SAT

SUBJECT
TESTS

MATHEMATICS
LEVEL 2
BY SHIV SAKHUJA AND KABIR SIAL

FUNCTIONS
A function relates an input to an output. In a function (unlike in a relation), every input value may
have only one output value. The entire set of input values is called the domain. The set of possible
output values is called the codomain and the set of actual output values is called the range.
f(x) = x2

f(x) = 6

Domain

Codomain

Domain

16

Codomain

25
This is a function because each element of
the domain has a unique value in the
codomain. i.e Only one arrow is coming
out of each element of the domain.

Again, this is a function because each

element of the domain has a unique value
in the codomain. i.e Only one arrow is
coming out of each element of the domain.

f(x) = x

f(x) = 2x

Domain

Codomain

Domain

Codomain

-2

-1

This is not a function because there are

elements of the domain that have more
than one value in the codomain. i.e More
than one arrow is coming out of an element
of the domain, so it is not a function.

This is a function because each element of

the domain has a unique value in the
codomain. i.e Only one arrow is coming
out of each element of the domain.

VERTICAL.LINE.TEST.

If there exists a vertical line that will intersect the graph

of the relation at more than one point, then the relation
is not a function.
NOT A FUNCTION

PRACTICE.QUESTIONS
Determine whether the following are functions or not:
1. y = x2 + 1
2. y2 + x2 = 4
3. y = 3x - 1
4. y = 0
5. {(3, 2), (1, 2), (0, 5), (3, 3)}
6. |y| = x

SOLUTIONS
1. Yes
2. No
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. No
6. No

COMBINING(FUNCTIONS(
Given two functions, f & g

(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

(f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
(f . g)(x) = f(x) . g(x)
(f / g)(x) = f(x) / g(x)

(only if g(x)0)

INVERSE.FUNCTION
The inverse of a function f is f-1 such that f[f-1(x)] = f-1[f(x)] = x. The inverse of a function is not
necessarily a function.
EXAMPLES:
1. f(x) = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (6, 1)}
Ans. f-1(x) = {(2, 1), (4, 3), (1, 6)}
2. f(x) = 3x - 1
f(x) & y can be used interchangeably.
So, y = 3x - 1
x = (y + 1)/3
f-1 = (y+1)/3
3. f is a function such that f(x) = x2. Find f-1.
f(x) = y = x2
So, x = y
f-1 = y
Here, f-1 has two values for every value of y. So f-1 is not a function

f -1

GRAPHS.OF.INVERSE.FUNCTIONS

GRAPHS OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS ARE REFLECTIONS ABOUT THE LINE Y=X

Q. Find the range of the function f(x) = 1/(x - 2) + 4
Ans. Interchanging x & y
x = 1/(y - 2) + 4
x - 4 = 1/(y - 2)
y = 1/(x - 4) + 2
This will be defined only if x 4. So 4 cannot be in the range of f.

POLYNOMIAL.FUNCTION

Q. Write the equation of the line containing (1, 2) and slope 5

Ans. y = mx + c
y = 5x + c (because m = 5)
(1, 2) satisfies the equation. So 2 = 5(1) + c
c = -3
Equation: y = 5x -3

=3

slo
pe

Linear functions are polynomials in which the largest power

of x is 1.
The graph of a linear function is always a straight line.
General Form: Ax + By + C = 0; slope = -A/B, y-intercept = -C/B
Slope-intercept form: y = mx + c; slope = m, y-intercept = c

EXAMPLE:.
y(=(3x(+(1

PARALLEL.LINES.&.PERPENDICULAR.LINES
Parallel lines have the same slope but
dierent y-intercepts.

Slopes of perpendicular lines are

negative reciprocals of each other.

So, m1 = m2

So, m1 . m2 = -1

EXAMPLE:.

EXAMPLE:.

y(=(3x(+(2(((

y(=(3x(+(2(

y(=(3x(4(1

y(=(41/3x(4(1

QUADRATIC.FUNCTION
Quadratic functions are polynomials in which the largest power of x is 2.
The graph of a linear function is always a parabola.
General Form: y = ax2 + bx + c
When(a(<(0

When(a(>(0

0,(2b/a

0,(2b/a

Parabola(opens(downwards(and(has(a(maximum(

Parabola(opens(upwards(and(has(a(minimum(

value.

value.

