TM- 1111 PENGENALAN BIDANG STUDI

TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN
Prepared by:
David Maurich, MT

Sistem Evaluasi
Kriteria Penilaian:
Absensi Kehadiran
Tugas (PR)
Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS)
Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS)
Sumber Bahan Ujian:
1. Text Book
2. Catatan Kuliah di Kelas
3. PR
4. Slide

= 10 %
= 20 %
= 30 %
= 40 %

Sistem Penilaian
Nilai
A
B
C
D
E

Point
80
60-79
40-59
20-39
< 19

Etika Perkuliahan
Apabila terlambat > 15 menit tidak
diperbolehkan mengikuti perkuliahan.
Menggunakan pakaian yang rapi/sopan
saat perkuliahan.
Dilarang ribut/berbicara saat
perkuliahan.
Pada saat ujian tidak boleh mencontek
(tas dan HP ditaruh di depan/bawah white
board).
Mahasiswa yang ketahuan mencontek
otomatis dinyatakan tidak lulus (nilai E).

Format Laporan PR
Tugas-tugas Pekerjaan Rumah (PR) memiliki bobot
20% dari total nilai akhir mata kuliah.
PR harus dikerjakan sendiri,
menyontek/kecurangan akan merugikan anda.
Untuk menyeragamkan Laporan, maka dibuat
format laporan seperti di Lampiran.
Laporan PR boleh dikerjakan dengan komputer atau
tulisan tangan yang rapi.
Untuk plot, grafik, gambar atau perhitungan yang
rumit sebaiknya dikerjakan dengan bantuan
komputer.
Informasi lain yang belum jelas dapat ditanyakan
lewat email saya: davidmaurich@yahoo.com.

Teknik dan Teknologi Perminyakan

Adalah cara-cara, metoda, teknik, dan
peralatan (perangkat keras & perangkat
lunak) yang digunakan didalam kegiatan
industri minyak & gas bumi, yang meliputi
kegiatan pemboran, produksi, dan mengelola
reservoir.

Tujuan Pendidikan Teknik Perminyakan

Menghasilkan sarjana yang dapat
berfungsi sebagai:
Drilling engineer
Production engineer
Reservoir engineer
didalam mengelola sumberdaya minyak
& gas bumi se-efisien mungkin dan
berwawasan lingkungan.

Kompetensi Teknik Perminyakan

Program pendidikan diarahkan agar lulusan mampu:

Merancang lubang sumur, pemboran, dan penyelesaiannya.

Merancang dan mengambil data contoh batuan dan minyak

bumi.

Melakukan analisa sifat fisik contoh batuan dan minyak

bumi.

Memperkirakan/menghitung besarnya cadangan minyak &

gas bumi.

Merancang dan melakukan optimasi peralatan produksi.

Menentukan dan merancang teknik peningkatan produksi.

Melakukan prediksi kinerja reservoir minyak bumi dan

mengelolanya.

Merancang teknik peningkatan perolehan minyak bumi dari

dalam reservoir.

DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

Petroleum, derived from the Latin petra and oleum,
means literally rock oil and refers to hydrocarbons
that occur widely in the sedimentary rocks in the form
of gases, liquids, semisolids, or solids.
From a chemical standpoint, petroleum is an
extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon
compounds, usually with minor amounts of nitrogen,
oxygen, and sulfur-containing compounds as well as
trace amounts of metal-containing compounds
ASTM, (2005b)
Petroleum is a naturally occurring mixture of
hydrocarbons, generally in a liquid state, which may
also include compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen,
metals, and other elements.

OTHER DEFINITIONS
ITAA, (1936)
Petroleum has also been defined as:
1. Any naturally occurring hydrocarbon, whether in a
liquid, gaseous, or solid state
2. Any naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons,
whether in a liquid, gaseous, or solid state
3. Any naturally occurring mixture of one or more
hydrocarbons, whether in a liquid, gaseous, or solid
state and one or more of the following, that is to say,
hydrogen sulfide, helium, and carbon dioxide.

FACTS

No two Petroleums exactly alike in

composition

The elemental chemical analysis indicates 1015% hydrogen and 82-87% carbon by weight.

Composition By Weight
ELEMENT

PERCENT RANGE

Carbon

83 to 87%

Hydrogen

10 to 14%

Nitrogen

0.1 to 2%

Oxygen

0.1 to 1.5%

Sulfur

0.5 to 6%

Metals

less than 1000 ppm

Petroleum Origin

Where does petroleum come from?

