INTERNET PRINCIPLES OF

OPERATION
Centralized computer systems - the concept of 'computer center'
where a large computer serves the entire organization has been
replaced by 'computer network' - a large number of independent
computers that are linked together in a network that can exchange
information. The network allowed the following:

sharing of resources - data, programs, equipment available to

everyone on the network regardless of physical distance,

reliability - data stored on multiple machines because of possible

failure,

savings - instead of fast but expensive large computers use multiple

PCs and ensures scalability: client-server model,

connection - link between physically separated employees,

remote access to information - finances, shopping, online
newspapers, WWW,

communication - email, discussion groups, video conference,

entertainment - video on demand, interactive video and television,
games.

In essence it is about connecting more small local area networks (LAN)

to a larger group (MAN) and their integration into a unique set of
state, world (WAN). LAN is a network of privately owned within one or
several buildings whose distance is not greater than a few kilometers.
Uses bus or star topology with data transfer speeds 10-1000 Mbps (1
megabit/sec = 1'000'000 bit/sec). MAN is a larger version of the LAN
that uses similar technology, connecting multiple companies or
institutions or city and can be private or public. Can support both data
and voice and to be associated with the local cable TV network.
Commonly used DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus), consists of two
unidirectional bus (cable) that all computers are connected, which
simplifies design. WAN connects geographically large area, country or
continent. The terminology used to comprehend its functionality is
based on the following basic concepts:
Subnetwork makes the core of communication between themselves and
this is a point-to-point (store-and-forward, packet-switched)
communication between routers that are not directly connected by a
cable, and is done so that packets sent from router to router. Router
save the package and send it on when the output line works.
Topology connecting a routers is usually irregular.
LAN, MAN and WAN are terms that describe the computer network
and geographical distribution. Characteristics outside the terms stated
as PAN (Personal Area Network), SAN (Storage Area Network) and
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network); personal network, data storage
and wireless networks. Technology development will certainly define or
define another kind of '-AN'. Most networks are organized as a series
of layers or levels, each layer is built over those below him, without

which is not functional..Inability to communicate different network

models has led to a lot of problems in the alignment of their mutual
communication. But one model 'survivor' is up to date and is the basis
for the functioning of the Internet. This is the TCP / IP model.
The following figure shows the organization of the TCP / IP model by
layers in relation to the OSI model.

OSI - TCP / IP model

In all networks, the task of each level is to offer some services to the
highest levels that do not necessarily take into account the details of
the implementation of these services. Layer 'n' on one computer
communicates with a layer of 'n' on the other computer, with a set of
rules called a protocol. Thus, the communication between two or more
computers on the same layer (peer-to-peer) according the network
model.
Host-to-Network - Not defined protocol for host connectivity to the
network, it is different on different host and networks. MAC address
is used for communication and sends data to the network media as a
group of bits, called FRAME.

Internet - Layer that works with the Internet Protocol (IP) and
groups of data called DATAGRAM or PACKET which directs with an
optimal way, makes contact and communication between two distant
computers. Network devices like routers using routing protocols and IP
address in the packet header to enable this protocol specified task
creating his optimum path. IP is one of the routed protocols.

Transport - Achieves data transfer among 'peer' process

between two computers using the TCP protocol (Transmission Control
Protocol) or UDP (User Datagram Protocol). The data in this layer are
grouped into a unit called a SEGMENT. These protocols include the
header tag PORT and to know that the next layer of the application will
use the data in the segment.

TCP

- Provides reliable communication and follow-the basis for

protocols that require more data to be transmitted without error (e.g.

telnet, ftp). This is the type of protocol that requires acknowledgment
before sending the next data.
UDP - Non-sequentially unreliable communication (e.g. for transmitting
voice, video). Does not require data acknowledgment before sending
the next data, which means it is easier. It is used where reliability is
less important.

Application

- It contains all the high-level protocol, initially

virtual terminal (TELNET), file transfer (FTP), electronic mail (SMTP),

and then DNS, NNTP, HTTP ... Therefore, enables the exchange of
data between computers with 'peer' processes at the same layer
between applications of the same motives. Based on the read port in
the header of segment, the corresponding applications and takes its
data from one or more segments of a 'making' us understand groups of
data according to the example in ASCII code, MIDI format, JPEG or
TIFF format, and more. This layer is concerned about whether
communications will be Simplex (SX), Half-duplex (HD) or Full-duplex
(FD).

An IP address consists of two parts: network number (network

address) to which is connected a computer and the number of
computer (address of the computer) in the network. There are several
different formats-class IP address (A, B, C, D), which differ in the
number of bits allocated to the network address and the address of
the computer and that the total does not exceed 32 bits.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is designed to provide a reliable
stream of bytes from one end to the other to unreliable networks,
which can be distinguished by topology, bandwidth, delay, packet size,
or something else. Every computer that supports TCP has a TCP
transmission entity (a piece of software) as a user process or as part
of the core that manages TCP flows.
UDP (User Data Protocol) to send IP datagrams with short header
added without the necessary certificate to establish a connection. Use
it, for example, many client-server applications with a single request
and a single response, meaning very simple communication.
Packet transmission of the medium takes place through the lowest level
of the OSI - TCP / IP model. Transmission paths are different, but
almost all have in common that the package adds the MAC address of
the network card or some other type of interface (Media Access
Control) of source and destination, which together forms the FRAME
of data stream exchanged between the source and destination.