PARAMETRIC.FUNCTIONS
Parametric functions are functions that, rather than being defined only in terms of x and y, are
defined in terms of a third variable. ( Say t)

FOR.EXAMPLE:..
x.=.2t.+.1.
y.=.t2.@.4.
t(=((x41)/2((
and(so,(
y.=.[(x@1)/2]2.@.4

Q. Find the equation in terms of x and y that corresponds to the given parametric
equation: y = t + 1, x = 4t - 4

EXPONENTIAL.AND.LOGARITHMIC.FUNCTIONS
Exponents indicate how many times to
multiply a number by itself. They are
represented by a superscript next to the
number.
For example: 23 means 2 x 2 x 2 = 8

Logarithms are used determine the

exponent when a and b are given. They are
represented as logab = x
For example: log28 = 3 implies that 23
=8

As(a(general(rule:(an(=(a(x(a(x(a(x(.(.(.(.(x(a((n(Qmes)

(logab(=(x(is(the(same(as(((ax(=(b

FORMULAE.FOR.EXPONENTS

1. am x an = am+n!
2. am/an = am-n!
3. (am)n = amn!
4. am/bm = (a/b)m!
5. ambm = (ab)m!
6. a0 = 1, for a 0!

a-m

1/am!

7.
=
8. a1/n = na!
9. am/n = nam

FORMULAE.FOR.LOGARITHMS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

log(x.y) = log x + logy!

log(x / y) = log x - logy!
log(xy) = y log x!
loga1 = 0!
logxy = (logay) / (logax)
logx(yn) = nlogxy

(a can be any base)

When no base is given in a logarithm base 10 is assumed. However if the function is written
as ln instead of as log, base e is assumed

Simplify..
1. (23.33.642(
2. ((log(102(4(log(105()(+(ln(e

ODD(&(EVEN(FUNCTIONS
The Math Level 2 Subject Test often tests you on odd and even functions.

Remember

EVEN.FUNCTIONS:.

f(x) and y can be used

interchangeable as both
represent a function.

Essentially, an even function is one in which f(-x) = f(x)

An even function is symmetric about the y-axis.

Graph of an even function

Keep in Mind

Examples:..
y = x2

f(x) = 5x6 + 3x2 + 5

odd or even. It can just

y = cos (x)

f(x) = 6

as well be neither odd

y = 5 - 2x2

f(x) = 5x-2

A function need not be

nor even.

A typical question in the Math Level 2 Test would be as follows:

Tip
A constant such as 6 can
be thought of as 6x0.

Q1. Which of the following functions are even?

I. f(x) = 9
II. y = x3 + x2
III. x2 = y2 - 4

CHECKING.FOR.AN.EVEN.FUNCTION:
To check algebraically if a given function f(x) is even, replace x in the given equation
with -x. If f(x) = f(-x), the function is an even function.
For example:

Calculator Tip!

f(x) = x2 - 4
Replacing x with -x,

To check graphically if a

f(-x) = (-x)2 - 4

function is even, graph the

f(-x) = x2 - 4

function on your calculator

f(-x) = f(x)

and check if it is symmetric

about the y-axis.

Therefore, it is an even function.

ODD.FUNCTIONS:.
An odd function is one in which f(-x) = -f(x)
An odd function is symmetric about the origin.

Graph of an odd function.

Calculator Tip!
To check graphically if a

Examples:..

function is odd, graph the

y = x3

f(x) = 3x7 + 4x3 + 2

function on your calculator

y = sin (x)

f(x) = x

y = 5x + 2x3

f(x) = 5x-1

and check if it is symmetric

about the origin.

CHECKING.FOR.AN.ODD.FUNCTION:

Questions

To check algebraically if a given function f(x) is odd, replace x in the given equation

Determine whether the

with -x. If f(-x) = -f(x), the function is an odd function.

following functions are

For example:

odd, even or neither:!

f(x) = x3 + 3x5

1. y = tan x!

Replacing x with -x,

2. y = cosec x!

f(-x) = (-x)3 + 3(-x)5

3. y = x2 + sec x!

f(-x) = -x3 - 3x5

f(-x) = -(x3 + 3x5_

(Use your calculator to

save time!)

f(-x) = -f(x)

Therefore, it is an odd function.

