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TO THE STUDENT

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This "Mini-Course" is different from ordinary instruction; it is audiotutorial leaming. Each modular lesson uses a cassette tape and a response
manual to help you learn or review. You listen, read a little, answer questions
or work exercises, and find out whether you're right or wrong; then you read
and listen some more. This kind of study helps you learn in a different way
than you would with an ordinary textbook. Most important, you must
respond; the system doesn't work if you just read or listen passively.
The nice thing about this kind of instruction is that you can study without having to worry about whether you're keeping up or falling behind. You
are in control, so you can work at your own best speed, going as quickly or
as slowly as you like. It's entirely up to you. As soon as you finish an exercise, you always have the correct answers available on your cassette, so you
don't have to wait to find out how you're doing. When it's helpful, you can
turn to the Back-Up System for an explanation of why an answer is correct

l
i

or incorrect.
This manual is for Module #1, How to Use the Dictionary, in the MiniCourses in Developmental Skills: Vocabulary^ Development. Use this manual
with the #1 cassette-"How to Use the Dictionary."

Mini-Courses in Vocabulary Development offers the following program:

1. How to Use the Dictionary

2. Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes
3. Learning to Use Context Clues
4. Working with Look-Alike Words, I
5. Working with Look-Alike Words, II

Working with Sound-Alike Words, I

Working with Sound-Alike Words, II
8. Commonly Misunderstood Words
6.
l.

(Grades 11-12)
with Sophisticated Words
(Grades 12-74\

9. Working

Copyright @ 1975 by Educulture, lnc

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any {orm without wrrtten permissron lrom the Publisher
Printed in the United States of America
,

)
I
l

HOW TO USE THE DICTIONARY

DICTIONARY REVIEW
sloe-eyed (slorid/) adi. Havins dark. velvetv eves.
sloe gin A eordial wifh a gin b--ase, flivored irdth sloes.
slog (slog) o.t. & o.i. slogged,
l. To strike hard:

!yay),"1qg.ging
as through deep mud. ;
glostssT'n.
[Var. of sl,ucrl
slo.gan (sl6rgan) n. L. A battle of rallvinsliv.
orisinallv of
'the Highland elins. 2. A catchwor-d oi-r4otto'adoited liy a
group, as a political party. [ < Scottish
Gaelic sluaoh armv * oairm velllslug.

- 2. To-plod
blow.

m. A heavy

(or_re's

sloid (sloid)-, slojd Se6 sroyb.

sloon (slotp) n. Naut. A sinsle-masted.
foreland-aft' rigsed sailing vessll earry'ing
at least one jib, now used principally bs a
racins vessel. i < nu. slotiol

Sample word entries

sloop"of

war

1-. Formerly, vessel rigged

eith-er as ship, brig, or sehooner, and mounting between18 and 32 guns. 2. Later, any
war vessel larger than a gunboat and carry-

ing guns on one deek only.

slo-op-rigged (slo-oprrigdr)
rigging like that of a sloop.

DIRECTIONS:

Use the

adi.

Having

dictionary word entries above to answer the following

questions:

1.

Why is there a dot between the o and the g in slogan?

2.

Following each word entry, symbols representing the way the word is pronounced
are given in parentheses. What do you call the symbol a in (sI6'gan)?
What does adj. mean in the entry for sloe-eyed artd sloop-rigged?

4.

What does Naut. mean in the entry for sloop?

5.

What does the symbol

6.

Why do such entries

slog, slogan, and sloop of war have more than one definition

as

mean in the brackets following the definition for slogan?

Iisted?

7.

Explain what [<Du. sloepl means in the entry f.or sloop.

8.

Give an example, from the above entries, of what is meant by a restrictive usage
Iabel

Restart the tape.

Obiective 1:

When you have finished this module, you will be able to find, understand, and use more effectively the Pronunciation Key in any

dictionary.

SAMPLE DICTIONARY PRONUNCIATION KEY

a
a

ask, bat, cat

ape, cape, hay
air, care, rare

(containing r sound)
alms, art, ah

bat, cab

qr,

beach, chip
do, said
every, met
bee, evil, meet

d
e

eal, mere
far, find, beef

go, gave, gone

heat, high

big, its, in

6r

bite, right, ice

judge, jump, ledge

keep, kind, make

ledge,

my, aim, mark

now, on

,ig

rirg, washing
box, rock

o
6

oi
oo

o6
ou

poor, stop, stopper

rip, near

see, sister, sat

shoe, push, hush

top, ten, hit

thin, path
smooth, that, those
up, love
burn, cur, urge
(contains r sound)
live, river, victory

wave, always

yes, yesterday, lawyer

tJ'

)w
u
u

zip,lazy, these

4t

mirage, visor

left, ball

open, road

ball, ought, raw

joint, oil, boy
book, look, poor
too, fool, tool
out, loud

called the schwo, it occurs only in

unaccentuated syllables and indicates
the sound of:
a in above (a buv')
e in system (sis'tam)
,'
i in easily (c'zalc)
o in gallop (gal'ap)

u in circus (strr'kas)

(')

indicates what syllable should be

stressed by being placed after tlrre
stressed syllable as in:
agree (a grc')

dealer (dc' lar)

geography (jc og' ra fe)

involve (in volv'

+Exampleofanentrywordandpreferredpronunciation:
phoe.nix (fc' niks)

asin

far find beef

Zasin
n asin

fasin
la as

in

sasin
Restart the tape when you haue finished.

