Analysis of Tent Structures

TUDELFT
RENSHIBO
ANALYSISOFTENTSTRUCTURES
Implementationofnonlinearmaterialbehaviorinmembranestructuralanalysis
AnalysisofTentStructures
Implementationofnonlinearmaterialbehaviorinmembranestructuralanalysis
AdditionalMasterThesis
RenShibo
StudentID1330209
ReportsubmittedinfulfillmentforanadditionalMasterThesisProject
inStructuralEngineering,attheDelftUniversityofTechnology.
Supervisors:
Dr.ir.P.C.J.Hoogenboom
Prof.dr.ir.J.G.Rots
DelftUniversityofTechnology
FacultyofCivilEngineeringandGeosciences
March2008
iii
iv
TableofContents
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................ VI
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................VII
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 PTFE COATED FIBERGLASS FABRIC................................................................................................ 2
2 STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR TEXTILE ...................................................................................... 4
3 MEMBRANE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN ANSYS ................................................................. 7
3.1 GEOMETRY .................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 ELEMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 LOAD AND PRESTRESS ................................................................................................................... 9
3.4 ISOTROPIC MATERIAL MODEL ..................................................................................................... 10
3.5 ISOTROPIC MATERIAL MODEL-LINEAR ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 11
3.6 ISOTROPIC MATERIAL MODEL-GEOMETRIC NONLINEAR ANALYSIS ............................................ 12
3.6.1 Settings for nonlinear analysis ............................................................................................ 12
3.6.2 Prestress by temperature load ............................................................................................. 14
3.6.3 Nonlinear analysis under wind load .................................................................................... 16
3.6.4 Verification by membrane element-SHELL41 ..................................................................... 19
4 ANSYS USER MATERIAL SUBROUTINE USERMAT ............................................................ 21
4.1 SETTING UP A USERMAT ........................................................................................................... 21
4.2 COMPILING AND LINKING USERMAT ........................................................................................ 23
4.3 VERIFICATION OF USERMAT ..................................................................................................... 24
5 ANALYSIS WITH NONLINEAR USERMAT MODEL ............................................................. 26
5.1 USERMAT-I ............................................................................................................................... 26
5.2 USERMAT-I RESULT .................................................................................................................. 29
5.3 USERMAT-II.............................................................................................................................. 32
5.4 USERMAT-II LOAD STEP I PRESTRESS ...................................................................................... 35
5.5 USERMAT-II LOAD STEP II WIND LOAD ................................................................................... 37
6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................... 40
6.1 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................. 40
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................... 41
REFERENCE ...................................................................................................................................... 43
APPENDIX-I
TIPS FOR USERMAT LINKING ......................................................................... 44
APPENDIX-II USERMAT LINEAR ISOTROPIC MODEL ...................................................... 46

APPENDIX-III USERMAT-I AND APDL SCRIPT-I ..................................................................... 48
APPENDIX-IV USERMAT-II AND APDL SCRIPT-II .................................................................. 51
APPENDIX-V USERMAT - TRANSFER BETWEEN XY AND PRINCIPAL DIRECTION .... 55
APPENDIX-VI CD ROM CONTENTS ............................................................................................ 58
Preface
ThisreportdocumentstheeightweekadditionalthesisprojectwhichIundertookinFaculty
ofCivilEngineeringandGeosciencesattheDelftUniversityofTechnology.
ThisstudywouldnthavebeensuccessfullycompletedwithoutthehelpofDr.ir.P.C.J.
HoogenboomandthereforeIwouldliketosincerelythankhim.IamalsoindebtedtoProf.dr.ir.
J.G.Rotsforhiskindnesstobeoneofthecommitteemembersforthisproject.
Delft,March2008
vi
Summary
Inthisadditionalmasterthesis,thepossibilitiesofimplementinganonlinearmaterialmodel
inanalysisoftentstructuresareinvestigated.Thestructuralmodelfortextileisprogrammedin
theFORTRANlanguageandislinkedtothegeneralpurposefiniteelementsoftwareANSYS.
Severalsubroutineshavebeencreatedandtestedinordertoimprovetheapplicability.Atent
structurehasbeenmodeledandanalyzedwiththisnonlinearmaterialmodel.Prestressis
introducedbyatemperatureincrementandsubsequentlyaverticalloadisapplied.The
computedbehaviorisrealistic,bothgloballyandinaselectedelement.Effortisalsospenton
convergencematterstomakethecalculationtimeacceptableforengineeringapplication.
vii
1Introduction
1.1General
Tensionedmembranestructuresarewidelyusedincurrentpractice.Thebehaviorofsuch
structuresiscomplicatedduetothenonlinearstructuralbehaviorandthenonlinearmaterial
behavior.Fordesignthecomplexmaterialbehaviorisnormallysimplifiedwithalinearelastic
model.However,theseanalysisarenotaccurateandverylargepartialsafetyfactorsneedtobe
used.Therehasbeendonesomeresearchtoobtainaccuratematerialcharacteristics.Inthe
M.Sc.projectofP.H.vanAsselt,biaxialloadingtestsonPTFEcoatedfiberglassfabrichavebeen
performedintheStevinLabattheFacultyofCivilEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology.
Basedontheexperimentalresultseveralattemptshavebeenmadetomodelthefabrics
stressstrainbehavior.Itwasnotsuccessfultofitcurvedsurfacesthroughtheexperimentaldata
(P.H.vanAsselt,2007).Whenthestrainrangeisdecreasedtoacertainextent,thenonlinear
behaviorcanbemodeledaslinearly.Butthisapproachisstillnonusableforanindustrial
application.Thereforethephenomenologicalapproachwasleftandanonlineartextilemodel
hasbeendeveloped(P.C.J.Hoogenboom,2007).Basedonthefibersgeometryandinteraction
mechanism,severalequationsareusedtorepresentthenonlinearbehaviorofthefabric.
ThismodelhasbeenimplementedsuccessfullybyMr.P.H.vanAsselttoanalyzeasquare
pieceoffabric,whichresultsinareasonableaccuracyforbiaxialstresssituations.Nonetheless,
theconvergenceissuescausedalargecalculationtime.Attemptstoanalyseatentstructure
failedduetoconvergenceproblems.
Inthisreporttheapplicabilityofthisnonlineartextilemodelisimproved.Itisimplemented
infiniteelementsoftwareANSYS(UserMaterialSubroutineUSERMAT)toanalyzecomplextent
structuresunderrealisticloadingcases.Initialprestressonthemembranestructureisaddedto
thetextilemodelbytemperatureincrement.Multipleloadstepsaredefinedbyacombination
oftheUSERMATandANSYSscript(APDL).Effortisalsospentonconvergencematterstomake
thecalculationtimeacceptableforengineeringapplication.
Figure1MunichStadium,FreyOtto.FEmodelbyTensysEngineering/Analysis,www.tensys.com
1.2PTFEcoatedfiberglassfabric
Fabricthatisusedformembranestructuresisbuiltupoutofawovenstructuralbase
material.Itiscoveredonbothsidestoprotectitfromwaterandpollutants.Therearevarious
waystoestablishacoherentwovencloth.Forstructuraluse,basketbondandpanamabondare
normallyused,asshowninFigure2(HoutmanandOrpana,2000).
Figure2BasketbondandPanamabond(HoutmanandOrpana,2000)
Polytetrafluoroethene(PTFE)isasyntheticfluoropolymerwhichfindsalotofapplications.
TheTefloncoatedfiberglassfabricisthemostpermanentoneofthearchitecturalfabrics.After
firstlyemployedforaroofin1973,ithasbeenwidelyusedascoatingmaterialforlightweight
structures.
Figure3Polytetrafluoroethenemolecule,www.wikipedia.org
ThemechanicalpropertiesofPTFEcoatedfiberglassfabricisquitecomplexwhencompared
withtraditionalbuildingmaterials.Thefabricishighlynonlinear,anisotropyandnonelastic.As
canbeseenfromthetestresultinFigure4,thefabricshowsnonlinearstressstrainbehavior
andvariousbiaxialinteractionsfordifferentstressratios.
Figure4Strainmeasurementsforloadratio1:1and1:2(P.H.vanAsselt,2007)