PRACTICE.QUESTIONS
1. Determine whether the following functions are odd, even or neither:
a. f(x) = x3 - 7x2
b. f(x) = x + x4
c. f(x) = 0

d. f(x) = -x

2. Are the following relation odd, even or neither:

a. {(1, 2), (3, 4), (-1, 2), (-3, 4)}
b. {(1, -2), (3, -4), (-1, 2), (-3, 4)}
c. {(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)}

SOLUTIONS.TO.PRACTICE.QUESTIONS
1. Substitute x with -x in all parts:
a. Neither
b. Neither
c. Odd and Even

d. Odd

2. Are the following relation odd, even or neither:

a. Even because for all (x, y) there is a (-x, y)
b. Odd because for all (x, y) there is a (-x, -y)
c. Neither odd nor even

COMPOUND.FUNCTIONS
When one function is expressed in terms of another (in the form f[g(x)]), it is known as a
compound function.

FOR.EXAMPLE:..
f(x).=.3x.@.1.
g(x).=.x2.
Find(fog(at(x(=(2(
fog(=(f[g(2)](
g(2)(=(4(
So,(f[g(2)](=(f(4)(
and(f(4)(=(11(

Therefore,.fog.at.x.=.2.is.11

GRAPHS.OF.FUNCTIONS
Finding Range and Domain

Functions whose graphs is a straight line (with any slope except 0 or undefined) have the
set of all real numbers as their domain and range since straight lines extend in both
directions infinitely by definition. Other limited function have more specific domains and
ranges.

FUNCTION.WITH.STRAIGHT.LINE.AS.GRAPH:.
Domain(&(Range:(Set(of(all(numbers

FUNCTION.WITH.LIMITED.STRAIGHT.LINE.AS.GRAPH:.
Domain:((43,()(
Range:((42,()
(43,(42)

 Polynomial Functions in which the highest power of x is odd (Odd degree

polynomials) too have their domains and ranges as the set of all real numbers
unless limited. Even degree polynomials have their domain as the set of all real
number but their range s usually limited at one end.

ODD.DEGREE.POLYNOMIAL.FUNCTION:.
Domain(&(Range:(Set(of(all(numbers

EVEN.DEGREE.POLYNOMIAL.FUNCTION:.
Domain:(Set(of(all(numbers(
Range:( Restricted( at( one( end( (max.( or(
min.)

ASYMPTOTES
An(asymptote(is(a(line(that(a(graph(approaches(but(never(intersects.(

VERTICAL.ASYMPTOTE

HORIZONTAL.ASYMPTOTE

HOLES
An(hole(is(a(single(point(of(the(graph(of(a(funcQon(at(which(the(funcQon(is(undened.(It(
can(be(recognised(by(the(empty(circle(at(the(point.

(2,(4)

Here, the point (2,4) is a hole.

So the domain of the function is the set of all real numbers except 2. (x 2)
And the range of the function is the set of all real numbers except 4. (y 4)

TRIGONOMETRIC(FUNCTIONS
sin= a / c
cosec= 1/sin = c / a

cos= b / c
sec= 1/cos = c / b

tan= a / b
cot= 1/tan = b / a
a

DEGREES.AND.RADIANS.

Degrees () and Radians are 2 units of angle measurement. It is important to remember that if
the angle has a degree sign next to it, it is in degrees. On the other hand, if it has no sign next to
it, it is in radians. When converting from degree to radian, remember that 2 radian = 360.
Which means that,
180 = radian

!
ConverZng:.
!

Degree to radian: Multiply angle by (/180)

Radian to degree: Multiply angle by (180/)

Length of arc if is in degree= r/180

Length of arc if is in radian= r
Area of Sector if is in degree= r2 /180
Area of Sector is is in radian= r2/2

Trig

0 or 0 rad.

30 or /6
rad.

45 or /4
rad.

60 or /3 rad.

90 or /2
rad.

sin

1/2

1/2

3/2

cosec

2/3

cos

3/2

1/2

1/2

sec

2/3

tan

1/3

cot

1/3

When angle is greater than 90 or /2, we must convert the angle into one between 0 and 90. We have to first
determine in which quadrant the angle will lie.

90 or /2

2nd Quadrant

sin: +ve!
cosec: +ve!

cos: -ve!
sec: -ve!

1st Quadrant

tan: -ve!
cot: -ve

sin: +ve!
cosec: +ve!

180 or

cos: -ve!
sec: -ve!

tan: +ve!
cot: +ve

0, 360 or 2

3rd Quadrant

sin: -ve!
cosec: -ve!

cos: +ve!
sec:+ve!

