Claude Monet

Not to be confused with douard Manet, another painter 1.1 First Impressionist exhibition
of the same era.
For other uses, see Monet (disambiguation).
From the late 1860s, Monet and other like-minded artists
met with rejection from the conservative Acadmie des
Oscar-Claude Monet (/mone/; French: [klod mn]; Beaux-Arts, which held its annual exhibition at the Salon
14 November 1840 5 December 1926) was a founder de Paris. During the latter part of 1873, Monet, Pierreof French Impressionist painting, and the most consistent Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Alfred Sisley orand prolic practitioner of the movements philosophy ganized the Socit anonyme des artistes peintres, sculpof expressing ones perceptions before nature, especially teurs et graveurs (Cooperative and Anonymous Associaas applied to plein-air landscape painting.[1][2] The term tion of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers) to exhibit their
Impressionism is derived from the title of his painting artworks independently. At their rst exhibition, held in
Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which was April 1874, Monet exhibited the work that was to give
exhibited in 1874 in the rst of the independent exhibi- the group its lasting name.
tions mounted by Monet and his associates as an alterna- Impression, Sunrise was painted in 1872, depicting a Le
tive to the Salon de Paris.
Havre port landscape. From the paintings title the art
Monets ambition of documenting the French country- critic Louis Leroy, in his review, L'Exposition des Imin Le Charivari, coined
side led him to adopt a method of painting the same pressionnistes, which appeared
[3]
the
term
"Impressionism".
It
was
intended as disparscene many times in order to capture the changing of light
agement
but
the
Impressionists
appropriated
the term for
and the passing of the seasons. From 1883 Monet lived
[4][5]
themselves.
in Giverny, where he purchased a house and property,
and began a vast landscaping project which included lily
ponds that would become the subjects of his best-known
works. In 1899 he began painting the water lilies, rst in 2
vertical views with a Japanese bridge as a central feature,
and later in the series of large-scale paintings that was to
occupy him continuously for the next 20 years of his life. 2.1

Biography
Birth and childhood

Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the

fth oor of 45 rue Latte, in the 9th arrondissement
of Paris.[6] He was the second son of Claude Adolphe
Monet and Louise Justine Aubre Monet, both of them
second-generation Parisians. On 20 May 1841, he was
baptized in the local parish church, Notre-Dame-deLorette, as Oscar-Claude, but his parents called him simply Oscar.[6][7] (He signed his juvenilia O. Monet.) Despite being baptized Catholic, Monet later became an
atheist.[8][9]

Monet and Impressionism

In 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. His

father wanted him to go into the family grocery business,
but Monet wanted to become an artist. His mother was a
singer.
On 1 April 1851, Monet entered Le Havre secondary
school of the arts. Locals knew him well for his charcoal
caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs.
Monet also undertook his rst drawing lessons from
Jacques-Franois Ochard, a former student of JacquesLouis David. On the beaches of Normandy around 1856
he met fellow artist Eugne Boudin, who became his mentor and taught him to use oil paints. Boudin taught Monet

Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant), 1872; the painting that gave its name to the style. Muse Marmottan Monet,
Paris

2 BIOGRAPHY

"en plein air" (outdoor) techniques for painting.[10] Both Frdric Bazille and Alfred Sisley. Together they shared
received the inuence of Johan Barthold Jongkind.
new approaches to art, painting the eects of light en plein
air
with broken color and rapid brushstrokes, in what later
On 28 January 1857, his mother died. At the age of sixcame
to be known as Impressionism.
teen, he left school and went to live with his widowed,
childless aunt, Marie-Jeanne Lecadre.

Le djeuner sur l'herbe, (right section), 18651866, with

Gustave Courbet, Frdric Bazille and Camille Doncieux, rst
wife of the artist, Muse d'Orsay, Paris[12]

The Woman in the Green Dress, Camille Doncieux, 1866,

Kunsthalle Bremen

2.2

Paris

When Monet traveled to Paris to visit the Louvre, he witnessed painters copying from the old masters. Having
brought his paints and other tools with him, he would instead go and sit by a window and paint what he saw.[11]
Monet was in Paris for several years and met other young
painters, including douard Manet and others who would
become friends and fellow Impressionists.
In June 1861, Monet joined the First Regiment of African
Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment,
but, two years later, after he had contracted typhoid fever,
his aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed
to complete an art course at an art school. It is possible
that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind, whom
Monet knew, may have prompted his aunt on this matter. Disillusioned with the traditional art taught at art
schools, in 1862 Monet became a student of Charles
Gleyre in Paris, where he met Pierre-Auguste Renoir,

