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IEEE SMART GRID NEWSLETTER
COMPENDIUM 2015
SMART GRID:
THE NEXT DECADE
Contents
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Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page
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THE WORLDS NEWSSTAND
IEEE: The expertise to make

Smart Grid a reality
IEEE Smart Grid is the professional
community of more than 70,000
professionals, practitioners and
inuencers and the leading provider
of globally recognized Smart Grid
information.
IEEE Smart Grid brings together IEEEs
broad array of technical societies and
organizations through collaboration to
encourage the successful rollout of
technologically advanced, environmentfriendly and secure smart-grid networks
around the world.
CONNECT with peers and experts engaged

in the research, design and development of
revolutionary advances
in grid modernization around the world.
PROMOTE your latest and hottest Smart
Grid topics globally. Opportunities include
membership on committees relating to
R&D, education, publications, standards,
policy technical support and social media.
LEARN more about IEEE Smart Grid and
join our global community.
smartgrid.ieee.org
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IEEE SMART GRID NEWSLETTER COMPENDIUM 2015
WELCOME LET TER

4 Smart Grid: The Next Decade
OPER ATIONS
6 Distribution System Synchrophasor-based
Control Systems
9 Transforming Smart Grid Devices from
Products to Platforms
11 Power System Flexibility
14 Quantifying the Reliability of a PMU
Network
MARKETS
16 Integrating Distributed Resources into
Wholesale Markets and Grid Operations
TR ANSMIS SION
18 The Self-healing Grid - A Concept Two
Decades in the Making
BULK GENER ATION

20 Is DCs Place in the Home?
NON - BULK GENER ATION

22 How to Achieve Completely Automomous
Power in the Next Generation of Smart Grids
26 Integrating Distributed Generation into the
Smarter Grid
27 Technology Battery Advances for Smart Grids
DISTRIBUTION
30 Distribution Automation and the SelfHealing Network
32 Keeping Guard on Power Quality for Better
Quality of Service
CUSTOMER
34 A Vision of a Smart, Happy Citizen as an
Enabling Infrastructure for Smart Cities
37 The Role of Demand Side Management
40 Convergence of Electric Vehicles and the
Smart Grid
42 How Advanced Metering Can Contribute to
Distribution Automation
SERVICE PROVIDER
44 Virtualization of the Evolving Power Grid
TR ANSMIS SION/
DISTRIBUTION/CUSTOMER
46 A Migration Path for Legacy Distribution
Protection and Control Systems
48 Achieving Smart Asset Management
50 Microgrids: An Emerging Technology to
Enhance Power System Reliability
52 The Relationship Between Smart Grids and
Smart Cities
54 Moving to Smart Substations
55 Getting a Grip on the Condition of the Low
Voltage Grid
FOUNDATIONAL SUPPORT
SYSTEMS
58 How Smart Devices, Online Social
Networks and the Cloud Will Affect the Smart
Grids Evolution
60 Disruption Becomes Evolution Creating the
Value-Based Utility
63 Cooperative Wireless Networking for Smart
Grid
66 DOEs Strategic Plan for Grid Modernization
68 The Complexity of Smart Grids
70 Global Utility Industry Still in Need of
Transformation
72 Data Analytics for Utility Communications
Networks
73 Toward A More Secure, Strong and Smart
Electric Power Grid
76 Power Industry is Embracing Automated
Demand Response Standard
APPENDIX/ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
78 Appendix A - Definitions of the IEEE Smart
Grid Domains
79 Appendix B - Definitions of the IEEE Smart
Grid Sub-domains
80 Author Index
80 Acknowledgements
IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter Compendium 2015
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IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter

Compendium 2015
EDITOR IN CHIEF
Ebrahim Vaahedi
Ebrahim.Vaahedi@oati.net
_______________
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Angelique Rajski Parashis

a.rajski@ieee.org
__________
MANAGING EDITOR
EDITORIAL BOARD
Massoud Amin
Jay Giri
Hossein Pakravan
Panayiotis Moutis
Joseph Paladino
Patrick Ryan
Julie Compton
Bo Yang
IEEE SMART GRID
Chair, Massoud Amin

Past Chair, Wanda Reder
Project Manager, Angelique Rajski Parashis
445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
+1-732-981-2866
Smartgrid.ieee.org
Bill Opalka
billopalka2@cox.net
___________
IEEE Smart Grid provides expertise and guidance for individuals and organizations involved in the modernization and optimization of the
power grid. IEEE Smart Grid brings together IEEEs broad array of technical societies and organizations through collaboration to encourage the
successful rollout of technologically advanced, environment-friendly and secure smart-grid networks around the world.
IEEE SMART GRID NEWSLETTER COMPENDIUM
The IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter Compendium Smart Grid: The Next Decade is the first of its kind promotional compilation featuring 32
best of the best insightful articles from recent issues of the IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter and will be the go-to resource for industry professionals for years to come. The Compendium also introduces for the first time the IEEE Smart Grid Domains and Sub-Domains created by IEEE
Smart Grid members who were inspired by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Conceptual Model. Each of the 32
articles is categorized into its appropriate IEEE Smart Grid sub-domain. The articles were selected by the IEEE Smart Grid Publications Committee from an array of 200+ articles by thought leaders around the world. The IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter Compendium serves as a platform for
IEEE Smart Grid Society exposure.
IEEE SMART GRID NEWSLETTER
Smartgrid.ieee.org/newsletter
The IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter is a complimentary monthly online publication that launched in January 2011 and features practical and
timely technical information and forward-looking commentary on Smart Grid developments and deployments around the world. The Newsletter is designed to bring clarity to the global Smart Grid industry and to foster greater understanding and collaboration between diverse stakeholders, and brings together experts, thought-leaders, and decision-makers to exchange information and discuss issues affecting the evolution
of the Smart Grid.
The IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter publishes articles authored by a mix of IEEE and non-IEEE members. Responsibility for the content rests upon
the authors and not upon the IEEE, the Technical Community, or its members.
IEEE SMART GRID TECHNICAL COMMUNITY
The following IEEE societies and organizational units are partners of IEEE Smart Grid:
IEEE Communications Society
IEEE Computer Society
IEEE Control Systems Society
IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society
IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
IEEE Industry Application Society
IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Society
IEEE Power & Energy Society
IEEE Power Electronics Society
IEEE Reliability Society
IEEE Signal Processing Society
IEEE Standards Association
IEEE Vehicular Technology Society
To join the IEEE Smart Grid Technical Community as a member for free, please visit IEEE Smart Grid at smartgrid.ieee.org and click on Join
Technical Community in the top right corner.
Copyright and reprint permissions: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. For other copying, reprint, or republication permission,
write Copyrights and Permissions Department, IEEE Operations Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Copyright 2015 by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the USA.
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Join the IEEE Smart Grid Community
SHARE YOUR EXPERTISE!

Please join one of the following committees
- Smart Grid R&D
- Smart Grid Education
- Smart Grid Publications
- Smart Grid Meetings

& Conferences
- Smart Grid Standards

- Smart Grid Marketing
Become a member of IEEEs team of

globally-recognized Smart Grid leaders
For more information, contact
Angelique Rajski at a.rajski@ieee.org
_________________
- Smart Grid Policy

Technical Support
For a FREE Membership to the

IEEE Smart Grid Technical Community,
visit us at smartgrid.ieee.org
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WELCOME LET TER
IEEE Smart Grid Compendium

Smart Grid: The Next Decade
Written by Ebrahim Vaahedi, Hossein Pakravan,
Angelique Rajski Parashis and Massoud Amin
EEE Smart Grid Newsletter started its

publication nearly five years ago, in January 2011. So far, more than 215 carefully
selected articles have been published in a
variety of Smart Grid topics. This comprehensive inventory provides a rich collection
of concise and easy-to-read Smart Grid
material from thought leaders and experts
in Smart Grid technologies, summarizing the body of research and development
work all over the world.
Making the Smart Grid a reality
along all its vectors requires the engage-
ment of public and private enterprises,

innovators and technologists working in
many areas where IEEE convenes and
leads, some of which include power and
energy, sensing, measurement, signal
processing, communications, controls,
computer and information sciences, big
data and analytics, smart cities, Internet
of Things, security, standards, materials
and devices.
The Smart Grid is a subject of national and regional priority, not just in
the United States but in Europe, Can-
ada, South Korea, China, India, Latin

America and many other nations. Various and different aspects of the Smart
Grid concepts and applications are
emphasized from country to country.
However, all countries share a vision of
a highly instrumented, overlaid system
with advanced sensors and computing
with enabling platforms and technologies for secure sensing, communications,
automation and controls. These are key
elements to engage consumers, enhance
efficiency, ensure reliability and security,
Figure 1: NIST Smart Grid Framework 3.0

4
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Figure 2: IEEE Smart Grid Domains and Sub-Domains
and to enable integration of renewables

and electrification of transportation.
The purpose of this Compendium
though, is to distill this pertinent body
of knowledge in a disciplined way to
those interested in obtaining a holistic
understanding of the Smart Grid. To
that end, this Compendium showcases
the best of the IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter articles in different areas of IEEE
Smart Grid Domains.
A challenge that the IEEE Smart Grid
Committee faced early on, concerning
essentially all of its activities, was how to
establish the different areas of Smart Grid
as noted above. This categorization would
allow Smart Grid contributions and activities to be combined into specific targeted
areas for better understanding of the activities and their correlations. To organize
Smart Grid categories in a coherent and
disciplined way, the Committee started
with the Conceptual Framework 3.0 dia-
gram published by the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST), which
provides different domains in the energy
industry as shown in Figure 1 on page 4.
The NIST Smart Grid Framework 3.0
is based on the major processes that are executed in conducting the day-to-day business within the energy industry. The IEEE
Smart Grid Committee used this diagram
as a reference document, but it needed to
expand it to cover all the important areas
of the Smart Grid both for today and with
a view toward the future. As such, the following enhancements were made:
1) The generation domain was divided into bulk generation (conventional generation resources)
and non-bulk generation (distributed energy resources)
2) Added a domain called Foundational Support Systems to
cover all other areas which support the main domains
3) Developed sub-domains for each

domain
The above additions created a methodical approach for organizing the
Smart Grid into 32 sub-domains as
shown in Figure 2 above.
Each of the 32 sub-domains have
been further divided into focus areas
covering most of the activities and projects within the Smart Grid arena. Appendices A and B provide the definitions
of Domains and Sub-Domains included
in the IEEE Smart Grid Model.
While it is expected the IEEE Smart
Grid model to evolve in time, it provides
a good approach for organizing the widest
possible range of Smart Grid-related activities. This Compendium represents the
best effort to provide a collection of top
Newsletter articles in each sub-domain.
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OPER ATIONS
Distribution Operation
Distribution System Synchrophasor-based

