24.12.

2013

EEE2015ELECTRICS

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

Electromechanical systems
For energy conversion between electrical and mechanical forms,
electromechanical devices are developed, which can be divided into three
categories:
1. Transducers (for measurement and control): These devices transform the signals
of different forms. Examples are microphones, pickups, and speakers.
2 Force producing devices (linear motion devices): These type of devices produce
2.
forces mostly for linear motion drives, such as relays, solenoids (linear actuators),
and electromagnets.
3. Continuous energy conversion equipment: These devices operate in rotating
mode. A device would be known as a generator if it convert mechanical energy
into electrical energy, or as a motor if it does the other way around (from
electrical to mechanical).

Dr.LeventETN

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ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

Electromechanical systems

Dr.LeventETN

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

Electric Motors
The electric motor is an electromechanical continuous energy conversion
equipment that converts electrical energy into electrical energy mechanical
energy. An electric motor utilizes three things to produce motion:
1. Current Inabrushmotorwhenelectricityisappliedacrossthemotor
terminationcausesacurrentflowsthroughabrushandcommutator systeminto
an electromagnetic armature that moves inside a fixed permanent magnet or
anelectromagneticarmaturethatmovesinsideafixedpermanentmagnetor
fixedelectromagneticstatorfield. Inbrushlessmotorwhenelectricityisapplied
acrossthemotortermination,acurrentflowsthroughafixedstatorfieldandis
interactingwithamovingpermanentmagnetoramovinginducedmagneticfield
insidearotor/armature.
2. MagneticFlux Amotorcanhaveafixedwoundcoilorapermanentmagnet
statorandamovingwoundcoilarmatureorPMrotorthatwillhaveinteracting
magneticfluxfieldstoproduceaforceandmotion.
3. Force Theamountofcurrentthatflowsthroughtheelectromagneticfieldis
g
g
proportionaltotheamountofinteractingelectromagneticfieldforcerequiredto
achievetheopposingworkload.

i(t) H(t) B(t) Fmag i(L B) / Vind L(v B) : rotation

Magnetic field isstatic inDCMotors and rotary inACMotors
Dr.LeventETN

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ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

Electric Motors

ElectricMotors

AlternateCurrentMotors
Alternate
Current Motors
(ACM)

DirectCurrentMotors
Direct
Current Motors
(DCM)

Synchronous

Induction
(Asynchronous

Externally
Excited

MonoPhase

ThreePhase

Series

SelfExited

Compound

Schunt

Magnetic field isstatic inDCMotors and rotary inACMotors

Dr.LeventETN

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

Alternating Current Motors

The ACMs are simplier in structure and more economic than DCMs.
An ACM generates more power comparing with a DC motor that has the same
weight.
Maintenance of ACMs is easier.
However, their speed control is harder. They can be connected to the AC source
directly.
If accuracy in velocity or position control is needed, DCMs are used. But, ACMs
are used more than DCMs in industry.
Dr.LeventETN

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ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

MotorComponents
ThisACmotorhasthreemainparts, rotor,stator,andenclosure.Thestatorandrotordothe
work andtheenclosureprotectsthestatorandrotor.

Dr.LeventETN

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

MotorComponents
Stator
Thestatoristhestationarypartofthemotorselectromagnetic circuit.Thestatorcoreis
madeupofmanythinmetalsheets, calledlaminations.Laminationsareusedtoreduce
energy losesthatwouldresultifasolidcorewereused. Statorlaminationsarestacked
togetherformingahollow cylinder.

Coilsofinsulatedwireareinsertedintoslotsofthe statorcore. Whentheassembledmotor

isinoperation,thestatorwindings areconnecteddirectlytothepowersource.Each
groupingof coils,togetherwiththesteelcoreitsurrounds,becomesan electromagnet
whencurrentisapplied.
Dr.LeventETN

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ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

MotorComponents
Rotor
Therotoristherotatingpartofthemotorselectromagnetic circuit.
There isnoelectrical power supplied to rotorconductors ininduction motors.Electrical
current inrotorflows because ofthe electromagnetic induction. Theretwo commontype
ofconstructions for rotorusedinaninduction motor.
1. Squirrel cagerotor
2. Wound Rotor

In synchronous motors,the rotorisanelectromagnet and aDCpower applied to it.In

synchronous rotorconstruction itiscommon to use acombination ofsquiirrel cage and
wound rotor.
Dr.LeventETN

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

MotorComponents
Enclosure
Theenclosureconsistsofaframe(oryoke)andtwoend brackets(orbearinghousings).The
statorismountedinside theframe.
Therotorfitsinsidethestatorwithaslightair gapseparatingitfromthestator.
Thereisnodirectphysical connectionbetweentherotorandthestator.