Becausethefabricisbuiltupoutofwovenbasematerial,thematerialhastwodominant
headdirections,warpandweft.Thethreadsinthewarpdirectionrunstraightintheweaving
process,whiletheweftthreadssneakaroundthewarpthreads,goingoverandunderneath.
Figure5Warpandweftconfigurationbeforeandafterstressing(Houtman,2000)
Thisconfigurationwillcauseadifferentstraininwarpandweftdirection.Whenthefabricis
tensioned,therewillbelessdeformationinwarpdirectionthanweftdirection.Notethatinthis
reportthiseffectisnotconsideredanditisassumedthepropertiesforbothwarpandweft
fibersareequivalent.
2StructuralModelforTextile
ThenonlinearstructuralmodelfortextileproposedbyP.C.J.Hoogenboom,isbasedonthe
fiberinteractionmechanismasshowninFigure6.
Nx
z
1a
2 x
1 d 1w
2
2
Ny
1w
2
1a
2
1s
2 x
1s
2 y
Ny
s
1 d + 1w
2
2
1a
2 y
Nx
Ny
N
Tx
Ty
Nx
Figure6Theoryoffiberinteraction(Hoogenboom,2007)
Thekinematicequationscanbeexpressedas:
sy s
s s
xx = x , yy =
s
s
(2.1)
a2 = s2 + d 2
ax2 = sx2 + ( d w )
(2.3)
ay2 = sy2 + ( d + w )
(2.4)
where
a
d
s
w
(2.2)
2
lengthoftheundeformedwire
diameteroftheundeformedwire
spacingoftheundeformedwires
displacementofthecrossingoverpointduetotension
ax
lengthofthestretchedwireinthexdirection
ay
lengthofthestretchedwireintheydirection
sx
projectionofaxontheplaneofthefiber
projectionofayontheplaneofthefiber
sy
Theconstitutiveequationcanbedefinedas:
a a
Tx = EA x
a
ay a
Ty = EA
a
where
Tx,Ty
tensileforceinthewires
E
Youngsmodulus
A
areaofawire,A=1/4d2
TheequilibriumequationscanbeobservedfromFigure6:
Ty
ay
Tx
a
= x ,
=
N d w
N d +w
Ny sy
N x sx
=
,
=
Tx ax
Ty ay
N
nxx = x ,
s
nyy =
Ny
s
(2.5)
(2.6)
(2.7)
(2.8)
where
N
verticalforceatcrossingoverpoint
Nx,Ny
externaltensileforce
nxx,nyy
tensilestress
Thesenonlinearequationscanbesolvedbyaprogram,whichusesiterationuntilthe
unbalanceRintheforceNissufficientlysmall(seetheMATLABcodeonnextpage).This
algorithmisusedtocalculatethefabricstressasafunctionoffabricstrain.Threeparameters,
YoungsmodulusE,spacings,anddiameterdneedtobeproperlysetinordertodescribethe
behaviorofthePTFEcoatedfiberglassfabrictestedatStevinLab.Whenthethicknessofthe
fabricis1.5mm,thesesparameterscanbesetas:
E=77500N/mm=51667N/mm2
s=0.9mm
d=0.18mm
MATLABcodeI
%stressinmembranematerial
%writtenbasedontheMAPLEmodelcreatedbyDr.ir.P.C.J.Hoogenboom,2007
%
%input
E=51667;
%[N/mm2]Young'sModulusofthewiresplusmatrix
G=500;
%[N/mm2]shearmodulusofthematrix
D=0.18;
%[mm] diameterofthewires
s=0.9;
%[mm]spacingofthewires(0<2d<s)
epsilonxx=0.003;
%[]straininthexdirection
epsilonyy=0.003;
%[]strainintheydirection
gammaxy=0.01;
%[]shearstraininthexydirection
epsilonxxp=0.0;
%[]strainduetoprestressinxdirection
epsilonyyp=0.0;
%[]strainduetoprestressinydirection
alpha=0.0;
%[]lineartemperatureextensioncoefficient
dT=0.0;
%[C] temperatureincrease
%computation
%
a=sqrt(s^2+d^2);
A=1/4*pi*d^2;
sx=s*(1+epsilonxx+epsilonxxp);
sy=s*(1+epsilonyy+epsilonyyp);
w=0;
R=100;
whileabs(R)>0.000001*a*d
ax=sqrt(sx^2+(dw)^2);
ay=sqrt(sy^2+(d+w)^2);
Tx=(ax/a1alpha*dT);
Ty=(ay/a1alpha*dT);
ifTx<0
Tx=0;
end
ifTy<0
Ty=0;
end
R=Tx*ay*(dw)Ty*ax*(d+w);
w=w+R/a;
end
Tx=E*A*Tx;
Ty=E*A*Ty;
Nx=sx/ax*Tx;
Ny=sy/ay*Ty;
nxx=Nx/s;
nyy=Ny/s;
nxy=G*d*gammaxy;
%
%output
nxx
nyy
nxy
3MembraneStructuralAnalysisinANSYS
Toimplementthenonlineartextilemodelintheanalysisoftentstructuresisvery
chandelling,duetobothnonlinearmaterialbehaviorandgeometricalnonlinearbehaviorofthe
membranestructure.Thematerialmodelwillbeincludedinanexternalscriptwhichis
programmedintheFORTRANlanguage(USERMAT),andthenlinkedtotheANSYSsoftware.In
thecalculationprocess,ANSYSwillcalltheUSERMATtoconvertelementstrainsintostressesfor
eachiteration,andtoobtainthetangentstiffnessmatrix(Jacobianmatrix).
Sincethisprocessisquitecomplex,linkingerrorsandconvergenceproblemsarelikelyto
occur.Inthefollowingsectionswewillstartwithmodelingandanalyzingastructurewitha
linearisotropicmaterialmodel,toverifythatapropermodelhasbeencreated,therighttypeof
elementhasbeenchosen,andcorrectsettingshavebeenmade.Insmallstepsthemodelingwill
bemademorerealistic.
3.1Geometry
AconeshapetentstructureismodeledbyANSYSAPDLcommands.TwoparametersDand
Haredefinedtorepresentthespanandtheheight.Thesurfaceofthetentcanbeeasily
generatedbyrotatingalineaboutanaxis.
Thetriangletypeelementischosentomeshthearea.Thesizeformeshingis1000mmand
theentiremodelconsistsof1536elements.
Figure7ModelingandMesh

Themodelisfixedatthetopnodeandallthenodesonthebottomsurface.Allthesix
displacementdegreesoffreedomandrotationaldegreesoffreedomforeachnodeare
restrained.
Figure8BoundaryConditions
APDLcode
/UNITS,MPA
D=20000
H=10000
K,1,0,H,0
K,2,D/2,0,0
L,1,2
K,1000,0,0,0
AROTAT,1,,,,,,1,1000,360
MSHAPE,1,2D
MSHKEY,0
AMESH,all
NSEL,S,LOC,Y,0.1,0.1
NSEL,A,NODE,,0.5,1.5
D,all,all
3.2Element
ANSYShasamembraneelementSHELL41formembranestructureanalysis.Itisa3D
elementwithmembranestiffnessbutnobendingstiffness.Therearethreetranslational
degreesoffreedomateachnode.ItissuitabletomodelthemembraneactionofthePTFE
coatedfiberglassfabricwhenlinearelasticmaterialbehaviorisassumed.
However,inordertoimplementthetextilemodelinANSYS,theUSERMATmustbecreated
toprovidethenonlinearconstitutivelaw.Thisusersubroutineisonlyapplicabletoelements
from18Xfamily:LINK180,SHELL181,PLANE182/183,SOLID185/186/187andBEAM188/189
(ANSYSInc.,1999).ThereforeSHELL181willbeusedforthemembraneanalysisinthisreport.In
caseofanisotropicmaterialmodel,themembraneelementSHELL41isalsousedtoverifythe
membraneactionofSHELL181element.
Figure9SHELL181Geometry(ANSYSInc.,2005)
SHELL181isa4nodeelementwithsixdegreesoffreedomateachnode.Thebending
stiffnesscanbechosentobeactivatedornot.Thegeometry,nodelocations,andthecoordinate
systemforthiselementareshowninFigure9.
ThethicknessoftheshellelementisdefinedusingRealConstantsSets.Thethicknessofthe
PTFEcoatedfiberglassfabricissettobe1.5mm.
T=1.5
ET,1,SHELL181
KEYOPT,1,1
R,1,T
3.3LoadandPrestress
Anupwardwindloadperpendiculartothetentsurface,withamagnitudeof2.0kN/m2=
0.002N/mm2,isappliedonthestructure.
Whenalinearisotropicmaterialmodelisused,thedesiredinitialprestresscanbeproduced
byatemperatureloadinthetentmodel.Inordertogetanidenticalprestressstatewiththebi
axialtestatStevinLab,thefollowingprestressforcewillbeused:
P=500N/18cm=2.7778N/mm
(3.1)
Thhethermalstressneededforthisprestressis:
=P/Thickness=2.7778/1.5=1.8519MPa
(3.2)
Thethermalstrainis:
=/E=(TreferenceT)
(3.3)
Thereforethetemperatureforprestresscanbecalculatedby:

where

Treference
T=/(E)+Treference=1.8519/(1.0e5*E)=185190/E
(3.4)
coefficientofthermalexpansion,=1.0E5
referencetemperature,Treference=0
3.4IsotropicMaterialModel
Asmentionedbefore,theanalysiswillstartfromusinganisotropicmaterialmodel.For
smallfabricstrains,thelinearsimplificationofafabricbehaviorisapplicable.Parametersforan
isotropicmodelcanbeobtainedbyfittingasurfacethroughthetestdata(upto1%strain).
Basedonthefittedsurface,theYoungsModulusandPoissonsRatioforthistypeoftextile
areobtained(P.H.vanAsselt,2007):
=0.90
(3.5)
E=434561N/m/1.5mm=289.7073MPa
(3.6)
NotethatthemaximumvalueofPoissonsRatioinANSYSis0.5thus=0.49isused.This
willleadtoadifferentconstitutiverelationbetweenstressandstraincomparedwiththe
experimentaldata.However,thisisotropicmodelisonlymadetocomparewiththenonlinear
textilemodel(USERMAT)innextchapterandtoverifytheANSYSnonlinearanalysis.
BasedonEquation(3.4)theinitialtemperatureforprestresscanbecalculatedas:
T=/(E)+Treference=1.8579/(1.0e5*289.7073)=639.23C
(3.7)
Figure10FittedsolutionforWeftandWarpDirection(P.H.vanAsselt,2007)
10
3.5IsotropicMaterialModelLinearAnalysis
Alinearanalysisisfirstperformedusingtheisotropicmodel,seeFigure11and12.Alarge
strainasmuchas4.61%canbeobservedfromthestraincontoursunderwindloads.Obviouslya
geometricalnonlinearanalysisisdesirableformoreaccurateresults.
Figure11FirstPrincipalStressDistribution,[MPa]
Figure12FirstPrincipalStrainDistribution
11
3.6IsotropicMaterialModelGeometricNonlinearAnalysis
ANSYSemploystheNewtonRaphsonapproachtosolvenonlinearproblems.Inthis
approach,theloadisfirstsubdividedintoaseriesofloadincrementsandtheneachloadstepis
subdividedintoaseriesofsubsteps.
Duringthesolutionprocess,theNewtonRaphsonmethodevaluatestheoutofbalanceload
vector,whichisthedifferencebetweentherestoringforces(theloadscorrespondingtothe
elementstresses)andtheappliedloads.Theprogramthenperformsalinearsolution,usingthe
outofbalanceloads,andaddstheresultingdisplacementstothecurrentdisplacements.If
convergencecriteriaarenotsatisfied,theoutofbalanceloadvectorisreevaluated,the
stiffnessmatrixisupdated,andanewsolutionisobtained.Thisiterativeprocedurecontinues
untiltheproblemconverges(ANSYSInc.,2005).
Figure13NewtonRaphsonApproach
3.6.1Settingsfornonlinearanalysis
ANSYSprovidesanumberofcommandstohelptheusergetaproperresultfroma
nonlinearanalysis.Someconvergenceenhancementandrecoveryfeatures,suchasautomatic
timesteppingandbisection,canalsobeactivatedtohelpincaseofconvergingproblems.The
commandsandsettingswhichhavebeenusedinthemodelareexplainedasbelow:
NLGEOM,on
WhenNLGEOMisactive,theanalysiswillincludelargedeflectioneffectsandthedirection
ofapressureloadwillchangefollowingthedeflectedelementsurface.
12
Figure14LoadDirectionbeforeandafterDeflection(ANSYSInc.,2005)
SOLCONTROL,on
Itwillactivateoptimizeddefaultsforasetofcommandswhichareapplicabletononlinear
solutionsandsomeenhancedinternalsolutionalgorithms,includingthestressstiffnesseffects,
usingapredictoronsubstepsafterthefirststep,etc.
TIME,1
NSUBST,100,10000,1,on
AUTOTS,on
Thetimeattheendoftheloadstepissettobe1.Incaseofothertwocommandsareactive
atthesametime,numberofsubstepstobeusedforthisloadstepwillfirstlybesetas100.This
willgivethesizeofthefirstsubstep.Thenautomatictimesteppingwilltakeovertherest
substepsusingbothtimesteppredictionandtimestepbisection.Theallowednumberof
substepsisbetween1and10000.
NEQIT
Thedefaultmaximumnumberofequilibriumiterationsallowedineachsubstepisset
between15and26,whenSOLCONTROLissetON.
KBC,0
KBCwillspecifysteppedorrampedloadingwithinaloadstep.Ifaloadisramped(0),then
itsvalueincreasesgraduallyateachsubstep,withthefullvalueoccurringattheendoftheload
step.Ifaloadisstepped(1),thenitsfullvalueisappliedatthefirstsubstepandstaysconstant
fortherestoftheloadstep.
Figure15SteppedversusRampedLoads(ANSYSInc.,2005)
13
LNSRCH,auto
ANSYSwillautomaticallyswitchlinesearchingonandoffbetweensubstepsofaloadstepas
needed.
CNVTOL
Thiscommandwillsetconvergencevaluesfornonlinearanalyses.WhenSOLCONTROL,on,
thetolerancevaluesdefaultto0.5%forforceandmoment,and5%fordisplacement.
OUTRES,ALL,1
OUTPR,ALL,1
NCNV,1
/GST,on
Thesecommandsspecifythesettingsforsolutiontrackingandsolutiondatacontrol.
3.6.2Prestressbytemperatureload
Toverifytheinitialstresscausedbythetemperaturedecrease,anonlinearanalysiswith
TemperatureLoadonlyisperformed.ThestressdistributionisshowninFigure16.
Figure16FirstPrincipalStressDistribution,TemperatureLoad,[MPa]
Notethatthestresscausedbytemperatureisnotuniformlydistributed.Formostpartsof
thetentsurface,valuesbetween0.4625MPaand1.591MPacanbeseen,whileinthetopof
theconeitraisesupto11.891MPa.
14
Thisprestressstateisdifferentthanwhatisexpected,whichis1.8519MPawithauniform
distribution.Apossiblewaytoobtainthedesiredstressistouseaproperamplificationfactor,
tohavemostpartsofthetentsurfaceunderthedesiredstressstate.
Figure17showstheinitialstressdistributionwhenamplificationfactor0=2.0hasbeen
used.
Figure17FirstPrincipalStressDistribution,TemperatureLoad,AmplificationFactor=2.0,[MPa]
Alternatively,theelementSHELL181hasanoptiontodefineinitialstressbyusinguser
subroutineUSTRESS.Forthisendtheelementkeyoption,KEYOPT(10),shouldbesetas1
insteadofthedefaultvalue.TheprestresswillbereadfromtheusersubroutineUSTRESSwhich
iswritteninFOTRANlanguage.Theeffectofthismethodontentstructuresneedsafurther
study.
15
3.6.3Nonlinearanalysisunderwindload
Thegeometricnonlinearanalysisunderwindloadisperformedwithalltheoptimized
settings.Forceandmomentconvergencecriteriaareusedwiththedefaulttolerancevalue0.5%.
ANSYScomputestheconvergencenormwithcorrespondingconvergencecriterionforeach
iterationequilibrium.ThesolutionisgraphicallytrackedasshowninFigure18.11substepshave
beenautomaticallychosenbyANSYSasshowninTable1.
Figure18ConvergenceNormsDisplayedbytheGraphicalSolutionTracking
Table1SubstepandSize
Substep
Time
0.14188
1.00E-02
0.21781
2.00E-02
0.33172
3.50E-02
0.50258
5.75E-02
10
0.75887
9.13E-02
11
16

Element50ischosenforreviewandcheckingoftheiterationhistory.Thelocationof
Element50isshowninFigure19.
Element50
Figure19LocationofElement50
ThefirstandsecondprincipalstressstrainrelationsatElement50areplottedinFigure20
and21.ThestressstraincurveinFigure21ismainlycausedbythelargePoissonsratiousedin
thiscase.Theresultsshowasmoothresponsehistoryandthusareasonabletimestephasbeen
chosen.
Figure21SecondPrincipalStressStrainatEle.50
Figure20FirstPrincipalStressStrainatEle.50
ThefirstprincipalstressandstraindistributionsareshowninFigure22and23.Thetent
surfacedeformsmoothlywithamaximumstrainof3.14%.Itdecreasescomparedwiththe
previousresultfromalinearanalysiswithavalueof4.61%.Themaximumprincipalstressalso
decreasesfrom17.365MPato12.485MPa.
Itisnotedthattheisotropicmodelisalinearsimplificationoffabricbehaviorupto1%
fabricstrain,andthemaximumstrainobtainedinFigure23isasmuchas3.14%.Sothismaterial
modelisactuallynotapplicableforsuchalargedeflectionandanonlinearmaterialmodelis
desirable.
17
Figure22FirstPrincipalStressDistributionunderWindLoad,[MPa]
Figure23FirstPrincipalStrainDistributionunderWindLoad
18
3.6.4VerificationbymembraneelementSHELL41
TheresultsfromSHELL181elementcanbeverifiedbyusingadifferentANSYSmembrane
elementSHELL41.Asimilarnonlinearanalysisisperformedwiththismembraneelement.The
POST26resultsofprincipalstressandstraincomponentsareprintedforelement50.Ascanbe
seeninthetablesbelow,themembraneelementandSHELL181elementgiveclosedresults.
Table2Element50POST26OutputSHELL41
ANSYS POST26 VARIABLE LISTING
SHELL41
TIME
1.00E-02
2.00E-02
3.50E-02
5.75E-02
9.13E-02
0.14188
0.21781
0.33172
0.50258
0.75887
1
1st principal
stress
0.114008
0.228317
0.400454
0.659853
1.05126
1.64283
2.53691
3.88193
5.88141
8.79727
11.4328
2nd principal
stress
5.60E-02
0.112649
0.198329
0.327719
0.523238
0.819294
1.26909
1.95522
3.00519
4.61258
6.1469
1st principal
strain
2.99E-04
5.98E-04
1.05E-03
1.72E-03
2.74E-03
4.28E-03
6.61E-03
1.01E-02
1.52E-02
2.26E-02
2.91E-02
2nd principal
strain
3.56E-07
2.67E-06
7.27E-06
1.52E-05
2.80E-05
4.94E-05
8.98E-05
1.83E-04
4.26E-04
1.04E-03
1.88E-03
Table3Element50POST26OutputSHELL181
ANSYS POST26 VARIABLE LISTING
SHELL181
TIME
1.00E-02
2.00E-02
3.50E-02
5.75E-02
9.13E-02
0.14188
0.21781
0.33172
0.50258
0.75887
1
1st principal
stress
0.114504
0.229276
0.402031
0.662746
1.05776
1.65881
2.57577
3.97191
6.07922
9.21176
12.0965
2nd principal
stress
5.63E-02
0.112976
0.198314
0.327195
0.522439
0.819452
1.27373
1.97294
3.05581
4.74088
6.37708
19
1st principal
strain
3.00E-04
6.00E-04
1.05E-03
1.73E-03
2.77E-03
4.34E-03
6.74E-03
1.04E-02
1.58E-02
2.38E-02
3.10E-02
2nd principal
strain
8.32E-07
2.17E-06
4.55E-06
8.46E-06
1.43E-05
2.29E-05
4.00E-05
9.22E-05
2.66E-04
7.84E-04
1.55E-03
Figure24FirstPrincipalStressDistributionunderWindLoad,SHELL41,[MPa]
Figure25FirstStrainDistributionunderWindLoad,SHELL41
20
4ANSYSUserMaterialSubroutineUSERMAT
ThenonlinearfabricmodelinChapter2isprogrammedintoanoutersubroutineinthe
FORTRANlanguage.ThisusermaterialroutineUSERMATisanANSYSuserprogrammable
featureforusewith18xfamilyelements.Itallowsuserstowritetheirownmaterialconstitutive
equations.
4.1SettingupaUSERMAT
Figure26IterativeProcess
ThematerialmodelUSERMATdefinesthemechanicalconstitutivebehaviorbasedonthe
fiberinteractionmechanism.ForeveryNewtonRaphsoniteration,USERMATiscalledatevery
materialintegrationpoint.ANSYSpassesinstresses,strains,strainincrements,andstate
variablesatthebeginningofthetimeincrement.USERMATthenupdatesthestrainsand
stressesastheoutputofthemodel.MaterialJacobianmatrixisalsoprovidedforconvergence
matters.
ForSHELL181element,aplanestressalgorithmforthematerialconstitutiveintegration
mustbeused.Inthatcasethetotalnumberofthestressorstraincomponentsatmaterialpoint
willbethree.Thiswilldefinethesizesforstrainvector,strainincrementvector,stressvector
andJacobianMatrix.
ncomp=3
(4.1)
Atthebeginningofeachstep,thestrainwillbeupdatedas:
21