In January 1865 Monet was working on a version of Le

djeuner sur l'herbe, aiming to present it for hanging at the
Salon, which had rejected Manets Le djeuner sur l'herbe
two years earlier.[13] Monets painting was very large and
could not be completed in time. (It was later cut up, with
parts now in dierent galleries.) Monet submitted instead
a painting of Camille or The Woman in the Green Dress
(La femme la robe verte), one of many works using his
future wife, Camille Doncieux, as his model. Both this
painting and a small landscape were hung.[13] The following year Monet used Camille for his model in Women in
the Garden, and On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt in
1868. Camille became pregnant and gave birth to their
rst child, Jean, in 1867.[14] Monet and Camille married
on 28 June 1870, just before the outbreak of the FrancoPrussian War,[15] and, after their excursion to London and
Zaandam, they moved to Argenteuil, in December 1871.
During this time Monet painted various works of modern life. He and Camille lived in poverty for most of this
period. Following the successful exhibition of some maritime paintings, and the winning of a silver medal at Le
Havre, Monets paintings were seized by creditors, from
whom they were bought back by a shipping merchant,
Gaudibert, who was also a patron of Boudin.[13]

2.4

2.3

Impressionism

Franco-Prussian War and Argenteuil

After the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War (19 July

1870), Monet and his family took refuge in England in
September 1870,[16] where he studied the works of John
Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner, both of
whose landscapes would serve to inspire Monets innovations in the study of color. In the spring of 1871,
Monets works were refused authorisation for inclusion
in the Royal Academy exhibition.[15]
In May 1871, he left London to live in Zaandam, in
the Netherlands,[15] where he made twenty-ve paintings (and the police suspected him of revolutionary activities).[17] He also paid a rst visit to nearby
Amsterdam. In October or November 1871, he returned to France. From December 1871 to 1878 he
lived at Argenteuil, a village on the right bank of the
Seine river near Paris, and a popular Sunday-outing destination for Parisians, where he painted some of his
best-known works. In 1873, Monet purchased a small
boat equipped to be used as a oating studio.[18] From
the boat studio Monet painted landscapes and also portraits of douard Manet and his wife; Manet in turn
depicted Monet painting aboard the boat, accompanied
by Camille, in 1874.[18] In 1874, he briey returned to
Holland.[19]

2.4

Impressionism

The rst Impressionist exhibition was held in 1874 at 35

boulevard des Capucines, Paris, from 15 April to 15 May.
The primary purpose of the participants was not so much
to promote a new style, but to free themselves from the
constraints of the Salon de Paris. The exhibition, open
to anyone prepared to pay 60 francs, gave artists the opportunity to show their work without the interference of
a jury.[20][21][22]

Madame Monet in a Japanese kimono, 1875, Museum of Fine

Arts, Boston

Renoir; 10 works by Degas; 5 by Pissarro; 3 by Czanne;

and 3 by Guillaumin. Several works were on loan, including Czannes Modern Olympia, Morisots Hide and
Seek (owned by Manet) and 2 landscapes by Sisley that
had been purchased by Durand-Ruel.[20][21][22]

The total attendance is estimated at 3500, and some

Renoir chaired the hanging committee and did most of
works did sell, though some exhibitors had placed their
the work himself, as others members failed to present
prices too high. Pissarro was asking 1000 francs for The
themselves.[20][21]
Orchard and Monet the same for Impression: Sunrise,
In addition to Impression: Sunrise (pictured above) Monet neither of which sold. Renoir failed to obtain the 500
presented four oil paintings and seven pastels. Among the francs he was asking for La Loge, but later sold it for
paintings he displayed was The Luncheon (1868), which 450 francs to Pre Martin, dealer and supporter of the
features Camille Doncieux and Jean Monet, and which group.[20][21][22]
had been rejected by the Paris Salon of 1870.[23] Also
in this exhibition was a painting titled Boulevard des Ca Paintings 18581872
pucines, a painting of the boulevard done from the pho View at Rouelles, Le Havre 1858, Private collection;
tographer Nadars apartment at no. 35. Monet painted
an early work showing the inuence of Corot and
the subject twice, and it is uncertain which of the two
Courbet
pictures, that now in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, or
that in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City,
Mouth of the Seine at Honeur, 1865, Norton Simon
was the painting that appeared in the groundbreaking
Foundation, Pasadena, CA; indicates the inuence
1874 exhibition, though more recently the Moscow picof Dutch maritime painting.[1]
ture has been favoured.[24][25][26] Altogether, 165 works
Women in a Garden, 18661867, Muse d'Orsay,
were exhibited in the exhibition, including 4 oils, 2 pasParis.[2]
tels and 3 watercolors by Morisot; 6 oils and 1 pastel by

