MICROPROCESSOR,

MICROCOMPUTER AND
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR
AND MICROCOMPUTER
Reported by:
Abanador, Ma. Kristine Joy

MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor is a computer processor
that incorporates the functions of a
computer's central processing unit (CPU) on
a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a
few integrated circuits.
The microprocessor is a multipurpose,
programmable device that accepts digital
data as input, processes it according to
instructions stored in its memory, and
provides results as output.

MICROPROCESSOR
Electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a
computer
Designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations
Can be classified by

Semiconductor technology of the design

Width of the data format

Instruction set

Semiconductor Technology of the

design
TTL
Transistor-Transistor
Logic
uses bipolar
transistors to form its
integrated circuits
Most commonly
used

CMOS
ComplementaryMetal-Oxide
Semiconductor
Favored for portable
computers and
battery powered
devices
Has low power
consumption

ECL
Emitter-Coupled Logic
Digital technology
with extremely highspeed

Width of the Data format

4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit or 64-bit

The wider the data format, the faster and more expensive the
device.

Instruction Set
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC), Reduced Instruction Set
Computer (RISC)

MICROCOMPUTER
A computer that depends on a microprocessor (Personal Computer)
Designed to be used by individuals, whether in the form of PCs, workstations
or notebook computers

Contains a CPU on a microchip, a memory system, a bus system, and I/O

ports
Intels first microcomputer appeared in 1971:

MCS-4 emphasizing low cost (November 1971)

MSC-8 for versatility (April 1972)

Intel MCS-4
Designed for applications such as test systems, peripherals, terminals, billing
machines, measuring systems, numeric and process control
Interface easily with switches, keyboards, displays, teletypewriters, printers,
readers, A-D converters and other peripherals

Fabricated with Silicon Gate Technology

10.8 s Instruction cycle time

Intel MCS-4 4-B Chip Set

The MCS-4 is family of 4 chips housed in
16 - pin packages, developed by Intel,
which includes the following:
4001 (ROM)
4002 (RAM)
4003 (Shift Register)
4004 (Microprocessor)

Intel MCS-4
Can have up to:
4K x 8 bit ROM words

1280 x 4 bit RAM characters

128 I/O lines without requiring any interface logic

Powerful Instruction set allows both binary and decimal arithmetic, and
includes conditional branching, jump to subroutine, and provides

4001 ROM Chip

As a ROM, it contains the custom
microprogram and is implemented using
a metal mask according to customer
specifications

Organized as 256 x 8 bit words

Had an integrated address register, an
output data register, multiplexers, and
control timing logic
Second mode of operation:
Input/Output control device

As

an

4001 ROM Chip

4002 (RAM Chip)

4002 performs two functions:
1. As a RAM, it stores 320 bit arranged in 4
registers of 20 4-bit characters each

2. As a vehicle of communication with

peripheral devices, it is provided with 4
output lines and associated control logic
to perform output operations
Had an integrated address register, an
output data register, multiplexers, and
control timing logic
A built-in refresh counter was used to
maintain data integrity

4002 RAM

4003 SHIFT REGISTER

A 10 bit static shift register with
serial in, parallel- out and serial-out
data
For output port expansion, to
interface with I/O devices such as
keyboards,
displays,
printers,
teletypewriters, switches, readers,
A-D converters, etc

4003 SHIFT REGISTER

4004 MICROPROCESSOR
A central processor unit (CPU)
designed to work in conjunction with
the other members of the MCS-4 for
microprogrammable computer
application
CPU chip consists of a 4 bit adder, a
64 bit (16 x 4) index register, a 48 bit
(4 x 12) program counter and stack,
and address decrementer, an 8 bit
instruction register and decoder and
control logic
Contains 5 command control lines: 1
command ROM control line and 4
command RAM control lines

4004 MICROPROCESSOR

BASIC SYSTEM OPERATION OF MCS-4

CPU generates SYNC to the ROMs and RAMs.
Basic instruction execution requires 8 or 16 cycles of 750kHz clock

