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Anatomical position
Frankfort horizontal plane
Cranium (Skull)
1. Neurocranium
a) Clavaria
b) Cranial base
2. Viscerocranium (face
bones)
Total : 22 bones
Neurocranium
Formed from the mesenchyme of the neural
crest
Clavaria and skull base (basocranium)
Frontal bone
Parietal bones
Occipital bone
Temporal bones
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
1
2
1
2
1
1
Frontal
Clavaria
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Skull base
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal
Viscerocranium
(Facial skeleton)
Develop from the embryonic mesenchyme
of the pharyngeal arches
Consists of the bones surrounding the
mouth (upper and lower jaws), nose/nasal
cavity, and most of the orbits (eye sockets
or orbital cavities)
Maxillae
Nasal bones
Lacrimal bones
Vomer
Palatine bones
Inferior conchae
Mandible
Maxilla
Mandible
Zygoma
Nasalis
Lacrimal
Maxilla
Mandible
Zygoma
Nasalis
Lacrimal
Maxilla
Palatine
Zygoma
Ethmoid
and
vomer
Ethmoid
Vomer
Maxilla
Palatine
Nasalis
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxilla
Temporal
Paranasal sinuses
Frontal bone
Frontal sinuses
Parietal bones
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Squamous
Mastoid
Petrous
Styloid
Tympanic
Adult skull
Neonatal skull
Nasal bones
Anterior nasal
aperture
Zygomatic bone
Cheeks prominence
Orbital cavities
Zygomatic arch
Zygomaticofacial
& zygomaticotemporal
nerve foraminae
Maxilla
Upper jaw - anterior
part of hard palate lateral wall of nasal
cavity - floor of
orbital cavities
Intermaxillary
suture
Infraorbital foramen
Alveolar processes
Ant nasal spine
Maxillary sinus
Palatine bones
Vomer
Paranasal sinuses
The mandible
Condyle
Coronoid process
Ramus
Body
Alveolar process
Mental
protuberance
Angle
Lateral surface
Symphysis menti
Mental foramen mental nerve and vessels
Medial surface
Mental spines
genioglossus and
geniohyoid
Mylohyoid line
Submandibular
fossa
Sublingual fossa
Digastric fossa
Coronoid process
Condyloid process (head)
Neck
Mandibular notch
Masseter muscle attachment
Orbital margins
Nasal bones
and anterior
nasal
aperture
Maxilla
Intermaxillary
suture
Infraorbital foramen
Alveolar processes
Ant nasal spine
Canine fossa
Zygomatic bone
Cheeks prominence
Orbital cavities
Zygomatic arch
Zygomaticofacial
& zygomaticotemporal
nerve foraminae
The mandible
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bonesquamous part
Temporal bone:
squamoustympanicmastoid- styloidzygomatic
process
Greater wing of
sphenoid
Pterion
The thinnest part of
the lateral wall of the
skull
Anterioinferior corner
of the parietal bonegreater wing of
sphenoid bone
Overlies the anterior
division of the middle
meningeal artery and
vein.
Infratemporal fossa
Pterygopalatine fossa
A small space behind and below the orbital
cavity
Pterygomaxillary fissure infratemporal
fossa (laterally)
Sphenoplatine foramen nasal cavity
(medially)
Foramen rotundum skull (superiorly)
Inferior orbital fissure orbit (anteriorly)
Superior view
of the skull
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
Hard palate
Palatal processes of the maxilla
Horisontal plates of palatine bones
Incisive fossa and foramen
Greater and lesser palatine foramina
Choanae (posterior nasal apertures)
Vomer
Temporal
Auditory tube: in the
interval between the
greater wing of the
sphenoid and the
petrous part of the
temporal bone
Foramen lacerum
Medial end of petrous
part of the temporal basilar part of the
occipital - greater wing
of sphenoid.
During life it is closed
with fibrous tissue. Few
small vessels pass thru
it. GSPN may pass too.
Zygomatic
process
Articular tubercle
Mandibular fossa
Petrotympanic
fissure: separates
the mandibular
fossa from the
tympanic plate.
The chorda
tympani nerve
exists from it
Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Styloid process
Stylomastoid foramen
Suprameatal crest
Suprameatal triangle (Mcewen triangle)
Suprameatal spine (spine of Henle)
Occipital
Neonatal skull
Large cranium to face ratio
Mandible and maxilla are short
Bones are mobile on each others and
connected by fibrous tissue or cartilage
Anterior fontanelle: closes at 18 months of
age
Posterior fontanelle: closes at 1 year of
age
Mastoid process not present at birth.
Clinical
Fontanelles enables us to:
Follow up the progress of growth of the
infant
Detect dehydration
The state of intracranial pressure
Take samples of the CSF
Posterior cranial
fossa
Frontal bone
Frontal crest (attachment for falx cerebri)
Lesser wing of the sphenoid
Anterior clinoid process (attachment to tentorium
cerebelli)
Orbital plates
Foramen rotundum
- maxillary nerve
Foramen ovale
- mandibular nerve
- lesser superficial petrosal nerve
- accessory meningeal artery
Foramen spinosum
- middle meningeal artery
- meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve
Jugular foramen
- Inferior petrosal sinus
- CN 9, 10, 11
- Sigmoid sinus internal jugular vein
Internal acoustic meatus: facial nerve
and vestibulucochlear nerves
Hypoglossal canal: hypoglossal nerve