SAMPLE PRONUNCIATION KEY

(short form)

ing lines, usually marked in inehes, feet, ete.; a ruler. ll.

Piinting A strip of type-high metal for handling type or for
printing a rule or line. 12. A ruled line.
ag a rule Ordi-

narily; usually.
rule of courl, Law An- order made by a
courf, as for regulating
the praetiee of the court (geneial
rule) or for sending a case before a referee (epeclal rule).
?. ruled, rul.ing o.t, 1. To have authority or control over;
govern. 2. To influence greatly; dominate: Greed has rulcd
his life. 3. To deeide or determine judicially or authoritativelv. 4. To restrain: keeo in eheek: Rulz -6.
vour temoer. 6.

To mark with straight, farallel lines.

To make (a
as with a ruler.
o.i. 7. To have authority or eontrol; be in command. 8.- To maintain a stand-

straight line) with or

RumI (rum/al, ro"omral), Beardeley, 1894-1960, U.S. businessman and tax exoert.
rum.mage (rumrij)' u. .magied,.mag.lng o.t. l. Toseareh
throushla plaee, box, ete.) bv turning over and disarranging

2. To find or bring out by searching:

,1.
with ozt or up.
o.i. 3. To make a thorough seareh.
- by
especially, disarringing things
1. Any act of rummaging;
searching thoroughly. 2. An upheaval or stirring up; bustle.
3. A rummase sale. f < MF arrutnooe < arrunwr to stow
eargo < rurr-ship's hold < Gme.l J rum/5sg.gr 7r.
rum-mage sale '1. A sale of seeo-nd-hand objects to obtain
monev for some charitable DurDose. 2. A sale of unelaimed
articl6s, or a sale for elearing out articles prior to restocking.
the content-s; ransaek.

Pnoxuxcrerrox Kpy: add, Ece, cere, pflIm; end, Even; it, Ice;
ible, o in melon, u in /oczs; yd6 = u in /use; oil; pout; check;
odd, 6pen, 6rder; td6k, p6l; up, b0rn; e = a in aboue, e in sichen, i in flex80; rinS; thin; trhis; zh, vision. For A, e, ii, kh, rl, see inside front cover.

DIRECTIONS;

Read each word in the K.y, noticing the symbol and sound of each
symbol being used in the word sample.
Restart the tape when you haue finished.

Part One
lnterpreting the Pronunciation Key

ask, bat,.cat
ape, cape, hay
air, care, rare (contains the r sound)
alms, art, ah

bat, cab

a
a
a

"3

beach, chip

do, said

6r

every, met
bee, evil, meet
ear, mere (contains the r sound)

far, find, beef

go, gave, gone

heat, high

big, its, in

bite, right, ice

Pronounce these words using the key above as an aid:

1.
2.
3.
4.'

aviary (a' vc er 6)
chela (cha' la)

--

grindelia (grin dc'

le

hegari (hi gar'c)-

Restart the tape.

e)

Part Two

lnterpreting the Pronunciation Key

j

judge, jump, ledge

Iteep, kind, make

ledge,

my, aim, mark

left, ball

now, on

ng

drg, washing (any ing ending word)

o
6
o

open, road

oi
do

ir

ou

box,

rock

ball, ought, raw

joint, oil, boy

book, look, poor
too, fool, tool
out, loud

Pronounce these words using the key above as an aid:

1.

factitive (fak' ti tiv)

3.
4.

phospholipide- (fos fo lip' id)

-'

photoelasticity (fo to i las tis' i t6)

Restart the tape.

.;.
see, sister, sat
', sho, Fush, hush

.-:..

ten, hit

'top,
:,'thin,
path

smooth, that, those

burn,:cur, urge (contains the r sound)
live, river, victory

V.

wave, always

:li.'.:W'

r -i .',
.,]:.
.ri,,

yes, yesterday, lawyer

y'

z;ip,lazy, these
mrrage, v$or

,,Pronounce these words using the key above as an aid:

1:
2.
3.
4;',

orchidaceous (6r ki da' shus)

thanage (!ha' nij)

thaumaturgic (fh6 ma tfir' jik)

urticaceous (rir ta ka'

Restart the tape.

sJrus) , . i

Part Four
lnterpreting the Pronunciation Key
,(a)

(')

Known as the 6chwa, it occurs only in unaccentuate@fullables and indicated the,

sound of:

(a buv')

in above

in system (sis' t a m)

r rn easrly

(c' ze lc)

o in gallop

(gaI'

u rn clrcus

(strr'kas)

ap)

Known as the accent mark, it indicates what syllables should be stressed by being
placed after the stressed syllable as in:
agree

( a grc')

dealer

(dc'

geography

ue og ra

involve

(in volv')

Ia

r)

a-

Ie)

Pronounce these words using the key above as an aid:

1
2.
3:
4.

suspiration (sus

pa ra' than)

reminiscent (rem a nis' ent)

molybdate (ma lib' dat)

linoleum (li no' le am)

Restart the tape.

Pronunciation Key
EXERCISE

DIRECTIONS; Fill in the blanks with the words

represented by the pronunciation

symbols as shown in the example. Use the Pronunciation Key on
page 2 of this manual, if you need to do so.

