MAGNETO STATICS

BAR MAGNET
A system composed of two poles, equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity, placed at a small
displacement apart is known as a bar magnet. It is also known as a magnetic dipole.
+mp

mp

S
(a)

1.1
(Ia)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Solution :

(a)
(b)
(c)

(b)

POLE STRENGTH (MP)

The strength of a magnetic pole to attract magnetic materials towards it, is known as pole
strength.
Greater the number of unit poles in a magnetic pole, greater will be its strength.
F
Magnetic force
mp
B Magneticinduction
Its unit is ampere-meter.

Illustration 1:

1.2

The magnetic flux density of magnetic field is 1.5 Wb/m 2. A proton enters this
field with a velocity of 2 107 m/s in a direction making an angle of 30 with
the field. The force acting on the proton will be :
(A) 2.4 1012 Newton
(B)
0.24 1012 Newton
(C) 24 1012 Newton
(D)
0.024 1012 Newton
(A) F =qvB sin q =1.6 10 - 19 2 107 1.5 0.5 =2.4 10 - 12

MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE

The imaginary lines which represent the direction of magnetic field, are known as magnetic
lines of force.
The imaginary path traced by an isolated (imaginary) unit north pole is defined as a line of
force.
Magnetic lines of force are closed curves. Outside the magnet their direction is from north
pole to south pole and inside the magnet these are from south to north pole.
N

(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)

They neither have origin nor end.

These lines do not intersect, because if they do so then it would mean two value of magnetic
field at a single point, which is not possible.
The tangent drawn at any point to the line of force indicates the direction of magnetic field at
that point.
At the poles of the magnet the magnetic field is stronger because the lines of force there are
crowded together and away from the poles the magnetic field is week. i.e. magnetic field
intensity number of lines of force.
The number of magnetic lines of force passing through unit normal area is defined as
magnetic induction (B) whereas the number of lines of force passing through any area is
known as magnetic flux.

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(i)

1.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

1.4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

1.5
(a)
(b)

MAGNETO STATICS
The lines of force can emerge out of the north pole of magnet at any angle and these can
merge into the south pole at any angle.
MAGNETIC FIELD
The space around a magnet in which a torque acts on a magnetic needle is known as magnetic
field.
The space around a magnet in which a net force acts on a magnetic test pole is known as
magnetic field.
The space around a magnet in which its effect is experienced is known as magnetic field.
There are four types of magnetic field :
(i)
Uniform magnetic field: (a) The magnetic field, in which the intensity of magnetic
field is same at all points, is known as uniform magnetic field.
(b)
In such a magnetic field the magnetic lines of force are parallel and
equidistant. e.g. the magnetic dines of force of earth's magnetic field.
(ii)
Non-uniform magnetic field: (a) The magnetic field, in which the intensity of
magnetic field at different points is different, is known as non-uniform
magnetic
field.
(b)
It is represented by non-parallel lines of force.
(iii)
Varying magnetic field: (a) The magnetic field, which keeps on changing
with respect to time is known as a variable magnetic field.
(b)
Example : B = B0 sin t
or
B = B0 cos t
(iv)
Non-varying magnetic field: (a) The magnetic field which does not change
with time is known as a constant magnetic field.
(b)
The direction of magnetic field is that in which a force acts on a unit test pole.
(c)
It can be produced by moving charges, current carrying loops, and variations
in electric currents.

MAGNETIC DIPOLE
The structures, which tend to align along the direction of magnetic field, are known as
magnetic dipoles.
Bar magnet, current carrying solenoid, current carrying coil, current carrying coil, current
loop, magnetic needle etc. are the examples of magnetic dipole.
It is not possible to separate out the two poles of a magnet.
Magnetic dipole is not a system composed of two poles because the existence of monopoles
is not possible.
A loop of single turn is also a magnetic dipole. One face of the loop behaves as north pole
and the other face behaves as south pole. The face of the coil, in which current is
anticlockwise, behaves as north pole and the face in which current is clockwise, behaves as
south pole.
MAGNETIC FLUX
The number of lines of force passing through a given area is defined as magnetic flux.
The magnetic flux passing through unit normal area is defined as magnetic induction (B).

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(c)

MAGNETO STATICS
When the magnetic field is normal to the plane then = BA, when A = 1m2 then = B.
B
n
Normal to
surface

Vibrative lines
Of force
Surface

(d)

When magnetic field makes an angle with the normal to the plane :
(i)
Magnetic flux linked with the plane = Area of the plane
(A) Component of magnetic field normal to the plane (B cos )
i.e. = AB cos If the number of turns in the coil is N. then = NAB cos
B

os
Bc

Bcos

or
A

(ii)

= magnetic field normal to the plane (B) component of A in the direction of

magnetic field (A cos )
i.e. = BA cos

os
Ac

(e)

B
r
In both cases q is the angle between B and n .
r
r
(iii)
When B and A are mutually parallel then = 0o and = BA.
r
r
(iv)
When B and A are mutually perpendicular, = 90o and = 0.
r
r
(v)
When B and A are antiparallel, then = 180o and = BA.
When the angle between B and the plane of coil is then = BA sin .
If the number of turns in the coil is N then = NBA sin .
B
O

B sin
n

180o
A

r
B
B cos

(f)

r
(i)
When the plane of coil is parallel to B then = 0o and = 0.
r
(ii)
When B and the plane of coil are mutually perpendicular i.e. = 90, then = BA.
r
(iii)
When B and the plane of coil are mutually antiparallel i.e. = 180o, then = 0.
r r
Magnetic flux linked with a small surface element dA d B.d A B dA cos

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MAGNETO STATICS

r
where d A = area of small element.
n = unit normal vector.

r
B

DA

(g)
(h)

(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)

The flux linked with total arear of

r the surface A
d B.dA B dA cos

r
Positive magnetic flux: When the magnetic induction B and the unit normal vector n are in
the same direction
then is called the positive magnetic flux.
r
B
r
A
= BA
r
Negative magnetic flux: When the magnetic induction B and unit normal vector are
mutually in opposite directions then is called negative magnetic flux
= BA
The flux emanating out of a surface is positive and the flux entering the surface is negative.
is a scalar quantity.
The net magnetic flux coming out of a closed surface is always zero, i.e.

