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~r
On the verge of falling out, the force R
is applied at the lower corner of the triangle.
If a body in equilibrium is acted on by three
forces, then their lines of action must intersect at one point. This is because otherwise
the torque of one of those forces would not be
zero with respect to the intersection of the
lines of action of the two other forces.
its equilibrium position) by C . Let us consider a small rotation of the prism (assuming it remains in contact with the corners).
The trajectory of the tip is a circle ascribed
around the triangle ABC (it follows from the
property of the inscribed angles because the
6 ACB remains equal to 60 ). The radius of
p
that circle r = l / 3; its centre will be denoted
by O . Once the prism rotates by angle , so
that the new position of the tip will be D , the
central angle 6 COD = 2. Hence, the tip is
raised by r r cos(2) 2 r 2 . The height of
the centre of mass P of the prism is raised
because the tip is raised, and lowered because the vertical projection of the segment
CP is reduced p
by |CP |(1 cos ) |CP |2 /2.
Here, |CP | = a/ 3. So, the original position
is stable if pa 2 /2 < 2 pl 2 , hence l > 14 a.
3
P P0
A
p
3
6 a
m~
g
~l
R
~r
R
d
2 O
DC
f2
f+ L
1 + /D
2
f2
=
=f
f 1+
f+
s
1 /D
1 /D
D
2
f 1+
.
D
Lf
Lf
f
f2
Lf
=
1+
= f+ ,
a=
L f
L(1 f /L)
L
L
L
Finally, f 2 / s = 2 f /D , or s = 12 D f / = L/2
2.75 m.
tt =
T g (R a + R g )3/2
2
(2R g )3/2
0.707 yr.
iii) (1.5 points) Background. v is important, because the sum of all v determines
i) (4 points) The light coming from an in- how much fuel is needed for a given mission.
finitely far away object will pass the focal The fuel needed is exponential of total v and
point F and form a cone which is cut by the is described by Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.
sensors plane. The diameter d of the cut on
Kinetic energy per unit mass of such a
the sensors plane can be found from similar
transfer
orbit where it intersects the Earths
triangles d /D = a/ f , thus d = D f /L. Taking
GM
GM
orbit
is
R g +Rs a + R g s . Using the orbital
into account the sharpness condition d ,
of Earth we can substitute
where = w/ N is the size of a single element angular speed
42 R 3g
of the sensor, we find that the limiting value GM s = T . The speed at the beginning of
g
of L is L = D f / = D f N /w 5.5 m.
the transfer orbit becomes
s
ii) (2 points) Well now find the shortest dis
1
1
tance s satisfying the sharpness condition.
v t0 = 2GM s
32.7 km/s
R g R g + Ra
Object at distance s will have an image at
2.
1
4a
u , we can again keep two sides perpendicu~ - the answer cannot depend on the
lar to B
path, so we choose the simplest one. Integrating = Bm sin from = 0 to gives us
w = 2Bm.
2 B
exp k BT , where k B is Boltzmanns conB
stant. Solving the equations, we can find
n + and n . The total magnetic moment per
~ ) is given by
unit volume (in the direction of B
M = B ( n + n ). After substituting,
2 B
1 exp k BT
B B
B
= B n tanh
M = B N
.
2B B
kB T
1 + exp
kB T
5.
2B nB
kB T .
3
5
ent angles (for example, 2 , , 2 , 2, 2
1
etc. for several turns; however, keeping the
p
2
2H
t = 1+k
.
strings vertical offers better precision) and
2
g sin
plot ln T with respect to . The slope of the
Replacing k s = 25 for sphere and k c = 12 for
graph is the to be measured.
Extra solution (not as exact). Those who cylinder, we find that the sphere is faster by
cannot derive the necessary formula can still a relativesfactor
r
do the experiment by doing the same meas1 + kc
15
1 =
1 0.035.
=
urements and noting from the plot that the
1 + ks
14
relationship between and T looks exponential. Thus, we can make an ansatz that ii) (2.5 points) As found in previous subpart,
T = T0 X : as = 0 must correspond to the accelerations parallel component to the
T = T0 , we cannot reasonably write the slope a is smaller than the contribution by
anywhere else without over-complicating the gravity g sin . The difference is contributed
formula. Now, we can re-measure the given by the friction force F f = mg sin ma . Slidpencil (it may be reasonably enough approx- ing starts, if the necessary friction reaches
imated with a cylinder here; more exact ap- the maximal value Fmax = N = mg cos .
proaches exist) and conclude that X 2.7. Equating the two expressions gives
From there on, the calculation is the same.
mg sin mg sin /(1 + k) = mg cos ,
6. SPHERE AND CYLINDER (7 points)
1+k
tan =
.
i) (2 points) Since no energy is lost due to
k
friction on sliding, the change in potential For the cylinder the limiting angle is =
0
energy E p = mgH is transformed to kinetic arctan(3).
energy consisting of both translational and
rotational motion. Taking into account the iii) (2.5 points) When the maximal friction
force is reached, the motion goes into rolling
rolling condition v = r , we have
and sliding mode, where the total force com1
1
ponent along the surface is given by the difE p = E k = mv2 + I 2
2
2
ference of gravity and friction:
1
1
1
= mv2 + kmv2 = (1 + k) mv2 ,
F = mg sin Fmax = mg sin mg cos .
2
2
2
where general expression I = kmr 2 for mo- We note that the acceleration in this mode
ment of inertia is used. Therefore, v2 = does not depend on the moment of inertia any
2 gH /(1 + k).
more.
On the other hand, the bodies travel disCalculating the limiting angle of slipping
tance x = H / sin along the slope with a con- mode also for the sphere sph = arctan( 72 ) >
9.
CVd
CVd
i) (1 point) Kirchoffs 2nd law gives L I + ii) (2 points) Now the sign of the voltage on
1
q/C = 0 or q + LC
q = 0. This is the equa- the diode depends on the direction of the cur- iii) (2 points) We can see on the diagram
q
tion of a simple harmonic oscillator with rent, giving either of L q + C Vd = 0. We can that there is a dead zone between CVd
3
the perpendicular of the paper surface. The Measure the temperature at the end, after
So, the ray s arrives at the camera at incidence angle of the ray s is + 45.9 , waiting a bit or stirring the calorimeter. We
want to get maximum temperature difference
the angle = arcsin(28/42) 41.8 with re- hence n = 1/ sin( + ) 1.39.
2
spect to the plane of the paper. The pro- 10. RESISTIVE HEATING (8 points) After for precise measurement. Since P = R I ,
jection of the refraction point to the paper noting the temperature of the calorimeter,
Q X
t( I n /2 + I n+1 /2)2 ,
surface lies at the distance a = 28 sin = connect the batteries, resistor (in the calorR
2
n
28 /42 18.7 lines from the axis. There- imeter) and ammeter in series. Choose a
( c a m a + c w m w ) T
fore, before refraction, ray s forms an angle convenient time interval t and note the amR= P
.
2
n t( I n /2 + I n+1 /2)
= arcsin[(20.2 18.7)/(28 cos )] 4.1 with meter reading until batteries are depleted.