Example.'

1.

dis gras'

2.

b6k'n

3. ta

en kloz

,^rlr*to I

bak'o

+. nyoo
-, mar
.,, oo
b. trsh
b.eze
h

7.

-,

biz' c

8. a w6k'
y. myoo
-, zrK
10. sa spens'
Restart the tape when you haue finished.

Pronunciation l(ey
EXERCISE 2
as they are represented in the Pare.n,
theses. They are all words you probably know. If you believe that the
pronunciation symbols are not correct for any of the words, place a
gheck mar]<.in the blank in front of the number. Use the Key on page
2 or page 3 if you need help.

DIRECTIONS: Pronounce the following words

1.

neat (net)
peep (pep)

planet (plan it')

4.

specialize (spesh' aI rz)

5.

uncommon (un'' kdrn an)

weaver

7.

carnival

(w' u ?t)
(ker' na val)

circulation (sfir kya la' shEn)

9.

discomfort (dis kum'

10. football (foot

rt

f e rt)

bal')

Restar;t the tape"when you haue finished.

Pronunciation KeY
EXERCISE 3
manual' fill in the
is used as an example
that
K.v
instance' if a word
For
of the way the pronunciation tY*Uof :9";q:'
in the blank space'
alms
write
Iisted below rras trr" ci sound, yo., *o.rld
of the
example
an
the Key as
since that is the first word listed in
you'
The first one has been completed for
2-9f

Using the Pronunciation Key on page

blanks with the first word listeJ in [n.

DIRECTIOIIS;

y:'r

sound.

FRAME

pan.o.plY

(pu.' a plc)

in osk

a.

the o
the o in the sYllable Pon sounds like

b.

theosoundinthesecondsyllablesoundsliketheschwaain

c.

the e in
the y in the third syllable sounds like

Go to Frame

3.

FRAME 2

to Frame 3. There's nothing of interest

What are You doing here? You were directed
here, so go to Frame 3.

FRAME 3
these:
Check your answers to Frame 1 with

b.
c.

galloP
bee

If you missed one or both of these, go to Frame

go to Frame
If you answered both questions correctlY,
4.

5.

FRAME 4

ro answer question b. correctlv, You srrou]a |11: Y"I:1T*:l:""i:i1'HJ#jil

it gives an example or each or the
[;.,X[H'rf,]?J"""1,?;,1?ili"ffi,'"" ,l;;;;h"re
anc
for o and
havp looked ror
--^r -,,1,,
should
^rrld have
vJu ot

i,':H?::1:::."""#:";T","ffi;J';;'"rii;;
:-- rr^^ .,,^-.1 nn-r-rrtl\t iS SOftf
the o sound-r in the word, panoptv is sounded
rhus,'";;i,

;:X*ffif;j'l#1,i"'*l';to'gJi.o.
10

Frame 4 (Continued)

Iike the o rn gallop. To answer c. correctly you should have noticed that the pronunciation of the y in panoply is marked with an a. The first word Iisted under @ in the Pronunciation Key is bee; thus, the y sound in panoply sounds like the e in bee.
Now go to Frame 5 and

try

again.

FRAME 5

in.fi.nite (in' f a nit)

a.
b.
c.

the i in the first syllable sounds like the i in

the i in the second syllable sounds like the schwa e in
the i in the last syllable sounds like the i in

Chech your answers in Frame

7.

FRAME 6
con,fine (ken fin'; kon'f-rn)

a.

the k sound is the same as in the word

b.

the a in the first pronunciation given is the same as the o rn

c.

the o in the second pronunciation is the same as the o in

d.
e.

the i in both pronunciations is the same as the i in

the accent in the first pronunciation is on the

in the second pronunciation it is on the

syllable and
syllable.

Check your answers in Frame 8.

FRAME 7

a. big

b. easily

c.

big

If you missed any of these, go to Frame 9.

If you answered all these correctly, go back to Frame 6.

11

FRAME 8

a.

keep b. gallop c. box

d. bite

e.

last; first

If you answered all items correctly go to Frame 10.

If you missed any items, return to Frame 6 and using the correct answers given here,
refer to the Pronunciation Key on page 2 to see where you made your mistake. Then go
to Frame 10 when finished.
FRAME 9
To answer item a. correctly, you should have noticed that the i in the first syllable has
no marks on it. Checking the Pronunciation Key on page 2 you will see the first sample
word for the i with no marks is brg. To answer b. correctly, you should have noticed the
schwa a in the second syllable represents an i sound. Finding the e symbol on the Pronunciation Key, you then needed to look for the i the symbol represents. The word
listed is easily. To answer c., you repeat the same method for a. above. When you understand your mistake, go back to Frame 6 and try a new word.
FRAME

1O

re.deem.ing (ri dc' mi6'g)

a.

the i in the first syllable is the same as the f in

the ee in the second syllable is the same as the e sound

c.

the

fg

sound is the same as the ng in

Check your answers in Frame 13.

FRAME 11
e.lu.ci.date (i loT' si dat)

a.

the accent is on the

b.

the u sound in the second syllable is the same as the o-o sound in

c.

the o sound in the last syllable is the same as the d sound in

the e in the first syllable and the i in the third syllable sound the same as the

,tn
Check your answers in Frame 12.