B.dA 0
or

1.6
(a)
(b)

r rA
.B 0

MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY OR MAGNETIC INDUCTION

The magnetic lines of force passing through unit normal area in a magnetic field is defined as
magnetic induction.

B when A 1m.2 then B

A
r
F
r
B
i

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(c)
(d)
(e)

1.7
(a)

(b)
(c)

MAGNETO STATICS
Direction of magnetic induction: The direction in the magnetic field in which if a current
carrying conductor is placed then no force acts on it, is known as the direction of magnetic
induction.
Magnetic induction is a vector quantity.
The magnetic induction due to a bar magnet
2KM
(i)
In axial position B 3
r
KM
(ii)
In equatorial position B 3
r
m0
=10- 7 Weber / A.m
Here K =
4p
MAGNETISING FIELD OR INTENSITY OF MAGNETIC FIELD H
The ratio of magnetic induction produced in vacum (Bo) and magnetic permeability of
Bo
vacuum is defined as magnetising field (H), i.e. H
o
mp
The intensity of magnetic field due to a pole of strength mp at a distance r from it is H 2
r
M
2
Due to a small magnet H = 3 1 3 cos
r

Illustration 2:

Solution:
Illustration 3:

Solution:

1000 turns per meter are wound over a Rowland ring of ferromagnetic material.
On passing a current of 2 ampere in the coil, a magnetic field of 10 Wb/m 2 is
produced in it. The magnetising force generated in the material will be :
(A)
1.2 103 A/m
(B)
2.6 103 A/m
(C)
2.6 104 A/m
(D)
2 103 A/m
Ni
=ni =103 2 =2 103 A / m
(D) H =
2 pr
In the above problem, the value of intensity of magnetisation in A/m will be :
(A)
7.96 106
(B)
7.96 106
(C)
3.98 103
(D)
zero
(A) B =m0 ( I +H)
\ I=

Illustration 4:

Solution:

B
10
- H=
- 2 103 =7.96 106 A / m
-7
m0
4 p 10

In the above question 115 the relative permeability of the material will be :
(A)
4.98 103
(B)
4.98 103
(C)
2.98 103
(D)
3.98 103
I
7.96 106
(D) mr =1 +X =1 + =1 +
=3.98 103
3
H
2 10

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MAGNETO STATICS

1.8
(a)

MAGNETIC MOMENT (M)

If a magnet of length l and magnetic moment M is bent in the form of a semicircular are then
2M
its new magnetic moment will be M' =

mp

mp

l = r

l
l
N

2r

M = mpI

(b)

The magnetic moment of an electron due to its orbital motion is 1 B whereas that due to its

spin motion it is B .
2
eh

eh
i.e. Morbital = l

4ml 2m
l

B
eh
eh
s
sB
2
4ms
2m
s
Here B = Bohr magneton
eh
(i)
The value of Bohr magneton B =
4m
23
2
(ii)
B = 0.93 10
Amp-m
and

Mspin = s

(c)

Other formulae of M:
(i)
M = nir2
eVr er 2 er 2 2f er 2
(ii)
M

2
2
2
T
e
(iii)
2mJ
(iv)
M = nB

(d)

Resultant magnetic moment :

(i)
When two bar magnets are lying mutually perpendicular to each other, then
M M12 M22 2mpl

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(ii)

MAGNETO STATICS
When two coils, each of radius r and carrying current i, are lying concentrically with
their planes at right angles to each other, then
M M12 M22 2ir 2 if M1 = M2
M2

r
O

Illustration 5:
Solution:

Illustration 6:

M1

A square loop OABCO of side l carries a current i. It is placed as shown in

figure. Find the magnetic moment of the loop.
Magnetic moment of the loop can be written as,

uuur uuur
M i BC CO

uuur
Here, BC l k

uuur
l
3
CO l cos 60o i l sin 60o j i
l j
2
2

ur
l
3l
M i ( l k) i
j

2
2

ur il 2

M
or j 3 i
Ans.
2

Find the magnitude of magnetic moment of the current

carrying loop ABCDEFA. Each side of the loop is 10 cm
long and current in the loop is i 2.0 A.

C
D

i
B

Solution :

By assuming two equal and opposite currents in BE, two current carrying loop
(ABEFA and BCDEB) are formed. Their magnetic moments are equal in
magnitude but perpendicular to each other. Hence
Mnet M2 M2 2 M
Where M ia (2.0)(0.1)(0.1) 0.02 A-m2
Mnet ( 2 ) (0.02) A m2 0.028 A-m2
C
D
B

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Illustration 7:
Solution:

MAGNETO STATICS
Two identical bar magnets each of length L and polestrength m are placed at
right angles to each other with the north pole of one touching the south pole of
the other. Evaluate the magnetic moment of the system.
As magnetic moment is a vector
M2 sin
2
2
1/ 2
MR (M1 M2 2M1M2 cos ) with tan
and as here M1 = M2
M1 M2 cos
= mL and = 90, so
MR = (M2 + M2 + 2MM cos 90)1/2 = ( 2)mL
Msin90
tan
1, i.e., = tan1(1) = 45
And,
M Mcos90
S

M2

M1

M1
N

MR

M2
(A)

1.9
(a)

(b)
(c)

(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)

(B)

INTENSITY OF MAGNETISATION (I)

The magnetic moment per unit volume of a material is defined as intensity of magnetisation
M
(I). i.e. I =
, when
V
V = 1m3 then I = M.
The unit of intensity of magnetisation is ampere/meter and its dimensions are M0L1T0A1
The pole strength per unit area of cross-section is defined as intensity of magnetisation. i.e.
m
I p when A = 1m2 then A=1m2 then I = mp
A
It is a vector quantity whose direction is along the magnetic field.
In para- and ferro-magnetic materials its direction is in the direction of H and in dia-magnetic
materials it is opposite to that of H.
I is produced in materials due to spin motion of electrons.
The value of I and its direction in a material depend on the nature of that material.
I - M curve
(i)
For para magnetic materials
(ii)
For diamagnetic materials

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MAGNETO STATICS

(iii)

For ferromagnetic materials

(i)

I - H curve

(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)

Its value depends on temperature.