4th Quadrant

tan: +ve!
cot: +ve

sin: -ve!
cosec: -ve!

cos: +ve!
sec: +ve!

tan: -ve!
cot: -ve

270 or 3/2

To express angles greater than 90, we express them as a sum of two angles such that one angle lies between 0
and 90. For example:
150 = 180 - 30
300 = 360 - 60
2/3 = - /3
11/6 = 2 - /6

We further use the angle between 0 and 90 to calculate the value of the trigonometric function. For example:
sin(150)= sin(180- 30)=sin 30= 1/2 (sin is positive when lies in the 2nd quadrant)
cos(120)= cos(180- 60)= -cos 60= -1/2 (cos is negative when lies in the 2nd quadrant)
tan(225)= tan(180+ 45)= tan 45= 1 (tan is positive when lies in the 3rd quadrant)

Similarly, when the angle is expressed in radian we have:

sin(5/6)= sin(-/6) = sin(/6) = 1/2 (sin is positive when lies in the 2nd quadrant)
cos(2/3)= cos(-/3) = -cos(/3) = -1/2 (cos is negative when lies in the 2nd quadrant
tan(5/4)= tan(+/4)= tan(/4) = 1 (tan is positive in the 3rd quadrant)

TRIGONOMETRIC.FORMULAE
1. sin2x + cos2x = 1

14. cot(x+y) = (cotxcoty - 1)/(coty + cotx)

2. sec2x - tan2x = 1

15. cot(x-y) = (cotxcoty +1)/(coty - cotx)

3.

cosec2x

= 1

16. sinx + siny = 2sin((x+y)/2) sin((x-y)/2)

4. sin2x = 2sinx cosx

17. sinx - siny = 2cos((x+y)/2)sin((x-y)/2)

5. cos2x =

cot2x

cos2x

sin2x

18. cosx + cosy = 2cos((x+y)/2)cos((x-y)/2)

6. cos 2x = = 1 - 2sin2x = 2cos2x - 1

7. tan2x =

19. cosx - cos y = -2sin((x+y)/2)sin((x-y)/2)

(2tanx)/(1-tan2x)

20. 2sinxcosy = sin(x+y) + sin(x-y)

8. sin(x+y) = sinxcosy + cosxsiny

21. 2cosxsiny = sin(x+y) - sin(x-y)

9. sin(x-y) = sinxcosy - cosxsiny

22. 2cosxcosy = cos(x+y) + cos(x-y)

10.cos(x+y) = cosxcosy - sinxsiny

23. 2sinxsiny = sin(x-y) - sin(x+y)

11. cos(x-y) = cosxcosy + sinxsiny

24. sin3x = 3sinx - 4 sin3x

12. tan(x+y) = (tanx + tany)/(1 - tanxtany)

25. cos3x = 4cos3x - 3cosx

13. tan(x-y) = (tanx - tany)/(1 + tanxtany)

AMPLITUDE.AND.PERIOD.OF.TRIGONOMETRIC.FUNCTIONS
Period of sine function = 2 (repeats after every 2)
Period of cos function = 2 (repeats after every 2)
Period of tan function = (repeats after every )

Periodicity of a function f is the

smallest positive number a such
that f(x) = f(x+a)

If period of a function f is p, and g(x) = f(nx), period of g is p/n

So, the graph of: y = asin(b) or y = acos(b) has amplitude a and period 2/b

For a trigonometric function y = A.trig (Bx + C), Phase Shift = -C/B

PRACTICE.QUESTIONS
Calculate the amplitude, period and phase shift of the following functions:
1. f(x) = 3sin(x + 2)
2. f(x) = cos (2x - 1)
3. f(x) = tan (cx)

SOLUTIONS
Amplitude of sin, cos functions is the coefficient of sin / cos. Period of sin, cos functions is 2/b, where b is
the coefficient of x. Period of tan function is /b, where b is the coefficient of x.
1. Amplitude: 3, Period: 2/ = 2, Phase Shift: 1/2
2. Amplitude: 1, Period: 2/2 = , Phase Shift: -2/
3. Amplitude: None, Period: /c, Phase Shift: 0

GRAPHS.OF.TRIGONOMETRIC.FUNCTIONS

y = sin x

-/2

/2

-1

y = tan x

-/2

/2

-
-

y = cos x

-/2

/2

-1

INVERSE.TRIGONOMETRIC.FUNCTIONS

Inverse Trig

Domain

Range

sin-1

[-1, 1]

[-/2, /2]

cos -1

[-1, 1]

[0,]

tan -1

(-, )

(-/2, /2)

cot -1

(-, )

(0, )

sec -1

(-,-1] U [1, )

[0, /2) U (/2, ]

cosec -1

(-,-1] U [1, )

[-/2, 0) U (0, /2]

CALCULATION.OF.INVERSE.TRIGONOMETRIC.FUNCTIONS
Inverse trigonometric functions can be simply calculated when the values are known:

!
EXAMPLE:
!