12

syllable of the word.

FRAME 12
d. big
c. ape
I
and using the correct answers given here,
Frame
to
-l
If you missed any item s, return
where you made your mistake. If you
page
2
to
see
on
Key
,.f., to the Pronlnciation
tape.
the
restart
did not miss any items,

a. second

This ends Exercise

b. too

3.

Restart the tape.

FRAME 13

a-

big

b. bee c. ring

any item s, return to Frame 10 and,using the correct answers given !,.t",
pronlnciation
Key on page 2 to see where you made your mistakes. If you
refer to the
did not miss any items, So to Frame 71 now.

If you missed

ObieCtiVe

2,'When you have finished with this module, you will be able to understand and use more efficienUy the Abbreviation Keys found in
dictionaries.

SAMPLE ABBREVIATION KEY

word origin (etYmologY)

descended or derived from
equivalent to
abbreviation

Ital.
IE
inf .

adjective

Math.

adu.

adverb

AF

AngIo-French

ME
MF

alter.
Alg.

alteration
Algebra
Anglo-Latin
American
American Indian
American-Spanish
antonym
Arabic
Before Christ
Biology
Botany
British
British Dialect
Century
Dutch
English
especially
French
feminine
figurative

:
abbr.
adj.

AL
Amer.

Am. Ind.

Am.

Sp.

ant.

Ar.
B.C.

Biol.
Bot.

Brit.
Brit. Dial.
C.

D.
E.
esp.

F.

fem.

fis.
G.

German

ger.

Gram.
Heb.

gerund
Geography
Greek
Grammar
Hebrew

i.e.

that is

Geog.
Gk.

1,4

masc.

mod.

Italian
Indo-European
infinitive
Latin
Mathematics
Middle English
Middle French
masculine
modern

orig.

noun
nautical
obsolete
OId English
Old French
Old Latin
originally, origin

pass.

passive

philos.

pron.
prp-

philosophy
plural
preposition
pronoun
present particiPle

s.

stem

sing.
sp.

singular
spelling
subjunctive
syllable

n.

naut.
obs.

OE

OF
OL

pl.
prep-

subj.

syll.
syn.
trans.
U.

uar.

u.i.
u.t.

synonym
translation
verb
variant
intransitive verb
transitive verb

lnterpreting Abbreviation Keys

EXERCISE 4

DIRECTIONS;

1.

What do the following abbreviations mean?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.L
g.
h.
i.
j.
2.

Using the Abbreviation Key on page 14, answer the following

questions.

OE
fem.
Heb.

pl.
u.i.

ant.
n.
s.

syll.

What do the following symbols mean?

a.=

b. t1
3.

Using the Key, answer the questions listed below regarding the following
dictionary word entry.
bea.uer2 (bclvar) n. 1. A mov able piece of medieval Elrmor covering the
lower face. 2. The visor o f a helmet. 3. Slang A beard. [<OF bauiere
child's bib < baue salival .
a.

What part of speech is beauer?

b.

From what language is the word derived?

C.

What is the original word?

d.

What does the original word mean?

Start the tape and check your answers against the answers giuen.

turn to Back-Up

4.

If you need more

help,

lnterpreting Abbreviation KeYs

EXERCISE 5

DIRECTIOIIS: using the Abbreviation Key on page 14, answer the following

quesgo

tions about the dictionaly entries in each frame. Remember to

only to the Frame you are directed to read'

FRAME 1

clear' 2' to the

co.gent(ko' jant), adj. l. believable orconvincingby beingforcibly
together' collect'
point, or relevant. [< L cAgent- (s. of cogens, PrP' of cOgere to drive
adv'
+
-co'gent'ly
-entl
compel) = cog - (co- * ag-t root of agere to drive)
a. What part of speech is the word cogent?
From what language ts cogent derived?

c.

The Latin cogent is the stem of what word?

d.

What form of sPeech is cogentlY?

Check your answers in Frame

3-

FRAME 2
curious or you're
no - no. This is not Frame 3. It's Frame 2. You're either overly
not paying attention. Which is it?
No

Go to Frame

3.

FRAME 3
a.

b.
C.

d.

the pronunciation
cogentis an adjective; notice trre adi. abbreviation after
symbols.

(, which means "derived

Latin; notice the first bracket is followed by an
from,,, and the abbreviation following that is L fot Latin.
c6gdns; notice the s. following the first parenthesis.
adverb; it's the last listing, adu.

Now go to Frame 4.

16

FRAME 4
as.cer.tain (as ar tdnl ), u.t. 1. to determine; to leam with certainty; to find out for
certain. 2. Archaic, to make clear. [ate ME, var. of assertafn (MF ascertain (s. of
acertener to make certain).1 -as.cer.tairf.able, adj. -as.cer.tain' a.ble.ness, n.
,-as-celtain' a bly, adv. -as.cer.tain'.ment, n. -syn. 1. See learn.

a.

What part of speech is ascertain?

b.

What part of speech is ascertainment?

c.

From what languages is oscerfaln derived?

d.

What word should you look up for a synonym

of

ascertain?

Check your answers in Frame 6.