It is produced on account of induction in a material.
For low magnetising field I H. i.e. I H or I = Ht
is a dimensionless constant i.e. it carries no unit.
Other types of intensity of magnetisation:
(i)
Mass intensity of magnetisation (Imass)Intensity of magnetisation
1
Imass orIm

density of magnetic material

(ii)
Molar intensity of magnetisationImolar = IMW = Mo. Wt. mass intensity of magnetisation = MW Im
(iii)
Molecular intensity of magnetisation-

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MAGNETO STATICS
Imolecular IM

Molar int ensity of magnetisation IMW

Avogadro No.
N

1.10 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OR ( OR K)

(a)

(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

(f)
(g)
(h)

(i)
(j)

The ratio intensity of magnetisation (I) in a material and the magnetising field (H) is defined
as magnetic susceptibility ().
I
i.e.
H
When H = 1 Oersted then = I.
The intensity of magnetisation induced in a material by unit magnetising field is defined as
magnetic susceptibility.
It has no unit and no dimensions.
It is a measure of ease with which a material can be magnetised by a magnetised by a
magnetising field (H).
Magnetic susceptibility of various materials(i)
For diamagnetic materials = low and negative
(ii)
For paramagnetic materials = low but positive
(iii)
For ferromagnetic materials = high and positive
I
For paramagnetic substances it is inversely proportional to temperature i.e.
T
For low magnetising field the value of is constant.
Different types of magnetic susceptibility(i)
Volume susceptibility
I
V X
H
(ii)
Mass or specific susceptibility m

Volume susceptibility
m v

density of meterial
(iii)
Molar susceptibility MW
MW = m MW
= Specific susceptibility Mol. Wt.
(iv)
Molecular susceptibility m
m = Atomic wt. specific susceptibility
AI
= A m
H
T curve
1

:
T

(a)

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(b)

T1

Page 10

For paramagnetic substances

Illustration 8:

Solution:

MAGNETO STATICS
For paramagnetic substances

The magnetic induction along the axis of an air solenoid is 0.03 Tesla. On placing an
iron core inside the solenoid the magnetic induction becomes 15 Tesla. The relative
permeability of iron core will be :
(A)
300
(B)
500
(C)
700
(D)
900
m Bm
15
=
=500
(B) Bm =mH, B =m0H \ mr = =
m0
B
0.03

1.11 ABSOLUTE MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY ()

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)

The ratio of magnetic induction (B) to magnetising field (H) is defined as magnetic
permeability ().
The extent to which magnetic permeability of that medium.
It is the characteristic property of a magnetic material because it represents the amplification
of magnetising field in that material.
Its value is always positive and is different for different materials.
For materials its value can be greater or less than 0.
Its value depends on H and T.
= 0 [1 + ]
= 0r
(i)
For feeromagnetic materials = high
(ii)
For paramagnetic materials = low
(iii)
For diamagnetic materials = very low
The unit of magnetic permeability is Weber per ammere-meter or Henry per meter and its
dimensions are M1L0T2A2.

1.12 RELATIVE PERMEABILITY (R)

(a)

(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

The ratio of magnetic permeability of medium () to the magnetic permeabiliy of free space

(0) is defined as relative permeability (r). i.e. r

0
Number of lines of force pas sin g throughunit area in medium
r
Number of lines of force pas sin g throughunit area in vacuum
magnetic flux density in medium
r
Magnetic flux density in vacuum
The limit unto which a magnetic field penetrates matter, is known as relative permeability of
that material.
It has no unit and no dimensions.
r = 1 +
Relative permeability of various substances(i)
For diamagnetic substances the value of r is slightly less than one i.e. r < 1.
(ii)
For paramagnetic substances the value of r is slightly greater than one i.e. r > 1.
(iii)
For ferromagnetic substance the value of r is much greater than one i.e. r >> 1.

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MAGNETO STATICS

1.
(i)
(ii)

(iii)

(iv)
(v)

MAGNETIC DIPOLE IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD

When a dipole is placed (or suspended) in a uniform
magnetic field, then no net force acts on it i.e. the
resultant force acting on it is zero.
When a dipole is placed in a uniform magnetic field
then ra torque
acts on it which is given by
r
M B Newton-meter
The magnitude of torque is given by
MB sin 2 ml B sin
Where m is the pole strength and 2l is the length of
dipole.
The units of M are ampere-meter2 or Joule/Tesla and its dimensions are M0L2A1
When a magnetic dipole is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, then a torque as well as a
force both act on it. The force acting on the dipole is given by

(vi)

(vii)

r r dB
F M
Newton
dr
(a)
The work done in rotating a dipole in a magnetic field from an angle 1 to
angle 2 with the field direction is given byW = MB (cos 1 cos 2) Joule
(b)
If initially the dipole is lying along the field direction, then 1 = 0
W = MB (1 cos )
Potential energy
r r(U): (a) The potential energy of a dipole in a magnetic field is given by
U = M.B Joule
(b)
Special cases:
When = 0, then
U = MB
When = 90o, U = 0
When = 180o, U = MB (1) = MB

Illustration 9:

Solution:

A Magnet is suspended in the magnetic meridian with a untwisted wire. The

upper end of the wire is rotated through 180 to deflect the magnet by 30 from
magnetic meridian. Now this magnet is replaced by another magnet. Now the
upper end of the wire is rotated through 270 to deflect the magnet by 30 from
magnetic meridian. Compare the magnetic moments of magnets.
If be the twist of the wire, then C , where C being restoring couple per unit
twist of wire. Here
1 180 30 150 (150 /150) radian
2 (270 30 ) 240 (240 /180) radian
If M be the magnetic moment and H, the horizontal component of earths field,
then MH sin
C MH sin
If M1 and M2 be the magnetic moments of the two magnets respectively, then
C 1 M1H sin
for first magnet
C 2 M2H sin
for second magnet

