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REVIEW ARTICLE
School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Orthodontics, Wang Fan Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
Sihjih Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received: Jun 1, 2012
Revised: Sep 12, 2012
Accepted: Dec 21, 2012
KEY WORDS:
anterior open bite relapse;
dentofacial morphology;
orthognathic surgery;
overbite depth indicator
The complexity of anterior open bite is attributed to a combination of skeletal, dental, soft tissue, and
habitual factors. Multiple treatment strategies aimed at different etiologies of anterior open bite have
been proposed. However, the tendency toward relapse after conventional or surgical orthodontic
treatment has been indicated. Therefore, anterior open bite is considered one of the most challenging
dentofacial deformities to treat. The aim of this article is to review the etiologies, dentofacial morphology, treatment modalities, retention, and stability of anterior open bite. The etiology of anterior open
bite malocclusions is multifactorial and numerous theories have been proposed, including genetic,
anatomic and environmental factors. The diagnosis and treatment modalities are variable according to
the etiology. Failure of tongue posture adaptation subsequent to orthodontic and/or surgical treatment
might be the primary reason for relapse of anterior open bite. Prolonged retention with xed or
removable retainers is advisable and necessary in most cases of open bite treatment. The treatment of
anterior open bite remains a tough challenge to the clinician; careful diagnosis and timely intervention
with proper treatment modalities and appliance selection will improve the treatment outcomes and
long-term stability.
Copyright ! 2013, Taipei Medical University. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
2. Etiology
* Corresponding author. Li-Hsiang Lin, School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Number 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031,
Taiwan.
E-mail: L.-H. Lin <lisa@tmu.edu.tw>
1878-3317/$ e see front matter Copyright ! 2013, Taipei Medical University. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecm.2013.01.004
backward position of the mandibular ramus, and shortened posterior facial height are additive in the production of the high mandibular plane angle in an open bite population.10 It has been
suggested that the overbite depth indicator (ODI) index can be
a good predictor in the primary dentition of a skeletal open bite
tendency in the adolescent. The ODI is the arithmetic sum of the
angle of the AeB plane to the mandibular plane and the angle of the
Palatal plane to Frankfort horizontal plane. The study produced
a norm of 74.5! , with a standard deviation of 6.07!.11 A value of 68! or
less indicates a skeletal open bite tendency.12 Another useful
method to help predict vertical growth patterns is based Nahoums
diagnosis on the ratio of upper anterior facial height to lower anterior facial height (AUFH:ALFH). If a patient has an open bite and
a AUFH:ALFH ratio of less than 0.65, then the open bite is considered
skeletal which cannot be corrected by orthodontic treatment
alone.13 Anatomic conditions such as tongue size and position are
well known to affect skeletal and dental components.14 Macroglossia has been suggested as a possible cause of open bite.15 It has
been reported that in patients with anterior open bite, there are
signicant correlations between mandibular plane angle, ramus
height of the mandible, or anteroposterior dimension of the maxilla
and movement of the front part of the dorsal tongue during deglutition.16 Some anatomic conditions such as enlarged adenoids and/
or tonsils, swollen nasal turbinates, and deviated nasal septums may
impair normal upper respiratory nasal function.17 Mouth-breathing
as a result of upper airway obstruction may cause anterior open bite
but their direct relationship has not been proven.18 Mandibular
condylar resorption has also been identied as an etiologic factor of
anterior open bite. Many local and systemic pathologies or diseases
can cause mandibular condylar resorption. Local factors include
osteoarthritis, reactive arthritis, avascular necrosis, infection, and
traumatic injuries. Systemic connective tissue or autoimmune diseases that can cause condylar resorption include rheumatoid
arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjgren syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, etc.19
4. Environmental factors
6. Treatment modalities
5. Dentofacial morphology
Many analyses comparing control samples to subjects with skeletal
open bite have shown no signicant difference in the anterior