Control Systems
emonstration projects in the UK

are evaluating the use of phasor measurement units in wind
generation control and microgrid management. But the potential of PMUs in
distribution systems does not end there.
They also will find application in phase
balancing using three-phase measurement, improved state estimation, locating faults in distribution systems with
generation, short circuit capacity identification, and improved modelling and
efficient reinforcement planning, among
other things.
Synchrophasor Measurement Units
(PMUs) are being increasingly deployed
across transmission power grids worldwide. With each PMU capturing 1216
measurements, up to 60 times each second, with precise time-tags, operators
will be armed with a degree of actionable visibility that is unprecedented in
the history of grid management. PMUs
produce sub-second high-resolution grid
measurements, which augment the traditional 24 seconds SCADA measurements. For the first time in history, grid
operators will be provided with a timesynchronized view of grid conditions.
Today transmission control centers
are deploying PMU measurement-based
analytics that augment the traditional
model-based energy management analytics and pave the way for us to monitor, analyze and control grid behavior
at a sub-second rate. An advanced visualization framework synthesizes information from the various analytics to
provide operators with not just improved

situational awareness, but more importantly, actionable information. Operators
want to fix problems, not just know
about them.
Operational benefits
of adding synchrophasor applications
at the transmission
control center include maximizing
utilization of existing transmission capacity by operating
the grid closer to its
true operating limit; providing early warning of grid
disturbances; monitoring for undesirable grid dynamics and oscillations;
identifying islanding conditions; and enabling efficient forensic post-disturbance
analysis to find out what just happened,
where and why.
Managing the smart grid of the future will require that we add intelligent
solutions not just to the high-voltage
transmission but also to lower-voltage
distribution systems. Thus, ways are
being developed of using synchronised
measurement technologies to improve
the capabilities of the distribution system to accommodate sustainable energy
resources and maintain or improve security of supply.
Active network management is being increasingly used to facilitate connection of more renewable generation
to distribution grids. Direct control is
needed especially to limit generation to

enable the network to be loaded beyond
the present security limits. This involves
constraining the active plant connected to the network, so that
the network is not loaded
beyond its safe capability. Generation,
loads, tap changers
and storage devices
can be candidates
for active control
to maintain system
operation within its
safe operating boundaries, such as: thermal
constraints, voltage limits,
fault level limits and for power reversals in transformers.
So far, the most active network management schemes have used steady-state
measurements at all possible constraining boundaries and define the output
limits for the participating devices. A
great many measurement points are required to capture network limits, which
implies a high dependency on measurement and communication from many locations. What is more, such schemes are
generally defined for intact networks and
are not easily reconfigured for maintenance schedules.
By using synchrophasor measurements, it is possible to capture key operating conditions of the system without
detailed monitoring. Synchrophasor
measurements provide a better representation of the loading conditions between
IMAGE LICENSED BY GRAPHIC STOCK
Written by Jay Giri and Douglas Wilson
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EXPAND YOUR NETWORK

& ENHANCE YOUR CAREER
WITH IEEE PES
Whether youre a young professional or a top executive, being a
member of the IEEE Power & Energy Society can help you expand
your network and enhance your career. Whether its chairing a
committee, writing articles for our publications, speaking at or
attending one of our many conferences, or presenting as part of
our monthly webinar series, PES members get involved.
To learn more about connecting with our

membership of 33,000 electric power industry
professionals, Visit our website at ieee-pes.org
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the measured locations. Limits based on

angle difference between synchrophasors, or other values derived from the
synchrophasor measurements, enable
constraint enforcement using fewer measured variables and therefore simpler reliable control schemes.
Furthermore, the speed of synchrophasor measurement captures the dynamic behavior of the power system and
therefore can be used to provide a fast
response to a fault or system reconfiguration. Another advantage is that PMUbased systems can be designed to accommodate maintenance scenarios with one
or more outages.
The concept of using synchrophasor
measurements in wind generation control
in a 33kV network is being demonstrated
in the Scottish Power Manweb network
in the UK. In the network where the
scheme is applied, a total of 18 potential
constraint locations can be accommodated with four remote measurements. In
the part of the network where the project
is applied, the capacity for fit-and-forget wind connections is fully used, with
no direct control of generation; and any
new connections require either expensive
network reinforcement or active control.
Applying a conventional control approach would require many monitoring points, as relieving one constraint
through a measurement fed into a controller would result in another unobserved network segment becoming the
constraining factor, and so on.
In a relatively complex 33kV network, many line currents, voltage levels
and transformer loads need to be monitored and included in an active control
mechanism. By contrast, synchrophasor
measurement provides angle differences
between key points of the network that
summarise the loading within sections of
the network with many components. The
phasor measurements can differentiate
the high generation / low load scenarios
where generation should be constrained,
with only a few measurements.
Synchrophasor information also can
be important in a microgrid where generation resources are dispersed and require
remote measurement and communication to manage the changeover between
8
grid-connected and autonomous operation and ensure supply to connected loads.

In a demonstration project in the UK,
the use of synchrophasors is being tested
on the Isles of Scilly network on geographic islands off the coast of England.
The intention of this project is to show
that a network of phasor measurements
can be used to:
Identify the separation and the connections between distributed generators. Instead of shutting down and
restarting generation that has separated from the bulk transmission
system, it is possible to continue to
supply load using the local distributed generation. Separation from
the transmission system must be
detectable, and the control scheme
of the island must be adapted to the
emergency scenario.
Signal to the generators which
mode of operation to deploy:
grid-connected, speed setting, or
speed following. Grid-connected, the generator will operate in
constant power mode, without
responding to frequency. When
the distribution subsystem is
separated from the bulk grid, the
local generation must maintain a
stable frequency. One generator
should be designated speed setting for the network and run in
a frequency control mode. Other
generators connected to the same
subsystem will operate with a
droop characteristic. However,
there can be different topologies
and generation connection, so the
control mode must be decided
when the fault occurs.
Align the generator angle to a remote angle in the bulk grid. This
is done through the same mechanism that the generator uses for
synchronising to the grid, but
with the difference that the governor control and alignment is
applied to a remote measurement
in the bulk grid rather than the
grid-side of its own breaker.
Enable or block the resynchronisation of the island network
with the bulk grid.
The advantage of this application is to

ride through loss of connection between
the geographic islands and the bulk grid,
and the reconnection, without loss of
supply to the customers.
In considering the overall benefits of
incorporating phasor measurement units
in distribution system design, bear in
mind that PMUsin contrast to traditional SCADA measurementsmeasure
all three phases of voltages and currents.
Therefore they are ideally suited to monitor unbalanced distribution systems and
have immense promise for the intelligent
management of distribution networks.
There are opportunities for improved observability and control that can improve
power quality and grid resilience; better
planning decisions also will result.
The cases described in this paper
illustrate only two applications of synchrophasor measurements, in renewable
generation connection and microgrid
management. But there are many more
applications that can be explored through
similar pilot projects and later rolled out
to widespread application. For example,
the technology can be applied to phase
balancing using three-phase measurement; significantly improved state estimation, as most distribution networks
are not fully observed; managing open
points for running in a closed loop configuration or for ease of switching to
move the open point; locating faults in
distribution systems with generation;
short circuit capacity identification; and
improved modelling and efficient reinforcement planning.
Having said that, there is a need for
many more demonstration projects to be
applied to a variety of different systems
in order to gain practical experience,
evaluate benefits and standardize the
design and deployment processes. These
project experiences will be invaluable towards making these solutions available
for beneficial use in distribution systems
worldwide.
Contributors
Jay Giri, an IEEE Fellow, is Director of Power Systems Technology
and Strategic Initiatives at ALSTOM
Grid in Redmond, Washington, and
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an affiliate professor at the University of Washington, Seattle. In 1978,

he and 11 other engineers co-founded
Energy System Computer Applications
(ESCA), which after numerous mergers
became part of Alstom Grid in 2010.
Previously, at ESCA, he designed and
implemented the original software for
an automatic generation control system that controls half of North American generation today, and a dispatcher
training simulator that is used worldwide. He earned his doctoral degree at
Clarkson University in New York, and
his bachelors at the Indian Institute
of Technology (IIT), Madras. He is a
member of the IEEE Power & Energy
Society governing board.
Douglas Wilson is Chief Technology Officer for Psymetrix Ltd,

an Alstom company. He has worked
with Psymetrix since 1998, and was
involved in developing and deploying the worlds first continuous oscillation monitoring system, which
has been operational in the GB system for 15 years. He has an interest
in synchrophasor measurement, with
an emphasis on the application of the
technology in real-time operational
systems, dynamics analysis and control, control system tuning, and renewable generation connections. He
graduated B.Eng and PhD from the
University of Edinburgh and MSc
from the University of Manchester.
He is involved in R&D, consulting

and in commercial application of
synchrophasor technology. This has
included working closely with customers on WAMS applications in over
40 projects worldwide. He has been
involved in consulting and studies
projects in North and South America, Scandinavia, GB, Australia, New
Zealand and Central Europe. This
work includes a wide range of topics
including power system performance
studies, risk assessments, wide area
control design, root cause analysis
for dynamics problems, disturbance
analysis, and controller tuning.
Field Device Operation

Transforming Smart Grid Devices
from Products to Platforms
Written by Michael W. Howard
dvancements in integrated circuit

technology have made it possible
for expanded flexibility in grid
devices such as advanced meters, smart
switches, reclosers, capacitor controllers and voltage regulators by building
them as platforms for applications instead of products with built-in, limited
functionality. Utilities could gain a new
degree of control and manageability over
their systems, and distributed resources,
such as PV smart inverters, energy storage controls and electric vehicle charging stations are also good candidates for
these open application platforms.
Up until a few years ago, most common personal electronic devices such
as cell phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs) had fixed functionality.
Manufacturers differentiated their products by offering new built-in capabilities,
but these were inflexible, and the user
had no control or ability to modify their
product.
Today, users think of their PCs and
smart devices separately from the applications that run on them. The devices
come with certain functionality pre-loaded, but users can tailor them to their personal needs by adding new apps at any
time. This makes the devices platforms

that can expand their capabilities, rather
than just products.
When a platform is made open and accessible, a wide range of entitieslarge
and small companies, consultants or
individualscan offer applications that
run on it. Application development requires an in-depth understanding of customer needs, creativity, and innovation,
but does not require capital-intensive
plant or tool investments. Manufacturers
are taking advantage of this capability to
more efficiently update and evolve their
product offerings, and its now possible
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10
for the users and owners of these devices

to independently develop or acquire apps
to load and run on their equipment.
Advancements in integrated circuit technology have made
it possible for the same
flexibility to exist in
grid devices such as
advanced meters,
smart switches,
reclosers, capacitor controllers, and
voltage regulators.
Utilities would gain
a new degree of control and manageability over their systems, and
could work both with the original equipment manufacturers and independently to add new functionality to
their equipment. Distributed resources,
like PV smart inverters, energy storage
controls and electric vehicle charging
stations are also good candidates for an
open application platform.
This transformation of smart grid
equipment can be very beneficial:
Extending useful service life
platform devices could be upgraded more effectively over
time to revise and/or enhance
their functionality. This capability is particularly valuable for
products with the possibility of
long service lives.
Communication upgradeability
whole communication protocols,
cyber security, routing, addressing, etc. could be upgraded when
needed.
Custom izationusers with
unique needs could gain the specific functionality they require.
Timelinessthe independent
nature of app development could
make features available in a
more timely fashion, aligning
with overall utility projects.
CompetitionWith standardized
platforms, both hardware and application providers could be held
to higher standards of product
quality and customer service.
CreativityA greater number
plications to ensure that they had proper