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MAGNETO STATICS

1 M1
M 150 /180 5

or 1

2 M2
M2 240 /180 8

M1 : M2 5 : 8

2.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
The root cause of magnetism in matter is the motion of electric charges.
The motion of electrons and protons in atoms is responsible for their magnetic properties.
The variation in the number of fundamental charged particles and variation in their
arrangement in different materials are responsible for differences in their magnetic properties.
On the basis of mutual interactions or behaviour of various materials in an external magnetic
field, the materials are divided in three main categories.
(1)
Diamagnetic substances
(2)
Paramagnetic substances
(3)
Ferromagnetic substances

Comparative study of these materials:

Diamagnetic
Property
substances
Cause of
Orbital motion
magnetism
substances
Explanation of On the basis of orbital
magnetism
motion of electrons
Principle
Electron principle
Behaviour in a These are repelled in
non-uniform
an external magnetic
magnetic field field i.e. have a
tendency to move
from high to low field
region.
State of
These are weakly
magnetisation
magnetised in a
direction opposite to
that of applied
magnetic field
When a rod of The materials align
the material is themselves at right
suspended
angles to the direction
between the
of magnetic field.
pole pieces of
a magnet.
N

Paramagnetic
substances
Spin motion of electrons

Ferromagnetic
substances
Ferromagnetic substances

On the basis of spin and

orbital motion of electrons
Electron principle
These are feebly attracted
in an external magnetic
field i.e. have a tendency to
move from low to high
field region.

On the basis of domains

formed.
Domain principle
These are strongly attracted
in an external magnetic field.
i.e. have an easy tendency to
move from low to high field
region.

These get weekly

magnetised in the direction
of applied magnetic field

These get strongly

magnetised in the direction
of applied magnetic field.

The materials align

themselves along the
direction of magnetic field.

The materials easily align

themselves in the direction
of magnetic field.

(a)

S
(a)

S
(b)

S
(b)

Liquid or

(a) The liquid gets

SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA

(a) The liquid gets

(a) The liquid is very much

Page 13

power in a
watch glass
when placed
between the
pole pieces
(a) when poles
are far apart.
(b) When poles
are close to
each other.
When the
material in the
form of liquid
is filled in the
U-tube and
placed between
pole pieces.

bulged in the middle

depressed in the middle

MAGNETO STATICS
depressed in the middle.

(b) The liquid gets

depressed in the
middle.

(b) The liquid gets bulged

in the middle.

(b) The liquid gets very

much bulged in the middle.

Liquid level in that

limb gets depressed

Liquid level in that limb

rises up.

Liquid level in that limb

rises up very much.

On placing the
gaseous
materials
between pole
pieces.
The value of
magnetic
induction B
Magnetic
susceptibility
Dependence of
on
temperature

The gas expands at

right angles to the
magnetic field.

The gas expands in the

direction of magnetic field.

The gas rapidly expands in

the direction of magnetic
field.

B < B0

B > B0 Here B0 = magnetic

induction in vacuum

B > > B0

Low and negative

1
Does not depend on
temperature (except
Bi at low
temperature)

Low but positive 1

Dependence of
on H
Relative
permeability
(r)
Intensity of
magnetisation
()

does not depend

Inversely proportional to
temperature
1
C
c
or c = . This is
T
T
called Curie law where C =
Curie constant.
does not depend

Positive and high

102.
1
C
c
or c =
T - TC
T - TC
This is called Cure-Weiss
law. TC = Curie temperature.

r < 1

r > 1

r > > 1 r 102

is a direction
opposite to that of H
and its value is very
low.

is in the direction of H
but value is low.

is in the direction of H and

value is very high.

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does not depend

Page 14

MAGNETO STATICS
-H Curves

Magnetic
moment (M)

Transition of
materials (at
Curie
temperature)
T Curve

The property
of magnetism

Examples
Nature of
effect

3.
(a)

(b)

The value of M is
very low ( 0 and is
in opposite direction
to H.)
These do not change

The value of M is very low

and is in the direction of H.

The value of M is very high

and is in the direction of H.

Diamagnetism is
found in those
materials in the atoms
of which the number
electrons is even.
Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Bi,
Sb, NaCl, H2O air and
diamond etc.
Distortion effect

Paramagnetism is found in
those materials in the
atoms of which the
majority of electron spins
are in the same direction.
Al, Mn, Pt, Na, CuCl2, O2
and crown glass.

Ferro-magnetism is found in
those materials which when
placed in an external
magnetic field are strongly
magnetised.
Fe, Co, Ni, Gd, Fe3O4 etc.

Orientation effect

Hysteresis effect

On cooling, these get

These get converted into
converted to ferroparamagnetic materials
magnetic materials at Curie above Curie temperature.
temperature.

CURIE LAW AND CURIE TEMPERATURE

Curie law: (i) The magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic substances in inversely
1
proportional to its absolute temperature i.e. c
T
C
c Where C = Curie constant, T = absolute temperature
(ii)
T
(iii)
On increasing temperature, the magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic materials
decreases and vice versa.
(iv)
The magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic substances does not change according to
curie law.
Curie temperature (TC): (i) The temperature above which a ferromagnetic material behaves
like a paramagnetic material is defined as curie temperature (TC).

SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA

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(ii)
(iii)

(iv)

MAGNETO STATICS
The minimum temperature at which a ferromagnetic substance is converted into
paramagnetic substance is defined as curie temperature.
For various ferromagnetic materials its values are different. e.g. for Ni TCNi =358C
for Fe TCFe =770C
TCCO =1120C
for
CO
At this temperature the ferromagnetism of the substances suddenly vanishes.

