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Disclaimer
AIHA did not independently test the methods or verify the accuracy of recommendations
contained in this document. Specific mention of manufacturers and products in this book
does not represent an endorsement by AIHA.
Copyright
Copyright 2004 by the American Industrial Hygiene Association. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm,
retrieval system, or any other means, without prior permission from the publisher.
Table of Contents
Forward ......................................................................................................................vii
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Scope......................................................................................................................1
Related Standards, Guidelines, and Publications ......................................................2
Definitions...............................................................................................................2
General Guidance...................................................................................................7
Management of HVAC Systems Used for Dilution ....................................................9
HVAC System Equipment .......................................................................................12
Outdoor Air ..........................................................................................................19
Operation and Maintenance..................................................................................26
Inspection, Monitoring, Testing, Balancing, and Operational Checks ......................29
1.
Scope
1.
Scope
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
2.
2.
3.
Definitions
3.
Definitions
Definitions explain major and repeating terms
as they are used in the Guideline. Not all
terms in the Guideline are defined with
exactness, for example, experienced and
appropriately dry, because the definition
may vary with the time, the equipment, usage,
and so forth. Indeed, many recommendations
are purposely left undefined to assure
flexibility for the user. The user may find it
helpful to obtain the services of a cognizant
authority to assist in the definition of terms,
conditions, and recommendations not readily
understood.
3.1
3.2
3.1
2.
2.
3.
Definitions
3.
Definitions
Definitions explain major and repeating terms
as they are used in the Guideline. Not all
terms in the Guideline are defined with
exactness, for example, experienced and
appropriately dry, because the definition
may vary with the time, the equipment, usage,
and so forth. Indeed, many recommendations
are purposely left undefined to assure
flexibility for the user. The user may find it
helpful to obtain the services of a cognizant
authority to assist in the definition of terms,
conditions, and recommendations not readily
understood.
3.1
3.2
3.1
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Explanatory Materials
4.
General Guidance
4.
General Guidance
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.4
Explanatory Materials
4.
General Guidance
4.
General Guidance
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.8
5.
5.
5.1
5.1
Hours of operation
Air volume flowrate specifications
Outdoor air control system set points.
Air cleaning standards of performance.
Air mixing potential.
Temperature and humidity set points (when
comfort is a consideration)
4.7
4.8
4.8
5.
5.
5.1
5.1
Hours of operation
Air volume flowrate specifications
Outdoor air control system set points.
Air cleaning standards of performance.
Air mixing potential.
Temperature and humidity set points (when
comfort is a consideration)
5.2
10
5.3
See Section 8.
5.4
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.7
11
6.
6.
6.1
6.1
12
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.4
13
6.5
6.6
6.6
6.7
6.7
6.8
6.8
14
6.9
6.9
15
7.
7.
7.1
7.1
19
7.
7.
7.1
7.1
19
7.2
20
7.3
21
7.4
22
7.5
23
7.6
7.7
7.7
7.8
7.8
24
7.9
7.9
25
8.
8.
8.1
26
8.
8.
8.1
26
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.3
8.5
8.6
27
8.7
8.7
8.8
8.8
8.9
8.9
28
9.
9.
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.2
29
9.3
9.4
9.4
30
9.5
9.6
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.8
9.9
9.9
31
32
EF
EF
EF
EF
EF
=
=
=
=
=
0.1
0.5
1
1.5
5
C=E/Q
Figure A1 shows the situation for five different emission rates, all other conditions equal and at steadystate conditions. The numbers suggest ratios of emission rates based on typical emission factors of 0.1 to
5 mg/m2/hour. Note that background concentrations
increase significantly at air exchange rates less than
N=0.5 ac/hour. Also, increases above 12 ac/hour
do not offer equivalent reductions in concentrations.
33
A2.
Books
Books are listed alphabetically by author or source.
American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): Bioaerosols:
Assessment and Control. Cincinnati, Ohio: ACGIH,
1999.
