Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Life
By You-Sheng Li
(website: http://taoism21cen.com)
1. An Introduction to Taoism
369-286 BC) were traditionally recognized as the founders. Its origin goes
back to the time when Chinese civilization began to emerge. Thus a sub-
school of Taoist philosophy takes the name Huang Lao referring to the
Yellow Emperor, the common ancestor to all Chinese, and Lao Tzu. After
Buddhism spread into China during the Eastern Han dynasty (25-220 AD),
more than 25,000 Daoist priests of the Quanzhen and the Zhengyi Sect,
goal, one must practice Taoism both inside and outside one's physical
practice gradually came down to refining the interior elixirs ( neidan ). The
basic principle of this practice is still to cultivate the self both spiritually and
physically. External practice involves doing good deeds and helping others.
According to Lao Tzu, Chuang Tzu, and other authors, Tao has the
following features:
2) Tao is present in everything and it is the Tao that makes everything the
way it is. The functioning of the Tao in a particular existence is called the
really no name for Tao. Tao is beyond words. Words are part of our world
but Tao is not. We can intuit Tao but we cannot describe it. Tao is
transcendent.
4). Tao is also the law every existence has to follow. It is the underlying,
universe. Man is the only known creature that can depart from Tao.
century, Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism were the three main religions
but did not officially join any of those religions. They could go to a Buddhist
temple one day, and a Taoist temple next day. Taoism as a religion showed
science.
2. Taoist religion is based on the ancient Taoist philosophy, which was
3. The birth of Taoist religion in the second and third centuries was
It is clear that the early Taoist philosophers such as Lao Tzu and
Chuang Tzu did not pay particular attention to any god except Tao. They
only used the word gods occasionally in a casual manner. Chuang Tzu says:
“In the ancient time, yin and yang were in harmony; gods and spirits were
quiet and did not interfere with people.” Such a description about gods fits
well with the primitive primary society and the Taoist philosophy.
deities for worshippers, though some of those deities came from folk cults
and Chinese traditions. Those deities were organised in a way that reflected
rotate in order, Sage used the religious gods to educate the people. All
people under heaven obeyed him willingly.” Thus Chinese rulers had long
of the people. Unlike in the West, religion shared power with the monarchy,
Chinese rulers used religions to control their people. Chinese emperors had
the power to close down any religions and, in fact, both Buddhism and
established in China during the Tang dynasty (618-907) but vanished later
Taoist religion introduced deities to attract believers and please the emperor.
Without those deities, Taoism as a religion might not have been able to
survive to today.
The first three Taoist deities are called the Three Pure Ones, and the
major deity is the Celestial Worthy of Primordial Beginning. The next level
Masters sect, usually present Lao Tzu and the Three Pure Ones at the top of
has been regarded as its major attraction to the people. In Chinese history, a
popular folk saying goes, “Nine out of ten Taoists are physicians.” The
difference between Chinese and Western medicine is mainly the part that
against the disease. Chinese medicine sees the lack of harmony with nature
physical desires. Excess pleasure will weaken or damage our health. The
Taoist theories of yin yang and the five elements are the fundamental
theory: Energy circulates along more than a dozen routs inside the body.
and hygiene are a major part of Chinese medicine. In other words Chinese
In the West, God, the world, and I are three entities. Therefore you have
a God to please, a world to conquer, and most of all you have many peers to
compete with through your whole life. Even your pets have to compete with
other pets once a year at dog shows or cat shows. If you find this tiring or
even depressing, then you may well try oriental philosophy for a change. In
the East, God, the world, and I are all rolled together into one --- the big
One. Taoism seems to be the only philosophy and religion that encourages
the believers to live a prolonged, healthy, and happy life. They stress the
present life rather than the next one. They emphasize human nature rather
than asceticism. In Chinese history it was not Confucianism but Taoism that
religious or God side. In the ideal realm or heaven after death, Taoists have
both their individual souls and bodies, Christians have souls but Hindu-
Buddhists have neither. Hindu-Buddhists lose their individual identities to
join the cosmic pool of soul. Chinese people worshiped their ancestors who
they had a strong emotional bond with them, their concept of God remained
more vague and remote. It is like church goers in the West who are totally
focused on pastors or angels but never care much about God himself.
both God and the world. The main origin of violence in history was also
different: Invasion from outside for India, expansion of the present powers
for the West, and uprising from within for China. The Chinese peasant
uprisings were common but only reached a large scale occasionally. Chinese
world, the ancient Chinese people still lived in the genetically coded primary
society while the West started with secondary society.(see below for more
explanation) Moses led the Israeli people moved out of Egypt in the
thirteenth and early part of the twelfth century, B. C. Around the same time,
King Pan-Geng of the Chinese Shang dynasty moved the capital including
its residents. Pan-Geng’s move was much simpler and easier than Moses’
who resisted Moses' leadership? They were much less lucky than the ones
who resisted Pan-Geng, since they were in a secondary society where the
will. According to the Bible (Numbers 16:2, 20, 21, 32, 35), “Two hundred
and fifty men of the son of Israel, chieftains of the assembly, summoned
Jehovah now spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying ‘Separate yourselves from
the earth proceeded to open its mouth and to swallow up them…And a fire
came out from Jehovah and proceeded to consume the two hundred and fifty
functioning as police to keep peace in their isolated world just like the
2005)
and textbook authors. While the whole world tended to spiral upward,
regional areas had their ups and downs, rises and falls. When
call our civilization the civilization of war.(William Eckhardt: A dialectical evolutionary theory of
civilizations, empires, and wars. In: Civilizations world systems studying world-historical change, ed by S. K. Sanderson. Walnut
civilizations does not fit in today’s world after the United Nations was
set up. Nor does it apply to ancient Chinese history (2200-476 BC)
when human nature was highly respected and Taoist lifestyle was