4.

CURIE-WEISS LAW
T Cure

5.
(A)

OTHER IMPORTANT FEATURES AND FORMULAE

Angle of declination and Geographical meridian:

(i)
(ii)

The horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is from S to N.

If at any place the angle of dip is and magnetic latitude is then,
tan = 2 tan
The total intensity of earth's magnetic field
I =I 0 1 +3 sin2 l
M
R3
Here M and R are the magnetic moment of bar magnet of earth and radius of earth
respectively.
At magnetic equator of earth = 0 and at poles = 90.
I pole =2I equator
here

(iii)

(B)

I0 =

(iv)

At the poles and equator of earth, the values of total intensity are 0.66 and 0.33
oersted respectively.

(i)

In vacuum : B0 = 0H

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MAGNETO STATICS
(ii)
(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

In medium : B = H
Resultant magnetic field due to and H :
(a)
B = B1 + BH
= 0 + 0H
B = 0 ( + H)
B = 0H (1 + /H)
or B = 0 (1 + )H + = H
(a)
= 0 [1 + ]
(b)
= 0r
B
m=
(c)
H
m
mr =
(a)
m0
mr =1 +c
(b)
c =mr - 1
(a)

I
H
(vii) The magnetic potential due to a small magnet at a point distant r is given by :
Mcos q
V=
r2
(viii) The mutual interaction force between two small magnets of moments M1 and
M2 is given by
6M1M2
F =K
r4
Magnetic torque
(a)
= MB sin
(b)
= BiNA sin
r r
(c)
t =M B
(b)

(C)

(D)

Magnetic potential
r r energy (UB)
UB =M B
(a)
(b)

6.

c=

UB =M B ( 1 - cos q)

ASSIGNMENT

1.

The magnetism of atomic magnet is due to (A)

only spin motion of electrons
(B)
only orbital motion of electrons
(C)
both spin and orbital motion of electrons
(D)
the motion of protons.
Solution:
(C) The magnetism of atomic magnet is due to both spin an orbital motions of
electrons.
2.

The earth's magnetic field inside an iron box as compared to that outside the box, is-

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(A)
Solution:

less

(B)

more

(C)

zero

MAGNETO STATICS
(D)
same.

(A) The earths magnetic field inside an iron box is less than that outside the box.

The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic materials varies with absolute temperature T

as T
cons tan t .
eT
T 1
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Solution:
(C) The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is inversely proportional
1
to the absolute temperature i.e.
T
3.

4.

There are two points A and B on the extended axis of a 2 cm long bar magnet. Their distances
from the centre of the magnet are x and 2x respectively. The ratio of magnetic fields at points
A and B will be(A)
8 : 1 approximately
(B)
4 : 1 (approximately)
(C)
4:1
(D)
8 : 1.

Solution:

(A) The intensity of magnetic field on the axis

2m
B 0 3
4 r
3

r
B
2x
1 2 8 : 1
B2 r1
x
5.

The resultant magnetic moment of neon atom will be(A)

Solution:

B
.
2
(B) Neon atom is diamagnetic, hence its net magnetic moment is zero.
infinity

(B)

zero

(C)

mB

(D)

A magnetic material of volume 30 cm 3 is placed in a magnetic field of intensity 5 oersted.

The magnetic moment produced due to it is 6 amp-m 2. The value of magnetic induction will
be(A)
0.2517 Tesla
(B)
0.025 Tesla
(C)
0.0025 Tesla
(D)
25 Tesla.
Solution:
(A) B = m0 (I + H)
M
6

2 155 amp / m
I=
V 30 10 6
5
amp / m
H = 5 oersted =
4 103
m0 = 4 107 Wb/amp-m
5

B 4 10 7 2 105
4 10 3

= 0.2517 Tesla
6.

7.

The mass of an iron rod is 80 gm and its magnetic moment is 10 Am 2. If the density of iron
is 8gm/C.C. hen the value of intensity of magnetisation will be(A)
106 A/m
(B)
104 A/m
(C)
102 A/m
(D)
10 A/m

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M Md
Solution:
(A) I
V m
3
10 8 10

80 10 3
= 106 A/m

Magnetic moment density

I
mass

MAGNETO STATICS

8.

The main difference between electric lines of force and magnetic lines of force is(A)
Electric lines of force are closed curves whereas magnetic lines of force are open
curves.
(B)
Electric lines of force are open curves whereas magnetic lines of force are closed
curves.
(C)
Magnetic lines of force cut each other whereas electric lines of force do not cut.
(D)
Electric lines of force cut each other whereas magnetic lines of force do not cut.
Solution:
(B) The magnetic lines of force are in the form of closed curves whereas electric lines
of force are open curves.
The mass of a specimen of a ferromagnetic material is 0.6 kg. and its density is 7.810 3
kg/m3. If the area of hysteresis loop of alternating magnetising field of frequency 50 Hz is
0.722 MKS units then the hysteresis loss per second will be(A)
277.7105 Joule
(B)
277.7106 Joule
4
(C)
277.710 Joule
(D)
277.7104 Joule.
Solution:
(A) WH = VAft
m
Aft
d
0.6
0.722 50
or WH
7.8 103
= 277.7 105 Joule
9.

The horizontal component of flux density of earth's magnetic field is 1.710 5 tesla. The
value of horizontal component of intensity of earth's magnetic field will be?
(A)
24.5 A/m
(B)
13/5A/m
(C)
0.135 A/m
(D)
1.35 A/m.
5
2
B
1.7 10 Wb / m

Solution:
(B) H
= 13.5 A/m
0 4 10 7 Wb / A m
10.

A magnetising field of 2103 amp/m produces a magnetic flux density of 8 Tesla in an iron
rod. The relative permeability of the rod will be(A)
102
(B)
10o
(C)
104
(D)
101

Solution:
(C) Q r
0 H 0
8
Q r
10 4
or
3
7
2 10 4 10
11.