2 BIOGRAPHY
Woman in a Garden, 1867, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; a study in the eect of sunlight and shadow on
colour
Jardin Sainte-Adresse, 1867, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.[3]
The Luncheon, 1868, Stdel, which features Camille
Doncieux and Jean Monet, was rejected by the Paris
Salon of 1870 but included in the rst Impressionists exhibition in 1874.[4]
La Grenouillre 1869, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York; a small plein-air painting created with
broad strokes of intense colour.[5]
The Magpie, 18681869. Muse d'Orsay, Paris; one
of Monets early attempts at capturing the eect of
snow on the landscape. See also Snow at Argenteuil.
Le port de Trouville (Breakwater at Trouville, Low
Tide), 1870, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest.[6]
La plage de Trouville, 1870, National Gallery, London. The left gure may be Camille, on the right
possibly the wife of Eugne Boudin, whose beach
Claude Monet, Camille Monet on her deathbed, 1879, Muse
scenes inuenced Monet.[7]
d'Orsay, Paris

Jean Monet on his hobby horse, 1872, Metropolitan

Museum of Art, New York
Springtime 1872, Walters Art Museum
1. ^ Norton Simon Museum
2. ^ Muse d'Orsay
3. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art
4. ^ Stdel
5. ^ La Grenouillre at the Metropolitan Museum of
Art
6. ^ Le port de Trouville, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
7. ^ La plage de Trouville, 1870, National Gallery,
London

2.5

Death of Camille

In 1876, Camille Monet became ill with tuberculosis.

Their second son, Michel, was born on 17 March 1878.
This second child weakened her already fading health. In
the summer of that year, the family moved to the village
of Vtheuil where they shared a house with the family of
Ernest Hosched, a wealthy department store owner and
patron of the arts. In 1878, Camille Monet was diagnosed
with uterine cancer,[27] and she died on 5 September 1879
at the age of thirty-two.[28][29]

Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Portrait of Claude Monet, 1875, Muse

d'Orsay

Monet made a study in oils of his dead wife. Many years

later, Monet confessed to his friend Georges Clemenceau

5
that his need to analyse colours was both the joy and torment of his life. He explained,
I one day found myself looking at my
beloved wifes dead face and just systematically
noting the colours according to an automatic
reex!
John Berger describes the work as a blizzard of white,
grey, purplish paint ... a terrible blizzard of loss which
will forever eace her features. In fact there can be very
few death-bed paintings which have been so intensely felt
or subjectively expressive.[30]

2.6

The Studio Boat, 1874, Krller-Mller Museum, Otterlo, Netherlands

Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her
Son, 1875
Flowers on the riverbank at Argenteuil, 1877, Pola
Museum of Art, Japan
Saint Lazare trainstation, Paris, 1877, The Art Institute of Chicago
Vtheuil in the Fog, 1879, Muse Marmottan Monet,
Paris

3 Giverny

Vtheuil

After several dicult months following the death of

Camille, Monet began to create some of his best paintings of the 19th century. During the early 1880s, Monet
painted several groups of landscapes and seascapes in
what he considered to be campaigns to document the
French countryside. These began to evolve into series of
pictures in which he documented the same scene many
times in order to capture the changing of light and the
passing of the seasons.
Monets friend Ernest Hosched became bankrupt, and
left in 1878 for Belgium. After the death of Camille
Monet in September 1879, and while Monet continued
to live in the house in Vtheuil, Alice Hosched helped
Monet to raise his two sons, Jean and Michel. She took
them to Paris to live alongside her own six children,[31]
Blanche (who married Jean Monet), Germaine, Suzanne,
Marthe, Jean-Pierre, and Jacques. In the spring of 1880,
Alice Hosched and all the children left Paris and rejoined Monet at Vtheuil.[32] In 1881, all of them moved
to Poissy, which Monet hated. In April 1883, looking out
the window of the little train between Vernon and Gasny,
he discovered Giverny in Normandy.[31][33][34] Monet,
Alice Hosched and the children moved to Vernon, then
to the house in Giverny, where he planted a large garden
and where he painted for much of the rest of his life. Following the death of her estranged husband, Monet married Alice Hosched in 1892.[10]
Study of a Figure Outdoors: Woman with a Parasol, facing left,
1886. Muse d'Orsay