FRAME 5
Nothing's happening here, man. Try Frame 6.
FRAME 6

a.

ascertainis a transitive verb, signified by the v.t. following the pronunciation

symbols.
noun; notice all the various changes with different suffixes added to ascertain
(able, ness, ably, etc.)
Middle English and Middle French.
learn; notice the last entry.

b.
c.
d.
Now go

FRAME

to Frame

7.

de.fer.ence (def' ar ans), n. l. submission or yielding to the judgment or opinion of

another. 2. courteous or respectful regard for someone: In deference to his wishes, she
left. [( F ddfdrencel.

a.

What part of speech is deference?

b.

From what language is the word deference derived?

c.

Whdt syllable of the word deference receives the accent in pronunciation?

Check your answers in Frame 9.

FRAME 8
de.i.fi.ca.tion (de a f a ka' shen), n. /. the act of making someone a god or godlike.
2. the state of regarding someone as a god or as godlike. 3. the result of deifying someone or thing. [ME deificacion <L deificati,n - (s. of deificatia)].
What part of speech is deification?
What syllable receives the accent in pronunciation?

c.

From what language does the word originally come?

d.

How was the word spelled when it evolved into Middle English?

Check your answers in Frame 1L.

FRAME 9

a.
b.
c.

deference is a noun; notice the n. symbol.

French

first; notice the accent mark (') within the pronunciation section. (Just
checking to see if you remember previously presented information.)

Now go back to Frame 8.

FRAME 10
ru.mi.nate (160' ma nlt), v., -nated,, -nating. - v.i. 1. to think about; to ponder or to
meditate . 2. to chew the cud. - v.t. 3. to chew again and again. 4. to meditate,
ponder,
or think about. [< L rilmindt(usl chewed over again. See ruminant].
--ru'.mi.nat.ing.ly,
adv. -ru.mi.na'-tion, n. -rtt''mi'na"tiue, adi. -ru''mi'na'tor. n'
Syn. think, reflect.
What part of speech ts ruminate?
What part of speech ts ruminated?
c.

What part of speech is ruminating?

d.

What part of speech is ruminatingly?

e.

What part of speech is rumination?

f.

What two synonyms are given for ruminate?

Can you guess what part of speech the synonyms are?

Check your answers in Frame 12.

18

FRAME
a.

b.
c.

d.

11

deification is a noun (n.).

the fourth.
Latin; Middle English came after the Latin as you will note from the
bracketed entry.
deificacion; notice the spelling following ME; that's it.

Now go back to Frame 10.

FRAME 12
a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.
o
b'

ruminate is a verb (v.).

ruminated is an intransitive verb; notice that only the ending -nated is
spelled out following the v. symbol. That's because all the syllables up to
nated are spelled the same and sounded the same. The whole spelling of runon entries is given only when there is a change in the entire word.
ruminating is also an intransitive verb; it is indicated by -nating - v.i.
ruminatingly rs an adverb (adv.); it's one of the last listings in the word entry.
Since tlrre ly is added to the word, it changes to another part of speech and is
Iisted separately at the end of the entry
rumination is a noun (n.); it's also listed near the end of the listings.
think and reflect; notice the last entry.
if they are synonyms to the entry word, they have to be the same part of
ruminate, aa verb. So they are verbs.
speecn
h as rumtnate,

This concludes Exercise 5. Restart the tape.

ObieCtiVe 3:When

you have finished with this module, you wilt be able to define
the term "running heads" and know how to use them for faster
dictionary use.

RUNNING HEADS

"Running heads" are the words listed at the top of each dictionary page indicated by
the arrows above. The word printed at the top left-hand side is the first word listed on
that page. The word on the right side is the last word entry on the page.
When you look up a word in the dictionary, you can find it much more quickly if you
use the running heads as a guide. For instance, if you were looking up the word literal,
you could tell by using the running heads in the illustration above that literal would
appear on page 790 because the first four letters of literal appear alphabetically between
the first four letters of each of the running heads on page 790 in the illustration.

Restart the tape.

20

'i.

.'

:.' :

:j'

Using Running Heads

EXERCISE 6

DIRECTIONS: Complete the following frames regarding the use of running

heads.

An example of what you are to do is provided below.

heads at the top of the page in a dictionary are acqtuainted
and act. Check the blanks in front of the words below if they would appear
on the same page of the dictionary

Example: The two running

'//
'/

a.

b.

acquire (a-c-q-u-i comes after acquainted,before act.)

across (a-c-r comes after d,cqu and before act.)
acorn

c.

d. lacrylic
e.
aconite
FRAME

(a-c-r comes after acq andbefore act.)

The two running heads at the top of a dictionary page are d.emand,able and. demon.
Check the blanks in front of the words below if they would appear on the same page in

the dictionary.
democratic

' b.

c.
d.
e.

density
demean

demolish
deluxe

Check your anEwers in Frame 3.

FRAME 2
The two running heads at the top of the dictionary page are hostess and hour.Check
the blanks in front of the words below if they would appear on that pqge.

a.
b.

hostile

c.

hotel

hospital

(Continued next page)

:1

27

Frame 2 (Continued)

d.
e.

hour
howl

Check your answers in Frame 4.

FRAME 3
The answers to Frame 1 are a, c, and. d. If you missed any of these, go back to Frame
and re-check your alphabetical figuring. Then go to Frame 2.