In a hydrogen atom the electron is revolving in a circular path of radius 5.110 11m with a
frequency 6.81015 Hz. The equivalent magnetic moment will be(A)
8 1024 Am2
(B)
8 1022 Am2
(C)
8.9 1020 Am2
(D)
8 1018 Am2
2
Solution:
(A) M = iA = efr
12.

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MAGNETO STATICS
or M = 1.610196.810153.14(5.11011)2 = 8.9 1024 Am2
13.

A cube of side l is placed in a magnetic field of intensity B. The magnetic flux emanating out
of it will be(A)
zero
(B)
Bl2
(C)
2Bl2
(D)
6Bl2
Solution:
(A) The net flux coming out of a closed surface is zero. Hence the flux coming out of
the cube will be zero.
14.

A circular disc of area (4i 5j) 10 3 m2 is placed in a uniform magnetic field of intensity
(0.2i 0.3j) Tesla. The flux crossing the disc will be-

(A)
(C)
Solution:

23 Weber
23103 rWeber
r
(C) B.A
(0.2i 0.3j).[0.004i 0.005 j]

(B)
(D)

23102 Weber
23104 Weber

= 0.0008 + 0.0015
= 0.0023 Weber
= 23104 Weber
15.

The total magnetic flux in a material, which produces a pole of strength m p when a magnetic
material of cross-sectional area A is placed in a magnetic field of strength H, will be(A) 0 (AH + mp)
(B) 0 AH
(C) 0 mp
(D) 0 [mp AH + A]
Solution:
(A) = BA
....(A)
Q B 0 (I H)
....(B)
From eqs. (A) and (B)
0 (I H)A
m
.....(C)
QI p
A
From eqs. (B) and (C)
m

0 A p H 0 [mp AH]
A

The relation between and H for a specimen of iron is as follows 0.4

12 10 4 Henry / meter
H

The value of H which produces flux density of 1 Tesla will be(A) 250 A/m
(B) 500 A/m (C) 750 A/m (D) 103 A/m
Solution:
(B) B = H
0.4

12 1004 H
or B
H

4
or 1 = 0.4 + 1210 H
H = 500 A/m
16.

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MAGNETO STATICS
17.

1
The correct curve between X and for paramagnetic materials isT
(A)

(B)

1/T

(C)

1/T

(D)

1/T

Solution:

(A) Q X

1/T

1
T

18.

The SI unit of magnetic flux is(A)

Weber
(B)
Maxwel
(C)
2
m
Solution:
(A) BA Weber 2 Weber
m
19.

(D)

Gauss

The intensity of magnetic field due to an isolated pole of strength m p at a point distant r from
it will ber2
mp
mp
2
(A)
(B)
m
r
(C)
(D)
p
2
mp
r
r

Solution:
20.

Tesla

(A) The magnetic intensity due to an isolated pole of strength mp at a distance r =

mp
r2

A uniform magnetic field is directed from left towards right in the plane of paper. When a
piece of soft iron is placed parallel to the field. The magnetic lines of force passing through it
will be(A)

SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA

(B)

Page 21

MAGNETO STATICS
(C)

Solution:

(D)

(C) The magnetic lines of force in a ferrmagnetic material are crowded together.

21.

A bar magnet of magnetic moment M is cut into two equal parts. The magnetic moment of
either of the parts will beM
(A)
(B)
2M
(C)
2M
(D)
I H2
2
l M
Solution:
(A) M ml M' m
2 2
22.

A loop of area 0.5 m2 is placed in a magnetic field of strength 2 Tesla in direction making an
angle of 60o with the field. The magnetic flux linked with the loop will be1
3
Weber
(A)
(B)
2 Weber
(D)
Weber (C)
3 Weber
2
2
1
1
o
Solution:
(A) BA cos , 2 cos 60
2
2
23.

The force experienced by a pole of strength 100 A-m at a distance of 0.2m from a short
magnet of length 5 cm and pole strength of 200A-m on its axial line will be
(A)
2.5102 N
(B)
2.5103N
2
(C)
5.010 N
(D)
5.0103N.
2m'l
Solution:
(A) F mB 0 3 m
4 x
7
10 2 200 0.05 100

8 103
= 2.5102 N
The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is 310 4. It is placed in a
magnetising field of 4104 amp/m. The intensity of magnetisation will be(A)
3 108 A/M
(B)
12 108 A/M
(C)
12 A/M
(D)
24 A/M
Solution:
(C) I = XH = 31044103 = 12 A/m
24.

25.

Volt-second is the unit of(A)

B
(B)

d
or et volt sec
Solution:
(B) e
dt
26.

(C)

(D)

The volume susceptibility of a magnetic material is 30104. Its relative permeability will be(A)
31 104
(B)
1.003
(C)
1.0003
(D)
29 104

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Solution:

1 X 1 30 10 4 1.003
(B) r
0

MAGNETO STATICS

27.

A current of 2 ampere is passed in a coil of radius 0.5 m and number of turns 20. The
magnetic moment of the coil is(A)
0.314 Am2
(B)
3.14 Am2
2
(C)
314 Am
(D)
31.4 Am2
Solution:
(D) M = iR2N = 23.140.2520 = 31.4 Am2
28.
The value of magnetic susceptibility for super-conductors is(A)
zero
(B)
infinity
(C)
+1
(D)
1
Solution:
(D) For superconductor
r = 1 + X = 0
X = 1
29.