of companies with opportunity design and would interoperate with other
to develop device functionality products built to the same standard.
could lead to a broader range of
Upon completion of a meter open
more innovative products.
platform specification, EPRI and parThe value can be in- ticipating manufacturers plan to demoncreased if the applica- strate the results and capability. These
tion environment for demonstrations would be conducted at
classes of platforms various industry conferences and events
is standardized. In and would consist of the independent
this way, a devel- development of a few example applicaoper could create an tions, perhaps developed by university
application once and students or other research entities.
In the end, the evolution of smart grid
it would be compatible with many brands devices from products to platforms will
and models of the intend- be driven by costs and benefits. EPRI
does not view open apps as driving any
ed class of product.
The vision of open platforms significant product cost, but rather as
includes the ability to run many ap- following the natural upward evolution
plications simultaneously. For example, of silicon capability and performance.
using a single device, a utility could The benefits lie in the enabling of needdeploy one app to monitor power qual- ed new functionality, the correction of
ity disturbances, another app for outage problems, and the extension of useful
reporting, and a third for detecting and service life.
You can find out more about what
reporting tampering or thermal issues.
EPRI currently is working with a EPRI is doing to advance the grid trangroup of interested parties to develop one sition from products to platforms in a
example of an open application platform new public report, Transforming Smart
Grid Devices into
focused on the meter as
Open Application Platthe device type. This
forms (EPRI document
group includes utilities,
The vision
3002002859, available
meter manufacturers,
of open
for download on the
and other technology
EPRI website).
companies. EPRI and
platforms
the meter manufacincludes
turers also are
indeContributor
pendently developing
Michael Howard is
the ability
hardware platforms that
the President and CEO
to run many
support the Applicaat the Electric Power Retion Program Interface
search Institute (EPRI).
applications
(API) and virtual maHe has more than 30
simultaneously.
chine. These developyears of experience in
ments are in preparation
organizations ranging
for open application
from
entrepreneurial
demonstrations that will follow.
start-ups to large public companies with
EPRI plans to further develop this increasing responsibilities in operations,
platform capability and contribute to finance, sales and marketing, product destandards organizations. Some stake- velopment, and strategic planning. Most
holders favor the establishment of a certi- of his experience is in providing technification and compliance framework that cal consulting services and products to
could be applied to both platforms (such both U.S. and international electric utilas meters) and apps. An independent ity companies.
authority would test products and ap-
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Transmission Operation
Power System Flexibility
ncreasingly, power systems will incorporate distributed smart technologies, flexible communication, a wide
variety of digital devices on the power
systems, and distributed command and
control systems. In this new world, flexibility will be keyflexibility of generation resources, flexibility of the transmission and distribution system, flexibility at
the consumer level, and flexibility of the
market to incentivize the power system
to account for variability.
In the last decade there has been a
nine-fold increase in the global installed
capacity of variable generation from
wind and solar, which now comprise
approximately 7 percent of total world
capacity. In some countries such as Germany and Spain, variable generation
comprises nearly 30 percent of installed
capacity. At the same time, consumers
are reaping the benefits of a connected
lifestyle through end use technologies
such as electric vehicles, consumer electronics and home appliances.
The grid is evolving to keep pace
with those changes, as more intelligent
electronic devices including sensors,
data and communications technologies
are deployed. But the changes on both
the demand and supply sides represent
a challenge to how the grid is managed.
The industry is having to rethink how to
match load with bulk power generation,
and how best to monitor and possibly
control both bulk and local variable generation and storage resources whose performance and availability is inherently
difficult to forecast.
Increasingly, power systems will incorporate distributed smart technolo-
gies, flexible communication, a wide

variety of digital devices, and distributed
command and control systems. The integrated communications infrastructure
will require hardening for cyber security
to ensure reliable long-term operations of
millions of nodes.
In short, the power system
of tomorrow will look
very different from
todays. In this new
world, flexibility
will be keyflexibility of generation
resources, flexibility of the transmission and distribution
system, flexibility at
the consumer level, and
flexibility of the market to
incentivize the power system to account for variability.
What follows is an overview of some
of the technology innovations in transmission and distribution and in energy
utilization that could make the power
system more flexible, with some emphasis on work done here at the Electric
Power Research Institute (EPRI). It, of
course, only scratches the surface; many
more technology innovations are under
development that could offer greater
flexibility, and more will emerge as the
industry evolves.
With the proliferation of new generation storage, and end-use technologies,
the architecture of the power system will
need to adapt. One concept that could
support adaptation is EPRIs servicemarked ElectriNet, a combination of
local energy networks that includes in-
terconnected distributed end use, local

generation, storage, and utility technologies at the building, community, or distribution level.
ElectriNet offers the potential for
greatly enhanced flexibility through
improvements in energy delivery
and efficiency, power quality, reliability, and cost
of operation for very
concentrated and
localized loads. To
fully realize these
benefits, however, it
will be necessary to
coordinate the control of complex local
energy networks that
may comprise several
different kinds of local generation and storage systems, which
may also be geographically dispersed.
The present grid operating system
was not designed to offer that coordination and control. A new grid operating system, which we at EPRI refer to
as Grid Operating System 3.0, could
allow sufficient flexibility to facilitate
high levels of security, quality, reliability, and availability of electric power;
improve economic productivity and
quality of life; and minimize environmental impact while maximizing
safety. This new grid operating system
will monitor, protect and automatically
optimize the operation of its interconnected elementsfrom the central
and distributed generator through the
high-voltage network and distribution
system, to industrial users and building
automation systems, to energy storage
Written by Arshad Mansoor, Clark Gellings and Ron Schoff
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installations, and to end-use consumers

including their thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances, and other household
devices.
Grid 3.0 must manage a two-way flow
of electricity and information to create an
automated, widely distributed energy delivery network. It must also incorporate
the benefits of distributed computing and
communications into the grid to deliver
real-time information and to enable the
near-instantaneous balance of supply and
demand at the device level.
Grid 3.0 will enable additional innovations such as the use of dynamic
protection. This concept builds on the
laws of physics to develop protection approaches that do not depend on system
studies. This new approach automatically adjusts protection to the situation
through the use of high-speed data acquisition and basic power system analytics, eliminating one of the major causes
of power system failures.
With the advent of photovoltaic (PV)
and other distributed generation resources, consumers may now be served by a
combination of grid-supplied energy
services and power generated on-site.
Availability of local generation and storage in combination with sophisticated
end use devices such as plug-in electric
vehicles offers inherent flexibility for
consumers.
Plug-in electric vehicles, both allelectric and hybrid, could be used to
supply energy to a home during an outage. Hybrid electric vehicles also could
operate as a gasoline-fueled generator to
provide additional standby power. Automakers are interested in the concept, but
the technologies require further development. Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. recently
unveiled a system that enables the Nissan Leaf to connect with a residential
distribution panel to supply residences
with electricity from its lithium-ion
batteries. The batteries can provide up
to 24 kWh of electricity, sufficient to
power a households critical needs for
up to two days.
Increasingly, consumers are installing rooftop PV systems to augment gridsupplied electricity. Usually limited by
roof area and sized to meet an economi12
cally viable portion of the buildings

electrical needs, these systems cannot
supply 100 percent of a residences typical demand, nor do the systems, as currently configured, allow for operation as
independent microgrids to supply part of
a residences needs. EPRI assessments
have identified inverter and control designs that could convert PV systems into
self-sufficiency technologies, but few
inverter manufacturers have stepped forward to serve this need.
The existing controls associated with
PV arrays are not sufficiently functional to match the electrical demand of a
residence without grid supply or local
storage. Companies are developing residential circuit breaker panels that can
control individual circuits and appliances. Control devices could be developed to weave these breaker panels into
the PV system, so that when grid power
is lost, load is automatically curtailed
to balance supply and load for the residential microgrid. These systems also
could manage the ramps that occur as
the sun rises and sets, or as clouds block
sunlight.
Solar and wind energy eventually
will get a boost from evolving energy
storage technologies, which help make
variable generation dispatchable and
can provide a temporary solution to
overcome regional and local capacity
shortages and localized transmission
and distribution congestion. Advances
in technology and expansion in production capacity have brought some
storage technologies to the verge of
cost-effectiveness, but their overall
economics are still marginal. A broader range of benefits must be realized
for these technologies to become costeffective. The applications that contribute to the value of storage solutions
have various requirementsmeeting
certain ramp rates, storage capacity,
round-trip efficiency, and othersand
these requirements have not yet been
systematically developed, nor have the
issues of allocating the costs and benefits across different portions of the
power system.
Careful policy formulation, accelerated infrastructure investment, and
greater commitment to public/private

research, development, and demonstration can help overcome such barriers
to grid modernization and provide the
flexibility needed for optimal operation.
As our power system becomes more
variable on both the generation and
consumer sides, the grid will need to
act flexibly to maintain balance. Technology development should be a central
component of the strategy to provide
balancing resources as more variable
generation is added.
Contributors
Clark W. Gellings, a fellow at the
Electric Power Research Institute, has
had a long career in technical management at EPRI, serving in seven vice-presidential positions. He is a life fellow of
IEEE and an honorary and distinguished
member of CIGRE, the International
Council on Large Electric Systems. He
is a past-president of CIGREs U.S. National Committee.
Arshad Mansoor is Senior Vice
President, Research and Development
for the Electric Power Research Institute
(EPRI). Previously he served as Vice
President of EPRIs Power Delivery and
Utilization sector where he led research,
development, demonstration and application of transmission and distribution
and energy utilization technologies; as
Vice President of the former EPRI subsidiary, EPRI Solutions; and as Vice
President and Director of Engineering
with the EPRI Power Electronics Application Center.
Ron Schoff is the manager of the
Technology Innovation (TI) program
at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The programs portfolio
of cross-cutting research, development
and demonstration projects scouts, influences and builds on early-stage work
across the global science and technology
communities to capture innovations for
application-oriented development and
demonstration by EPRI.
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IEEE Standards & Smart Grid:
Uniquely Positioned for Interoperability

IEEEs technical explorations, standards, and standards projectsfrom
infrastructure to securityand the interconnection of various distributed
resources, has no match.
IEEE has more than 100 standards and standards in development
relevant to smart grid, including the over 20 IEEE standards named
in the NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability
Standards. In addition, IEEE Smart Grid Research is building one
of the industrys most comprehensive portfolios of smart gridrelated intelligence, including materials such as vision
documents and research papers that address problems
and challenges in both the long- and short-term.
Get involved in Smart Grid standards development,

visit standards.ieee.org/getinvolved
Find & purchase standards & Smart Grid Research,

visit standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/smart_grid.html
Subscribe to the Smart Grid community,

visit smartgrid.ieee.org
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Visiblity and Control

Quantifying the Reliability
of a PMU Network
he wide area measurement system

(WAMS) is gradually becoming
an important guarantee of security
and stability in smart transmission grids.
In the utility industry, WAMS is sometimes referred to as a PMU (phasor measurement unit) network, as synchronized
PMUs are the most crucial elements in
collecting real-time monitoring information. A PMU network provides much
better observability and controllability
in smart grid operations. However, like
any other physical system, a PMU network itself can fail. The consequences
of PMU network failure are serious and
can include a large blackout. Therefore,
the reliability of PMU networks should
be quantitatively evaluated and assured.
A PMU network is composed of
PMUs at substations and generation stations, phasor data concentrators (PDCs),
local communication networks, backbone
communication networks and a control
center. The reliability of a PMU network
can be quantified using reliability evaluation methods. A PMU network is divided
into three types of substructures: the phasor measurement devices, the regional
communication network and the backbone communication network. The basic
procedure consists of two main steps.
The failure modes of modules in each
substructure are analyzed first to build
an equivalent two-state reliability model
of substructure using different evaluation
techniques. Then the equivalent reliability
models of the substructures are combined
to assess the reliability of the whole PMU
network using a fault tree analysis method.
In the hierarchical structure, a PDC
and multiple PMUs constitute a PMUs-
14
PDC working group, in which communication is carried through a regional network. Multiple PMUs-PDC groups are
connected to the control center through
a backbone communication network that
is composed of fabric links and ring interface units.
A PMU device can be
divided into seven modules in light of their
operational functions
for reliability evaluation. Each module
can be further broken down into subcomponents. Markov models for the
sub-components and
modules, which are based
on state space diagrams and
transitions between states, are developed first and then these models are converted into an equivalent two-state model,
which can be used to quantify the reliability indices of the PMU device and easily
incorporated into the reliability evaluation
of PMUs-PDC working groups.
A regional communication network
transmits information between PMUs
and PDC. Regional communication
networks can be classified into three
categories. In the first category, PMU
measurement information is transmitted
through the utilitys own existing facilitieson a carrier wave or microwave
communication channels, for example.
In the second category, a commercial
optic fiber communication network is
used. In the third category, a communication network is built by utility specifically for PMU information.
The reliability of a regional communication network is associated with connectivity identification between multiple
inputs (many PMUs) and a single output
(one PDC) under contingency conditions.
A network survival mechanism refers to
the way of recovering normal data
transfer in the network after a contingency event
such as a link failure.
Network
survival
mechanisms can be
classified into static
protection and dynamic restoration.
In the static protection scenario, a backup path is pre-established together with the
primary path for each PMU.
In dynamic restoration, no backup
path is pre-specified. When a contingency happens, a search process starts to
dynamically find a possible backup path.
A set of reliability evaluation techniques
can be used to quantify the reliability of a
regional communication network. These
include graph theory, set theory and minimum cutsets (minimum combinations
of component failures that can cause system failure).
The backbone communication network transmits information between
PDCs and the control center. It is often
designed as a synchronous optical network with a synchronous digital hierarchy ring configuration and dual-passages.
In general, there are two optic fiber rings
in the network. One is the primary optic fiber ring to transmit working digital
signals in the normal operation state, and
Written by Wenyuan Li and Yang Wang
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the other is a standby optic fiber ring

that can transmit the same digital signals
only in a contingency situation through
successful switching operation. This is
called the 1+1 backup mode.
From a reliability evaluation viewpoint, the backbone communication
network can be modeled using communication interfaces in series with an optic
fiber system module. A combined method of Markov models and the state enumeration technique has been developed
to quantify the reliability of the optical
fiber system and whole PMU network.
Data uncertainty is a challenge for
PMU network reliability assessment.
PMUs have been installed in power
systems only in recent years. The statistical failure data of PMUs are still
sparse, which introduces imprecision
in estimation of reliability parameters
of PMUs components. A solution to
take account of the uncertainty is the
application of combined statistical and
fuzzy Markov methods.
The methods and models described
above have been applied to an IEEE
test system and an actual project at BC