FRAME 4
The answers to Frame 2 ate a, c, and d. It you missed any of these, go back to Frame 2
and re-examine your answers. Then go to Frame 5.

FRAME 5
Now the running heads are return and reuerence. Which words would appear on that
page?

a.

reunite

b.

revel

c.
d.
e.

retrial
revise
revenue

Check your dnswers in Frame

7.

FRAME 6
The running heads are enuoy and epic. Which words would appear on that page?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

entrance
envoy
enzyme
epicure
epidemic

Check your ansu)ers in Frame g.

22

FRAME 7
E

t
t

Theanswersto Frame Sare a, b, and,e.Ifyoumissedany of them, goback to Frame

and check your alphabetical figuring. Then go to Frame 6.

t
Ig
[.

Ia'

FRAME 8
The running head words are lake and lamentation. Which words would appear on that

page?

a.

lag

b. -

lamb

c.
d.
e.

lame

I
r

t
t

I
I
I

lance

lament

Check your answers in Frame 10.

tr
fl

FRAME 9

Ir
$

The answers to Frame 6 are b and c. If you missed either of these, return to Frame
and check your error. Then ga to Frame 8.

rh

FRAME 10

The answers to Frame 8 are b, c, and e. If. you missed any of these, return to Frame 8
and check your mistakes. When finished, restart the tape. This ends Exercise 6.

I
t
t
L

I
I;

i
F

r:
t.
?

r
T

I
23

ObieCtiVe 4: When you have finished this module, you will

be able to define the

term 'orestrictive usage labels" and know where to find interpretations of their abbreviations.

RESTRICTIVE USAGE LABELS

run.a. gate

(ru_n/a.

gdt)-

n tSA, cligg)j.

!.

deserter ; renegade.

2. _4, vagabond;-homeless wl'ilEfFr. [Alter. of nnNecaon;

infl. by run, dial. agate on the way
ulr.a.roqryL,,ft13,lgqtrrndr) n. 1
frtlut deceptron;
n the body of the
text, as arollfrfl'11'llStFations.
run.a.waj (run/a.wfl/) adj. L. Escaping or escaped from re-

straint or eontrol; fugitive. 2. Brought about-by-ofrunning

away: a runaway mairiage. 3. E4sily
Easili won: said bf a h-orse
horse
raee. 4. Deeisive; one-side{. 5. Of, pertaining to, or eharacterized by a rapid price rise.
n. 1. One who or that
phiqh
which runs aw?y
awav or flees;
flees: alsq,
also. a-horse of which
"' tleiriger
t i''' iii*i 1* iln;*i." r. ffi ; # ;i''{d;i fi ;w ;;:
;l
- b \,rAn easily won vietory, as in a raee.
run.ci.ble spoon (runrsa.bal) A fork having three broad
tines,_one of which has a sharp edge. [< nuNc(INATE) +

Ifr iffi

(run/sa.net.

-nit) oal.k

"un."i;rr"te
the incisions or teeth in6lined backwEk?lisaid of leaves._ t <
L runcinalzs, pp. of runcinare to olane off < runcina planel
run.dle (runld'ai) n, 1. A rung,'as of a ladder. 2.'Somel

All of the circled items

with numbered arrows pointing to them

restrictiue
of a word is
first definition
of runagate is archaic, meaning old or seldom used. Number 2 points to slang, meaning
definition Number 1 of runaround is only used in slang usage. Number 3 indicates that
the second definition of runaround is used only in printing terms. Number 4 is an informal definition of runaway. Number 5 is restricted to Botany usage. The abbreviation
f.or Bot. can be found in the Abbreviation Key on page 14.
above

are

usage labels. Restrictive usage labels indicate when a particular definition

used in a limited or restricted way. For instance, in Number 1 above, the

Restart the tape.

24

Restrictive Usage Labels

EXERCISE 7

DIRECTIONS; Answer the questions following

each dictionary entry in the frames

below. Refer to the Abbreviation Key on page L4 when you need

help.

FRAME

at
beck' (bek) rz. A nod or other gesture of summons.
one's Leck and call Subject to-one's slightest wish. - o.t.
& a.i. To beekon. [Short for nocxoN]
beckz (bek) n. Brit. DiaL A small biook. [< ON bekkr
stream, brook]

What does the restrictive label Brit. Dial. mean?

b.

Would it be correct in the United States to refer to a small brook or stream

as

whv?

a beck?

Chech your answers in Frame 3.

FRAME 2
beck.et (bekrit) n. Naut. A device for holding spars, ropes,
etc., in position, as a eleat, a strap, loop, or rope, or a small
grommet. [Origin unknown]
a.

What does the restrictive label Naut. mean?

b.

In what branch of the armed forces would the word most likely be used?

Check your answers in Frame 4.

FRAME 3
The answers to Frame 1 are:

a.
b.

British Dialect, meaning it's restricted to use in Britain.

no, because the definition is restricted to British usage-. You could use it, of
course, but probably no one would know what you were talking about.

Go to Frame

2.
Zb

FRAME 4
The answers to Frame 2 arel.

a.
b.

Nautical, meaning sailing or sea term.

the Navy or Coast Guard.

Go to Frame

5.