Theenclosureprotectstheinternalpartsofthemotorfrom waterandotherenvironmental
elements.Thedegreeof protectiondependsuponthetypeofenclosure.
Dr.LeventETN

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ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

ACInduction (asynchronous)Motor
AninductionorasynchronousmotorisanACelectricmotorinwhichtheelectriccurrentin
therotorneededtoproducetorqueisinducedbyelectromagneticinductionfromthe
magneticfieldofthestatorwinding.
Aninductionmotorthereforedoesnotrequiremechanicalcommutation,separate
excitationorselfexcitationforallorpartoftheenergytransferredfromstatortorotor
Aninductionmotor'srotorcanbeeitherwoundtypeorsquirrelcagetype.
Thesquirrelcage rotorissocalledbecauseitsconstructionisreminiscentofthe rotating
exercisewheelsfoundinsomepetcages.

Asquirrelcagerotorcoreismadebystackingthinsteel laminationstoformacylinder.
Ratherthanusingcoilsofwireasconductors,conductorbars arediecastintotheslots
evenlyspacedaroundthecylinder. Mostsquirrelcagerotorsaremadebydiecasting
aluminumto formtheconductorbars.
Dr.LeventETN

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

ACInduction (asynchronous)Motor
Amajordifference betweenthewoundrotor motorandthesquirrelcagerotoris thatthe
conductorsofthewoundrotorconsistofwoundcoils insteadofbars.
Thesecoilsareconnectedthroughsliprings andbrushestoexternalvariableresistors.The
rotatingmagnetic fieldinducesavoltageintherotorwindings.

Increasingthe resistanceoftherotorwindingscauseslesscurrenttoflow intherotor

windings,decreasingrotorspeed.Decreasingthe resistancecausesmorecurrenttoflow,
increasingrotorspeed.
Dr.LeventETN

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ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

Magnetic Field inStatorCoil

Themagneticfieldofanelectromagnethasthesame characteristicsasanaturalmagnet,
includinganorthandsouth pole.However,whenthedirectionofcurrentflowthrough the
electromagnetchanges,thepolarityoftheelectromagnet changes. Thepolarityofan
electromagnetconnectedtoanAC sourcechangesatthefrequencyoftheACsource.
Attime1,thereisnocurrentflow,and
g
produced.
p
nomagneticfieldis
Attime2,currentisflowinginapositive
direction, andamagneticfieldbuildsup
around theelectromagnet
Attime3,currentflowisatitspeak
positivevalue,and thestrengthofthe
electromagneticfieldhasalsopeaked
Attime6,currentisincreasinginthe
negative direction.Notethatthepolarity
oftheelectromagneticfield
f h l
i fi ld has
h
changed.Thenegativehalfofthecycle
continues throughtimes7a nd 8,
returningtozeroattime9.
Fora60Hz ACpowersupply,thisprocessrepeats
60timesasecond.
Dr.LeventETN

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

DevelopingaRotatingMagneticField inStatorCoil
ThestatorofanACmotorisahollow cylinderinwhichcoilsofinsulatedwireareinserted.

Thecoilsarewoundaroundthesoft ironcorematerialofthestator.Six stator windingsare

used,twofor eachofthethreephases (two pole configuration).
Whencurrentisapplied,each windingbecomesanelectromagnet,withthetwowindings
for eachphaseoperatingastheoppositeendsofonemagnet.
ThestatorisconnectedtoathreephaseACpowersource.The A1andA2connected to
phaseAofthepowersupply.Whentheconnectionsare completed,B1andB2willbe
connectedtophaseB,andC1andC2willbeconnectedtophaseC.
.Thiscorrespondstothe120
This corresponds to the 120 separationbetweeneach
separation between each electricalphase.
electrical phase