Paintings 18731879
Camille Monet on a Garden Bench,
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

1873,

3.1 Monets house and garden

The Artists house at Argenteuil, 1873, The Art InstiAt the beginning of May 1883, Monet and his large famtute of Chicago
ily rented a house and 2 acres (8,100 m2 ) from a lo Coquelicots, La promenade (Poppies), 1873, Muse cal landowner. The house was situated near the main
road between the towns of Vernon and Gasny at Giverny.
d'Orsay, Paris
There was a barn that doubled as a painting studio, or Argenteuil, 1874, National Gallery of Art, Washing- chards and a small garden. The house was close enough
ton D.C.
to the local schools for the children to attend and the

4 LAST YEARS

surrounding landscape oered many suitable motifs for

Monets work. The family worked and built up the gardens and Monets fortunes began to change for the better
as his dealer Paul Durand-Ruel had increasing success
in selling his paintings.[35] By November 1890, Monet
was prosperous enough to buy the house, the surrounding buildings and the land for his gardens. During the
1890s, Monet built a greenhouse and a second studio, a
spacious building well lit with skylights.
Monet wrote daily instructions to his gardener, precise
designs and layouts for plantings, and invoices for his
oral purchases and his collection of botany books. As
Monets wealth grew, his garden evolved. He remained
its architect, even after he hired seven gardeners.[36]
Monet purchased additional land with a water meadow.
In 1893 he began a vast landscaping project which included lily ponds that would become the subjects of his
best-known works. White water lilies local to France
were planted along with imported cultivars from South
America and Egypt, resulting in a range of colours including yellow, blue and white lilies that turned pink with
age.[37] In 1899 he began painting the water lilies, rst in
vertical views with a Japanese bridge as a central feature,
and later in the series of large-scale paintings that was to
occupy him continuously for the next 20 years of his life. Monet, right, in his garden at Giverny, 1922
This scenery, with its alternating light and mirror-like reections, became an integral part of his work. By the
4 Last years
mid-1910s Monet had achieved:
a completely new, uid, and somewhat
audacious style of painting in which the
water-lily pond became the point of departure
for an almost abstract art
Gary Tinterow[38][39]

Monets garden

4.1 Failing sight

Monets second wife, Alice, died in 1911, and his oldest son Jean, who had married Alices daughter Blanche,
Monets particular favourite, died in 1914.[10] After Alice died, Blanche looked after and cared for Monet. It
was during this time that Monet began to develop the rst
signs of cataracts.[40]

During World War I, in which his younger son Michel

served and his friend and admirer Clemenceau led the
In the Garden, 1895, Collection E. G. Buehrle,
French nation, Monet painted a series of weeping willow
Zrich
trees as homage to the French fallen soldiers. In 1923, he
underwent two operations to remove his cataracts. The
Agapanthus, between 1914 and 1926, Museum of
paintings done while the cataracts aected his vision have
Modern Art, New York
a general reddish tone, which is characteristic of the vision of cataract victims. It may also be that after surgery
The rose arches, Giverny, 1913, private collection
he was able to see certain ultraviolet wavelengths of light
that are normally excluded by the lens of the eye; this
Water Lilies and the Japanese bridge, 189799, may have had an eect on the colors he perceived. After
Princeton University Art Museum
his operations he even repainted some of these paintings,
with bluer water lilies than before.[41]
Water Lilies, 1906, Art Institute of Chicago

Water Lilies, Muse Marmottan Monet

4.2 Death

Water Lilies, c. 1915, Neue Pinakothek, Munich

Monet died of lung cancer on 5 December 1926 at the age

of 86 and is buried in the Giverny church cemetery.[33]
Monet had insisted that the occasion be simple; thus only