FRAME 5
(sl6p) a. sloped, stop.ing o.i. 1. To be inclined from
the level or the vertical; slant. 2.To move on an inclined
path; go obliquely. 3. InformalTo leave suddenlv:'-run off.
a.t. 4. "fo eause to slope.
Syn. See Ttpi. n. l.
-Any slanting
surfaee or line; a deelivity
or acclivity. Z. The
degree of inclination of a line or surfae6 from the plane of the
h-orizon. 3. Math. The tangent of the positive dnsle of lesi
t-!an 180o made by the r-aiis and a stiaight line?rawn in
Cartesian eoordinates. [Aphetic var. of ailope, AE asloiei,
slsp/s1. n.'
Rgr. of aslupan to slip awdy]
slopr;.r".1;
AdA.
Blop/ing.neas ?2.
-

slgp-e

What restrictive definitions are listed for slope?

b.

Would

it

be correct to use the

for an English
c.

Would

it

class?

be correct to use the

textbook?
Check your anEwers in Frame

26

third definition of the uerb slope in an essay

7.

third definition of the noun slope in a Math

FRAME 6
slop, (slop)

o. elopped, slop.ping tt.i. 1. To splash or spill.

2. To walk or move through slush.
a.t. 3. To cause (a
liquid) to spill or splash. 4. To spill a-liquid upon. 5. U.S.
To feed (a domestic animal) with slops.
to slop over 1.
To overflow and splash. 2. To do or say-more than is necessary, beeause of excess zeal, sentimentality, etc.
n. l.
- been
Slush; watery mud. 2. A puddle of liquid that has
slopped. 3. An unappetizing liquid or watery food. 4. Refuse liquid. 5. pl.Waste food or swill, as from a kitchen,
used to feed cattle, pigq, etc. 6. pl. Distiller's mash deprived
of its alcohol. tME sloooe ( OE -slo,rpel
slop: (slop) n. 1-. Obs. A'lbose outer gaime-nt. 2. pl. Articles
of clothing, bedding, ete., supplied to sailors on shipboard.
Cheap, ready-made elothes. IME sloppe < OE
?;rrflrj

How many restrictive definitions are listed for the first entry?
What are they?

How many restrictive definitions are listed for the second entry?
What are they?
Would

it

be proper to refer to a loose

fitting

dress as

slop?

whv?

d.

Which definition for slopt is used only in the United States?

Check your answers in Frame 8.

FRAME 7
The answers to Frame 5 are:

a.
b.
c.

informal and Math definitions.

no, because it is restricted to informal usage, unless, of course, the essay was
supposed to be written informally.
yes, because the symbol Math precedes it, meaning the definition is restricted
or limited to that field. As a side note, did you notice that there are four
definitions of slope as a verb, and three as a noun? If not, take another look
in Frame 5.

When finished, go

to Frame

6.

27

FRAME 8
The answers to Frame 6 are:

a.
b.
c.

one, U.S., meaning the United States.

one, obs., means obsolete, not used much any more.
no, because the term is obsolete. That doesn't mean you can't use it, but the
question asked was would it be proper to use it. So the answer is no.
the 5th one listed, to feed with slop.

d.

Now go to Frame

9.

FRAME 9

iect (n., adj. sub jikt; u. sab jekd), n. 1. a matter or topic that forms the basis
of a conversation, train of thought, etc. 2. a branch of knowledge as a course of
study. 3. a person under investigation. 4. someone who owes allegiance to someone or sovereign state. 5. Gram. a noun or noun phrase that refers to a person,
place, or thing performing an action or state of being. 6. Philos. a. that which
thinks, feels or perceives as contrasted with the objects of thought, feeling or persub

ception. 7. Obs. the place beneath something.

How many restrictive definitions are listed in the entry above?

To what field or area is definition number 5 restricted?
c.

To what field or area is definition number 6 restricted?

d.

In what way is definition number 7 restricted?

Check your answers in Frame

L L.

FRAME 10
Define what is meant by restrictive usage labels:

Check your answer in Frame 12.

28

FRAME 11
The answers to Frame 9 are:

a. three
b. Grammar
c. Philosophy
d. it is obsolete
Go to Fmme 10

FRAME 12
Answers will vary in wording, but you should have something in your answer to indicate
that restricted usage labels limit a word's definition and show whether or not it is
proper to use, or when it is proper to use.
This ends Exercise

7. Restart the tape.

ObieCtiVe

5.'When you have finished this module, you will be able to selectively
choose the definition of a word when more than one word definition
is listed.

Example:

o.ilt. 'Io have a downcast or drooping gait,

or'ppstgap.lo hang or droop in ? careless man
E5?-?faf'*fu.tllg. To eause to droop or hang down. fn.
1. A droopiihJ the head and shoulilers eaused by deprh/
sion, fatigue, ete. 2. A drooping of the brim of a hat. q,
A;'; ;1;';;,'tiJu'', y-,' o. i;;;;5 ; ;? J" t ;;H,; ;'' G i v i,i t ["
^
negative: He's no sloueh at baseball. [Origin uneertain]
odj. slouch/i.ly adts. slouchri.ness zr.
"torr.6ry
-

slouch (sloueh[
look,

tt

O v.i. =

verb intransitive, or a verb that does not require a complement to

complete its meaning, such as:

(s)

(v)

He slouched in his chair.