Dr.LeventETN

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ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

DevelopingaRotatingMagneticField inStatorCoil
t=0
Ahasnocurrentflowandits
associated coilshavenomagneticfield.
PhaseBhascurrentflowinthe
negativedirectionandphaseChas
currentflowinthepositive
p
direction.
Basedonstatorwinding configuration,
B1andC2aresouth polesandB2and
C1arenorthpoles.
Magneticlinesofflux leavetheB2
northpoleandenterthenearestsouth
pole,C2.
MagneticlinesoffluxalsoleavetheC1
northpoleandenterthe nearestsouth
pole,B1.
Thevectorsumofthemagneticfields
is indicatedbythearrow.
Dr.LeventETN

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

DevelopingaRotatingMagneticField inStatorCoil
t=t1
Thefollowingchartshowstheprogress
ofthemagneticfield vectoraseach
phasehasadvanced60.
Notethatattime1phaseChasno
p
currentflowandnomagneticfieldis
developed inC1andC2. PhaseAhas
currentflowinthepositivedirection
andphaseBhascurrentflowinthe
negativedirection.
windingsA1andB2arenorth poles
andwindingsA2andB1aresouth
poles.Theresultant magneticfield
vectorhasrotated60 intheclockwise
direction

Dr.LeventETN

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ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

DevelopingaRotatingMagneticField inStatorCoil
Attheendofsixsuchtimeintervals (ittakes one period ofapplied ACvoltage),the
magneticfieldwill haverotatedonefullrevolutionor360.

Thisprocessrepeats50timesasecondfora60Hzpowersource.
Dr.LeventETN

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

Synchronous Speed ofanACMotor

Thespeedoftherotatingmagneticfieldisreferredtoasthe synchronousspeed(NS)of
themotor.
Synchronousspeedis equalto120timesthefrequency(fAC),dividedbythenumber of
motorpoles(p).

120fAC
ns
p

4pole motorstator

No.Poles
2Pole
4Pole
6Pole
8Pole

Synchronous Speed (noLoad)

60hz
3600
1800
1200
900

50hz
3000
1500
1000
750

2pole motorstator
Dr.LeventETN

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ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

RotorRotation
An induction motor inducesacurrentinitsrotor so that amagnetic force canexist on
rotorconductors
Whencurrentisflowingin astatorwinding,theelectromagneticfieldcreatedcutsacross
thenearestrotorbars.

Erotor (V Bstator )L conductor

Whenaconductor,suchasarotorbar,passesthrougha magneticfield,avoltage(emf)is
inducedintheconductor.
Vistherelativevelocityoftheconductorwithrespecttostatormagneticfield.This
relativevelocitytermsiscriticalinoperationofACinductionmotorsbecausethevoltage
relative
velocity terms is critical in operation of AC induction motors because the voltage
canonlybeinducedonrotorconductors if this velocity term isnotzero.
So itisevident that the rotorand statormagnetic field have different angular speeds
Theinducedvoltagecausescurrentflowintheconductor.In asquirrelcagerotor,current
flowsthroughtherotorbarsand aroundtheendringandproducesamagneticfield round
each rotorbar.In awound rotorcurrent flows through the external circuit,which is
connected to sliprings
Dr.LeventETN

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

RotorRotation
An induction motor inducesacurrentinitsrotor so that amagnetic force canexist on
rotorconductors
Amagnetic force acts onrotorconductors which,eventually,turns the rotor

F (irotor Bstator )L conductor

ForathreephaseACinductionmotor,therotatingmagnetic fieldmustrotatefasterthan
therotortoinducecurrentinthe rotor.
Whenpowerisfirstappliedtothemotorwiththerotor stopped,thisdifferenceinspeedis
atitsmaximumandalarge amountofcurrentisinducedintherotor. (higher torque need)
Afterthemotorhasbeenrunninglongenoughtogetupto operatingspeed,thedifference
betweenthesynchronous speedoftherotatingmagneticfieldandtherotorspeed ismuch
smaller.
Thisspeeddifferenceiscalledslip.Slipisexpressedasapercentage ofthe synchronous
speed

nsync nasync
nsync

100

Slipis necessarytoproducetorque.Slipisalso ddependentonload.An increaseinload

causestherotortoslowdown,increasingslip.
Dr.LeventETN

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ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