1. sin-1 (1/2):
We know that sin x = 1/2 when x = 30 or 150. But the range of the sin1 function is from -90 to 90.
Therefore x=30

2. tan-1 (-1)
We know that tan x = 1 when x = -45 or 135. But the range of the tan1 function is from -90 to 90.
Therefore x=-45

When we do not know the values of x for which tan x = a, we must use a calculator to find its value.
Calculator Tip

Make sure your calculator is on the correct angle mode (degree / radian) when
calculating trigonometric values.

COMPLEX.NUMBERS
Real Numbers: -1, 2, 2, 4/5, 0.034, etc
Imaginary Numbers: These give a negative result when squared. Example: (-1), (-2), etc
We express such numbers in terms of i
i = (-1)
A complex number is the sum of a real number and an imaginary number.
Example: 3 + 4i, 1 - i, 2 - i, 2 + i
Standard form of a complex number: z = a + ib. So, a complex number has a real part a and an
imaginary part b. For example:

Complex Number

Real Part

Imaginary Part

7+i

-i +

-1

/2

/2

5i

ADDITION.OF.COMPLEX.NUMBERS
(a + bi) + (c+di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i

MULTIPLICATION.OF.COMPLEX.NUMBERS
(a + bi) x (c+di) = (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i

MORE.ABOUT.i
i = -1
i2 = -1
i3 = -i
i4 = 1
When i is raised to the power some constant a, divide a by 4. If the remainder is:
0, ia = 1
1, ia = i
2, ia = i2
3, ia = i3

CONJUGATE.OF.COMPLEX.NUMBERS
The conjugate of a complex number z is z . if z = a + ib, then z = a - ib. Conjugates are reflections
about the y-axis

GRAPHING.COMPLEX.NUMBERS
Imaginary Axis

(2,(4) represents(2(+(4i

Real Axis

x4axis(represents(real(part(
y4axis(represents(imaginary(part

On a graph, (a, b) represents the complex number a + ib. The modulus of a complex number z is
the square of its distance to the origin.
According to the Pythagorean Theorem, this distance is (a2 + b2)

ARITHMETIC.SEQUENCES
An arithmetic sequence or arithmetic progression is a series of terms in which each term
differs from the preceding term by a common difference.
Suppose the first term is a and the common difference is d. Then the sequence is:
a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, .. , a+(n-1)d
So the nth term of the arithmetic sequence is an = a + (n-1)d
Sum of n terms of the sequence:
Sn = n/2(a + an) = (n/2)[2a + (n-1)d]
If there is a term lying between any two terms, that term is the Arithmetic mean of the two terms.
For example: if x, y, z is an arithmetic sequence, y is the arithmetic mean of x & z.
In other words, y = (x + z)/2

GEOMETRIC.SEQUENCES
An geometric sequence or geometric progression is a series of terms in which any two
successive terms have a constant ratio r.
Suppose the first term is a and the constant ratio is r. Then the sequence is:
a, ar, ar2, ar3, .. , arn-1
So the nth term of the geometric sequence is an = arn-1
Sum of n terms of the sequence:
Sn = a(1 rn)/(1 r)
If there is a term lying between any two terms, that term is the Geometric mean of the two terms.
For example: if x, y, z is an geometric sequence, y is the geometric mean of x & z.
In other words, y = (xz)

CONIC.SECTIONS./.COORDINATE.GEOMETRY
Equation of Circle:
a. Standard form: (x - x1)2 + (y - y1)2 = r2
Centre = (x1, y1) and radius = r
b. General Equation of a circle: x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Centre = (-g, -f) and radius = (g2 + f2 - c)

(x1, y1)

Equation of Sphere:
a. Standard form: (x-x1)2 + (y-y1)2 + (z-z1)2 = r2
(x1, y1, z1)

b. General equation of a sphere: x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0

c. Centre = (-u, -v, -w) and radius = (u2 + v2 + w2 - c)

Length of perpendicular from point on a line:

Length of perpendicular from a point P(x1, y1) on a line ax + by + c = 0 is
ax1 + by1 + c / a2 + b2

Length of perpendicular from point on a plane:

Length of perpendicular from a point P(x1, y1, z1) on a plane ax + by + cz
+ d is
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d / a2 + b2 + c2

SOME.GENERAL.DEFINITIONS
I.

Axis of Symmetry - It is the line that divides the curve into two perfect halves.

II.