Hydro, Canada. The applications demonstrated that PMU network reliability can
be quantified using the presented methods and models. An equivalent reliability two-state model for the whole PMU
network can be obtained from quantified
reliability assessments. Such an equivalent model provides flexibility for the
reliability evaluation of an integrated
smart transmission grid that is composed
of a traditional electric power system and
PMU network. This is a new topic in
smart grid reliability.
Contributors
Wenyuan Li, an IEEE fellow, is
a principal engineer at BC Hydro in
Canada, a professor with Chongqing
University in China and an adjunct professor with Simon Fraser University in
Canada. He has published five books and
over 170 papers in power system reliability, probabilistic applications and system
operations. He has received several prestigious awards including the IEEE PES
Roy Billinton Power System Reliabil-
ity Award (2011), the International Merit

Award of the Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems Society (2012)
and the Electric Power Medal from the
IEEE Canada (2014). He is a fellow of
the Canadian Academy of Engineering
and the Engineering Institute of Canada,
and an editor of the IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems and the IEEE Power
Engineering Letters. He graduated from
Tsinghua University in 1968 and received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from
Chongqing University in 1982 and 1987.
Yang Wang, an IEEE member,
is a post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering at the Wayne State University, Detroit. His research interests
include wide-area measurement systems, voltage stability, photovoltaic
power systems, and emission reduction through demand side management. He received his Ph.D. degree
from Chongqing University, Chongqing, China in 2009.
______________________________________
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MARKETS
Market Enablement
Integrating Distributed Resources

into Wholesale Markets and Grid Operations
istributed Energy Resources

(DER) encompasses distributed
generation including combined
heat and power, wind and photovoltaic
systems, demand response, energy storage, vehicle-to-grid systems and microgrid. DER will have impacts on system operations and energy markets,
which will require grid and energy market operations to embrace it. But what
will be DERs impacts, and how can we
model DER economics and adoption
from the user point of view?
There are two aspects to integrating
distributed energy resources (DER)
what is known collectively as combined
heat and power, wind and photovoltaic systems, demand response, energy
storage, vehicle-to-grid systems and
microgrids with wholesale markets
and grid operations. One is the impact
of DER on the grids physical stability,
the other the effects of price responsive
DER on wholesale market behavior.
These are two very different issues, but
both have implications for wholesale
operations visibility and retail-level
interactions.
Almost all DER is connected to the
grid via power electronics, specifically
by inverters. Such resources in effect
decouple the grids physical dynamics
from the dynamics of the DER technology. That is, inverter-based resources do
not generally exhibit frequency response
or response to the rate of change of frequency; in other words, they do not have
inertial or governor response.
16
This does not seem alarming if DER

is thought of only as a type of load. Resistive load also does not have inertial
or governor response, and loads
based on power electronics
such as variable speed
drives also do not exhibit inertial or governor response. But
if we think of DER
as substituting for
conventional generation, then the
question arises as to
whether the system
still has sufficient inertial and governor response.
There may also be locational issues
(as opposed to interconnection or control
area issues) to consider.
Operators of isolated island grids
have long worried about these questions, as it is well known that wind
generation and distributed PV can pose
risks to maintaining sufficient primary
frequency response. But large control
area operators faced with high renewables and DER penetration are starting
to look at this as well. Studies assuming the 1520 percent penetration typical of renewable portfolio standards
indicate there will be no problem in
many cases. But at higher penetration
levels concerns build about whether
NERC performance criteria can be
met or whether maximum frequency
deviations on large unit outages can be
managed.
One tool being increasingly employed

for examining system dynamic performance over the time scales of interest for
this problem is DNV GLs Kermit,
which simulates grid, generation and DER dynamics
on a scale of sub-seconds to hours. Some
existing studies focus on the theoretical inertia on line
from conventional
generators as a
function of projected
unit commitment factoring in renewable production. Other studies look
at the aggregate primary response
available from conventional units on line
based on standard droop speed settings
for unit governors.
This latter evaluation works today
when there are many conventional units
on line and spinning reserve is provided
from a handful of units. But in a future
scenario where at a given moment renewable production may displace 50 percent
or more of the conventional generation in
terms of on line capacity, there may be
less than apparent total headroom available from conventional generation for
primary or governor response and for automated generation control or secondary
response.
Put differently, the primary governor response may eat into the capacity
that was thought available for spinning
reserves.
Written by Ralph Masiello
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If it can be shown that under some

scenarios there is insufficient inertial
or governor response available, then
market operators have to face increased
dispatch costs so as to keep conventional units on line for this purpose.
And what if conventional plant operators plan or threaten to retire plants due
to inadequate revenues? Then market
solutions have to be developed for the
provision of inertial and governor response as ancillary services products
rather than as conventional unit interconnection standards. Conceivably,
those involved in capacity markets or
capacity planning would have to consider these factors as well.
Once market product solutions to ensuring adequate inertial and governor
response are on the table, then DER and
renewables developers and technology
communities will demand access to these
markets and revenue streams. This leads
to the use of synthetic inertia and synthetic
governor response provided by inverterbased DER or wind farms. Depending
upon the DER technology, this can be provided by, for instance, limiting the power
delivered to the grid to a level below the
instantaneous capability of the physical
resource. For instance, a set of PV panels
could be controlled to deliver less than full
potential.
Wind farms without storage may
have the ability to provide limited response by using the inverter to accelerate or decelerate the turbines for a brief
period, but stress on the turbine blades
is a concern.
Today NERC standards would not
allow grid operators to make use of
synthetic inertial or governor response.
And indeed, except for a few special
cases, the dynamic performance of
synthetic and governor response is
not well understood. But as DER penetration increases and the capacity to
exploit these potential capabilities becomes more and more attractive, standardization will result.
At the other end of the dynamic
spectrum, one of the major advantages
claimed for future smart grid technologies is that end use loads will be able to
respond to energy prices autonomously.
What is needed here are regulatory and
tariff structures allowing retail customers direct access to day-ahead, hourahead, or real-time energy prices from
the wholesale market. Their development
is not a straightforward as one might
think.
Under the hood of the price-responsive load model is a small matter of price
instability in what is called a sequential
market in the context of economists
cobweb theory. The energy market is
sequential in this context in that the supply side (the market operator) clears the
market using supply offers and estimated
demand (load forecast or actual demand)
and then publishes the price. Then the
price responsive load reacts to that price.
Ignoring the time dynamics of the relative speed of response of generators and
end use load for the moment, all is well
and prices will converge over time. But
if the demand side is more elastic than
the supply side, the cobweb expands over
time and prices diverge.
This phenomenon is not imaginary.
Consider a situation in which large industrial loads that have time flexibility
in energy usage are subject to real time
pricing. Assume that a generator outage
causes the market operator to signal a
combustion turbine to come on, and the
real time price spikes as a result due to
the instantaneous supply-demand imbalance. That price spike could cause the
industrial load to interrupt its consumptionand the load could respond more
quickly than the generator could come
on line. So when the generator does
come on, in say 10 minutes, the load has
dropped and there is now an imbalance.
This leads the operator to decrease the
price and signal generation, prompting
the load to switch back on.
When we consider the stability of the
market process including the different
time dynamics of generation and load,
the answer is more complex than just
the relative elasticities. The relative time
delays matter as well. Without the math,

suffice it say that if the load is faster than
the generation, watch out.
What does this mean to the market
operator? If the market operator manages to estimate the load elasticity with
reasonable accuracy and clears the price
anticipating the price response, then all
is well. If load elasticity is ignored, then
there can be problems depending upon
a host of factors. So the market operator
will need short-term and day-ahead load
forecasting that incorporates the effects
of load elasticity.
One path to being able to estimate
elasticity is to gather data from all those
price-responsive loads, a formidable task
even on the optimistic assumption that
all consumers know their price elasticities in advance. Another approach is for
an aggregator to capture all this information and pass it on to the market operator.
This, however, runs counter to the very
idea of autonomous price responsive load
and leaves the aggregator with the forecast risk.
Yet another solution is for the market operator to invest in developing big
data analytics and data bases to forecast
demand elasticity. That is a topic for another issue of the newsletter.
Contributor
Dr. Ralph D. Masiello, a member of
the National Academy of Engineering,
an IEEE Smart Grid Technical Expert
and an IEEE Life Fellow, is DNV GLs
Innovation Director and Senior Vice
President. He has served as chairman of
the IEEE Power Systems Engineering
Committee and serves now on the editorial board of the IEEE Power and Energy
Magazine. In 2009 he received the IEEE
PES Charles Concordia Power Systems
Engineering Award. He earned his B.S.,
M.S. and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, where he worked on the
very early applications of modern control
and estimation theory of power systems.
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TR ANSMIS SION
Transmission Automation
The Self-healing Grid:

A Concept Two Decades in the Making
telligence to constantly look for potential

problems caused by storms, catastrophes,
human error or even sabotage. It will react to real or potential abnormalities within a fraction of a
second, just as a military
fighter jet reconfigures
itself to stay aloft after it is damaged.
The
self-healing
grid isolates problems immediately
as they occur, before they cascade
into major blackouts,
and reorganizes the grid
and reroutes energy transmissions so services continue for
all customers while the problem is physically repaired by line crews.
A self-healing smarter grid can provide a number of benefits that lead to a
more stable and efficient system. Three
of its primary functions
include: real-time moniA self-healing
toring and reaction,
which allows the syssmarter grid
tem to constantly tune
can provide
itself to an optimal state;
anticipation, which ena number of
ables the system to autobenefits that
matically look for problems that could trigger
lead to a
larger disturbances; and
more stable
rapid isolation, which
allows the system to isoand efficient
late parts of the network
system.
that experience failure
or most Americans, President

