions of each signal in time. The
Interleaving can be at the bit level or in blocks of bytes or larger quantities.
Que8) Difference between Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Time- Division Multiplexing?
Difference No. 1
TDM: Total available time is divided into several user
FDM: total frequency bands are divided into several users
Difference No. 2
FDM: A multiplex system for transmitting two or more signals over a common path by using a
different frequency band for each signal.
TDM: Transmission of two or more signals on the same path, but at different times.
Difference No. 3
TDM: TDM imply partitioning the bandwidth of the channel connecting two nodes into finite set
of time slots
FDM: The signals multiplexed come from different sources/transmitters.