Strain(i)=Strain(i)+dSrain(i)
(4.2)
where
Strain
Doubleprecisionarraycontainsthetotalstrains
dStrain
Doubleprecisionarraycontainscurrentstrainincrements
i
i=1,2,,ncomp
TheupdatedstrainvectorStrain(i)willbeusedtocalculatethestressesbyusingthefiber
modelinChapter2.TheresultsarestoredinthestressvectorStress(i).
Stress(i)=fi[Strain(1),Strain(2),,Strain(ncomp)]
(4.3)
where
Stress
Doubleprecisionarraycontainsthestresses
fi[x]
NonlinearconstitutivelawforPTFEcoatedfiberglassfabric
InUSERMATtheJacobianmatrixisalsocalculatedanditisstoredindsdeP1(ncomp,ncomp).
dsdeP1(i,j)denotethechangeintheithstresscomponentattheendofthetimeincrement
causedbyachangeofthejthstraincomponent.Itwillbeusedforconvergencemattersonly,
thereforeitdoesnotneedtobetheexactmatrixbutcanbeageneralone.
BecauseANSYSassumesthattheelementstiffnessmatrixissymmetric,thereforea
symmetricmaterialJacobianmatrixmustbeprovidedbyUSERMATevenitisunsymmetric.
TherearevariouswaystocreateanestimationoftheexactJacobianmatrix.Threedifferent
approaches(JacobianI,JacobianII,JacobianIII)havebeenstudiedinthisreport.
JacobianIisthesimplestmatrixwhichusestheconstitutivelawoflinearelasticmaterial.
Thematrixcanbeexpressedas:
E
vE
0
2
1 v 1 v2
vE
E
JacobianI=dsdeP1(ncomp,ncomp)=
0
2
1 v 1 v2
0
0
G
JacobianIIiscalculatedbasedonatwostepstrainincrementonthenonlinearfibermodel.
ThematrixwillbemadesymmetricbyhavingdsdeP1(1,2)anddsdeP1(2,1)equaltotheir
averagevalue.Inaddition,ShearmodulusGisusedandfourelementswithzerovalueare
assumedasshowninFigure27.
Figure27JacobianMatrixII
22

JacobianIIIisobtainedbyathreestepstrainincrementasshowninFigure28,whichmight
leadtoaslowerprocessbutamoreaccuratematrixcomparedwithothertwo.
Figure28JacobianMatrixIII
Basedonthesedifferentapproaches,severalUSERMATshavebeencreatedandtested.The
JacobianMatrixIIshowstoworkwellinmostofthetestcases,andthecalculationtimefora
twoloadstepcaseisnomorethan10minuteswithapropernonlinearsetting.Incasethat
JacobianIorJacobianIIIhasbeenused,convergenceproblemswereencounteredforafew
cases.HoweverfromthiswecannotconcludethatJacobianIIisthemostsuitablesolutionfor
thenonlineartextilemodel.Thenonlinearanalysisisacomplexprocessandmanyfactorscan
influencetheresult.
Inaddition,forthePLANEelementandSOLIDelementofthe18xfamilyelements,
unsymmetricJacobianmatrixisallowedwhenanelementkeyoption,KEYOPT(5)issettobe1.
ThismaybeapossibleapproachifanunsymmetricJacobianmatrixisdesirableinafuture
development.
4.2CompilingandLinkingUSERMAT
AftercreatingaUSERMAT,thesourcefilesneedtobecompiledandlinkedtoANSYS.By
usingtheRelinkoptionfromtheANS_ADMINutility,ANSYScompilesallFORTRANfilesandC
filesinaspecifieddirectory.ThereforetheUSERMATmustbeplacedinthisfolder.The
procedurethenloadsallobjectfilesandthedefaultANSYSobjectsandlibraries.Atlastanew
executablefileiscreated.
IttookalottimebeforewehadthecompilingandlinkingofUSERMATrightandsuccessful.
AsuitableversionofIntelFORTRANCompilerandCCompilerarerequiredforthisoperation.
Theenvironmentvariablesmustbeproperlyset.Forconvenienceofafutureworksometipson
theUSERMATcompilingandlinkinghavebeenwrittenandincludedinAppendixI.
ThenewexecutablefilecanbeselectedbyrunningtheANSYSProductLauncher.USERMAT
thenisavailabletobeused.Toimplementthismaterialmodel,theTBUSERcommandmustbe
firstissuedintheANSYSscript(APDL)as:
TB,USER,matID,NTEMPS,NPTS
23
Withthiscommandthematerialreferencenumber,numberoftemperaturepointsand
numberofmaterialconstantsatagiventemperaturepointwillbedefined.
ThematerialconstantsthatwillbeusedasinputforUSERMATcanbedefinedinAPDLas
TBDATA,StartingLocation,C1,C2,C3
ThetotalnumberofmaterialconstantsdependsonthealgorithmcontainedinUSERMAT.In
thisreportthreedifferenttypesofUSERMAThasbeenincluded:alinearUSERMAT,anonlinear
USERMATwithoutinitialstress,andanonlinearUSERMATwithprestressandmultipleload
steps.Theywillrequiretwo(E,v),three(E,d,s)andfive(E,d,s,a1,a2)materialconstants
respectively.
4.3VerificationofUSERMAT
AlinearUSERMATisfirstlywrittentoverifythecompilingandlinkingbetweenUSERMAT
andANSYSscript.ThisUSERMATmodelconsistsofalinearmaterialconstitutivelawand
JacobianImatrix.TheresultisexpectedtobeidenticalwiththeresultinChapter3wherean
ANSYSisotropicmaterialmodelisused.
Figure29IterativeProcesswithaLinearUSERMAT
TheUSERMATstatementscoverthelinearmaterialmodelandtheJacobianMatrixI,where
strainsandstresseswillbeupdatedandstored.ThematerialconstantsaredefinedinAPDL
scriptinordertofacilitatequickmaterialadaptationswithoutrecompilingandrelinkingthe
USERMAT.Twomaterialconstantsareneededforthismodel:
=0.49
(4.4)
E=289.7073MPa
(4.5)
ThePOST26resultsforElement50arelistedinTable4.Itturnsouttobeexactlythesame
withpreviousresultsinTable3.Sotheentireiterativeprocessiswellbuilt.
24
TheStatementsinUSERMAT,Linearconstitutivelaw
getYoung'smodulusandPoisson'sratio
young=prop(1)
posn=prop(2)
twoG=young/(ONE+posn)
calculateelasticstiffnessmatrix(3d)
c1=ONEposn*posn
c2=young/c1
c3=posn*c2
dsdePl(1,1)=c2
dsdePl(1,2)=c3
dsdePl(1,3)=ZERO
dsdePl(2,2)=c2
dsdePl(2,3)=ZERO
dsdePl(3,3)=HALF*twoG
doi=1,ncomp1
doj=i+1,ncomp
dsdePl(j,i)=dsdePl(i,j)
enddo
enddo
calculateelasticstrain
doi=1,ncomp
wk1(i)=Strain(i)+dStrain(i)
enddo
updatestresses
stress(1)=wk1(1)*c2+wk1(2)*c3
stress(3)=wk1(3)*HALF*twoG
SeeAppendixIforthefullUSERMATcode.
Table4Post26OutputforElement50withaLinearUSERMAT
Element50POST26OutputLinearUSERMAT
TIME
1.00E-02
2.00E-02
3.50E-02
5.75E-02
9.13E-02
0.14188
0.21781
0.33172
0.50258
0.75887
1
1st stress
0.114504
0.229276
0.402031
0.662746
1.05776
1.65881
2.57577
3.97191
6.07922
9.21176
12.0965
2nd stress
5.63E-02
0.112976
0.198314
0.327195
0.522439
0.819452
1.27373
1.97294
3.05581
4.74088
6.37708
25
1st strain
3.00E-04
6.00E-04
1.05E-03
1.73E-03
2.77E-03
4.34E-03
6.74E-03
1.04E-02
1.58E-02
2.38E-02
3.10E-02
2nd strain
8.32E-07
2.17E-06
4.55E-06
8.46E-06
1.43E-05
2.29E-05
4.00E-05
9.22E-05
2.66E-04
7.84E-04
1.55E-03
5AnalysiswithNonlinearUSERMATModel
BuildingandusinganonlinearfiberUSERMATsubroutinewithANSYSrequiressomecaution
intheanalysis.Tokeepinsightintheprocessandtohavethebehavioroftheroutinemonitored,
theUSERMATmodelisadaptedandimprovedatsmallsteps.Duringthestudydifferentversions
ofUSERMAT,fromthesimplelinearmaterialmodeltothenonlinearfiberinteractionmodel
withprestressandmultipleloadsteps,havebeenwritten,testedandimplementedinthetent
structuralanalysis.Twoofthemwillbeintroducedinthischapter:USERMATIandUSERMATII.
BothofthistwomodelsarebasedonfiberinteractionmechanismasexplainedinChapter2
(Figure6)andtheJacobianIImatrixasexplainedinChapter4isused.InUSERMATIthe
prestressintentstructuresisnotevolvedanditislinkedtoanAPDLthatonlyoneloadstepis
defined;whileUSERMATIIincludestemperaturevariablestointroduceinitialstressesandis
combinedwithamultipleloadstepAPDLscript.
Inaddition,differentconvergencefeatureshavebeimplementedtoevaluatetheireffect.In
caseofUSERMATI,automatictimesteppingandbisectionareactivated,whilefixedstepsare
usedforUSERMATII.
5.1USERMATI
Figure30USERMATModelI
USERMATIconsistsofthenonlinearmaterialmodelthatusesseveralequationsand
iterationtorepresentthenonlinearfiberinteractionmechanismasmentionedinChapter2.It
requiresthreematerialconstants,Youngsmodulus,diameterandspacingoftheundeformed
wires,whichwillbeprovidedbyAPDL.
E=77500N/mm=51667N/mm2
(5.1)
d=0.18mm
(5.2)
s=0.9mm
(5.3)
26
TheStatementsusedinUSERMATItoupdatestrainsandcalculatestressesareshownas
follows:
TheStatementsinUSERMATI,Nonlinearfiberinteractionmodel
bisect/cut
keycut=0
getmaterialconstants
young=prop(1)
d=prop(2)
s=prop(3)
G=500.d0
getinitialstress,diameterandspacing
epsxxp=ZERO
epsyyp=ZERO
incr=ONEDM01
updatestrains
doi=1,ncomp
enddo
computation
a=sqrt(s**TWO+d**TWO)
Ad=FORTH*PI*(d**TWO)
sx=s*(ONE+wk1(1)+epsxxp)
sy=s*(ONE+wk1(2)+epsyyp)
w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
dowhile(abs(R).gt.ONEDM04*a*d)
ax=sqrt(sx**TWO+(dw)**TWO)
ay=sqrt(sy**TWO+(d+w)**TWO)
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
if(Tx.LT.0)then
Tx=0
endif
if(Ty.LT.0)then
Ty=0
endif
R=Tx*ay*(dw)Ty*ax*(d+w)
w=w+R/a
enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxxp=Nx/s
nyyp=Ny/s
nxyp=G*wk1(3)*d
updatestresses
stress(1)=nxxp
stress(2)=nyyp
stress(3)=nxyp
TheJacobianIImatrixisusedforconvergencematterswithatwostepstrainincrementas
showninFigure27.AproperlengthforsubstepmustbedefinedinAPDLtoassistinafast
convergenceduringthecalculation.
TheCodeforcalculationofJacobianII
addsmallstrainincrementinxdirection
epsxxinc=wk1(1)+incr
sx=s*(ONE+epsxxinc+epsxxp)
w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
if(Tx.LT.0)then
Tx=0
endif
if(Ty.LT.0)then
Ty=0
endif
w=w+R/a
27

enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxx=Nx/s
nyy=Ny/s
dsdePl(1,1)=(nxxnxxp)/incr
dsdePl(2,1)=(nyynyyp)/incr
dsdePl(3,1)=0
addsmallstrainincrementinydirection
epsyyinc=wk1(2)+incr
sy=s*(ONE+epsyyinc+epsyyp)
w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
if(Tx.LT.0)then
Tx=0
endif
if(Ty.LT.0)then
Ty=0
endif
w=w+R/a
enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxx=Nx/s
nyy=Ny/s
dsdePl(3,2)=0
dsdePl(2,1)=dsdePl(1,2)
dsdePl(1,3)=0
dsdePl(2,3)=0
dsdePl(3,3)=G*d
Thismaterialmodelisimplementedintheanalysisofthetentstructurewhereanupward
windloadisapplied.Theprestressisnotincludedwithinthismodel.
P=2kN/m2
(5.4)
ThecommandsinAPDLtoprovidematerialconstantsandtolinkwithUSERMATIare:
MAT,1
TB,USER,1,1,3
TBTEMP,1.0
TBDATA,1,51667,0.18,0.9
TB,STATE,1,,6
Intheprocessofthenonlinearanalysis,fullNewtonRaphsonisusedandtheautomatic
timestepping,bisectionandlinesearchareactivated:
NLGEOM,on
SOLCONTROL,on
TIME,1
NSUBST,100,10000,1,on
AUTOTS,on
KBC,0
LNSRCH,auto
EQSLV,front
NROPT,full
28
5.2USERMATIResult
USERMATIhasbeenimplementedintheanalysisofthetentstructuremodeledinChapter
3.Duringtheprocess,193substepshavebeendefinedbyANSYS,whichleadstoalargeamount
ofcalculationtime(morethaneighthours).Thisisprobablybecauseoftheautomatictime
steppingandbisectionusedforthecomputation.InthesecondmodelUSERMATIIafixedstep
willbeusedtoevaluatetheeffect.
Element50ischosenagaintochecktheresult.SeeFigure19forthelocationofthiselement.
ThestressstrainrelationisplottedasshowninFigure31.
Figure31FirstPrincipalStressStrainforElement50
Thestressesratioforelement50afterthefinalstepis:
13.9362
nele 50 = 1 =
= 1.55
(5.5)
2 8.9954
Figure31showsagoodagreementwiththecurveobtainedfromthebiaxialloadingtestat
StevinLabwhenaloadratio2:1isapplied.
29
ThestressandstraindistributionsareshowninFigure3235.
Figure32FirstPrincipalStressDistribution,USERMATI,WindLoad,[MPa]
Figure33SecondPrincipalStressDistribution,USERMATI,WindLoad,[MPa]
30
Figure34FirstPrincipalStrainDistribution,USERMATI,WindLoad
Figure35SecondPrincipalStrainDistribution,USERMATI,Windload
31

5.3USERMATII
Figure36AnalysisProcesswithUSERMATII
USERMATIIconsistsofthesamematerialmodelasUSERMATI,butitrequiresfivematerial
constantfromAPDL.ExceptfortheYoungsmodulus,diameterandspacingoftheundeformed
wires,twoprestresscoefficientsa1anda2areneededtoapplytheinitialstressonthetent
structure.
TheinitialstraincausedbyprestresswithineachiterationwillbecalculatedbyUSERMATII
as:
prestress ,1 = a1 (temp + dtemp)
(5.6)
prestress ,2 = a2 (temp + dtemp)
32

wherethecoefficientsa1anda2canbecalculatedas:
a1 =
a2 =
prestress ,1,total
T
prestress ,2,total
(5.7)
TisthetemperatureincrementdefinedbyAPDL.prestress,1,totalandprestress,2,totalarethetotal
initialstrainscausedbytheprestressandcanbecalculatedusingtheMATLABCodeII.
TheStatementsusedinUSERMATIItoupdatethestrains,stresses,aswellasthe
temperaturevectorandprestressareshownasfollows:
TheStatementsinUSERMATII,Nonlinearmodelwithprestress
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
if(Tx.LT.0)then
Tx=0
endif
if(Ty.LT.0)then
Ty=0
endif
w=w+R/a
enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxxp=Nx/s
nyyp=Ny/s
nxyp=G*wk1(3)*d
updatestresses
stress(1)=nxxp
stress(2)=nyyp
stress(3)=nxyp
bisect/cut
keycut=0
getmodulus
young=prop(1)
G=500.d0
getdiameterandspacing
d=prop(2)
s=prop(3)
initialstrainbyprestress
c1=temp+dtemp
epsxxp=prop(4)*c1
epsyyp=prop(5)*c1
incr=ONEDM01
updatestrains
doi=1,ncomp
enddo
computation
w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
33

Figure37MultipleLoadstepsinAPDL
AnAPDLscriptthatcanhandlemultipleloadstepsisconstructedforUSERMATII,asshown
inFigure37.ThedataforeachloadstepisstoredintheloadstepfileJobname.S01,
Jobname.S02,etc.andwillbereadsequentiallyforsolution.Duringthecomputationprocess,
USERMATIIiscalledateverymaterialintegrationpoint.Resultsforeachsubsteparewritten
intooutputfilesforpostprocessing.ForacompletecodeseeAppendixIV.
MATLABcodeII
%straininmembranematerial
%writtenbasedontheMAPLEmodelcreatedbyDr.ir.P.C.J.Hoogenboom,2007
%input
E=51667;%[N/mm2]Young'sModulusofthewiresplusmatrix
d=0.18;
%[mm]diameterofthewires
s=0.9;
%[mm]spacingofthewires(0<2d<s)
nxx=2.7778;
%[N/mm]initialforceinthexdirection
nyy=2.7778;
%[N/mm]initialforceintheydirection
%computation
a=sqrt(s^2+d^2);
ax=a*(1+Tx/(E*A));
A=1/4*pi*d^2;
ay=a*(1+Ty/(E*A));
Nx=nxx*s;
sx=sqrt(ax^2(dw)^2);
Ny=nyy*s;
sy=sqrt(ay^2(d+w)^2);
ifNx<0
w=d*(Nx*syNy*sx)/(Nx*sy+Ny*sx+1e8);
Nx=0;
Tx=ax/sx*Nx;
end
Ty=ay/sy*Ny;
ifNy<0
end
Ny=0;
epsilonxxp=sx/s1;
end
epsilonyyp=sy/s1;
w=d*(NxNy)/(Nx+Ny+1e8);
%output
Tx=Nx;
epsilonxxp
Ty=Ny;
epsilonyyp
fori=1:1:4
34
5.4USERMATIILoadStepIPrestress
FromEquation(3.2),thedesiredinitialprestressis1.8519MPa.Thentheinitialstrainscan
becalculatedbyusingMATLABCodeIIinSection5.3.Theresultsare:
prestress ,1,total = 0.2%
(5.8)
prestress ,2,total = 0.2%
ThetemperatureincrementTisdefinedas10.FromEquation(5.7)theprestress
coefficientsa1anda2canbecalculatedas:
a1 =
a2 =
prestress ,1,total
T
prestress ,2,total
T
= 0.0002
(5.9)
= 0.0002
Havingobtainedalltheparameters,theAPDLscriptwhichprovidesmaterialconstantscan
bedefinedas:
MAT,1
TB,USER,1,1,5
TBTEMP,1.0
TBDATA,1,51667,0.18,0.9,0.0002,0.0002
TB,STATE,1,,6
Thestressdistributionafterfirstloadstep(prestress)isshowninFigure38.
Figure38FirstPrincipalStressDistribution,USERMATII,InitialStress,[MPa]
35