Obamas mention of a self-healing
grid was probably the first they had
ever heard about a power system that
could identify and fix its own problems,
without direct human intervention. But
the concept of a self-healing grid goes
back twenty years and by now is well
developed.
At one point in his 2013 State of the
Union address, President Obama aroused
excitement and also some confusion regarding a self-healing grid.
What the president said was: Americas energy sector is just one part of an
aging infrastructure badly in need of repair. Ask any CEO where theyd rather
locate and hire: a country with deteriorating roads and bridges, or one with
high-speed rail and internet; high-tech
schools and self-healing power grids?
Since the presidents speech, I have
been asked the following questions:
What is a
self-healing
infrastructure?
A self-healing grid
uses digital components and real-time secure communications
technologies installed
throughout to monitor
its electrical characteristics at all times and
constantly tune itself so
it operates at an optimum state. It has the in18
from the rest of the system, to avoid the

spread of disruption and enable a more
rapid restoration.
As a result of these functions,
a self-healing smart grid
system is able to reduce power outages
and minimize their
length when they do
occur. The smart
grid is able to detect
abnormal signals,
make adaptive reconfigurations and
isolate disturbances,
eliminating or minimizing electrical disturbances
during storms or other catastrophes.
And, because the sy stem is self-healing, it has an end-to-end resilience that
detects and overrides human errors that
result in some of the power outages, such
as when a worker error left millions of
California residents without electricity in
September 2011.
Beyond managing power disturbances, a smart grid system has the ability to
measure how and when consumers use
the most power. This information allows
utility providers to charge consumers
variable rates for energy based upon supply and demand. Ultimately, this variable
rate will incentivize consumers to shift
their heavy use of electricity to times of
the day when demand is low and will
contribute to a healthier environment by
helping consumers better manage and
more efficiently use energy.
Written by Massoud Amin
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How can we set about building

a self-healing grid?
To transform our current infrastructure into a self-healing smart grid, several technologies must be deployed and
integrated.
The ideal smart grid system consists
of microgrids, which are small, mostly
self-sufficient power systems, and a
stronger, smarter high-voltage power
grid, which serves as the backbone of the
overall system. Where do we begin?
The first step is to build a processor
into each switch, circuit breaker, transformer and busbar, which are the huge
conductors that transport electricity from
generators. The processors will allow
transmission lines to securely communicate with each other and monitor their
individual pieces of the grid.
From there, the millions of electromechanical switches currently in use
will need to be replaced with solid-state,
power-electronic circuits to handle the
highest transmission voltages of 345 kilovolts and beyond. This upgrade from
analog to secure digital will allow the
entire network to be digitally controlled,
making the smart grids key functions of
real-time self-monitoring and self-healing possible.
Upgrading the grid infrastructure for
self-healing capabilities requires replacing traditional analog technologies with
digital components, software processors and power electronics technologies.
These must be installed throughout a
system so it can be digitally controlled,
which is the key ingredient to a self-monitoring and self-healing grid.
Does the smart grid need to have

a self-healing infrastructure?
It needs a self-healing infrastructure
to ensure it can continue to operate reliably for businesses and consumers who
depend on it. A smart grid that is overlaid
with the various sensors, communications, automation and control features
that allow it to deal with unforeseen
events and minimize their impacts will
be resilient and secure.
As I mentioned previously, the annual and automation that enabled a smart

business losses in the U.S. from electri- gridan integrated, self-healing
cal failures average about $100 billion. and electronically controlled secure
Much of this is from short power inter- and resilient power system.
ruptions. On any day in
the U.S., about a half
Contributor
million people are withMassoud
Amin,
Not only can
out power for two or
a senior member of
a self-healing
more hours.
IEEE, Chairman of
Not only can a selfthe IEEE Smart Grid, a
grid avoid
healing grid avoid or
fellow of ASME, Chairor minimize
minimize blackouts and
man of the Texas RE,
associated costs, it can
an independent Direcblackouts and
minimize the impacts
tor of the MRO, holds
associated
of deliberate attempts
the
Honeywell/H.W.
by terrorists or others
Sweatt Chair in Techcosts, it can
to sabotage the power
nological Leadership at
minimize the
grid. Its ability to seamthe University of Minlessly maintain services
nesota. He directs the
impacts of
under all of these types
universitys Technologideliberate
of conditions makes our
cal Leadership Institute
country more secure.
(TLI), is a University
attempts
And overall, it improves
Distinguished Teaching
by terrorists
the quality of electricity
Professor and professor
services for end users.
of electrical and comor others to
puter engineering. He
sabotage the
received a B.S. degree
Where did the
with honors and the
concept of a selfpower grid.
M.S. degree in electrihealing grid come
cal and computer engifrom?
neering from the UniIt was first formulated in the context of the Complex In- versity of Massachusetts-Amherst, and
teractive Networks/Systems Initiative the M.S. degree and the D.Sc. degree in
(CIN/SI), which was launched as a joint systems science and mathematics from
project of the Electric Power Research Washington University in St. Louis, MisInstitute and the U.S. Department of souri. Before joining the University of
Defense in 1998, which involved six Minnesota in 2003, he held positions of
university research consortia, com- increasing responsibility at the Electric
prised of 240 graduate students and Power Research Institute (EPRI) in Palo
108 professors in 28 U.S. Universities Alto. After 9/11, he directed EPRIs Inalong with 52 utilities and ISOs and the frastructure Security R&D and served
U.S. DoD, to address security and re- as area manager for Infrastructure Seliability challenges posed by intercon- curity & Protection, Grid Operations/
nected and complex critical infrastruc- Planning, and Energy Markets. Prior to
tures. The key goal was to develop new that, he served as manager of mathemattools and techniques to enable large ics and information sciences, leading the
national infrastructures to self-heal in development of more than 24 technoloresponse to threats, material failures gies that transferred to industry, and pioand other destabilizers. Among the neered R&D in self-healing infrastrucdeliverables was the development and tures and smart grids.
deployment of layers of secure sensing, high-confidence communications
19
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BULK GENER ATION
Generation Advancements
Is DCs Place in the Home?
iven changes in how people are

using electricity, is an AC-only
electrical system still the right
option for a residence of the future? Conversion losses already are growing with
wide use of consumer electronics, and
they will get bigger still as photovoltaic
and car-charging systems evolve. This
is why experts are starting to seriously
consider the prospect of hybrid AC/DC
residential electrical systems.
According to the Energy Information
Agency (EIA), the fastest growing portion of residential electricity use is consumer electronics and small appliances.
In 1993, the EIA did not even bother to
measure the consumption in either category; eight years later it counted over
a dozen types of devices that fit in this
category. By 2013, when a group of IEEE
members audited their houses to get a
snapshot of what they had, the list of categories expanded to over 50 small appliances and consumer electronics devices.
These devices primarily run on DC
power. Even with improvements in power supplies, many of these devices have a
conversion efficiency of no better than 80
percent and some low-end devices have
efficiencies as low as 65 percent in converting power. Such devices now account
for between 15 and 30 percent of a residences consumption, depending on demographics, country and weather zone.
In terms of electricity used, in 2012
the average U.S. home consumed 11,252
Kilowatt-hours (kWh). Assuming the average home used 20 percent of electricity for these devices, that translates into
20
2,250 kWh consumed by each residence.

With an average efficiency of power conversion of 75 percent, that means 562
kWh were lost in power conversion in an
average home.
If this were the only loss
from power conversion,
it might be ignored,
but this is not the
case. On the production side of the
equation, residential photovoltaic
systems are coming into wider use,
producing DC power
that also involves significant losses. The smallest
PV system typically installed has a
capacity of about 1 kilowatt (KW) and
produces 5250 kWh annually.
According to the National Renewable
Energy Labs (NREL) PVWatts tool, the
losses associated with converting DC to
AC in a typical system come to 23 percent, or 241 kWh. The average size installed is 5 KW, so the annual conversion
loss amounts to 1,200 kWh for the average system.
Then there are electric vehicles, a
third major DC element. According to
GM, the Chevy Volt needs to have 10.4
kWh fed into the battery for a full charge
because of losses and battery conditioning, doing that actually requires 12.9
kWh of electricity. Assuming the Volt
is driven the 35-miles-a-day national
average, which is roughly the number of
miles the car gets per charge, it will con-
sume 4,700 kWh of electricity per year,

of which 912 kWh is lost in conversion
and charging the batteries.
So, if current trends continue, more
renewables, electric vehicles and
consumer electronics will
be installed, leading
to growing conversion losses. Today, a
home with photovoltaic and electric
vehicles will see
conversion losses of
2,674 kWh annually
on a consumption of
15,952 kWh, or 16 percent. This means more
electricity is lost within the
home than in delivering that homes
power across the distribution and transmission grids.
While there are still few homes with
photovoltaic and electric vehicles, the
question is, should conversion of DC to
AC and AC to DC continue in the future? Should a resident be able to plug a
DC-based device into a DC outlet and an
AC-based device into an AC outlet? Or
should we continue to make all the conversions? In 2004, CEATI published one
of the first reports that asked the question
of what it would take to mix AC and DC
on the same distribution system. Over
the last seven years some efforts have
been made in the laboratory to understand what it would take to mix, either
on the distribution system or just within
the home, AC and DC power. Additionally the impact of different outlets for AC
Written by Doug Houseman
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and DC power has been discussed. This

is not a trivial problem; safety of the user,
breakers, switches, reactive power and
other issues all need to be sorted out. In
short, it is a big change that will take major research to sort out. IEEE will start
a formal effort this spring to look at the
challenges of DC power in the home and
potentially mixing AC and DC there.
A small group of IEEE members
working with the IEEE Power & Energy Society (PES) and IEEE Standards
Association (SA) will launch a working group from the IEEE PES General
Meeting. This working group may be
the core for the potential revolution.
Right now no one knows whether it will
be cost effective to mix AC and DC in a
household, how fast EV use will grow
recent history is not very encouraging
or how fast renewables will be installed.
Another uncertainty concerns penetration of battery storage, which may be
installed to back up building-based renewable energy systems.
What is completely unknown at this
point is what the impact of this will be
on the implementation of smart grid and

the overall design of distribution systems
in the future. Is this an important part of
the future, a flash in the pan, a specialized system for high-end consumers, or
completely nuts?
With 132,000,000 households in
the United States, losses from conversion are more than 70 terawatt hours
(billion kWh) annually for small appliances and consumer electronics. These
losses equate to 700 trillion BTUs of
primary energy that is lost with these
conversions in the United States alone.
As the rest of the world catches up
with the US in using electricity for entertainment (there are over 1.4 billion
more households in the world), what is
the right thing to do? Without research
and engineering, we dont have the basis to make a good decision. The ball
is clearly in our court to decide. Wont
you join the effort?
Contributor
nical Innovation at EnerNex and has

served as Chief Technology Officer
at Capgemini. With extensive experience in the energy and utility industry, he has been involved in projects
in more than 30 countries. He was
designated part of the World Generation Class of 2007, one of 30 people
in the global utility and energy industry so named by World-Generation
Magazine and the World Generation
Forum. He was the lead investigator
on one of the largest studies on the
future of distribution companies published by CEATI, and for the last five
years has been working with more
than 100 utilities and manufacturers,
50 governments, and five international agencies/NGOs on a wide range
of industry issues. He was one of the
primary authors of the IEEE Power &
Energy Societys GridVision 2050. He
obtained his bachelors degree at the
U.S. Naval Academy and did graduate
work at the University of Michigan.
Doug Houseman, an IEEE senior

Member, is Vice President for Tech-
____________________________
_________
21
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NON - BULK GENER ATION
Distributed Energy Resources
How to Achieve Completely Autonomous Power

in the Next Generation of Smart Grids
he paradigm of future power erators rated at 200 MW and above. It is

systems described here offers a relatively easy to regulate a limited nummethod of standardizing the inter- ber of generators in a power system so as
face of all electrical supplies, including to achieve system stability and to
conventional power plants and new add- meet the balance between
ons, such as wind/solar farms, electrical generation and demand.
When a large numvehicles and energy storage systems, and
a majority of loads with the transmission ber of new add-ons
and distribution networks, by exploiting wind or solar farms,
the synchronisation principle of synchro- electrical vehicles
nous machines. This model opens the and energy storage
prospect of achieving completely autono- systemsare integrated into a power
mous operation of power systems.
Due to civilisation and economic de- system, the number
velopment, demand for electricity is con- of players on the supply side
stantly growing, leading
will increase
directly to supply issues
Due to
considerably. Moreand environmental criover, a lot of players on
sis. Large-scale utilisacivilisation
the demand side are extion of renewables is
and economic
pected to actively take
regarded as a promispart in the system reguing means of lessening
development,
lation as well. Hence, the
those problems, and as
demand for
total number of active
a result, power systems
players in a power sysare going through a
electricity is
tem could easily reach
paradigm change from
constantly
millions, hundreds of
centralised generation
millions or even billions.
to distributed generagrowing,
How to make sure that
tion, and further on to
leading
all these players are able
smart grids.
to work together to mainIn current power
directly
tain the system stability
systems, the generation
to supply
is a great challenge. A
of electricity is domisimple mechanism is
nated by centralised faissues and
needed to facilitate the
cilities. The lions share
environmental
organic growth and auof power is provided
tonomous operation of
in China, for example,
crisis.
power systems.
by just 1500 or so gen-
22
Adding a communication and information system into power systems would

help: hence the birth of smart grids, power systems with communication and
information systems added
to operate in parallel.
With the introduction
of smart power, systems will become
more efficient and
more resilient in
the face of threats,
and friendlier to
the
environment.
Naturally, the added
communication systems
are expected to provide the
infrastructure needed for all power
system players to work together, even
at the low-level controls. This standard
scenario, however, brings with it serious
concerns about reliability. If the communication system breaks down then the
whole power system could crash. Moreover, when the number of players reaches
a certain level, how to manage the communication system is itself a challenge.
A vision of next-generation smart
grids I have devised would allow all active
players to communicate with each other
at the bottom level of the power system,
without relying on a communication network. The function of communication is
achieved through control, that is to say, the
measurement of local voltage or frequency
and the execution of control algorithms,
based on the underlying synchronisation
mechanism of synchronous machines. As
Written by Qing-Chang Zhong
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Inspiring the Future