In the first 3 cycles: CPU sends 12 bits of address to the ROMs

In the next 2 cycles: The selected ROM chip sends back 8 bits of instruction
to the CPU
In the final 3 cycles: The instruction is then interpreted and executed
The ROM bank is controlled by a command ROM control signal and up to
four RAM banks are controlled by four command RAM control signals

BASIC SYSTEM OPERATION OF MCS-4

When a RAM instruction is executed, the address of a RAM chip, register
and character which is stored in two index registers in the CPU is transferred
to the RAM.
When the RAM output instruction is received by the CPU, the content of the
CPU accumulator is transferred to the four RAM output lines

The CPU, RAMs and ROMs can be controlled by an external RESET line

MCS-4 APPLICATION
Busicom of Japan produced several calculator models using the MCS-4
chip set
Ted Hoff- made the original proposal for MCS 4 and did feasibility study for
first calculator
Federico Faggin- did all of the logic and circuit design and implemented
the layout
M. Shima (from Busicom)-wrote most of the firmware
Intel patent on the MCS-4 has 17 claims
MCS-4 evolved into the single chip microcomputers

INTEL 8008
The Intel 8008 is the world's first 8 bit
microprocessor introduced in April 1972.
The developers were Ted Hoff, Stan
Mazor, Hal Feeney, and Federico
Faggin.
Intel designed it for Computer Terminal
Corporation (CTC) for use in its
Datapoint 2200 terminal, but because
the 8008 was delivered too late and did
not meet CTC's expectations, they
didn't used it. Intel then brought the
rights back and marketed the chip on
its own.

INTEL 8008
Technology: P- MOS
Transistors: 3,500

An 8-b CPU, packaged in 18- pin DIP,

implemented with TTL and had 48 data
processing instructions
Had an 8-b data bus and external 14-b
address bus, which can address 16 KB of
memory
Had one memory address space for
program and data

INTEL 8008
Eight 8-bit "scratchpad" registers: The
main accumulator (A) and seven other
registers (B, C, D, E, H, and L)
Indirect memory access using the H and
L registers (HL) as a 14-bit data pointer
providing a virtual register M.
A built-in hidden refresh counter was
used to maintain data integrity
Separate from the memory, 8 input ports
and 24 output ports can be accessed

INTEL 8008
A memory stack containing a 14-bit
Program Counter is used internally to
store program and subroutine addresses
Seven-level push-down address call
stack. Eight registers are actually used,
with the top-most register being the PC.
Four condition code status flags: Carry
(C), even Parity (P), Zero (Z), and Sign (S).
Utilized standard memory components
(not ROM and RAM)
Instruction cycle time of 20s

INTEL 8008

INTEL 8008
Byte Ordering Little Endian

In Little-Endian systems, the least significant byte of a multi-byte data item

has the lowest address, while the most significant byte has the highest
address.

Applications

Seiko (Japan) used 8008 for a sophisticated scientific calculator

Used in business machines and a variety of general purpose computers

INTEL 8080
The Intel 8080 was the second 8-bit
microprocessor and manufactured
by Intel and was released in April
1974.
It was an extended and enhanced
variant of the earlier 8008 design.

The architecture of the 8080 strongly

influenced Intel's 8086 CPU
architecture, which spawned
the x86 family of processors.

INTEL 8080
Technology: N Mos

Transistors: 6,000 (6 micron)

Used non-saturated enhancement
load NMOS gate implementation,
the chip needed multiple input
voltages: -5V, +5V and +12V.
Has 16-bit address bus, 8-bit
bidirectional data bus and fully
decoded, TTL compatible control
outputs packaged in a 40-pin DIP
packaging, allowing easy access to
64 KB of memory.