The focus and directrix together serve to define a new term eccentricity which determines
the type of conic section.

III.

Eccentricity determines the type of conic section.

A. If e < 1, the conic section is an ellipse.
B. If e = 1, the conic section is a parabola.
C. If e > 1, the conic section is a parabola.

IV.

The latus rectum of a conic is the chord through a focus and parallel to the conic section
directrix

PARABOLA
a. Symmetric about x-axis:
Standard equation of parabola oriented along x-axis and centre at (h, k): (y-k)2 = 4a(x-h)
Equation of axis of symmetry: y = k
Focus = a
Equation of Directrix: x = a
Eccentricity e = 1
Length of Latus Rectum = 4a
b. Symmetric about y-axis:
Standard equation of parabola oriented along y-axis and centre at (h, k): (x-h)2 = 4a(y-k)
Equation of axis of symmetry: x = h
Focus = a
Equation of directrix: y = -a
Eccentricity e = 1
Length of Latus Rectum = 4a
c. General equation:
y = ax2 + bx + c
Axis of symmetry: x = -b/2a
x-coordinate of parabolas vertex = -b/2a
y-coordinate of parabolas vertex =
y-intercept of the parabola (0,c)

If a is positive, parabola opens upward. If a is negative, parabola opens downward.

ELLIPSE
When major axis is horizontal (along x-axis):
Equation of ellipse centred at (h, k): (x-h)2/a2 + (y-k)2/b2 = 1
When centered at (0, 0):
(x)2/a2 + (y)2/b2 = 1 ; (a > b)
Coordinates of center: (0, 0)

When major axis is vertical (along y-axis):

Coordinates of Vertices: (a, 0)

Coordinates of Vertices: (0, b)

a2e2

a2

b2

Eccentricity e:
= Coordinates of foci: (ae, 0)
Length of Major Axis: 2a
Length of Minor Axis: 2b
Equation of major axis: y = 0
Equation of minor axis: x = 0
Length of Latus Rectum: 2b2/a
Focal Distance of a point P(x,y) = a + ex

Equation of ellipse centred at (h, k): (x-h)2/b2 + (y-k)2/a2 = 1

When centered at (0, 0):
(x)2/b2 + (y)2/a2 = 1 ; (b > a)
Coordinates of center: (0, 0)

Eccentricity e: a2e2 = a2 - b2
Coordinates of foci: (0, ae)
Length of Major Axis: 2b
Length of Minor Axis: 2a
Equation of major axis: x = 0
Equation of minor axis: y = 0
Length of Latus Rectum: 2b2/a
Focal Distance of a point P(x,y) = a + ey

HYPERBOLA
When major axis (transverse axis) is horizontal
(along x-axis):
Equation of hyperbola centered at (h, k): (x-h)2/a2 (y-k)2/b2 = 1
When centered at (0, 0):
(x)2/a2 - (y)2/b2 = 1 ; (a > b)
Coordinates of center: (0, 0)
Coordinates of Vertices: (a, 0)
Eccentricity e: a2e2 = a2 + b2
Coordinates of foci: (ae, 0)
Length of Major Axis (transverse axis): 2a
Length of Minor Axis (conjugate axis): 2b
Equation of major axis: y = 0
Equation of minor axis: x = 0
Length of Latus Rectum: 2b2/a
Asymptote Slope: b/a

When major axis (transverse axis) is vertical

(along y-axis):
Equation of hyperbola centered at (h, k): (y-k)2/a2 - (xh)2/b2 = 1
When centered at (0, 0):
(y)2/a2 - (x)2/b2 = 1
Coordinates of center: (0, 0)
Coordinates of Vertices: (0, a)
Eccentricity e: a2e2 = a2 + b2
Coordinates of foci: (0, ae)
Length of Major Axis (transverse axis): 2a
Length of Minor Axis (conjugate axis): 2b
Equation of major axis: x = 0
Equation of minor axis: y = 0
Length of Latus Rectum: 2b2/a
Asymptote Slope: a/b

STATISTICS
The Maths Level 2 Subject Test often tests you on some basic statistics. This is mostly stuff that youve
probably encountered in school and usually, graphing calculators can perform statistical operations which
can drastically save time.

Arithmetic Mean

Sum of all terms

divided by number of
terms

Median
Middle term of the
series (odd and even
cases explained later)

Mode
Most frequently
occurring term in the
series.