Anonuniformstressdistributioncanbeseeninthecontourandmostpartsofthetent
surfaceareunderastresslevelthatissmallerthantheexpectedone,aswhathasbeen
observedinalinearmodelshowninFigure16.Hereanamplificationfactor0isalsousedto
obtainthedesiredprestresslevel.
Figure39showsthestressdistributionwhentheamplificationfactor0=5.0hasbeenused.
Figure39FirstPrincipalStressDistribution,InitialStress,AmplificationFactor=5.0,[MPa]
Incaseof0=5.0,theprestresscoefficientsa1anda2are:
a1 = 0
a2 = 0
prestress ,1,total
T
prestress ,2,total
T
= 0.001
= 0.001
TheAPDLthatprovidesmaterialconstantsshouldberedefinedas:
MAT,1
TB,USER,1,1,5
TBTEMP,1.0
TBDATA,1,51667,0.18,0.9,0.001,0.001
TB,STATE,1,,6
36
(5.10)
5.5USERMATIILoadStepIIWindLoad
Adownwardwindloadisappliedonthetentstructureasthesecondstepload.
P=1kN/m2
(5.11)
SincetheautomatictimesteppingandbisectionusedinUSERMATIhavecausedalarge
amountofcalculationtime,fixedstepsareusedinUSERMATII.Differentlengthsofsubstep
havebeentestedfrom10to60.Itisfoundthatthemostefficientwaytoobtainthenonlinear
resultistodefine10fixedsubstepsforeachloadstepwhenthemeshingtypeisspecifiedas
FreeMesh.Ittakesapprox.fiveminutesforeachloadstepandtheentirecomputational
processcanbefinishedwithin10minutes.
WhileaMapMeshisspecified,itcausessomeconvergenceproblemincaseof10fixed
substeps.Anumberaround50issuggestedforthetentmodeltestedinthisreport.The
calculationtimeincreasedconsequentlytofourhours.OneadvantageusingaMapMeshisthat
theresultismuchsmoothercomparedwiththeresultfromaFreeMesh.
ThestressandstraindistributionsafterthefinalloadstepsareshowninFigure4043.The
displacementsaremagnifiedbyafactorinordertoshowtheeffect.
Figure40FirstPrincipalStressDistribution,USERMATII,FinalStep,[MPa]
37
Figure41SecondPrincipalStressDistribution,USERMATII,FinalStep,[MPa]
Figure42FirstPrincipalStrainDistribution,USERMATII,FinalStep
38
Figure43SecondPrincipalStrainDistribution,USERMATII,FinalStep
39
6ConclusionsandRecommendations
6.1Conclusions
Thelinearisotropicmaterialmodelforfabricislimiteduptoastrainof1%and
thereforeisnotsuitableforthetentstructurewithamaximumstrainaround3%.
ElementfromANSYS18Xfamilymustbechoseninordertoimplementthe
USERMATsubroutine.TheelementSHELL181isusedtomakethemodel.Itproves
tobesuitableforanonlinearanalysisandgivesidenticalresultswhencomparedto
theANSYSmembraneelementSHELL41.
Foranisotropicmaterialmodel,theprestresscausedbytemperatureisunrealistic
andneedtobeadjustedbyaproperfactor.
ThethicknessofthePTFEcoatedfiberglassfabricwillbedefinedbyANSYSReal
ConstantsSetsandlinkedtotheSHELL181element.Thereforeitisnotnecessaryto
passthethicknessconstanttotheUSERMATsubroutine.
ThecompilingandlinkingoftheUSERMATSubroutinecanbeverifiedbycreatinga
routinethatconsistsofalinearmaterialmodel.Thisusermodelshowsgood
agreementwiththeANSYSmaterialmodel.
ANSYSiscapableofperformingthegeometricnonlinearanalysisfortentstructures
usingaphysicallynonlinearfabricmodelprovidedbyanexternalUSERMAT
subroutine.
OfthethreeJacobianMatricesthathavebeenstudied,JacobianIIgivesthemost
efficientsolutionbyusingatwostepstrainincrement.
ThestressstrainrelationfromananalysiswiththenonlinearUSERMATmodel
showsgoodresemblancewiththeresultfromthebiaxialtestinStevinLab.
BycombiningANSYSscriptandtheUSERMATsubroutine,multipleloadcasescanbe
defined.
Forthenonlinearmodel,theprestresscanbeintroducedbyusingatemperature
incrementandaprestresscoefficientinUSERMATsubroutine.
Theautomatictimesteppingandbisectionareabletoassistinconvergencebut
causelargecalculationtimes.Attheothersideaproperfixedstepcombinedwitha
MapMeshinANSYShaveshownitsefficiencytofindthesolution.Thetotal
calculationtimecanbereducedwithin10minutes.
40
6.2Recommendations
TheelementSHELL181hasanoptiontodefineinitialprestressbyusinguser
subroutineUSTRESS.Thismightprovideamoreaccuratewaytoapplytheprestress
inthetentstructure.
TheJacobianMatrixcalculatedbytheUSERMATmustbesymmetricatthecurrent
stage.Ifunsymmetricmatrixisdesiredinafuturedevelopment,usingthePLANE
elementfrom18xfamilyisapossiblesolution.Becausewhentheelementkey
optionKEYOPT(5)issettobe1,unsymmetricJacobianmatrixisallowedforthistype
ofelement.
Thedifferentmethodsusedinthisreporttoobtainanestimationoftheexact
Jacobianmatrixneedafurtherstudywhenlesscalculationtimeisdesiredfora
morecomplextentstructure.
Theeffectsofautomatictimestepping,bisection,fixedstep,typeofmeshing,etc.
onconvergencemattersneedafurtherstudyforamorecomplexstructuralmodel.
Inthecurrentmaterialmodelitisassumedthatthepropertiesforbothwarpand
weftdirectionsareequivalent.Actuallythematerialconstantsmayvaryslightlyin
differentdirections.ThisdifferencemightbeaddedtotheUSERMATsubroutineto
improvethequalityoftheModel.
Foragooddesignofatentstructure,thewarpandweftdirectionofthefabricwill
coincidewiththeprincipaldirection.ThustheUSERMATmodelcanbeimproved
thatittransfersstrainandstressbetweenXYdirectionsandprincipaldirections.
EffortshavealreadybeenspentforthisimprovementasshowninFigure44.The
USERMATforthisendisincludedinAppendixV.However,ithasnotbeen
successfullyimplementedinananalysisduetoconvergenceproblem.Sinceonly
eightweeksareallottedtothisadditionalthesis,thisproblemislefttobesolvedin
afutureproject.
41