Water Lilies, c. 1915, Muse Marmottan Monet

7
about fty people attended the ceremony.[42]
His home, garden, and waterlily pond were bequeathed
by his son Michel, his only heir, to the French Academy
of Fine Arts (part of the Institut de France) in 1966.
Through the Fondation Claude Monet, the house and
gardens were opened for visits in 1980, following
restoration.[43] In addition to souvenirs of Monet and
other objects of his life, the house contains his collection
of Japanese woodcut prints. The house and garden, along
with the Museum of Impressionism Giverny, are major attractions in Giverny, which hosts tourists from all over the
world.
Monets late paintings
Water Lilies and Reections of a Willow (191619),
Muse Marmottan Monet
Water-Lily Pond and Weeping Willow, 19161919,
Sale Christies New York, 1998
Weeping Willow, 19181919, Columbus Museum
of Art
Weeping Willow, 19181919, Kimball Art Museum,
Fort Worth, Monets Weeping Willow paintings were
an homage to the fallen French soldiers of World
War I
House Among the Roses, between 1917 and 1919,
Rouen Cathedral at sunset, 1893, Muse Marmottan Monet. An
Albertina, Vienna
example of the Rouen Cathedral Series.

The Rose Walk, Giverny, 192022, Muse Marmottan Monet

The Japanese Footbridge, 192022, Museum of He began to think in terms of colours and shapes rather
than scenes and objects. He used bright colours in dabs
Modern Art
and dashes and squiggles of paint. Having rejected the
The Garden at Giverny
academic teachings of Gleyres studio, he freed himself
from theory, saying I like to paint as a bird sings.[46]

Monets methods

Monet has been described as the driving force behind

Impressionism.[44] Crucial to the art of the Impressionist
painters was the understanding of the eects of light on
the local colour of objects, and the eects of the juxtaposition of colours with each other.[45] Monets long career
as a painter was spent in the pursuit of this aim.
In 1856, his chance meeting with Eugene Boudin, a
painter of small beach scenes, opened his eyes to the possibility of plein-air painting. From that time, with a short
interruption for military service, he dedicated himself to
searching for new and improved methods of painterly expression. To this end, as a young man, he visited the Paris
Salon and familiarised himself with the works of older
painters, and made friends with other young artists.[44]
The ve years that he spent at Argenteuil, spending much
time on the River Seine in a little oating studio, were formative in his study of the eects of light and reections.

In 1877 a series of paintings at St-Lazare Station had

Monet looking at smoke and steam and the way that they
aected colour and visibility, being sometimes opaque
and sometimes translucent. He was to further use this
study in the painting of the eects of mist and rain on
the landscape.[47] The study of the eects of atmosphere
were to evolve into a number of series of paintings in
which Monet repeatedly painted the same subject in different lights, at dierent hours of the day, and through the
changes of weather and season. This process began in the
1880s and continued until the end of his life in 1926.
His rst series exhibited as such was of Haystacks,
painted from dierent points of view and at dierent
times of the day. Fifteen of the paintings were exhibited at the Galerie Durand-Ruel in 1891. In 1892 he produced what is probably his best-known series, twenty-six
views of Rouen Cathedral.[45] In these paintings Monet
broke with painterly traditions by cropping the subject so
that only a portion of the facade is seen on the canvas.
The paintings do not focus on the grand Medieval build-

6 FAME

ing, but on the play of light and shade across its surface,
transforming the solid masonry.[48]

6 Fame

Other series include Poplars, Mornings on the Seine, and

the Water Lilies that were painted on his property at
Giverny. Between 1883 and 1908, Monet traveled to the
Mediterranean, where he painted landmarks, landscapes,
and seascapes, including a series of paintings in Venice.
In London he painted four series: the Houses of Parliament, London, Charing Cross Bridge, Waterloo Bridge,
and Views of Westminster Bridge. Helen Gardner writes:

In 2004, London, the Parliament, Eects of Sun in the Fog

(Londres, le Parlement, troue de soleil dans le brouillard)
(1904), sold for US$20.1 million.[50] In 2006, the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society published a paper
providing evidence that these were painted in situ at St
Thomas Hospital over the river Thames.[51]

Monet, with a scientic precision, has

given us an unparalleled and unexcelled record
of the passing of time as seen in the movement
of light over identical forms.[49]

Falaises prs de Dieppe (Clis near Dieppe) has been

stolen on two separate occasions: once in 1998 (in which
the museums curator was convicted of the theft and
jailed for ve years and two months along with two accomplices) and most recently in August 2007.[52] It was
recovered in June 2008.[53]