Range
Max. value - Min value
of a term in the series

MEAN./.ARITHMETIC.MEAN
It(is(calculated(by(adding(the(values(of(all(the(terms(in(the(series(and(dividing(it(by(the(number(of(terms(in(the(
series.(Also,(Mean(x(Number(of(terms(=(Sum(of(all(terms

Q. Find the arithmetic mean of the series: 21, 12, 13, 15, 24
Ans. Sum of all terms = 21 + 12 + 13 + 15 + 24 = 85
Number of terms in the series = 5
Mean = 85/5
Mean = 17
Q. The following series shows the marks of five students in a class: 80, 70, 95, 65, 70. When a
sixth student enrolls into the class, the mean marks in the class becomes 78. What were the
sixth students marks?
Ans. Total marks of initial five students = (80+70+95+65+70) = 380
When the sixth student enters the class, total marks of the class = 78 x (5+1) = 468
Difference in total marks of class = marks of sixth student
So, marks of the sixth student = 468 - 380 = 88

MEDIAN
It(is(the(middle(term(of(a(series(with(an(odd(number(of(terms.(For(a(series(with(an(even(number(of(terms,(it(is(the(
mean(of(the(2(middle(terms.
Q. Find the median of the series: 21, 12, 13, 15, 24
Ans. First arrange in ascending order (or descending order): 12, 13, 15, 21, 24
Middle term is median (since number of terms is odd): 12, 13, 15, 21, 24
So, 15 is the median
Q. Find the median of the series: 21, 12, 13, 15, 24, 19
Ans. First arrange in ascending order (or descending order): 12, 13, 15, 19, 21, 24
Middle term is median (since number of terms is odd): 12, 13, 15, 19, 21, 24
So, the median is the mean of 15 & 19 = 17

MODE
It(is(the(term(of(a(series(which(occurs(most(oben(in(a(series.
Q. Find the mode of the series: 1, 2, 4, 3, 3, 8, 8, 7, 6, 4, 4, 5, 3, 2, 4, 5, 4, 10, 9, 4.
Ans. Clearly, the term 4 has appeared 5 times: the most number of times out of all the terms in the series.
So, 4 is the mode.

RANGE
Range(measures(the(spread(of(the(data.(It(is(calculated(by(subtracQng(the(minimum(value(from(the(
maximum(value
Q. Find the range of the series: 21, 11, 13, 15, 24, 19
Ans. Clearly, the term of maximum value is 24 and the term of minimum value is 11
So, the range is 24 - 11 = 13.

REGRESSION
Regression(analyses(the(relaQonship(between(two(variables.(For(two(variables(x((independent(variable)(
and(y((dependent(variable),(there(are(models(that(relate(them:(the(Linear(model,(the(QuadraQc(Model(
and(the(ExponenQal(Model

Linear.Model.Sca_erplot
y(=(a0(+(a1x

QuadraZc.Model.Sca_erplot
y(=(a0(+(a1x(+(a2x2

ExponenZal.Model.Sca_erplot
y(=(a0eax

On the maths level 2 test, you are not required to know the mathematics of regression. However, you are
expected to know how to use your calculator to get parameter estimates for a model and make predictions
using the equations. Since this may be different for different calculators, we cannot cover how to use the
calculator here but we recommend that you look this up further (on the internet or calculator manual)

PROBABILITY
It(is(the(number(of(ways(the(event(can(be(successful(divided(by(the(total(number(of(ways(
the(event(can(happen.
EXAMPLE:.

1. What is the probability of getting tails when a coin is tossed ?

Total number of outcomes = 2 (Heads, Tails)
Tails can only come in one of these equally likely outcomes.
So P(tails) = 1/2

2. What is the probability of getting a prime number when a die is tossed ?

Possible outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Prime number outcomes: 2, 3, 5
So P(prime number) = 3/6 = 1/2

3. When 2 dice are thrown, what is the probability of:

D. Getting a sum of exactly 11
E. Getting a sum of more than 12
F. Getting 2 on one dice and 4 on one dice

Possible combinations when 2 dice are thrown (36):

(1, 1)

(2, 1)

(3, 1)

(4, 1)

(5, 1)

(6, 1)

(1, 2)

(2, 2)

(3, 2)

(4, 2)

(5, 2)

(6, 2)

(1, 3)

(2, 3)

(3, 3)

(4, 3)

(5, 3)

(6, 3)

(1, 4)

(2, 4)

(3, 4)

(4, 4)

(5, 4)

(6, 4)

(1, 5)

(2, 5)

(3, 5)

(4, 5)

(5, 5)

(6, 5)

(1, 6)

(2, 6)

(3, 6)

(4, 6)