Figure44TransferbetweenXYDirectionandPrincipalDirection
42
Reference
[1]
P.C.J.Hoogenboom,Structuralmodelfortextile,internalreport,DelftUniversityof
Technology,Jun.2007
P.H.vanAsselt,Analysisofstressedmembranestructures,MasterofSciencereport,
DelftUniversityofTechnology,Dec.2007,online:http://www.mechanics.citg.tudelft.nl
/~pierre/MSc_projects/reportVanAsselt.pdf
R.Houtman,M.Orpana,BauenmitTextilenHeft,4/2000
ANSYS,Inc.,ANSYSUSERMaterialSubroutineUSERMAT,Nov.1999
ANSYS,Inc.,GuidetoANSYSUserProgrammableFeatures,Aug.2005
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
43
APPENDIXI TipsforUSERMATLinking
AsuitableversionofIntelFORTRANCompilerandCCompilermustbeproperly
installedforthecompilingandlinkingofUSERMATwithANSYS.
IncaseofANSYS11.0,theIntelFORTRAN8.1orahigherversionisrequired.Incase
ofIntelFORTRAN8.1,VisualStudio2002or2003issuggested.
A30daystrailversionofIntelFORTRANCompilercanbedownloadedat
www.intel.com/cd/software/products/asmona/eng/download/eval/219690.htm.
AfullversionofVisualStudiocanbedownloadedatwww.MA3D.comafter
registrationusingtheEmailwithadomainnameofTUDelft.
Ifanyoldversionofthecompilerhasalreadyexisted,itissuggestedtoremove
themcompletelybeforetheinstallationofanewversion.
TheUSERMATsourcefilemustbeplaceinthesubdirectory[\AnsysInc\V110\ansys
\custom\user\Intel].ItwillbelinkedtoANSYSbyselectthe[RelinkANSYS]option
fromtheANS_ADMINutility.Anewexecutablefilenamed[ansys.exe]willbe
createdinthesamefolder.
TherelinkedversionoftheANSYSprogramcanbeexecutedby[ConfigureANSYS
Products].
IfanymodificationhasbeenmadetotheUSERMATsourcefile,the[RelinkANSYS]
needtoberunagain.ANSYSwillthenupdatetheexisting[ansys.exe]file.
Nevertheless,itisstillsuggestedtodeleteanyexisting[ansys.exe]filebefore
runninganewrelink.Thisisbecausesometimestheupdatemayfail,butANSYS
alwaysgivesamessagethattheexecutablefilehasbeensuccessfullyupdated.
Ifthecompilersarenotproperlyinstalledortheenvironmentvariablesarenot
correctlysetthelinkingwillfail.Incaseoflatter,somepossibleerrormessages,as
wellastherelevantsolutionstosolvetheproblems,arecollectedinTable5.
Whenusing[RelinkANSYS]tocompileandlink,itisnotedthatthetypingerrorand
thesyntaxerrorintheUSERMATwillnotbereported.Inthatcaseitispossibleto
generateawrong[ansys.exe]whichleadstountrueresultswithoutanywarning.
ThereforethesourceFORTRANfileshouldbecarefullychecked.
44
AtrickforcheckingofthetypingerrorsorsyntaxerrorsinUSERMAT:Createanew
folderandcopythefollowingfiles:USERMAT.f(thesourcefilecreatedbyusers),
ANSCUST.bat,ansyslarge.def,ansyssmall.defandMAKEFILEunderthesubdirectory
[\AnsysInc\V110\ansys\custom\user\Intel]andpastethemtothenewfolder.
ThenbyrunningANSCUST.battheUSERMATwillbecheckedandANSYSwillmakea
reportifanyerrorhasbeendetected.
Table5PossibleErrorMessagesduringLinkingProcessandtheSolutions
ErrorMessageduringRelink
Solution
[addtoEnvironmentVariable]
'nmake'isnotrecognizedasan
internalorexternalcommand,
operableprogramorbatchfile.
PATH>
[\MicrosoftVisualStudio.NET2003\Common7\IDE]and
[\MicrosoftVisualStudio.NET2003\Vc7\bin]
LINK:fatalerrorLNK1181:
cannotopeninputfile
'kernel32.lib'
LIB>
[\MicrosoftVisualStudio.NET2003\Vc7\lib]
LINK:fatalerrorLNK1181:
cannotopeninputfile
'advapi32.lib'
LIB>
[\MicrosoftVisualStudio.NET2003\Vc7\PlatformSDK\Lib]
ANSZIP.C(6):fatalerrorC1083:
Cannotopenincludefile:
'stdio.h':Nosuchfileor
directory
INCLUDE>
[\MicrosoftVisualStudio.NET2003\Vc7\include]
ANSZIP.C(10):fatalerrorC1083:
Cannotopenincludefile:
'windows.h':Nosuchfileor
directory
INCLUDE>
[\MicrosoftVisualStudio.NET2003\Vc7\PlatformSDK\Include]
Note:IfadifferentversionofMicrosoftVisualStudiootherthanv2003hasbeenused,thepathslisted
aboveneedtobechangedinaccordancewiththedirectory.
45
APPENDIXIIUSERMATLinearIsotropicModel
ThisUSERMATconsistsofalinearplainstressalgorithmandiswritteninthepurposeof
verificationofthecompilingandlinkingwithANSYS.
*deck,usermatparallelusergal
subroutineusermat(
&matId,elemId,kDomIntPt,kLayer,
kSectPt,
&ldstep,isubst,keycut,
&nDirect,nShear,ncomp,nStatev,nProp,
&Time,dTime,Temp,dTemp,
&
stress,ustatev,dsdePl,sedEl,sedPl,epseq,
&Strain,dStrain,epsPl,prop,coords,
&rotateM,defGrad_t,defGrad,
&tsstif,epsZZ,
&var1,var2,var3,var4,var5,
&var6,var7,var8)
c
#include"impcom.inc"
c
INTEGER
&matId,elemId,
&kDomIntPt,kLayer,kSectPt,
&nDirect,nShear,ncomp,nStatev,nProp
DOUBLEPRECISION
&sedEl,sedPl,epseq,epsZZ
DOUBLEPRECISION
&stress(ncomp),ustatev(nStatev),
&dsdePl(ncomp,ncomp),
&Strain(ncomp),dStrain(ncomp),
&epsPl(ncomp),prop(nProp),
&coords(3),rotateM(3,3),
&defGrad(3,3),defGrad_t(3,3),
&tsstif(2)
c
c*****************Userdefinedpart
*************************************
c
cparameters
c
INTEGERNEWTON,mcomp
DOUBLEPRECISIONHALF,THIRD,ONE,TWO,
THREE,SMALL,
&SQTWOTHIRD,SQTWO1,
&ZERO,TWOTHIRD,ONEDM02,
ONEDM05,sqTiny
PARAMETER(ZERO=0.d0,
&HALF=0.5d0,
&THIRD=1.d0/3.d0,
&ONE=1.d0,
&TWO=2.d0,
&THREE=3.d0,
&SMALL=1.d08,
&sqTiny=1.d20,
&ONEDM02=1.d02,
&ONEDM05=1.d05,
&TWOTHIRD=2.0d0/3.0d0,
&SQTWOTHIRD=
0.816496580927726030d0,
&SQTWO1=
0.707106769084930420d0,
&NEWTON=20,
&mcomp=6
&)
c
ctemperaryvariablesforsolutionpurpose
c
EXTERNALvmove,vzero,vapb1,rotVect
DOUBLEPRECISIONsigElp(mcomp),
dsdeEl(mcomp,mcomp),
&wk1(3),wk2(3),wk3(3),wk4(3)
DOUBLEPRECISIONvar1,var2,var3,var4,var5,
&var6,var7,var8
INTEGERi,j,k
DOUBLEPRECISIONpleq_t,sigy_t,sigy,
&dpleq,pleq,twoG,et,
&young,posn,sigy0,dsigdep,tEo1pm,
&gamma,dgamma,dfdga,dplga,
&funcFb,funcFb2,funcf,dFdep,fratio,
&con1,con2,con3,con4,
&con2p1,ocon2p1,
&ocon2p2,con4p1,ocon4p1,ocon4p2,
&c1,c2,c3,c4,c5
c*******************************************
******************************
c***nobsect/cut
keycut=0
c
c***getYoung'smodulusandPoisson'sratio
46
young=prop(1)
posn=prop(2)
twoG=young/(ONE+posn)
ncomp=THREE
c
c***calculateelasticstiffnessmatrix(3d)
c
c1=ONEposn*posn
c2=young/c1
c3=posn*c2
dsdePl(1,1)=c2
dsdePl(1,2)=c3
dsdePl(1,3)=ZERO
dsdePl(2,2)=c2
dsdePl(2,3)=ZERO
dsdePl(3,3)=HALF*twoG
doi=1,ncomp1
doj=i+1,ncomp
dsdePl(j,i)=dsdePl(i,j)
enddo
enddo
c
c***calculateelasticstrain
doi=1,ncomp
enddo
c
c***updatestresses
stress(3)=wk1(3)*HALF*twoG
return
end
47
APPENDIXIIIUSERMATIandAPDLScriptI
TheUSERMATIincludesthenonlinearfiberinteractionmodelandaJacobianIImatrixwith
atwostepstrainincrement.Prestressisnotincluded.TheAPDLscriptIdefinesthematerial
constantsandappliesanupwardwindloadonthetentstructure.
subroutineusermat(
kSectPt,
&
&tsstif,epsZZ,
&var6,var7,var8)
c
c
INTEGER
&matId,elemId,
DOUBLEPRECISION
DOUBLEPRECISION
&tsstif(2)
c
*************************************
c
cparameters
c
INTEGERNEWTON,mcomp
THREE,SMALL,
&SQTWOTHIRD,SQTWO1,PI,FORTH,
ONEDM02,ONEDM04,sqTiny
&HALF=0.5d0,
&THIRD=1.d0/3.d0,
&FORTH=1.d0/4.d0,
&ONE=1.d0,
&TWO=2.d0,
&THREE=3.d0,
&SMALL=1.d08,
&sqTiny=1.d20,
&ONEDM01=1.d01,
&ONEDM02=1.d02,
&ONEDM04=1.d04,
&SQTWOTHIRD=
0.816496580927726030d0,
&SQTWO1=
0.707106769084930420d0,
&PI=3.1415926d0,
&NEWTON=20,
&mcomp=6
&)
c
c
&wk1(3),wk2(3),wk3(3),wk4(3)
&var6,var7,var8
INTEGERi,j,k
&con2p1,ocon2p1,
&c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,
&epsxxp,epsyyp,epsxxinc,epsyyinc,
&G,d,s,incr,a,Ad,sx,sy,w,R,ax,ay,
48