Monets Le Pont du chemin de fer Argenteuil, an 1873

painting of a railway bridge spanning the Seine near
Series of paintings
Paris, was bought by an anonymous telephone bidder
for a record $41.4 million at Christies auction in New
La Gare Saint-Lazare, 1877, Muse d'Orsay
York on 6 May 2008. The previous record for his paintArrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare, ing stood at $36.5 million.[54] Just a few weeks later, Le
1877, The Art Institute of Chicago[1]
bassin aux nymphas (from the water lilies series) sold
[55]
The Clis at Etretat, 1885, Clark Institute, at Christies 24 June 2008 auction in London, lot 19,
for 36,500,000 ($71,892,376.34) (hammer price) or
Williamstown
40,921,250 ($80,451,178) with fees, nearly doubling
Sailboats behind the needle at Etretat, 1885
the record for the artist[56] and representing one of the
top 20 highest prices paid for a painting at the time.
Two paintings from a series of grainstacks, 1890-91:
In October 2013, Monets paintings, L'Eglise de Vetheuil
Grainstacks in the Sunlight, Morning Eect,
and Le Bassin aux Nymphease, became subjects of a legal
Grainstacks, end of day, Autumn, 18901891, Art case in New York against NY-based Vilma Bautista, oneInstitute of Chicago
time aide to Imelda Marcos, wife of dictator Ferdinand
[57]
after she sold Le Bassin aux Nymphease for
Poplars (Autumn), 1891, Philadelphia Museum of Marcos,
$32
million
to a Swiss buyer. The said Monet paintings,
Art
along with two others, were acquired by Imelda during
her husbands presidency and allegedly bought using the
Poplars at the River Epte, 1891 Tate
nations funds. Bautistas lawyer claimed that the aide
The Seine Near Giverny, 1897, Museum of Fine sold the painting for Imelda but did not have a chance to
Arts, Boston
give her the money. The Philippine government seeks the
[57]
Morning on the Seine, 1898, National Museum of return of the painting. Le Bassin aux Nymphease, also
known as Japanese Footbridge over the Water-Lily Pond
Western Art
at Giverny, is part of Monets famed Water Lilies series.
Charing Cross Bridge, 1899, Thyssen-Bornemisza
Museum Madrid
Series of water lilies in dierent lights

Charing Cross Bridge, London, 18991901, Saint

Louis Art Museum
Two paintings from a series of The Houses of Parliament, London, 190001, Art Institute of Chicago
London, Houses of Parliament. The Sun Shining
through the Fog, 1904, Muse d'Orsay
Grand Canal, Venice, 1908, Museum of Fine Arts,
Boston
Grand Canal, Venice, 1908, Fine Arts Museums of
San Francisco
1. ^ Art Institute of Chicago

Le Bassin Aux Nymphas, 1919. Monets late series of Waterlily paintings are among his best-known
works.
Water Lilies, 1919, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York
Water Lilies, 19171919, Honolulu Museum of Art
Water lilies (Yellow Nirwana), 1920, The National
Gallery, London
Water Lilies, circa 1915-26, Nelson-Atkins Museum
of Art
The Water Lily Pond, c. 191719, Albertina, Vienna

See also
List of works by Claude Monet

Western painting

[17] The texts of seven police reports, written on 2 June 9

October 1871 are included in Monet in Holland, the catalog of an exhibition in the Amsterdam Van Gogh Museum
(1986).

References

[18] Wattenmaker, Richard J.; Distel, Anne, et al. (1993).

Great French Paintings from the Barnes Foundation. New
York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 98.ISBN 0-679-40963-7

History of painting

[16] Monet, Claude Nicolas Pioch, www.ibiblio.org, 19

September 2002. Retrieved 6 January 2007.

[1] House, John, et al.: Monet in the 20th century, page 2, Yale
University Press, 1998.
[2] Claude MONET biography. Giverny.org. 2 December
2009. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
[3] From John Rewald, The History of Impressionism
[4] Impressionism: A Centenary Exhibition, the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, December 12, 1974-February 10, 1975,
Anne Distel, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York,
N.Y.)

[19] His paintings are shown and discussed here .

[20] Bernard Denvir, The Chronicle of Impressionism: A Timeline History of Impressionist Art, Bulnch Press Book,
1993
[21] Bernard Denvir, The chronicle of impressionism: an intimate diary of the lives and world of the great artists,
Thames & Hudson, Limited, 1993
[22] archives, Notes for The First Impressionist Exhibition,
1874

[5] Impressionism Overview ARTinthePICTURE.com.

Retrieved 6 January 2007.