(5, 6)

(6, 6)

A. Getting a sum of exactly 11 is possible in only 2 cases: (5, 6) and (6, 5).
So, P(Sum of 11) = 2/36
B. Getting a sum of more than 12 is never possible when 2 dice are thrown. The maximum possible sum is 12.
C. Getting 2 on one dice and 4 on one dice is possible in 2 cases: (2, 4) and (4, 2)
So, P(2 and 4) = 2/36

The(odds(in(favor(of(an(event(is(the(probability(of(the(event(happening(divided(by(the(probability(of(the(
event(not(happening.
Q. Find the odds in favor of getting a number less than 2 when a die is thrown.
Ans. Probability in favor of the event happening (P <2) = 1/6
Probability in favor of the event not happening (P 2) = 5/6

So odds in favor of the event = 1:5

INDEPENDENT.EVENTS
These(are(events(that(have(no(eect(on(each(other.(Two(events(are(independent(if(and(only(
if(P(AB)(=(P(A)(.(P(B)
EXAMPLE:.

1. When two dice are thrown, what is the probability of getting two 4s?
Since each die throw has no effect on the other, these are independent events.
So P(two 4s) = P(4) . P(4)
P(two 4s) = (1/6) . (1/6)
P(two 4s) =1/36

2. If the probability that Steve will eat a toffee is 1/5, the probability that Phil will eat a toffee is 2/3 and
the probability that Craig will eat a toffee is 3/4, what is the probability that at least one of them will eat
a toffee ?
The easiest way to solve this is by considering the probability that none of them eats the toffee
Let X = Steve does not eat a toffee
Let Y = Phil does not eat a toffee
Let Z = Craig does not eat a toffee
Then, P(X) = 4/5, P(Y) = 1/3, P(Z) = 1/4
So P(XYZ) = P(X) . P(Y) . P(Z)
P(XYZ) = (4/5).(1/3).(1/4)
P(XYZ) = 1/15 (Probability that none of them eats a toffee.
So the probability that at least one of them eats a toffee is 1- P(XYZ) = 14/15

MUTUALLY.EXCLUSIVE.EVENTS
These(are(events(in(which(the(probability(of(the(all(events(happening(is(zero.(For(any(two(events(A(and(
B,(if(P(AB)(=(0,(they(are(mutually(exclusive.(For(two(mutually(exclusive(events,(P(AB)(=(P(A)(+(P(B)
EXAMPLE:.

1. When two dice are thrown, what is the probability of getting a sum of 11 or 12 ?
Here, P(AB) is 0 because we cannot get a sum of 11 and 12.
So P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) (Because the events are mutually exclusive)
P(AB) = 2/36 + 1/36
P(AB) = 3/36 = 1/12

REFLECTION.IN.A.LINE
Reflection over x-axis: The reflection of the point (x,y) across the x-axis is (x, -y)

!Reflection over y-axis: The reflection of the point (x,y) across the y-axis is (-x,y)
!Reflection over the line x = y :
Relfection of point (x,y) is (y,x)
!Reflection over the line x = -y :
Reflection of point (x,y) is (-y,-x)

f(x)

g(x)

f(x) g(x)

f(x)g(x)

f(x)/g(x)
g(x) 0

fog(x)

Odd

Odd

Odd

Even

Even

Odd

Odd

Even

Neither

Odd

Odd

Even

Even

Even

Even

Even

Even

Even

PERIODS.OF.FUNCTIONS
Period of sinx, cosecx, cosx and secx is 2

!Period of tanx and cotx is

!Period of I sinx I , I cosx I , I tanx I , I cosecx I , I secx I , I cosecx I have a period of
!Period of sin x, cos x, sec x, cosec x is when n is even and 2 when n is odd.
!Period of tan x and cot x is
!Let k, a, b be non-zero real numbers and f(x) be periodic with T. Then:
n

kf(x) is periodic with period T.

f(x+b) is periodic with period T.
f(x) + a is periodic with period T.
f(ax+b) is periodic with period T/IaI

!If g(x) is a periodic function with period T and f(x) is any function such that domain of g is proper
subset of f, then fog is also periodic with period T.

MISCELLANEOUS
De Moivres Formula: For any complex number z and integer n, it holds that:
(cosx + isinx)n = cos(nx) + isin(nx)
Binomial Distribution in Probability: If there are n independent trials such that for each trial:
p is the probability of success
q = 1 - p is the probability of failure

!Then probability of r success in a series of n trials is given by:

P(X = r) = nCrprqn-r