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a result, the communication system in a the United States, according to a report

smart grid can be released from low-level from the Electrical Power Research Incontrols and adopted to focus on high- stitute (EPRI), electric motors account
for about 50 percent of end consumplevel functions.
In such a power system, all conven- tion, lighting 20 percent and the Intertional power plants, including coal-fired, net about 10 percent, with miscellahydro and nuclear, are connected to the neous items making up the remaining
20 percent. In order to
transmission and distriimprove the efficiency
bution network through
of motor systems, it is
synchronous generators,
With the
very common to use
as normally done.
introduction of
variable speed drives,
With respect to new
which include AC/DC
sources of generation,
smart power,
converters (also called
the various different
systems will
rectifiers) at the front
types of renewables,
end to interface with
electric vehicles and
become more
the grid. Internet deenergy storage systems
efficient and
vices are powered by
can all be connected
DC supplies, so they
to the transmission
more resilient
interface with the grid
and distribution netin the face
by means of rectifiers
work through DC/AC
as well. For lighting
converters, also called
of threats,
devices, it is already a
inverters. These invertand friendlier
clear trend that LED
ers can be controlled to
devices will dominate
have the synchronisato the
the market in the near
tion mechanism of conenvironment.
future. LED lights are
ventional synchronous
powered by DC supmachines, by means of
plies as well.
the self-synchronised
So, the majority of electricity in
synchronverter technology that is further developed from the synchronverter a future power systemprobably 80
technology I invented with George percent or morecould be powered
Weiss, Professor of Control Engineer- via rectifiers, regardless of the differing at Tel Aviv University, Israel. More ent functions of loads. These rectifispecifically, the mathematical model of ers can also be controlled to have the
conventional synchronous generators synchronisation mechanism of convencan be taken as the core of the controllers tional synchronous machines, using
for these inverters, and the mature tech- the self-synchronised synchronverter
nologies developed for conventional syn- technology. More specifically, they can
chronous generators can be adopted and be controlled to have the dynamic bewrapped onto the core of the controllers. haviour of conventional synchronous
Hence, these inverters have the dynamic motors. Because of the availability of
behaviour of conventional synchronous the frequency information inside the
generators, in particular, the synchroni- rectifiers, it is very easy to implement
continuous rather than on/off demand
sation mechanism.
As for loads, to a great extent they response, which provides a means to
also can be integrated and controlled by fully release the power of demand
means of synchroverter technology. In response.
24
It is well known that synchronous machines can synchronise with each other
or with the power supply autonomously,
without the need of external communication. The above framework for nextgeneration smart grids simply turns all
suppliesboth conventional and new
add-onsand the majority of loads into
synchronous machines. They can work
together autonomously and make equal
contributions to maintain system stability, so as to achieve completely autonomous power systems.
Contributor
Qing-Chang Zhong, a senior member of IEEE and a fellow of the Institution
of Engineering and Technology (IET), is
Chair Professor in the Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK. Jointly
with George Weiss, a professor of control
engineering at Tel Aviv University, Israel,
he invented the synchronverter technology to operate inverters to mimic synchronous generators, which was recognized
as highly commended in the 2009 IET
Innovation Awards. He received a Ph.D.
degree in control and power engineering
(awarded the Best Doctoral Thesis Prize)
from Imperial College London in 2004,
and a Ph.D. degree in control theory and
engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong
University in 2000, and is the co-author
of three research monographs, including
Control of Power Inverters in Renewable
Energy and Smart Grid Integration; a
fourth, Completely Autonomous Power
Systems (CAPS): Next Generation Smart
Grids, is scheduled to appear in 2015. In
20122013, he spent a six-month sabbatical at the Cymer Center for Control Systems and Dynamics (CCSD), University
of California, San Diego, and an eightmonth sabbatical at the Center for Power
Electronics Systems (CPES), Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg. Va.
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JOIN THE IEEE

INTERNET OF
THINGS TECHNICAL
COMMUNITY
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THE WORLD
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing concept where all things,
including every physical object, can be connected, making those
objects intelligent, programmable, and capable of interacting with
humans. As more and more information is revealed each day, IoT
and its potential to transform how we communicate with machines
and each other can change the world.
To bring clarity and disseminate this information globally,

IEEE has launched the IoT Technical Community.
Stay abreast of developments in this multi-disciplinary area and
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IEEE Internet of Things
IEEE Internet of Things
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Distributed Generation
Integrating Distributed Generation
into the Smarter Grid
enewables and distributed generation are here to stay. Grid

operators should recognize that
distributed supplies must be treated like
any other supply source and be fully integrated into transmission and distribution
network operations systems. Already
there are innovative and cost-effective
solutions that are designed to solve or
mitigate the problem.
Historically electricity flowed in
one direction and the problem for grid
operators was ensuring sufficient supply to meet demand. Now, with energy
consumers increasingly becoming energy producers, grid operators have to be
aware of current and forecasted distributed energy production and distribution.
Utility load control systems currently
forecast how much energy to purchase
based on prior period usage adjusted
for forecasted weather conditions. With
growing reliance on distributed energy
resources (DER), they now have to forecast their electricity production, local
usage and power fed back to the grid. In
addition, grid operators must not only understand the current state of the transmission and distribution network, but must
also consider the condition of distributed
energy plants and the transmission lines
to their grid interconnection points.
This is an immediate problem that
many progressive utilities are attempting to address. Currently 37 states have
Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), a
driving force for the growth in distributed generation. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, as of
26
June 2013, renewables, excluding hydro,

accounted for 6.71 percent of American
electricity generation; the distributed
generation share is significantly larger
if combined heat and power, and
non-central natural gas fired
generators, are included.
Solar, wind and
other distributed generation plants are
typically situated in
remote areas, requiring the construction
of new transmission
lines to connect to the
grid. The integration of
the physical flow of electricity from distributed energy
units is being addressed through
state-enacted interconnect standards (notably, in Virginia, Maine and Utah). Thirty states have comprehensive standards
assigning the responsibility and the cost
of the interconnection to power producers and ensuring that specific technical
and safety measures are put in place. Most
of the state standards are implementing
IEEE 1547, which requires that any distributed site go offline within two seconds of detecting a power outage on the
grid. This is typically done by protective
relays internal to the generating facility
or by a direct transfer trip signal from
the substation.
Solutions for protection and islanding
currently on the market are costly and can
negatively affect the return on investment
of building a distributed generation facility that is compliant with state interconnect
standards. Lower cost solutions that meet

the IEEE standard should be explored.
An example is Northeast Utilities pilot,
which uses a broadband over power line
product (B-PLC) from GridEdge
Network to provide protection and isolation on the
line between the distributed facility and
the grids interconnecting point. The
system also alerts
the utility when a
unit is down.
Utilities are also
developing solutions
that integrate information
flows between the utility and
the distributed generation plants.
Complementary to the physical integration of distributed generation into the
grid is the need to maintain a two-way
flow of information between distributed
facilities and the utilitys SCADA, EMS
and load forecasting systems.
The SCADA system requires a real
time view of the current and projected
flow of electricity throughout the grid.
With increasing deployment of distributed resources, access to the condition
of a unit and to its current and projected
production and distribution is necessary
to maintain the reliability of the grid.
Similarly, load management and
forecasting systems estimate how much
supply to bring in on a daily basis. Without knowledge of current production or
forecasts of distributed energy production, the total day-ahead load supplied
Written by Gene Zimon
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to wholesale purchasers could have an

increasingly widening margin of error
as distributed capacity increases. This
will increase the wholesale cost of energy, as overestimated base load will result in purchasing too much energy and
underestimated base load will require
more reliance on spot market purchases.
Unfortunately solutions for data communications from distributed generation
plants located in remote areas are difficult to justify since conventional communication mechanisms such as fiber,
dedicated telephone lines and microwave links are costly. Given that data
throughput will be low, utilities should
explore cost-effective alternatives such
as wireless and B-PLC technologies to
transfer information from the distributed
site to the substation. Given that the site
has to be connected physically, why not
leverage the power lines as the information transfer mechanism?
Fortunately, software vendors such

as Draker and Locus Energy are deploying products that not only manage solar performance and asset conditions, but also predict production,
measure actual production and control
energy flows back to the grid. Both
companies have the capability to provide this information in real time to the
utility SCADA systems.
The bottom line is that renewables and
distributed generation are here to stay.
Their production is likely to double every ten years, on conservative estimates.
Grid operators should recognize that this
supply must be treated as any other supply source and be fully integrated into
their transmission and distribution network operations systems. Rather than apply existing solutions to a new problem,
utilities should look for innovative and
cost-effective solutions that are designed
to solve or mitigate the problem.
Contributor
Gene Zimon is the founder and president of EDGE Advisers, which is focused
on assisting early stage companies accelerate the introduction of new technologies into the marketplace. Edge Advisers
has done consulting work for GridEdge
Network, Draker and Locus Energy. Zimon has had a 35-year career in information technology. From 2001 to 2009, he
was senior vice president and chief information officer of NSTAR, a large electric
utility in Boston. Before that he was vice
president for IT at Boston Gas and vice
president of business development for
Oracle Utilities. He also held senior IT
positions at Wang Laboratories and the
U.S. Department of Labor. He earned a
bachelors degree in economics at Tufts
University and amasters in economics
from Boston University.
Energy Storage Systems

Technology Battery Advances for Smart Grids
Written by Lucia Gauchia
nergy storage systems are increasingly recognized as a key element

for smart grids. It comes at a time
where batteries in particular are already
dominating the portable devices and
transportation sectors. It is noteworthy
to mention how both sectors are being
influenced by their higher electrification,
and the increased flexibility they offer to
consumers. This enhanced flexibility is

a key feature for smart grid applications,
where storage systems can participate as
distributed energy systems in microgrids,
increase energy resiliency for consumers
and also shift their role from passive consumers to active partners.
Energy storage is largely considered
a key component of smart grids in its
unique capability to adapt to renewable

energy technologies and load variations.
If one looks at the penetration of energy
storage (mainly electrochemical batteries) in different sectors, an increasingly
strong presence can be seen. And this is
not a futuristic prediction, but evidence
of how batteries have had the potential to disrupt the communication and
27
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Even if lead- and nickel-based techtransportation sectors since the end of the
19th Century through the telegraph and nologies have solid market share due to
technology maturity and low costs, it
electric vehicle.
Batteries have transformed society is really lithium-based, sodium-based,
toward higher connectivity and personal and flow batteries technologies that are
independence with their use for portable expected to dominate the market going
devices like cell phones, tablets and lap- forward. Liquid metal batteries, which
tops. This has created a complete revo- present molten electrodes, have the polution of its own by supporting not only tential to be a disruptive technology due
one-to-one communications through to low materials cost and easy asphone calls, but uninterrupted connec- sembly. However, it still has
tion through social media. The role of to overcome slow startconsumers through this has changed ing times due to the
from passivity to active involvement. It need to operate at
is in this way that smart grids align with high temperature
this change in the consumers role. The and its low voltage
capability of smart grids to communicate per cell. Trends for
and integrate consumers in daily opera- these technologies
tions as partners and decision makers for are focused on imtheir own energy use is a key feature for proving aspects that
cover technical, ecoits success.
Energy storage holds a particular in- nomic, and environmenterest for smart grid applications. Its flex- tal concerns.
Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries
ibility in supporting renewable energy,
have had a wide acavoiding
curtailment
ceptability for grid apby storing energy and
plications in different
using it later for peak
Energy
scenarios: support reshaving, among other
storage
newable energy, T&D
capabilities, give coninvestment
deferral,
sumers the combination
is largely
etc. due to their excelof increased energy reconsidered
lent energy density,
siliency, efficiency and
daily cycling capabileconomic benefit. It
a key
ity and high round-trip
also can be used in concomponent
efficiency. However,
cert with other energy
their high temperastorage devices availof smart grids
ture operation (above
able in the household,
in its unique
300C) and corrosive
such as electric vehicles.
reactions pose a safety
Currently, for new
capability
and
environmental
storage technologies,
to adapt to
concern in the event of
compressed air energy
leakage and fire. Imstorage (CAES) domirenewable
provements have been
nates the sector, in terms
energy
made to the fail-safe
of installed power. It is
design of the battery
mainly focused on bulk
technologies
packs to further comenergy
management
and load
partmentalize and proin roles comparable to
tect in case of leakage.
pumped hydro. The
variations.
Lithium-based techrest of energy storage
nologies are expected
technologies,
mainly
batteries for the kW-MW applications, to further dominate the grid application
are dominated by sodium-sulfur (NaS), market as prodigious manufacturing readvanced lead-acid (Pb-acid), nickel- duces costs to a target of 100 $/kWh. in
cadmium (NiCd), lithium-ion technolo- the next 20 years, with the expected impact in the U.S. of the Tesla Giga Factory
gies (Li-ion), and flow batteries.
28
agreement in Nevada. Other challenges