[23] Stdelsches Kunstinstitut und Stdtische Galerie, Frankfurt am Main

[6] P. Tucker Claude Monet: Life and Art, p. 5

[24] Kennedy, Ian. Kansas city or Moscow?", Apollo, 1

March 2007. Retrieved on 8 June 2009.

[7] S. Patin, Monet un il ... mais bon Dieu, quel il !", Collection Dcouverte Gallimard. p. 14.
[8] Steven Z. Levine (1994). 6. Monet, Narcissus, and SelfReection: The Modernist Myth of the Self (2 ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 66. ISBN 9780226475431.
Much closer to Monets own atheism and pessimism is
Schopenhauer, already introduced to the impressionist circle in the criticism of Theodore Duret in the 1870s and
whose inuence in France was at its peak in 1886, the
year of The World as Will and Idea.
[9] Ruth Butler (2008). Hidden in the Shadow of the Master: the Model-wives of Czanne, Monet, and Rodin. Yale
University Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780300149531. Then
Monet took the end of his brush and drew some long
straight strokes in the wet pigment across her chest. Its
not clear, and probably not consciously intended by the
atheist Claude Monet, but somehow the suggestion of a
Cross lies there on her body.

[25] Nathalia Brodskaya, Claude Monet, Parkstone International, Jul 1, 2011

[26] Nathalia Brodskaa, Impressionism, Parkstone International, 2010
[27] Jiminez, Jill Berk (2013). Dictionary of Artists Models.
Routledge. p. 165. ISBN 1135959145.
[28] La Japonaise. artelino. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
[29] http://members.aol.com/wwjohnston/camille.htm
[30] Berger, John (1985). The Eyes of Claude Monet from
Sense of Sight. New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 194
195. ISBN 0-679-73722-7.
[31] Biography of Oscar-Claude Monet, The Life and Work
of Claude Monet. Monetalia.com. Retrieved 5 June
2012.

[10] Biography for Claude Monet Guggenheim Collection.

Retrieved 6 January 2007.

[32] Charles Merrill Mount, Monet a biography, Simon and

Schuster publisher, copyright 1966, pp.309322.

[11] Gary Tinterow, Origins of Impressionism, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Jan 1, 1994, ISBN 0870997173,
9780870997174

[33] Monets Village. Giverny. 24 February 2009. Retrieved

5 June 2012.

[12] Muse d'Orsay, Le djeuner sur l'herbe, Notice de l'uvre,

Iconographie
[13] Charles F. Stuckey, p. 1116
[14] Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metmuseum.org. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
[15] Charles Stuckey Monet, a Retrospective, Hugh Lauter
Levin Associates, 195

[34] Charles Merrill Mount, Monet a biography, Simon and

Schuster publisher, copyright 1966, p326.
[35] Mary Mathews Gedo, Monet and His Muse: Camille
Monet in the Artists Life, University of Chicago Press, Sep
30, 2010, ISBN 0226284808, 9780226284804
[36] Garrett, Robert (20 May 2007). Monets gardens a draw
to Giverny and to his art. Globe Correspondents. Retrieved 13 October 2008.

10

10

EXTERNAL LINKS

[38] The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Water Lilies, Heilbrunn

Timeline of Art History

Monets years at Giverny: Beyond Impressionism.

New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1978. ISBN 978-0-8109-1336-3. (full text PDF
available)

[39] Gary Tinterow, Modern Europe, Metropolitan Museum of

Art (New York, N.Y.), Jan 1, 1987

Stuckey, Charles F., Monet, a retrospective, Bay

Books, (1985) ISBN 0-85835-905-7

[37] Art Gallery of Victoria, Monets Garden, (retrieved 16

December 2013)

[40] Forge, Andrew, and Gordon, Robert, Monet, page 224.

