Chapter 2.0 - Frame Analysis

BFC32803
Reinforced Concrete Design II
Frame Analysis
Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini
rizuan@uthm.edu.my
07/09/2014
Learning Outcome
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
1) Analyse the responses of building (shear force and bending
moment) subjected to combined vertical actions and wind
load.
(C4-PLO4)
2) Manipulate structural design processes to complete the
assigned project.
(P4-PLO2)
3) Report design works which comprise of ideas and problem
solving through suitable tools or methods
(A3-PLO3)
BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II
by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
Introduction
The building structure is 3D, comprising floor slabs, beams,
columns and footings, which monolithically connected and act
integrally to resist vertical/lateral loads.
In the design, it has to analyze the structure subjected to all
probable combinations of loads, considering the ultimate limit
state.
Once the bending moment, shear force etc. were obtained,

reinforcements can be designed according to the standard.
Generally, 3D wide frame analysis is the most accurate method
to analyse the frame building
Introduction
3D frame which consist of slabs, beams and column

Introduction
3D frame is complex and
need to be carried out
using relevant computer
software such as StaadPro,
ESTEEM, ETABS, etc.
However, in many cases
the slabs are analyzed
separately.
Thus, the analysis may be
simplified to appropriate
sub-frame, consist only
beams and columns.
Introduction
However, in many cases
the slabs are analyzed
separately.
Thus, the analysis may be
simplified appropriately
sub-frame, consist only
beams and columns.
3D frame which consist of
slabs, beams and column
simplified
3D frame consist only

beams and columns

Introduction
In order to simplify the analysis, the 3D structure is generally
divided into a series of independent parallel 2D plane frames.
View-X
View -Y

Sub-Frames
2D plane frame can be further simplified into 3 level sub-frames:
i)
Complete sub-frame
The frame consists of all beams at each level with columns
top and bottom of beams. Moments at columns and beams
are tabulated by analyzing the complete sub-frame.
ii)
Simplified sub-frame
The frame consists of a selected beam with columns and
neighbouring beams at both sides of selected beam.
iii) Simplified sub-frame at point

The frame consists of a selected point or node with columns
at top and bottom, and neighbouring beams coming into the
point.
Sub-Frames
2D plane frame >>> complete sub-frame:
Roof
Second
floor
First
floor
Complete 2D Frame
Sub-frame at second floor

Sub-Frames
Complete sub-frame >>> Simplified sub-frame:
Roof
A
Second
floor
First
floor
Complete 2D Frame
Simplified sub-frame beam BC
Simplified sub-frame beam AB

Sub-Frames
Simplified sub-frame >>> One point sub-frame:
Roof
Second
floor
First
floor
Complete 2D Frame
Simplified sub-frame at point A
Simplified sub-frame at point C

Type of Frame
1) Braced Framed (BF)
Frames that not contribute
to the overall stability of the
structure.
None of the lateral actions,
including wind, are
transmitted to the columns
and beams but carries by
bracing members such as
shear wall.
Support vertical actions
only.
Type of Frame
2) Unbraced Framed (UBF)
Frame that contribute to the
overall stability of the
structure.
All lateral actions, including
wind, are transmitted to the
columns and beams since
there are no bracing
members such as shear
wall are provided.
Support vertical and lateral
actions
Method of Analysis
Primary objective: to
obtain a set of internal
forces and moments
throughout the structure
that are in equilibrium
with the design loads for
the required loading
combinations.
General provisions to
analysis are set out in
EN 1992-1-1 Section 5.
Braced Frame
Unbraced Frame
Vertical load
Vertical load +
Horizontal load
Load transfer
from slabs to
beams
Load transfer
from slabs to
beams ; wind to
column
Design action patterns: maximumminimum

Moment distribution method
Fixed end moments, Shear forces, Bending
moments

General Consideration
General consideration for sub-frame analysis:
i)
Method of sub-frame analysis can be conducted using onelevel sub-frame, two-point sub-frame or one-point sub-frame
with continuous beam.
ii)
The column or/and beam ends remote from the beam under
consideration may generally be assumed to be fixed unless
the assumption of pinned is clearly more reasonable.
iii) Stiffness for interior beam is KB.

iv) Stiffness for fixed end (beam elements) posses half their
actual stiffness, 0.5KB.
v)
The arrangement of the design ultimate variable loads

should be such as to cause the maximum moment the
column.
Method of Analysis
One-level sub-frame
Each sub-frame mat be taken to consist of the beams at one
level together with the columns above and below.
KB1
KB2
KB3
At least four cases combination of actions:
[Max][Min][Max]; [Min][Max][Min]
[Max][Max][Min]; [Min][Max][Max]
Method of Analysis
ii)
Two-point sub-frame
The moments and forces in certain individual beam may be
found by considering a simplified sub-frame consisting only
of the beam, the columns attached to the end of that beam
and the beams on either side is any.
KB1
0.5KB2
0.5KB1
KB2
0.5KB2
Load at interior beam where stiffness = KB is always for

maximum design load.
Method of Analysis
iii) One-point sub-frame with continuous beam
The moments and forces in the beams at one level
considering the beams as a continuous beam over supports
providing no restraint to rotation.
The ultimate moment for column simple moment
distribution procedure
0.5KB1
0.5KB1
0.5KB2