w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
c
if(Tx.LT.0)then
Tx=0
endif
if(Ty.LT.0)then
Ty=0
endif
c
w=w+R/a
enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxx=Nx/s
nyy=Ny/s
dsdePl(3,1)=0
c
c***addsmallstrainincrementinydirection
w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
c
if(Tx.LT.0)then
Tx=0
endif
if(Ty.LT.0)then
Ty=0
endif
c
&Tx,Ty,Nx,Ny,nxxp,nyyp,nxyp,nxx,
nyy,nxy
c*******************************************
******************************
c***bisect/cut
keycut=0
c
c***getYoung'smodulus
young=prop(1)
G=500.d0
c
c***getinitialstress,diameterandspacing
d=prop(2)
s=prop(3)
epsxxp=prop(4)
epsyyp=prop(5)
incr=ONEDM01
c
doi=1,ncomp
enddo
c
c***computation
w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
c
if(Tx.LT.0)then
Tx=0
endif
if(Ty.LT.0)then
Ty=0
endif
c
w=w+R/a
enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxxp=Nx/s
nyyp=Ny/s
nxyp=G*wk1(3)*d
c
c***addsmallstrainincrementinxdirection
49
w=w+R/a
enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxx=Nx/s
nyy=Ny/s
dsdePl(3,2)=0
dsdePl(1,3)=0
dsdePl(2,3)=0
dsdePl(3,3)=G*d
c
c***updatestresses
stress(1)=nxxp
stress(2)=nyyp
stress(3)=nxyp
return
end
APDLScriptI
/filname,UPF,1
/title,UPF
/UNITS,MPA
/PREP7
D=20000
H=10000
ET,1,SHELL181
KEYOPT,1,1,0
KEYOPT,1,3,2
R,1,1.5
MAT,1
TB,USER,1,1,5
TBTEMP,1.0
TBDATA,1,51667,0.18,0.9,0,0
TB,STATE,1,,6
K,1,0,H,0
K,2,D/2,0,0
L,1,2
K,1000,0,0,0
AROTAT,1,,,,,,1,1000,360,
AATT,1,1,1,0
AESIZE,all,1000
MSHAPE,1,2D
MSHKEY,1
AMESH,all
FINISH
/SOLU
D,all,,,,,,all
ALLSEL
SFE,all,1,pres,,0.002
NLGEOM,on
SOLCONTROL,on
TIME,1
NSUBST,100,10000,1,on
AUTOTS,on
KBC,0
LNSRCH,auto
EQSLV,front
NROPT,full
OUTRES,ALL,1
OUTPR,ALL,1
/GST,on
NCNV,2
ALLSEL
SOLVE
FINISH
50
APPENDIXIVUSERMATIIandAPDLScriptII
ThisUSERMATIIincludesthenonlinearfiberinteractionmodelandaJacobianIImatrixwith
twostepstrainincrements.
subroutineusermat(
kSectPt,
&
&tsstif,epsZZ,
&var6,var7,var8)
c
c
INTEGER
&matId,elemId,
DOUBLEPRECISION
DOUBLEPRECISION
&tsstif(2)
c
*************************************
c
cparameters
c
INTEGERNEWTON,mcomp
THREE,SMALL,
&HALF=0.5d0,
&THIRD=1.d0/3.d0,
&FORTH=1.d0/4.d0,
&ONE=1.d0,
&TWO=2.d0,
&THREE=3.d0,
&SMALL=1.d08,
&sqTiny=1.d20,
&ONEDM01=1.d01,
&ONEDM02=1.d02,
&ONEDM04=1.d04,
&SQTWOTHIRD=
0.816496580927726030d0,
&SQTWO1=
0.707106769084930420d0,
&PI=3.1415926d0,
&NEWTON=20,
&mcomp=6
&)
c
c
&wk1(3),wk2(3),wk3(3),wk4(3)
&var6,var7,var8
INTEGERi,j,k
&con2p1,ocon2p1,
&c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,
&Tx,Ty,Nx,Ny,nxxp,nyyp,nxyp,nxx,
nyy,nxy
c*******************************************
******************************
c***bisect/cut
51
keycut=0
c
young=prop(1)
G=500.d0
c
c***getdiameterandspacing
d=prop(2)
s=prop(3)
c
c***prestressbytemperature
c1=temp+dtemp
epsxxp=prop(4)*c1
epsyyp=prop(5*c1
incr=ONEDM01
c
doi=1,ncomp
enddo
c
c***computation
w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
c
if(Tx.LT.0)then
Tx=0
endif
if(Ty.LT.0)then
Ty=0
endif
c
w=w+R/a
enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxxp=Nx/s
nyyp=Ny/s
nxyp=G*wk1(3)*d
c
w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
c
if(Tx.LT.0)then
Tx=0
endif
if(Ty.LT.0)then
Ty=0
endif
c
w=w+R/a
enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxx=Nx/s
nyy=Ny/s
dsdePl(3,1)=0
c
w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
c
if(Tx.LT.0)then
Tx=0
endif
if(Ty.LT.0)then
Ty=0
endif
c
w=w+R/a
52
enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxx=Nx/s
nyy=Ny/s
dsdePl(3,2)=0
dsdePl(1,3)=0
dsdePl(2,3)=0
dsdePl(3,3)=G*d
c
c***updatestresses
stress(1)=nxxp
stress(2)=nyyp
stress(3)=nxyp
return
end
APDLScriptII
!LoadStep1:
ALLSEL
TREF,0
BFE,all,temp,1,10
NLGEOM,on
SOLCONTROL,on
TIME,1
NSUBST,10
AUTOTS,off
KBC,0
LNSRCH,auto
EQSLV,front
NROPT,full
NEQIT,2000
OUTRES,ALL,1
OUTPR,ALL,1
/GST,on
NCNV,0
LSWRITE
!LoadStep2:
ALLSEL
SFE,all,1,pres,,0.001
NLGEOM,on
SOLCONTROL,on
TIME,2
NSUBST,10
AUTOTS,off
KBC,0
LNSRCH,auto
EQSLV,front
/filname,TwoLoadSteps,1
/title,TwoLoadSteps
/UNITS,MPA
/PREP7
D=20000
H=10000
ET,1,SHELL181
KEYOPT,1,1,0
KEYOPT,1,3,2
R,1,1.5
MAT,1
TB,USER,1,1,5
!TBTEMP,1.0
TBDATA,1,51667,0.18,0.9,0.001,0.001
TB,STATE,1,,6
K,1,0,H,0
K,2,D/2,0,0
L,1,2
K,1000,0,0,0
AROTAT,1,,,,,,1,1000,360
AATT,1,1,1,0
AESIZE,all,1000
MSHAPE,1,2D
MSHKEY,1
AMESH,all
FINISH
/SOLU
D,all,,,,,,all
53
NROPT,full
NEQIT,2000
OUTRES,ALL,1
OUTPR,ALL,1
/GST,on
NCNV,0
LSWRITE
LSSOLVE,1,2
FINISH
54
APPENDIXVUSERMATTransferbetweenXYandPrincipalDirection
subroutineusermat(
kSectPt,
&
&tsstif,epsZZ,
&var6,var7,var8)
c
c
INTEGER
&matId,elemId,
DOUBLEPRECISION
DOUBLEPRECISION
&tsstif(2)
c
*************************************
c
cparameters
c
INTEGERNEWTON,mcomp
THREE,SMALL,
&HALF=0.5d0,
&THIRD=1.d0/3.d0,
&FORTH=1.d0/4.d0,
&ONE=1.d0,
&TWO=2.d0,
&THREE=3.d0,
&SMALL=1.d08,
&sqTiny=1.d20,
&ONEDM01=1.d01,
&ONEDM02=1.d02,
&ONEDM04=1.d04,
&SQTWOTHIRD=
0.816496580927726030d0,
&SQTWO1=
0.707106769084930420d0,
&PI=3.1415926d0,
&NEWTON=20,
&mcomp=6
&)
c
c
&wk1(3),wk2(3),wk3(3),wk4(3)
&var6,var7,var8
INTEGERi,j,k
&con2p1,ocon2p1,
&c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,
epsxyinc,
&TX,Ty,Nx,Ny,nxxp,nyyp,nxyp,nxx,nyy,
nxy,
&aa,bb,rr,cc,dd,sine,cosine,
&nxxx,nyyy,nxyxy,nxxinc,nyyinc,nxyinc,
&jacobian(3,3)
c
c*******************************************
******************************
c***bisect/cut
keycut=0
c
55
young=prop(1)
G=500.d0
cncomp=THREE
c
c***getdiameterandspacing
d=prop(2)
s=prop(3)
epsxxp=ZERO
epsyyp=ZERO
incr=ONEDM01
c
c***calculateelasticstraininxydirection
doi=1,ncomp
enddo
c
c***transferxystraintoprincipalstrain
aa=wk2(2)+wk2(1)
bb=wk2(2)wk2(1)
rr=sqrt(bb**TWO+wk2(3)**TWO)
wk1(1)=HALF*(aa+rr)
wk1(2)=HALF*(aarr)
if(rr.EQ.0)then
cosine=ONE
sine=ZERO
else
cosine=bb/rr
sine=wk2(3)/rr
endif
c
c***computation
w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
dowhile(abs(R).GT.ONEDM04*a*d)
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
w=w+R/a
enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxxp=Nx/s
nyyp=Ny/s
c
c***transferprincipalstresstoxystress
cc=HALF*(nxxp+nyyp)
dd=HALF*(nxxpnyyp)
nxxx=ccdd*cosine
nyyy=cc+dd*cosine
nxyxy=dd*sine
c
c***updatestresses
stress(1)=nxxx
stress(2)=nyyy
stress(3)=nxyxy
c
c
aa=wk2(2)+epsxxinc
bb=wk2(2)epsxxinc
wk1(1)=HALF*(aa+rr)
wk1(2)=HALF*(aarr)
if(rr.EQ.0)then
cosine=ONE
sine=ZERO
else
cosine=bb/rr
sine=wk2(3)/rr
endif
c
c***calculateprincipalstress
w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
w=w+R/a
enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxx=Nx/s
nyy=Ny/s
c
cc=HALF*(nxx+nyy)
dd=HALF*(nxxnyy)
nxxinc=ccdd*cosine
nyyinc=cc+dd*cosine
nxyinc=dd*sine
jacobian(1,1)=(nxxincnxxx)/incr
jacobian(2,1)=(nyyincnyyy)/incr
56
jacobian(3,1)=(nxyincnxyxy)/incr
c
c
aa=epsyyinc+wk2(1)
bb=epsyyincwk2(1)
wk1(1)=HALF*(aa+rr)
wk1(2)=HALF*(aarr)
if(rr.EQ.0)then
cosine=ONE
sine=ZERO
else
cosine=bb/rr
sine=wk2(3)/rr
endif
c
w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
w=w+R/a
enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxx=Nx/s
nyy=Ny/s
c
cc=HALF*(nxx+nyy)
dd=HALF*(nxxnyy)
nxxinc=ccdd*cosine
nyyinc=cc+dd*cosine
nxyinc=dd*sine
jacobian(1,2)=((nxxincnxxx)/incr+
jacobian(2,1))/TWO
jacobian(2,1)=jacobian(1,2)
jacobian(2,2)=(nyyincnyyy)/incr
c***addsmallshearstrain
epsxyinc=wk2(3)+incr
aa=wk2(2)+wk2(1)
bb=wk2(2)wk2(1)
rr=sqrt(bb**TWO+epsxyinc**TWO)
wk1(1)=HALF*(aa+rr)
wk1(2)=HALF*(aarr)
if(rr.EQ.0)then
cosine=ONE
sine=ZERO
else
cosine=bb/rr
sine=epsxyinc/rr
endif
w=ZERO
R=100.0d0
Tx=(ax/aONE)
Ty=(ay/aONE)
w=w+R/a
enddo
Tx=young*Ad*Tx
Ty=young*Ad*Ty
Nx=(sx*Tx/ax)
Ny=(sy*Ty/ay)
nxx=Nx/s
nyy=Ny/s
cc=HALF*(nxx+nyy)
dd=HALF*(nxxnyy)
nxxinc=ccdd*cosine
nyyinc=cc+dd*cosine
nxyinc=dd*sine
jacobian(1,3)=((nxxinc
nxxx)/incr+jacobian(3,1))/TWO
jacobian(2,3)=((nyyinc
nyyy)/incr+jacobian(3,2))/TWO
doi=1,3
doj=1,3
dsdeP1(i,j)=jacobian(i,j)
enddo
enddo
return
end
57
APPENDIXVICDROMContents
ACDRomcontainsthefollowinginformationisincluded:
ThisreportinPDF
USERMATsubroutines
ANSYSAPDLscripts
Resultsfromtheanalysis
Referencesandarticles
58

Analysis of Tent Structures

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Analysis of Tent Structures

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TUDELFT

TIPS FOR USERMAT LINKING ......................................................................... 44

APPENDIX-II USERMAT LINEAR ISOTROPIC MODEL ...................................................... 46

prestress ,1 = a1 (temp + dtemp)

prestress ,1,total = 0.2%

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