Harry N. Abrams, 1989.
[41] Let the light shine in Guardian News, 30 May 2002. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
[42] P. Tucker Claude Monet: Life and Art, p.224
[43] Historical record. Fondation-monet.fr. Retrieved 19
January 2010.
[44] Jennings, Guy (1986). Impressionist Painters. Octopus
Books. ISBN 9780706426601.
[45] Gardner, Helen (1995). Art through the Ages (10th Reiss
ed.). Harcourt College Pub. p. 669. ISBN 9780155011410.
[46] Jennings, p. 130
[47] Jennings, p. 132
[48] Jennings p. 137
[49] Helen Gardner, Art through the Ages, p. 669
[50] Monets masterpiece reaches record high bid newsfromrussia.com, 5 November 2004. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
[51] Virtual Monet Thumbnails Pg 1 | Special reports.
guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
[52] Monet and Others Stolen in Museum Heist in Nice. artforum.com. 8 August 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
[53] French police recover stolen Monet painting. artforum.com. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
[54] Monet fetches record price at New York auction.
Google. AFP. 6 May 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
[55] Le Bassin Aux Nymphas. Christies of London. 24
June 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
[56] Monet work auctioned for 40.9m. BBC News. 24 June
2008. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
[57] Ex-Imelda Marcos aide on trial in NYC for selling Monet
work. Associated Press. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17
October 2013.

Further reading
Howard, Michael The Treasures of Monet. (Muse
Marmottan Monet, Paris, 2007).
Kendall, Richard Monet by Himself, (Macdonald &
Co 1989, updated Time Warner Books 2004), ISBN
0-316-72801-2

Tucker, Paul Hayes, Monet in the '90s. (Museum of

Fine Arts in association with Yale University Press,
New Haven and London, 1989).
Tucker, Paul Hayes Claude Monet: Life and Art
Amilcare Pizzi, Italy 1995 ISBN 0-300-06298-2
Tucker, Paul Hayes, Monet in the 20th century.
(Royal Academy of Arts, London, Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston and Yale University press. 1998).

10 External links
Claude Monet at the Museum of Modern Art
Claude Monet, Ministre de la culture et de la communication
Claude Monet, Joconde, Portail des collections des
muses de France
Monet at Giverny
Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies
Works by or about Claude Monet in libraries
(WorldCat catalog)
Claude Monet at The Guggenheim
Impressionism: a centenary exhibition, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
(fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Monet (p. 131167)

11

11
11.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Claude Monet Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet?oldid=674647377 Contributors: Magnus Manske, MichaelTinkler,

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12

11

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

gism, Jeccabreen, Periglio, VIAFbot, Leighperson, WilliamDigiCol, CorinneSD, Ohsocolorful, ThomasMikael, Kavdiaravish, RaphaelQS,
Kaitymh, RainCity471, SouthGal62, Theparties, Bilorv, Mekeane, Samanta Snowdy, KasparBot, Chrish65, Marioorellanaencinar and
Anonymous: 1056

11.2

Images

File:Claude_Monet,_1879,_Camille_sur_son_lit_de_mort,_oil_on_canvas,_90_x_68_cm,_Muse_d'Orsay,_Paris.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Claude_Monet%2C_1879%2C_Camille_sur_son_lit_de_mort%2C_oil_on_
canvas%2C_90_x_68_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Image source: Muse
d'Orsay Original artist: Claude Monet
File:Claude_Monet,_Impression,_soleil_levant,_1872.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Claude_
Monet%2C_Impression%2C_soleil_levant%2C_1872.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Claude Monet
File:Claude_Monet,_Impression,_soleil_levant.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Claude_Monet%
2C_Impression%2C_soleil_levant.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: wartburg.edu Original artist: Claude Monet
File:Claude_Monet-Madame_Monet_en_costume_japonais.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/
Claude_Monet-Madame_Monet_en_costume_japonais.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Claude Monet
File:Claude_Monet_-_Camille.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Claude_Monet_-_Camille.JPG
License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Claude Monet
File:Claude_Monet_-_Rouen_Cathedral,_Facade_(Sunset).JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/
Claude_Monet_-_Rouen_Cathedral%2C_Facade_%28Sunset%29.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist:
Claude Monet
File:Claude_Monet_023.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Claude_Monet_023.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by
DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Claude Monet
File:Claude_Monet_1899_Nadar_crop.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Claude_Monet_1899_
Nadar_crop.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Claude Monet 1899 Nadar.jpg Original artist: Nadar
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Monet_dejeunersurlherbe.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Monet_dejeunersurlherbe.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Original artist: Claude Monet
File:Monet_in_Garden,_New_York_Times,_1922.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Monet_in_
Garden%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1922.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: From the Times online store here Original artist:
?
File:Office-book.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project
File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir,_1875,_Claude_Monet,_oil_on_canvas,_84_x_60.5_cm,_Muse_d'Orsay,_Paris.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_1875%2C_Claude_Monet%2C_oil_on_canvas%
2C_84_x_60.5_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Muse d'Orsay Original artist:
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

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