A current of 1 ampere is flowing in a coil of 10 turns and with radius 10 cm. Its magnetic
moment will be(A)
0.314 A-m2
(B)
3140 A-m2
(C)
100 A-m2
(D)
0 A-m2
Solution:
(A) M = iA = R2 Ni
= 3.140.01101=0.314 Am2
30.
The magnetic moment of a magnet of mass 75 gm is 9107 A-m2. If the density of the
material of magnet is 7.5103 kg/m3 then intensity of magnetisation will be(A)
0.9 A/m
(B)
0.09 A/m
(C)
9 A/m
(D)
90 A/m
7
3
M Md 9 10 7.5 10
Solution:
(B) I

0.09 A / m
V m
75 10 3
For test
1.

The area of hysteresis loop of a material is equivalent to 250 Joule. When 10 kg material is
magnetised by an alternating field of 50Hz then energy lost in one hour will be if the density
of material is 7.5 gm/cm3.
(A)
6104 Joule
(B)
6104 Erg
2
(C)
310 Joule
(D)
3102 Erg.
m
Solution:
(A) E nA Vt nA t
d
50 250 10 3600

6 104 Joule
3
7.5 10
2.

The corecivity of a bar magnet is 100 A/m. It is to be demagnetised by placing it inside a

solenoid of length 100 cm and number of turns 50. The current flowing the solenoid will be(A)
4A
(B)
2A
(C)
1A
(D)
zero.
H 100
i
2A
Solution:
(B) H = ni
n
50
3.

A current i is flowing in a conductor of length l. When it is bent in the form of a loop then its
magnetic moment will be4
l2i
l2
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
4l2i.
l2i
4
4

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MAGNETO STATICS
Solution:

(A) M = iA = i r2

But 2r = l M i

l
il

2
4
4

4.

A rod of ferromagnetic material with dimensions 10 cm0.5 cm0.2 cm is placed in a

magnetic field of strength 0.5104 amp/m as a result of which a magnetic moment of 5 ampm2 is produced in the rod. The value of magnetic induction will be(A)
0.54 Tesla
(B)
0.358 Tesla
(C)
2.519 Tesla
(D)
6.28 Tesla.
M
H
Solution:
(D) B 0 (I H) 0
V
5

4 3.14 10 7
5000 6.28 Tesla .
6
10

5.

The ratio of intensities of magnetic field in the axial and equatorial positions of a magnet will
be(A)
1:4
(B)
4:1
(C)
1:2
(D)
2:1
Solution:
(D)
0 2M
Ba 4 3

2 :1
0 M
Bc
4 r 3

6.

The resultant magnetic moment due to two current (i) carrying concentric coils of radius r,
mutually perpendicular to each other will be(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
2ir 2
2ir 2
2ir
2r 2
Solution:
(A) M' = 2M = 2r 2i
The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic material at 73 oC is 0.0075 then its value at
173oC will be(A)
0.0045
(B)
0.0030
(C)
0.015
(D)
0.0075.
1
Solution:
(C) For paramagnetic materials X
T
X
T
0.0075 200
2 1 or X2
0.015
X1 T2
100
7.

8.

The area of cross-section of three magnets of same length are A, 2A and 6A respectively. The
ratio of their magnetic moments will be(A)
6:2:1
(B)
1:2:6
(C)
1 : 4 : 36
(D)
36 : 4 : 1
Solution:
(B) M m A (Area of cross-section)
M1 : M2 : M3 =1: 2 : 6
9.

If the radius of a circular coil is doubled and the current flowing in it is halved then the new
magnetic moment will be if its initial magnetic moment is 4 units-

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(A)
Solution:

8 units
(B)
2
(A) M =pR Ni

4 units

(C)

2 units

MAGNETO STATICS
(D)
zero.

M1 R1 i1
4
1
= or
= 2 \ M2 =8 units
M2 R2 i2
M2 4
10.

Newton/Weber is the unit of

(A)
(B)
H
M
f
F i
= =H
Solution:
(A) F =Bil = il or
A
f l

(C)

(D)

11.

The inner and the outer radii of a toroid are 9cm and 11cm respectively and the number of
turns in it is 3140. A magnetic field of 2.5 Tesla is produced in it when a current of 0.5
ampere is passed in it. The permeability of core material is (in Henry/meter)(A)
101
(B)
102
(C)
103
(D)
104
B
B
2.5 2 3.14 0.1
m= =
=
=10- 3 Henry / meter
Ni
Solution:
(C)
H
3140 0.5
2pr
12.

In the above problem the relative permeability of the core will be(A)
684.5
(B)
864.7
(C)
369.4
(D)
-3
m
10
=796.2
Solution:
(D) mr = =
m0 12.57 10 - 7

796.2

A magnetising field of 5000 A/m produces a magnetic flux of 510 5 Weber in an iron rod. If
the area of cross-section of the rod is 0.5 cm2, then the permeability of the rod will be (in
henry/m)(A)
1 103
(B)
2 104
(C)
3 105
(D)
4 106
f
B = =mH
A
Solution:
(B)
f
5 10- 5
\ m=
=
=2 10 - 4 Henry / m
-4
3
AH 0.5 10 5 10
13.

14.

In the above problem the magnetic susceptibility of the rod will be(A)
158.2
(B)
198.0
(C)
295.3
(D)
Solution:
(A)
m
mr = =1 +X
m0
\ X=

343.6

m
2 10 - 4
- 1=
- 1 =159.2 - 1 =158.2
m0
12.56 10 - 7

15.

In the above problem the intensity of magnetisation will be (in A/m)(A)

7.9102
(B)
7.9102
(C)
7.9102
(D)
6
Solution:
(D) I =XH =158.2 5000 =7.9 10 Amp / m

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Page 25

MAGNETO STATICS
16.
At any place on earth, the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is 3 times the
vertical component. The angle of dip at that place will be(A)
60o
(B)
45o
(C)
90o
(D)
30o
BV
B
= V
Solution:
(D) tan q =
BH
3 BV
=

1
=tan30 \ q =30
3

The horizontal component of earth's magnetic field at any place is 0.3610 4 Weber/m2. If the
angle of dip at that place is 60o then the value of vertical component of earth's magnetic field
will be-(in Wb/m2)(A)
0.12 104
(B)
0.24 104
(C)
0.40 104
(D)
0.62 104
-4
Solution:
(D) B V =BH tan q =0.36 10 tan 60
17.

=0.36 10 - 4 3 =0.62 10 - 4 Wb / m2
18.