0.5KB3
Combination of Actions
Action on buildings is due to permanent (dead load), variable
(imposed, wind, dynamic, seismic loads) and accidental load.
Mostly multistory buildings for office or residential purpose are
design for dead, imposed and wind loads.
Separate actions must be applied to the structure in appropriate
directions and various types of actions combined with partial
safety factors selected to cause the most severe design
condition.
Maximum design load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
Minimum design load = 1.35Gk
Wind load = 1.2Wk

Vertical load due to wind = 1.2Gk + 1.2Qk
Combination of Actions
For the combination of dead load and imposed load, the following
loading patterns are considered:
Braced frame
1) All spans loaded with maximum dead plus

imposed loads
2) Alternate spans loaded with maximum
dead load and imposed load and all other
spans loaded with minimum dead load
Unbraced frame
1) Three cases loading arrangements as

braced sub-frame
2) Vertical actions for sub-frame
3) Wind load for complete frame
Analysis of Braced Frame

Procedure:
1. Analyse all actions, maximum and minimum design loads
2. Calculate moment inertia, I = bh3 /12
3. Calculate stiffness of beams and columns, k = I/L
4. Determine distribution factor, DF = ki / k
5. Determine fixed end moment (FEM) of beams
6. Perform moment distribution by cases:

a) Case 1 [Max][Max][Min]
b) Case 2 [Min][Min][Max]
c) Case 3 [Max][Min][Max]
d) Case 4 [Min][Max][Min]
7. Calculate actual shear force and bending moment
7. Draw BMD and SFD
diagrams
Wind Loading
Wind forces are variable loads which act directly on the internal
and external surfaces of structures.
The intensity of wind load on a structure is related to the square
of the wind velocity and the dimension of the members that are
resisting the wind.
Wind velocity is dependent on:
a) Geographical location
b) The height of the structure
c) The topography of the area
d) The roughness of the surrounding terrain
Wind Loading
The response of a structure to the variable action of wind can be
separated into 2 components:
Background component
Resonant component
- Involves static deflection of

the structure under the
wind pressure
- Involve dynamic vibration of

the structure in response to
changes in wind pressure
- Relatively small and structural
response to wind forces is
usually treated using static
method of analysis.
- Example: Natural wind
- Example: High-fluctuate wind,

hurricane, micro-burst,
windblast

Wind Loading
Wind creates pressure of the windward side of a buildings and
suction on three sides.

Effect of Wind
Hurricane Sandy batters New York with

howling winds
Building failure due to high pressure

wind from Hurricane Katrina

Wind Analysis
Three procedures are specified in MS 1553:2002, Malaysian
Standard for the calculation of wind pressures in buildings:
1)
The simplified procedure:

Limited in application to building of rectangular in plan and
not greater than 15 m high
2)
The analytical procedure:

Limited to regular buildings that are not more than 200 m
high and structure with roof spans less than 100 m
3)
The wind tunnel procedure:

Used for complex building
Wind Analysis
Simplified procedure (MS1553 Appendix A)
p 0.613 Vs
M z ,cat
C pe
2
C pi
where:
= The design wind pressure in Pa
Vs
= The basic wind speed (Figure A1)
M z ,cat = The terrain/height multiplier (Table A1)

C pe
= The external pressure coefficient for surface of enclose

building (A2.3 and A2.4)
C pi
= The internal pressure coefficient for surface of enclose

building which shall be taken as +0.6 or -0.3. The two
cases shall be considered to determinate the critical load
requirements for the appropriate condition.
Wind Analysis
Analytical procedure(MS1553 Section 2)
p 0.613 Vdes
where:
Vdes = Vsit l
CfigCdyn
= The design wind speed

= Importance factor (Table 3.2)
Vsit Vs M d M z ,cat M s M h = Site wind speed

Vs = Basic wind speed 33.5m/s for zone I and
32.5m/s for zone 2 (refer Figure 3.1)
M d = Wind directional multiplier = 1.0
M z ,cat = Terrain/height multiplier (Table 4.1)

M s = Shielding multiplier (Table 4.3) equal to 1.0 if the
effects of shielding are ignored or not applicable.
Wind Analysis
M h = Hill shape multiplier. Shall be taken as 1.0 except
that for particular cardinal direction in the local
topographic zones.
Cfig C pe K a K c K 1K p = Aerodynamic shape factor for external

pressure.
C pe = External pressure coefficient (Table 5.2.a and 5.2.b)

for windward and leeward walls respectively for
rectangular enclosed building
K a K c K 1K p = Area reduction factor, combination factor, local

pressure factor and porous cladding reduction factor
respectively. All shall be taken as 1.0 in most cases.
Cdyn = Dynamic response factor. Shall be taken as 1.0 unless the

structure is wind sensitive.
Wind Analysis
Wind tunnel procedure

Analysis of Unbraced Frame

Procedure:
1. Calculate design wind load, Wd=1.2Wk
2. Calculate lateral point load at each level of frame
a) Assume contraflexure point at center of frame
b) Axial loads in column are in its proportion to distances
from the centre of gravity of frame
c) All columns are equal cross-section area