34
Standards
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and
Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE): Ventilation
for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (Standard 62-2001
plus addenda). Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2001. On IAQ.
Rajhans, G.S.: Findings of the Ontario InterMinisterial Committee on indoor air quality. In IAQ
89, pp. 195223. Atlanta: American Society of
Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning
Engineers, 1989.
Periodicals
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and
Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). IAQ
Applications, 24-page quarterly; ASHRAE Journal,
monthly magazine for members; 1791 Tullie Circle
NE, Atlanta, GA 30329; www.ashrae.org.
Training Courses
American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Fundamentals of
IAQ/HVAC, self-directed study course, contact
ACGIH, 1330 Kemper Meadow Road, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45240; 513-742-2020.
36
EPA (202-260-3920) In development: testing capability for all office equipment; VOC, ozone, particulates.
http://ftp.cdc.gov/niosh/ieqwww.html: NIOSH
survey
37
OA
Mixing
Plenum
SA
to
Occupied
Space
RA
from
Occupied
Space
Filters
Relief Air
Figure A3.1 Schematic of air handling unit
As IAQ has become a popular public issue, manufacturers and suppliers have become aware of the need
for emission reductions and the identification of
emission rates from their products.
38
Paint, water-based
Paint, solvent-based
Caulks, adhesives and sealants
Varnish, water-based
Stain, water-based
250
380
020
300
250
6.3 Stacks
Process exhaust stacks may be placed at locations
appropriate to meet the needs of the exhaust system,
with careful consideration given to the possibility of
reentrainment into the building through OA intake or
inlet points. A commonly used standard is to locate
the process or fume hood exhaust at least 50 feet
from the air intake and 10 feet above the roof line
or air intakes. Exhaust velocity is an important consideration and may be used to limit the distance
between exhaust point and intake.
Some local jurisdictions require aesthetic or architectural enclosures and screens around rooftop equipment, and to limit the height of stacks, to hide such
equipment. In these cases additional care is
required to prevent accidental reentrainment of the
exhaust air, such as the following.
39
Trigger ConcentrationsB
CO2
TVOC
HCHO
CO
NO2
Ozone
particles
0.010.05 ppm
0.010.02 ppm
up to 50 g/m3 (total)
up to 50 g/m3 (PM-10, PM 2)
Bioaerosols
Asbestos
Radon
Note: Typical concentrations in direct-fired heater occupancies may be higher than those shown in this
table.
ANonindustrial occupational environments
BTrigger means take note, investigate. It is not an upper limit.
CCarbon dioxide is not considered an "air contaminant" at these concentrations.
DAirborne concentrations guidelines do not exist for bioaerosols. To interpret air sampling data, use chapters
7 and 9 of the ACGIH publication, Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control.
Source: Consensus of the ANSI Z9.8 Subcommittee.
40
0.0244 w
[SI] q =
MW t
Keff =
where:
q = volume of vapor generated in scfm, at
standard conditions, STP [SI: m3/sec]
MW = molecular weight or molecular mass
t = approximate time, minutes [SI: seconds]
w = pounds evaporated [SI: grams]
The value of keff ranges from 1.0 to 2.0 in most IAQrelated cases.
If keff>2, think first of improving mixing or of going
to another form of controldilution is likely to be too
expensive, and the uncertainties are too high.
QOA
q Keff 106
Ca (ppm)
where
This approach is limited when dealing with nonindustrial environments in which only one or two
chemical stressors are often being evaluated and
controlled. Determining Ca and Keff can be difficult,
especially given the numbers of potential contaminants in the atmosphere. This approach works best
when one target air contaminant can be used as a
surrogate for all other potential air contaminants.
For example, carbon monoxide, if it is known to exist
in a space, can be used to represent other contaminants of lesser concern. In some cases several air
contaminants should be lumped together for analysis. For example, many similar-acting organic chemicals must be treated as being additive. Additionally,
it should be noted that this approach may result in
less air being delivered than 15 cfm per person, the