Li-based technologies face include safety
and their environmental impact. Lithium
battery technologies have evolved from
the more unstable and prone to thermal
runway compositions, like LiCoO2, to
safer technologies like LiFePO4. However, there are still challenges to not
compromise energy density and ion conductivity when designing safer technologies. Lithium batteries
are especially sensitive
to temperatures above
60C, which must
be carefully considered depending
on the location and
thermal management options. Major
environmental activities are in setting up a
more comprehensive recycling program for batteries
that have reached their end-of-life.
In this particular aspect, smart grids can
actually be part of the recycling process
for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. The
reuse of EV batteries for grid applications is known as second life, and takes
advantage of the remaining capacity in
the battery; even if deemed inadequate
for EVs, they can still be of use for stationary applications. For lithium technologies in particular, the use of rare-earth
elements adds to the environmental toll
and presents the difficulty of the supply
being controlled in a large part by a single country (China). Therefore, research
efforts are underway to eliminate the
need of rare-earth metals.
Flow batteries, which take advantage of storing the reactants separately
in tanks, present the unique quality of
providing a decoupling of the power and
energy, which is particularly interesting
for grid applications. There has been
an extensive development in the flow
battery technologies and commercial
availability. Traditional technologies,
based on Vanadium, ZnBr, bromine
polysulfide(BPS), etc. have seen increased commercial deployment. However, the main environmental concern
is the hazardous disposal of the liquid
electrolyte due to its corrosive nature.
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Newer developments like ZnFe present reduced costs, and non-hazardous

alkaline electrolytes.
All these new advances in material design need to be matched by a
stronger system level integration with
the rest of smart grid elements, while
keeping the needs of consumers in
mind. This requires integral approaches that incorporate the energy storage
design with the rest of the system, that
is scalable and that generates a clear
revenue path, while keeping in mind
environmental and safety concerns.
Contributor
Dr. Lucia Gauchia was named
the Richard and Elizabeth Henes Assistant Professor of Energy Storage
Systems at Michigan Technological
University in September 2013. She
holds a joint appointment between
Electrical and Computer Engineering Departments and Mechanical
Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Department. During 2012 she
was a Postdoctoral Research Associate with McMaster University, working for the Canada Excellence Research Chair in Hybrid Powertrain
and the Green Auto Powertrain
Program. She received her Ph.D. In
Electrical Engineering from the University Carlos III in Madrid, Spain
in 2009 and worked in the Power
Electric Engineering Department at
the University from 20082012. Her
research interests include the testing, modeling and energy management of energy storage systems for
micro grids and electrical vehicles
applications.
_______________
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DISTRIBUTION
and the Self-Healing Network
isruptive power outages of the

past few years have resulted in
customer outcries for a power
delivery system that is able to withstand
major storms more effectively, and self
healing is one possible solution. Selfhealing is not a new concept, but previous
system designs must be re-evaluated to
ensure proper operation with a high penetration of distributed energy resources,
which pose new challenges and offer new
opportunities for improved performance
during emergencies.
Many electric distribution utilities
are planning to implement automatic
sectionalizing facilities on distribution
feeders as part of their grid modernization strategy to achieve the vision of a
self-healing distribution grid. Selfhealing is not a new concept. Electric
utilities have been implementing automatic reclosers and sectionalizers for
decades to restore power without human intervention to customers whose
power delivery infrastructure remains
intact following a short circuit. Automatic failover schemes have also been
used for years to transfer critical facilities to a backup supply when the normal
power source is lost. In addition, more
advanced automatic service restoration
systems that detect and isolate faulted
feeder sections, and then restore service
to healthy (unfaulted) feeder sections,
have been used on distribution feeder
loops for over twenty years. These early
approaches have generally worked quite
well and have played a major role in re-
30
ducing outage duration for many consumers by 50 percent or more.

Today, electric distribution utilities
are facing new challenges that have a
significant impact on the self-healing
system functionality. Electric
distribution facilities are
routinely loaded to
more than 50 percent
of rated capacity,
and sufficient capacity may not be
available on backup sources when
needed. Hence, the
recent generation of
self-healing systems
commonly includes logic
for dealing with these issues.
Many systems of the past ten years will
automatically block any load transfer
that would overload adjacent feeders.
The more advanced systems will even
divide the load into smaller pieces that
can be supplied by multiple backup
sources without producing unacceptable
electrical conditions.
Some electric utilities have experienced problems with self-healing systems that have operated successfully for
years. Often these problems are the result
of increased DG on the feeder. Distributed generators are a possible source of
fault current that, while small compared
to the level of fault current from the electric utilitys generators, may be enough
to trigger faulted circuit indicators that
are downstream of the actual fault. As
a result, the incorrect feeder segment

will be identified as faulted, and restoration switching activities may re-energize
the fault and possibly lock out multiple
feeders. This problem can be addressed
by using directional fault current indicators that identify
the direction of current
flow or by using centralized modeling
approaches that account for short circuit contributions
from distributed
generators.
Another challenge resulting from
the presence of distributed generators is what is
referred to herein as the net load
problem. Todays fault location and
system restoration (FLISR) systems
continuously monitor the power flowing into and out of each feeder section
to determine the load that may need to
be transferred if a short circuit subsequently occurs. The problem arises
when the distributed unit trips off line
when a fault occurs. Since the unit is
not allowed to reconnect until approximately five minutes following restoration of normal primary voltage on the
electric utility lines, the amount of load
to transfer may exceed the amount
measured just prior to the fault, potentially overloading the backup feeder.
A possible solution is to monitor distributed contributions at all times and
Written by Robert W. Uluski
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account for the generation dropping continue supplying critical loads duroff line when an outage occurs. But ing widespread power outages.
Some utilities are taking self-healing
this solution may only be practical for
to the next level by delarger (utility scale)
ploying
distribution
DG units.
feeders that are fully
Despite the chalDespite the
networked at the prilenges facing us today,
challenges
mary voltage level. In
the future is bright for
such cases, when a fault
self-healing systems.
facing us
occurs on the networked
The presence of distoday, the
feeder, the faulted sectributed generation and
tion can be quickly isoother distributed energy
future is bright
lated from both ends
resources like storage
for self-healing
with no interruption at
can also provide opporall for customers that
tunities to enhance the
systems.
are served by healthy
performance of future
sections. Short of deself-healing systems.
veloping power delivery
In cases where FLISR
load transfers are frequently blocked due components that automatically repair
to high load, future FLISR systems will themselves, networking capability truly
be able to exploit distributed resources represents the ultimate in self-healing
like generation and storage to reduce the technology.
In all cases, developing a business
net load being transferred or to free up
case that shows that the benefits acavailable capacity on backup sources.
Future systems may also be used crued by self-healing outweigh the
to operate feeder extremities that are costs is a daunting task. Savings deisolated following a fault event as rived by the customers who experience
microgrids that are powered by dis- fewer and shorter duration outages can
tributed generators and other distrib- be very significant. However, the use
uted resources. This approach may of customer outage cost savings is not
also enable electric utilities to derive accepted as cost justification in many
value from self-healing systems dur- jurisdictions. Utilities can help solve
ing major storms. FLISR systems are future investment challenges through
often disabled during major storms forward-looking investments that
due to the lack of available backup prepare the utility for future FLISR
sources and due to extensive damage deployment. For example, the utility
to the power delivery infrastructure. should invest in electrically operable
The ability to automatically transfer switches whenever an existing manuto microgrid island mode in such ally operated switch needs to be recircumstances will enable utilities to placed. Also, electric utilities should
ensure that AMI communication infrastructure can handle the communication requirements of self-healing
systems.
Despite the technical and financial
challenges of implementing self-healing
networks, it is almost certain that electric distribution utilities will continue to
deploy self-healing mechanisms to improve service reliability for the benefit of
its customers.
Contributor
Robert Uluski, an IEEE member,
has over 35 years of electric utility experience, with a focus on planning and
implementing distribution automation
systems. He currently leads the distribution automation and distribution management systems consulting practice at Utility Integration Solutions (UISOL). Prior
to joining UISOL, he managed EPRIs
Smart Distribution project set, which
included developing a detailed guidebook on Fault Location Isolation and
Service Restoration (FLISR), Dynamic
Impacts of Distributed Renewables and
integration of smart inverters. He currently serves as the Vice Chair of IEEEs
smart distribution working group, chair
of the task force on DMS and Vice Chair
of the volt-VAR task force. In 2010, he
was awarded IEEEs Douglas M. Staszesky Distribution Automation Award
for significant contributions in the field
of distribution automation. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin in
1973 with an M.S.E.E. degree in electric
power systems.
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Power Quality Management

Keeping Guard on Power Quality for
Better Quality of Service
ith much more comprehensive data and faster, denser

communications, it is possible now to keep a much closer watch on
volts and Vars (Volt-amperes reactive).
The implications for grid stability and
quality of service are more far-reaching
than you might suppose.
Technology innovation and new market advancements to support real-time
voltage and reactive power management have come a long way in the past
ten years. These advancements have
heralded newer generations of automation control software, greater choices in
data transmission and storage, more robust functionality in two-way controllers,
and a new range of powerline sensing
systems to enable centralized and decentralized control schemes on a round-theclock basis.
As utilities examine the potential
benefits of various investments required to engineer a 21st century smart
grid, real time voltage and Var monitoring is quickly emerging as a multipurpose vehicle that can not only improve efficiency in power delivery but
also help manage power quality excursions at the edge of the gridinstabilities that accompany renewable generation sources and loads.
Real-time voltage and Var control
schemes deliver more than efficiency
improvements in the form of reduced
line losses, peak demand savings and
sustained energy reductions. Collection
and analysis of real time voltage and Var
data along the entire span of the distri-
32
bution grid will also enable control room

operators to monitor the reliability of the
system as load profile shifts occur in real
time and traditional power flow models
become invalid.
An effective closed-loop
control scheme, based on
real-time data collection, will dynamically
manage power quality
and prevent harmful voltage excursions that can affect
quality of service,
cause damage to
equipment,
reduce
its useful life orin
the worst case scenario
lead to catastrophic failure. Looking
ahead to nip such problems in the bud,
utilities may even consider sending
performance signals in advance of a
significant load control event to make
appropriate adjustments and avoid an
instance that might otherwise cause
grid instability.
Voltage and Var management programs that rely on the use of real time
data have field design and operating
requirements that must be met to optimize performance. That task includes
the proper placement of field regulation devices with two-way intelligence,
adequate deployment of sensing hardware with sufficient accuracy, powerful
software and analytics to handle data
sampling at real time intervals, properly
designed communications networks with
prioritization of data, and adequate stor-
age capacity and security for the collected data. More specifically, the criteria
for a successful voltage and Var management scheme include the following:
Quality of Geographic Information System dataneed to
verify that grid topology records are accurate and complete.
This can be the
most time consuming portion of
the project but it
is a prerequisite to
any successful deployment.
Adequately engineered voltage regulation with

two-way controlsneed to
flatten voltage profiles on the entire feeder system and ability to
adjust voltages up and down.
Proper quantity, sizing, placement of capacitor banks with
two-way controlsneed to flatten voltage profiles on the entire feeder system and regulate
power factor near unity on all
feeders based on real-time load
conditions. This will require
engineering analysis to determine fixed load requirements for
auto Var compensation and the
proper mix of controllable banks
to address various load profiles.
Proper system construction to
minimize line lossesneed to the
flatten voltage profiles with proper conductor sizing, acceptable
Written by Richard Walsh
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splice point conditions, and proper transformer sizing.