O v.t. :

verb transitive, or a verb that does require a complement to complete its

meaning, such as:

(s)

(v)

(complement)

Ue stoggbgd the hgL over his face.

On.

noun, or a person, place or thing.

(n)

His slouch is not becoming to him.

or:

Restart the tape.

30

(")
He is no slouch at baseball.

Various Word Meanings

EXERCISE 8

(kroo) n. 1. The cultivated produce of the land, as

grdin'or vegetables. 2. The soil produg! of a particular
[ind, plaee,6r season: the whgat crop. 3. Theseasbn?l yi-eld
of things other than plants: the hgney crop. ^ 4. A colleetion
or ouantitv of anvthins produeed: a crop of. graduates. 5.
A eioppini, espeeiallv 6f'the hair: a clgde crop. 6. lhe result oi'cro"onin's. as: I A stvle of short haircut, or a head of
hair erooo'eil short. b An eirmark. as on cattle. 7. An enlarsemeilt of the sullet or esophigus in front of the true
stolnach. as in bird6: the eraw. 8. The handle of a whip. 9.
A whip having a leather loop for a lash. 1O. The entire
o. cropped, crop'ping
tanned hide of an animal.
-2. u.l. I .

eroD

To cut or eat off the stems or- ends

of-, as

grass.

To plq-ck

or reap. 3. To cut off closely, as hair. 4. To trim or glip;

cut shbrt. 5. To raise a erob or erops on; eause to bear
6. To appeaf above the surface; sprout:
crops.
or oul. 7. To-develop or eome up unexpeetedlv:
with up-o.i.
with u'p or oul. 8. To bear or yield a erop br crop-s. tOEl

In the blanks before each sentence, fill in the abbreviation and the
number of the definition in the entry above that best fits how the
word crop is being used. The first one has been done for you.

DIRECTIONS:

n.4

1.

This year's crop of graduate students is fewer in number than last year's.

2.

He wears his hair in a close crop.

3.

She uses a

4.

She

5.

The gardener crops the hedges once a month.

6.

The problem just cropped up.

7.

This year's crop of corn is greater than ever before.

8.

The bird's crop was damaged.

9.

The crop came off the whip.

10.

riding crop on her horse.

cropped thedog's hair.

She cropped off the ends of the plant.

Restart the tape

of this manual; )

for the answers. (Printed answers also appear in Back-Up 8 in the bqcl?

Gheck Test
DIRECTIONS:

and the
Answer the following questions below about the dictionary
dictionary entrY Printed below.
(ro-o/mor) n.
ru.mor
'i:'Irr"tl,"c'ffi

1-.

An unverified or unfounded report'

atffig:xnf,";x"J&Fff i"b,.hsits?,t
-'+-.

obs..-Fame, reputation ' - o't'

rliif ,i'".-"i.'
iln'[i
il;Aji,;.;;;a-as a rumor; norse abotit. Also Brfl. ru/mour.
t<oF<Ll

1.

How many syllables are in the word rumor?

2.

What syllable is accented in the word rumor?

3.

the word rumor?

what do you caII the symbol a used in the parentheses following

4.

What parts of speech are listed for the word rumor?

5.

3?
What does the word Archaic mean following the number

6.

What does obs. mean following definition number 4?

7.

What does the abbreviation n. mean?

8.

What does the abbreviation

u.

f.

mean?

Is the use of the word rumor correct in the sentence below?

Because of his rumor, no one would hire him'
the definition for rumor?
10. what does the symbol ( mean in the brackets following
9.

11.

From what language is rumor originally derived?

L2.

Where do Pronunciation Keys usually appear in most dictionaries?

Restart the taPe for the answera

Score
32

correct

BACK.UP

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

disgrace

b.
7.
8.
9.

bacon
tobacco

humor
tissue

easy

busy
awoke
music

10.

suspense

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

correct
correct
strr kya la' shen
conect
fo-ot'bal

1f.
19.
th.
1i.
1j.

Latin
antonym
noun

Restart the tape.

t

BACK-UP 2
;
I

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

correct
should be pcp
should be plan'

it

correct
should be un kom' en

Restart the tape.

BACK.UP 4

l-a. Old English

1b. feminine
1c. Hebrew
1d. plural
1e. intransitive verb

stem

syllable

equal
2b. brackets for word origin or etymology
2c. derived from
2a.

3a. noun
3b. Old French

3c.
3d.

baue

(notice that bauiere is derived from baue)

saliva

Interesting, isn't it, how the original meaning has changed over the centuries.
Restart the tape.
BACK.UP 8
2.
3.

n. 6a

4.

v.t. 3

5.

v.t,. 4

6.

v.i.7

n.9

7. n.2
8. n.7
9.' n. 8
10. v.t. 1

Restart the tape.

33

Answers to Check Test

1.

two

the first syllable

o
o.

the schwa

4.

noun and verb transitive

5.

an older, almost never used definition

6.

obsolete, meaning no longer used

7.

noun

8.

verb transitive

9.

no, because the way it is used refers to the obsolete definition of the word. The
sentence should read, "Because of his reputation, no one would hire him."

10.

derived from, meaning the language the word came from

11.

Latin; if you said OF or OId French, you didn't notice the original language is L
or Latin

L2. usually on the front

Restart the tape.

34

cover or front page and at the bottom of every other page