INTEL 8080
Has seven 8-bit registers (A, B, C, D, E,
H, and L), where A is the primary 8-bit
accumulator and the other six registers
can be used as either individual 8-bit
registers or as three 16-bit register pairs
(BC, DE, and HL) depending on the
particular instruction

Has a 16-bit Stack Pointer to memory

and a 16-bit Program Counter

INTEL 8080
Status Register, the flags are:
Sign (S), set if the result is negative

Zero (Z), set if the result is zero

Parity (P), set if the number of 1 bits in the result is even

Carry (C), set if the last addition operation resulted in a carry, or if the last
subtraction operation required a borrow
Auxiliary carry (AC or H), used for binary-coded decimal arithmetic

INTEL 8080
Can address up to 256 input ports
and 256 output ports
Offers the user a high performance
solution to control and processing
applications
Powerful problem solving instruction
set
Significant feature: SPEED
Instruction cycle time)

(2

INTEL 8080

INTEL 8085
Technology: N Mos (later AH models
used HMOS)
Transistors: 6,500 (6 micron)
An 8-bit CPU packaged in a 40-pin
dual in line package (DIP), Binary
compatible

8-bit data bus multiplexed with the

lower part of the 16-bit address bus
and up to 64KB memory

INTEL 8085
Has seven 8-bit registers (A, B, C, D, E,
H, and L), where A is the primary 8-bit
accumulator and the other six registers
can be used as either individual 8-bit
registers or as three 16-bit register pairs
(BC, DE, and HL) depending on the
particular instruction

Has a 16-bit Stack Pointer to memory

and a 16-bit Program Counter
Can address up to 256 input ports and
256 output ports

INTEL 8085
It requires a single +5V power supply

Has 4 Vectored Interrupts (One is Non

Maskable)
Serial In/Serial Out Port
Decimal, Binary, and Double Precision
Arithmetic

Direct Addressing Capability to 64K

bytes of memory
Clock oscillator integrated in the chip

INTEL 8085

INTEL 8086
Intel 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor chip
designed by Intel between early 1976
and mid-1978, when it was released.
8086 gave rise to the x86 architecture
which eventually became Intel's most
successful line of processors.
Technology: N Mos
Transistors: 29,000 (3 micron)

INTEL 8086
A 16-bit microprocessor which has 16
bit ALU, 16 bit registers and internal
data bus and 16 bit external data bus
8086 has 20 bit address lines to
access memory. Hence it can
access 1 MB memory location
8086 has 16-bit address lines to
access I/O devices, hence it can
access 64K I/O location

INTEL 8086
The data bus is multiplexed with the
address bus in order to fit all of the
control lines into a standard 40pin dual in-line package

INTEL 8086
Operates in two modes:
8086 operates in two modes:
a)Minimum Mode: A system with only one
microprocessor.
b)Maximum Mode:-A system with
multiprocessor.
8086 uses memory banks
The 8086 uses a memory banking
system. It means entire data is not
stored sequentially in a single memory
of 1 MB but memory is divided into two
banks of 512KB

INTEL 8086
8086 has a 16-bit flags register
Nine of these condition code flags are
active, and indicate the current state
of the processor: Carry flag (CF), Parity
flag (PF), Auxiliary carry flag (AF), Zero
flag (ZF), Sign flag (SF), Trap
flag (TF), Interrupt flag (IF), Direction
flag (DF), and Overflow flag (OF).

INTEL 8086
Interrupts
8086 has 256 vectored interrupts.
Multiplication And Division
8086 has a powerful instruction set. It
supports Multiply and Divide operation.

INTEL 8086
8086 provides an additional feature
that it has an instruction queue
capable to store six instruction bytes
from the memory. The next instruction
is fetched while the present instruction
is being executed.

INTEL 8088
The Intel 8088 microprocessor is a
variant of the Intel 8086. It was released
in 1979
Both processors had fundamentally the
same architecture, but the 8088 had an
8-bit external data bus instead of
the 16-bit bus of the 8086. The 16-bit
registers and the 1 MB address range
were unchanged
Technology: N Mos
Transistors: 29,000 (3 micron)

INTEL 8088
The original IBM PC was based on the
8088

As a result, the 8088 CPU used two

consecutive bus cycles to read or
write 16 bit data, instead of one bus
cycle for the 8086, which reduced the
performance of the 8088 compared
to the 8086.

INTEL 8088
The benefit of the 8088 was that the
hardware
changes
made
it
compatible with 8080/8085 support
chips, which was an important
factor for IBM in choosing the 8088
to power it's IBM PC line of
computers, because at that time 8bit support chips were cheaper
than their 16-bit counterparts.

INTEL 8088
Other than the external address bus
width, the processor was logically and
functionally identical to the 8086