Operation ofIndcution Motors

ApproximateElectricalMotorSpeed(RPM)
Speed with Rated Load
SynchronousSpeed (noLoad)
60hz
50hz
60hz
50hz
3450
2850
3600
3000
1725
1425
1800
1500
1140
950
1200
1000
850
700
900
750

No.Poles
2Pole
4Pole
6 Pole
6Pole
8Pole

SlipExample
Curve
Explanation

Dr.LeventETN

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

Aynchronous Speed ofMotors

LossesinAsynchronousMotors

Losses
Frictionandairflow
losses
Iron loss
Ironloss
Lossofconductor
(stator copper)
Lossofconductor
(rotor alluminium)
Additinal loadloss

Pe

Pm

PXL

PR

PS

Pfe

Notation
Pfw
Pfe
f
PS
PR
PXL

Pfw
Losses
Friction andAirFlowLosses
Ironloss
Conductorloss(stator)
ConductorLoss(rotor)
Additionalloadlosses

%0,5 ~1,5
%1,5 ~2,5
%2,5 ~4,0
%1,5 ~2,5
%0,5 ~2,5
Dr.LeventETN

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ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

Synchronous Motor
Remember that the rotating magnetic field rotates at a certain speed, that speed is called
synchronous speed.

If an electromagnet/magnet is present in this rotating magnetic field, the electromagnet is

magnetically locked with this rotating magnetic field and rotates with same speed of
rotating field.
Synchronous motors is called so because the speed of the rotor of this motor is same as the
rotating magnetic field.

ns

120fAC
p

No.Poles
2Pole
4Pole
6Pole
8Pole

Synchronous Speed (noLoad)

60hz
3600
1800
1200
900

50hz
3000
1500
1000
750
Dr.LeventETN

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

Synchronous MotorOperation
In start condition the magnetic field of the stator rotates so fast that the mechancial speed
of rotor can not follow therefore an auxlary system should be integrated to rotor to
gurantee proper operation.
That is a squirrel cage, in most of the motors rotor consistsi of both windings and conductor
bars. The motor first starts as if it is an induction motor.
When the rotation speed
p
of rotor approaches
pp
the synchronous
y
speed
p
the coil is p
powered
via DC supply to form rotor electromagnet.
Eventually this electromagnet is locked with synchronous speed

Dr.LeventETN

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ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

MonoPhase Induction Machine

Hasonlyonestatorcoil. Usesonlyonephase.
Needsaunittostarttomotor:Singlephaseinductionmotorsrequirejustonepowerphase
foritsoperation.
Areusedinapplicationsneeds3~4HP:Theyarecommonlyusedinlowpowerrating
applications,indomesticaswellasindustrialuse.(Fans,washingmachines,household
devicesetc.)

Theprincipleofoperationofsinglephaseinductionmotorcanalsobeexplainedbydouble
revolvingfieldtheory.
Thesinglephasesupplygiventothesinglephasewindingwillproducepulsatingfieldinthe
airgap.However,anypulsatingfieldcanberesolvedintotwocomponents,equalin
magnitudebutoppositelyrotating
Dr.LeventETN

ACMotorsSynchronous and Asynchronous

MonoPhase Induction Machine

Startingmethodsforsinglephaseinductionmotors:
Singlephase splitphase motor
Itshowstheauxiliarywindingalsoknownasstartingwinding,inspacequadrature withthe
mainwinding.Therotoristhesquirrelcagetype.Thestartingwindingismadeofthinwire
sothatitsimpedanceisdifferentfromthatofthemainwinding.Thetwowindingsare
connectedinparalleltotheacsupply.Thephasedifferencebetweenthetwowinding
currents(about30o)willbesufficienttoproducearotatingmagneticfieldresultingina
startingtorque.

Capacitorstartmotors
Capacitor
start motors
Ifacapacitorisconnectedinserieswiththestartingwinding,thephaseanglebetweenthe
twowindingcurrentswillbecomemorethan30o (about80o)thatisobtainedinthesplit
phasemotors.Thisincreaseinphaseanglewillincreasethestartingtorque.
Shaded Pole motors

Dr.LeventETN

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