Why is it normally found in huge pools
underground?
Was it formed in a big pool where we find it,
or did it gather there due to outside natural
forces?

ABIOGENIC (INORGANIC) THEORY

Hydrocarbon formation took place in the Earths
mantle, 60 180 miles below surface.
Conversion does not involve living matter but of other
molecules that have carbon in them.
Facts:
Methane exists in Earths atmosphere as well as
around Saturn and Jupiter.
Meteorites and congealed magma that contain
traces of hydrocarbons.
Laboratory experiments easily demonstrated the
formation of hydrocarbon from inorganic sources.

THEORY OF ABIOGENIC ORIGIN

(GOLD AND SOTER, 1986; OSBORNE, 1986; SZATMARI, 1989)

Berthelot, 1866

Mendelejeff

BIOGENIC ORIGIN (ORGANIC SOURCE)

Marine plankton (phytoplankton,

zooplankton)

Vegetation in shallow freshwater

PETROLEUM
Petroleum occurs underground, at various pressures
depending on the depth.
Because of the pressure, it contains considerable natural
gas in solution.
Petroleum is derived from aquatic plants and animals
that lived and died hundreds of millions of years ago.
Their remains mixed with mud and sand in layered
deposits that, over the millennia, were geologically
transformed into sedimentary rock.
Gradually the organic matter decomposed and
eventually formed petroleum (or a related precursor),
which migrated from the original source beds to more
porous and permeable rocks, such as sandstone and
siltstone, where it finally became entrapped. Such
entrapped accumulations of petroleum are called
reservoirs.

PETROLEUM ORIGIN
Petroleum occurs underground, at various pressures
depending on the depth.
Because of the pressure, it contains considerable
natural gas in solution.
Petroleum is derived from aquatic plants and animals
that lived and died hundreds of millions of years ago.
Their remains mixed with mud and sand in layered
deposits that, over the millennia, were geologically
transformed into sedimentary rock.
Gradually the organic matter decomposed and
eventually formed petroleum, which migrated from
the original source beds to more porous and
permeable rocks, such as sandstone and siltstone,
where it finally became entrapped. Such entrapped
accumulations of petroleum are called reservoirs.

IDEAL CONDITION FOR OIL AND

GAS FORMATION

Hydrocarbon Oil: Temperature between

180oF and 295 oF (7,000 15,000 ft)
Hydrocarbon gas: Temperature between 295
oF and 450 oF (15,000 25,000 ft).

SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION
OF DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEM

Oil Pool

The oil pool is an end

product to a 5-stage
sequence of events:
raw materials,
accumulation,
transformation,
migration and

geologic time.

ELEMENT OF PETROLEUM PROSPECT

A source rock - When organic-rich rock such as
oil shale or coal is subjected to high pressure and
temperature over an extended period of time,
hydrocarbons form.
Migration - The Hydrocarbons are expelled from
source rock by three density-related
mechanisms: the newly-matured hydrocarbons
are less dense than their precursors, which
causes overpressure; the hydrocarbons are
lighter medium, and so migrate upwards due to
buoyancy, and the fluids expand as further
burial causes increased heating. Most
hydrocarbons migrate to the surface as oil seeps,
but some will get trapped.

ELEMENT OF PETROLEUM PROSPECT

Trap - The hydrocarbons are buoyant and have to
be trapped within a structural (e.g. Anticline, fault
block) or stratigraphic trap.
Seal or cap Rock - The hydrocarbon trap has to be
covered by an impermeable rock known as a seal
or cap-rock in order to prevent hydrocarbons
escaping to the surface.
Reservoir - The hydrocarbons are contained in a
reservoir rock. This is a porous sandstone or
limestone. The oil collects in the pores within the
rock. The reservoir must also be permeable so that
the hydrocarbons will flow to surface during
production.

What Makes Oil Stay In There: Traps

Gambaran Beberapa Lapisan Batuan Reservoir

Minyak & Gas Bumi.

History of Petroleum
The US petroleum industry began with
Edwin Drake's drilling of a 69-foot (21 m) oil
well in 1859, on Oil Creek near Titusville,
Pennsylvania, for the Seneca Oil Company.
Originally yielding 25 bpd, by the end of the
year the rate was 15 bpd.

Oil Wells at Spindletop

Tonggak Sejarah Dalam Industri Migas

Indonesia (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2011)

Proses Eksplorasi &

Eksploitasi Migas

Reservoir Model