3. Lateral load analysis using Cantilever Method.
- Calculate axial force in columns, then shear force in
beams and columns from top to ground levels.
4. Vertical load analysis due to wind, 1.2 Gk + 1.2Qk

- analysis of one level sub-frame
Analysis of Unbraced Frame

1.2WK
1.2WK
1.2WK
1.2WK
A3
B3
C3
D3
A2
B2
C2
D2
A1
B1
C1
D1
A3
B3
C3
D3
A2
B2
C2
D2
1.2GK +1.2QK
1.2GK +1.2QK
1.2GK +1.2QK
A1
B1
C1
Lateral load
of wind load
+
Vertical load
due to wind
pressure

D1
Tutorial
1) The framing plans for a multistory building are shown in the
layout. Analyze sub frame 3/A-D, Level 1 to determine shear
forces and bending moments of corresponding beams and
columns. Use all the three methods of analysis. Given the
following data: Permanent office building (Design life 50 years);
Location: Near sub-urban (Zone 1 of Malaysia wind speed
mapping), Topography: Flat areaslope<0.05 (Building around
within 1 KM radius); Beam in grid line 1,2,312: 250x600mm,
Beam in grid line A, B, C & D: 250x500mm; Slab thickness =
150mm; Columns: 300x400mm; Imposed load: 4.0kN/m2,
finishes, ceiling, services etc: 0.75kN/m2, Partitions: 0.5 kN/m2.
Download the layout here.
Tutorial
2) The framing plans for a multistory building are shown in the
layout (download here). Given the following data: Permanent
office building (Design life 50 years); Location: Near sub-urban
(Zone 1), Topography: Flat area-slope<0.05 (Building around
within 1 KM radius); Beam in grid line 1,2,312: 250x600mm,
Beam in grid line A, B, C & D : 250x500mm, Slab thickness =
150mm, Columns: 300x400mm; Imposed load: 4.0kN/m2,
Finishes, ceiling, services etc: 0.75kN/m2, Partitions: 0.5kN/m2.
For the multistory building:
a) Calculate the wind load on the building
b) Calculate the bending moments for all beams and
columns, due to wind load
c) Analyse the subframe consisting Beam 3/A-D, Level 1
with the column above and below then, subjected to
vertical load only.
References
1) M. S. Yassin. Reinforced Concrete Design To Eurocode 2. Skudai:
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2012.
2) B. Mosley, J. Bungey and R. Hulse. Reinforced Concrete Design
To Eurocode 2. 7th Ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
3) A. J. Bond, O. Brooker, A. J. Harris, T. Harisson, R. M. Moss, R. S.
Narayanan and R. Webster. How To Design Concrete Structures
Using Eurocode 2. Surrey: The Concrete Centre, 2006.


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BFC32803

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Once the bending moment, shear force etc. were obtained,

3D frame which consist of slabs, beams and column

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

3D frame consist only

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

iii) Simplified sub-frame at point

Sub-frame at second floor

Simplified sub-frame beam BC

Simplified sub-frame beam AB

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

Simplified sub-frame at point A

Simplified sub-frame at point C

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

Design action patterns: maximumminimum

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

iii) Stiffness for interior beam is KB.

The arrangement of the design ultimate variable loads

At least four cases combination of actions:

Load at interior beam where stiffness = KB is always for

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

Wind load = 1.2Wk

1) All spans loaded with maximum dead plus

1) Three cases loading arrangements as

Analysis of Braced Frame

6. Perform moment distribution by cases:

- Involves static deflection of

- Involve dynamic vibration of

- Example: Natural wind

- Example: High-fluctuate wind,

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

Hurricane Sandy batters New York with

Building failure due to high pressure

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

The simplified procedure:

The analytical procedure:

The wind tunnel procedure:

= The design wind pressure in Pa

= The basic wind speed (Figure A1)

M z ,cat = The terrain/height multiplier (Table A1)

= The external pressure coefficient for surface of enclose

= The internal pressure coefficient for surface of enclose

= The design wind speed

Vsit Vs M d M z ,cat M s M h = Site wind speed

M d = Wind directional multiplier = 1.0

M z ,cat = Terrain/height multiplier (Table 4.1)

Cfig C pe K a K c K 1K p = Aerodynamic shape factor for external

C pe = External pressure coefficient (Table 5.2.a and 5.2.b)

K a K c K 1K p = Area reduction factor, combination factor, local

Cdyn = Dynamic response factor. Shall be taken as 1.0 unless the

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

Analysis of Unbraced Frame

c) All columns are equal cross-section area

4. Vertical load analysis due to wind, 1.2 Gk + 1.2Qk

Analysis of Unbraced Frame

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

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