The value of angle of dip at a place on earth is 45 o. If the horizontal component of earth's
magnetic field is 5105 Telsa then the total magnetic field of earth will be(A)
(B)
5 2 10 5 Tesla
10 2 10 5 Tesla
(C)
(D)
zero.
15 2 10 5 Tesla

Solution:

(A) B = B2V +BH2 = BH2 tan2 45+BH2 =BH 2

=5 2 10 - 5 Wb / m2
19.

The ratio of intensities of magnetic field, at distances x and 2x from the centre of a magnet of
length 2cm on its axis, will be(A)
4:1
(B)
4 : 1 approx (C)
8:1
(D)
8 : 1 approx.
m0
m0 2M
2M

Solution:
(D) B =
4 p (l2 +x 2 )3 / 2 4 p x 3
3

B1 x 2
\
=
=8 : 1 approximately
B2
x1

The length of a bar magnet is 10 cm and its pole strength is 10 3 Weber. It is placed in a
magnetic field of induction 4 103 Tesla in a direction making an angle of 30o with the
field direction. The value of orque acting on the magnet will be(A)
2 107 N-m
(B)
2 105 N-m
(C)
0.5 102 N-m
(D)
0.5 N-m.
Solution:
(A) t =MB sin q =m / B sin q
-3
=10 0.1 4 p 10 - 3 0.5 =2p 10 - 7 N - m
20.

21.

A magnetic needle of magnetic moment 60 amp-m2 experiences a torque of 1.2103 N-m

directed in geographical north. If the horizontal intensity of earth's magnetic field at that
place is 40Wb/m2, then the angle of declination will be(A) 30
(B)
45
(C)
60
(D)
90

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Page 26

(A) t =MB sin q

t
1.2 10 - 3
1
\ sin q =
=
= \ q =30
-6
MB 60 40 10
2

MAGNETO STATICS

Solution:

22.

The ratio of total intensities of magnetic field at the equator and the poles will be(A)
1:1
(B)
1:2
(C)
2:1
(D)
1:4
Solution:
(A) Total intensity of magnetic field remains constant
Be
\
=1: 1
Bp
23.
The magnetic flux density of magnetic field is 1.5 Wb/m 2. A proton enters this field with a
velocity of 2107 m/s in a direction making an angle of 30 o with the field. The force acting on
the proton will be(A)
2.4 1012 Newton
(B)
0.24 1012 Newton
(C)
24 1012 Newton
(D)
0.24 1012 Newton
Solution:
(A) F =qvB sin q =1.6 10 - 19 2 107 1.5 0.5
=2.4 10 - 12
24.

The intensity of magnetic field at a point X on the axis of a small magnet is equal to the field
intensity at another point Y on its equatorial axis. The ratio of distances of X and Y from the
centre of the magnet will be(A)
(B)3
(B)
(B)3
(C)
23
(D)
21/3
m0 2M m0 M
dx
=
\
=21/ 3
Solution:
(D)
3
3
4p d x 4p d y
dy
25.

Two magnets A and B are equal in length, breadth and mass, but their magnetic moments are
different. If the time period of B in a vibration magnetometer is twice that of A, then the ratio
of magnetic moments will be1
(A)
(B)
2
(C)
4
(D)
12
2
I
1
Solution:
(C) T =2p
\ M 2
MB
T
2

MA TB 2
\
=
= =4
MB
TA
1
26.

The period of oscillation of a freely suspended bar magnet is 4 second. If it is cut into two
equal parts lengthwise then the time period of each part will be(A)
4 sec.
(B)
2 sec.
(C)
0.5 sec.
(D)
0.25 sec.

Solution:
27.

(A) T =2p

I
ml2
=2p
=4 sec
MB
12 m / B

The time period of a small magnet in a horizontal plane is T. Another magnet B oscillates at
the same place in a similar manner. The size of two magnets is the same but the magnetic
moment of B is four times that of A. The time period of B will be-

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MAGNETO STATICS
(A)
Solution:

T
4
(B)

(B)
MA TB
=
MB TA

T
2

or TB =T

(C)

2T

(D)

4T

MA
T
=
4MA
2

28.

The value of current enclosed by a circular path of radius 0.30 cm is 9.42 ampere. The value
of magnetic field along the path will be(A)
500 amp/m
(B)
1000 Amp/m
4
(C)
5 10 Amp/m
(D)
Zero
i
9.42
=
=500 amp / m
Solution:
(A) H =
2pr 2 3.14 3 10 - 3
A magnetic wire is bent at its midpoint at an angle of 60o. If the length of the wire is l and its
magnetic moment is M then the magnetic moment of new shape of wire will beM
M
(A)
2M
(B)
M
(C)
(D)
2
2
1 M
Solution:
(C) M' =m =
2 2
29.

30.

A current of 2 ampere is flowing in a coil of radius 50 cm and number of turns 20. The
magnetic moment of the coil will be(A)
3.14 amp-m2
(B)
31.4 amp-m2
(C)
314 amp-m2
(D)
0.314amp-m2
2
Solution:
(B) M =pR Ni =3.14 0.25 20 2 =3.14 amp / m2
1.

1000 turns per meter are wound over a Rowland ring of ferromagnetic material. On passing a
current of 2 ampere in the coil, a magnetic field of 10 Wb/m 2 is produced in it. The
magnetising force generated in the material will be(A)
1.2 103 A/m
(B)
2.6 103 A/m
(C)
0.6 104 A/m
(D)
2 103 A/m
Ni
=ni =103 2 =2 103 amp / m
Solution:
(D) H =
2 pr
2.

A magnet makes 10 oscillation per minute at a place where the horizontal component of
earth's magnetic filed (H) is 0.33 oersted. The time period of the magnet at a place where the
value of H is 0.62 oersted will be(A)
4.38 S
(B)
0.38 S
(C)
2.38 S
(D)
8.38 S
H
1
0.33
\ T2 =T1 1 =6
=4.38 s
Solution:
(A) T
H2
0.62
H

SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA

Page 28