Proper quantity, placement and
accuracy of line sensing hardware with two-way controls
accuracy becomes more important as voltage is managed within
tighter norms, both within and
outside the substation.
Adequately engineered communications infrastructurefrequency and latency requirements
for real time data collection must
be met. Converged networking
requirements with other solutions must also be considered and
prioritized accordingly. Avoid
the need to design and build the
communications network twice.
Automation software to collect
and store real time data and ability to adapt to dynamic changes
in feeder state at the substation
levelthe state of the grid will

change so the control schemes
and modeling will change on the
feeder system with load profile
shifts, DA switching events, and
new bidirectional powers loads
and sources.
Installing operational procedures to respond to uncorrectable events when individual performance requirements cannot
be met without sacrificing others
(high/low voltage conflicts, for
example). Design inadequacies
in the system must be addressed
in real time.
Real time voltage and Var monitoring programs should be designed and
deployed in advance of high penetration
of renewables on the system. It is a custodial step that will provide a view into
events that can otherwise impact quality
of service.
Contributor
Richard Walsh is an application
services director in the global strategic
solutions group at S&C Electric Company. He became part of S&C when the
company acquired a software division
from Current Group, headquartered
in Germantown, Md., in May 2011,
where he was vice president for business development. At Current Group
he had been responsible, among other
things, for the delivery and operations
of the largest commercial Broadband
over Powerline network in the world,
covering 55,000 premises and associated devices on Duke Energys grid.
He has a bachelors degree in electrical engineering and a business degree
in finance.
_____________________________________
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CUSTOMER
Customer Enablement
A Vision of a Smart, Happy, Citizen as an

Enabling Infrastructure for Smart Cities
he city of the future will be selfaware, much like a second being.

These cities will be able to reconfigure themselves, based on whats
happening, and what might happen, in
the immediate future. A global perception exists that our cities can benefit
from technology advances, as so many
products and services have, and these
in turn can help answer the growing
challenges of resource management,
economics constraints, and social issues they are facing.
Cities have always attracted people
from the countryside because they have
been perceived, through the centuries
and millennia (the first historically recorded urban settlements with thousands
of people go back 5,000 years, in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and Egypt) as
the place to be. First, it was about storing
agricultural products, then about creating wares and protecting the riches and
citizens from assaults that those riches
invited.
Cities were born in symbioses with
infrastructures, rivers, then roads and
more recently logistic, telecommunications and education infrastructures.
Infrastructures make a city possible
(water, sewage) and make it effective
in managing resources and producing
wealth. We have seen, recently, that there
is a relation between the per-capita wealth
and the size of the city and this relation is
such that the larger a city the more wealth
per-capita exists (size to 0.75 exponent).
However, as cities grow larger, they are
34
also putting more and more strain on

their infrastructures, which decreases
their efficiency and appeal, and if not
corrected, results in a decreasing urban
population.
The increased effectiveness
of infrastructures (the first
leap occurring with the
Industrial Revolution
in the 18th Century,
the second is ongoing) has multiplied
the number of cities and increased
their size. Whereas
the largest city in the
ancient time was Rome
that peaked at over 1 million inhabitants, it was after
the Industrial Revolution that infrastructures became capable of sustaining larger
cities. Now there are 29 cities with over
10 million inhabitants (the first one to get
over 10 million was New York in 1950).
Providing power, water, sewage, food,
and transport for these kinds of cities is a
nightmare and the related infrastructures
are usually strained to their limit.
And so it is for the thousands of cities that are below the megacity level
but that still have to manage extreme
complexity.
In a way, it reminds me of the saying:
Four-wheel drives let you get stuck in
more inaccessible places. Todays sophisticated infrastructures push the envelope even further and bring us to face
even bigger challenges.
This closes the first point I wanted

to make: cities have always been smarter than their surroundings, and their
smartness was sustained by their infrastructures. As these infrastructures
became better (mostly thanks
to technology advances)
cities grew and in a
way became smarter,
although from a
perception point of
view they always
present drawbacks
and there is always
the need to become
smarter.
The second point I
want to make is that today
we have new technologies that
can further increase the effectiveness of
todays infrastructures.
Think about the Internet of Things.
By using sensors you can have realtime monitoring of water, power, traffic, and garbage, thus becoming more
effective in the use of resources and
maintenance of equipment (reducing
costs at the same time).
Telecommunications
infrastructures and the Internet provide connectivity that basically overrides
geographical distance, again making
centralization possible as never before.
At the same time, the combination of
the Internet of Things, processing and
sensors, transforms the city and its
components into a sort of sentient beings (without a feeling, at least so far)
Written by Roberto Saracco
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If someone separated the art of counting and measuring and weighing

from all the other arts, what was left of each (of the others) would be,

Measurement is a ubiquitous tissue of Smart Grid that is relying on sensing

15 IEEE conferences and workshops, and it is also

sensors, communication, synchronization measurement uncertainty, power

TC39 gathers

challenging topics related to SG
(Applied Measurements for Power Systems)

FIELD OF INTEREST
the science, technology and application of instrumentation and measurement
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that can start to act autonomously and process (and some will never be reat the same time in a coherent way. The placed, like aqueducts and sewage).
The third, and final, point I want to
rise of things and infrastructure awareness is what is now characterizing the make is that new technology is making
the creation of novel
transition from todays
infrastructures possible.
infrastructures to fuOf these, I would like
ture ones.
A global
to focus on one that is
What will be charperception
close to us: ourselves.
acterizing the new
If you think about it,
wave of smarter cities
exists that
we are amazing sensors:
will be the awareness
our cities can
we move around, we see
of the infrastructures.
what is going on, and
Future infrastructures
benefit from
we are aware. We proby far will be based on
technology
cess the information our
the ones we have today
senses provide and take
(roads, pipes, wires).
advances,
action. New technology
These will grow over
as so many
is now in place to contime and will embed
nect brains as citizens
physical and virtual
products and
can themselves become
sensors. The data harservices have,
infrastructure. They can
vested by these sensors
detect potholes (as in
will be processes and
and these
Boston, where a crowdwill provide an awarein turn can
sourcing app lets citiness of what is going
zens inform the municion. By knowing whats
help answer
pality of a problem, that,
on, the infrastructures
the growing
in turn, can take action).
will adapt dynamically
They can, all together,
(e.g., a two-way street
challenges
provide a feeling of the
may become a one way
of resource
mood of the citizenship
only to accomodate
and it becomes possible
more traffic).
management,
to correlate these feelThe awareness, as
economics
ings to what is going
I said, derives from
on in the city and again
the association of
constraints,
take action.
sensors, processing,
and social
Citizens, with the
communication, and
help of a connectivvirtualization
(mirissues they are
ity fabric can provide
roring of atoms at bit
facing.
sentiment to an allevel). However, new
ready aware city. And
things that will be
this I feel can bring us
produced in the next
decade will include embedding pro- to what we might call smart city 3.0
cessing, sensing, and communication (2.0 being the aware city).
Clearly, in order to have an effeccapabilities, and will be aware off
the shelf. The replacement of present tive citizen infrastructure you need to
infrastructures, however, is a lengthy finely tune the sensors that are our-
36
selves. Citizens have to understand city

processes, have to have a stake in the
bettering of the city in saving resources
and using them in the most effective
way. Technology used to make a city
aware can be applied to make citizens
aware, but they need to be informed in
a meaningful way.
Telling a person that if by leaving a
device in his home on all day, he will
waste a few watt-hours, it probably wont
resonate with him. Saying instead that
turning it off will save him $80 a year
may get him to change the behavior.
Telling a person that it is better to
use public transportation because there
would be a CO2 saving of 1 ton per year
is not as effective as saying that by using
public transportation now he will save 20
minutes on his journey.
We are just starting to have the right
technology to create an effective citizen infrastructure for our cities. This is
something we should focus on. Many
disciplines will be required to make
our cities smarter around the world; IT
infrastructure, crowdsourcing, utility
services optimization, and others. Sensors will continue to play a crucial role
in communications between these two
cities, until such a time when communication tools are innate. Only then will
cities truly be smart.
Contributor
Roberto Saracco, an IEEE Senior
Member, is currently Director at EIT
ICT LABS Italy and Chair of the Future
Directions Committee. Previously, he
served as Future Center Director, and
Director of Long Term Research at Telecom Italia. He is the author of the blog
Looking into the Future, One Day at a
Time at EIT ICT Labs.
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Demand Response
The Role of Demand Side Management
hether in the form of direct

load control or real-time pricing, demand-side management should be an essential ingredient of
the smart grid. To induce residential consumers to participate, energy companies
may need to offer billing discounts and
be sensitive to how electricity consumption preferences vary with time of day.
To achieve a high level of reliability and robustness in power systems, the
grid is designed for peak demand rather
than the average load. This can result in
under-utilized power generation and distribution systems and a waste of natural
resources. Moreover, most of the fastresponding generators that are used to
meet the peak load, such as gas and coal
units, are expensive and have large carbon footprints.
To overcome these problems, different programs have been proposed to
shape users energy consumption profiles. Such programs allow the available
generation capacity to be employed more
efficiently so that new generation and
transmission infrastructure do not have
to be installed. These programs, generally known as demand side management
(DSM), aim either at reducing consumption or shifting consumption.
One option in DSM is direct load
control (DLC), where, based on an
agreement between the utility and the
customers, the utility remotely controls
the operation of certain appliances in a
household. Smart pricing is an alternative where elaborately designed pricing
rules are adopted to encourage users to
individually and voluntarily manage

their loads in order to reduce their own
energy cost.
The successfulness of DSM programs
mainly depends on how big a portion of the total load is controllable. The emergence
of new types of equipment on the demand
side, such as plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles, is expected
to increase the percentage of controllable load over the
next few years. They
will make large demand
on the grid, especially as
they will be charged at different
times of the day and at different rates.
In addition, the electricity storage capacity of electric vehicles will provide
new opportunities to economically store
the electricity in the batteries of parked
plug-in hybrids so that the stored electricity can be made available at peak hours.
Thus, hybrids may make DSM an even
more powerful tool for balancing power
supply and demand.
Several pricing schemes have already been proposed for DSM, such
as peak load pricing and adaptive
pricing. The two-way digital communications capabilities of future smart
grid systems are expected to enable
DSM programs to even use real-time
pricing to more efficiently pass on the
fluctuations of wholesale prices to retail users.
In real-time pricing schemes, the operation cycle is divided into several periods. The exact price for each period is
selected in real-time, and random events
and the reactions of users to the
previous prices influence
the price set in upcoming operation periods.
That kind of system
may also help the
grid to integrate
renewable energy
sources. In fact,
utilities can tackle
the intermittency
and the inherently
stochastic nature of renewable energy sources by
changing the price.
Most of the current load control decisions in existing DSM systems are made
manually, which makes it difficult for
the participants to monitor the real-time
prices and to use other advanced pricing methods. In fact, lack of knowledge
among end users about how to respond
to time-varying prices is currently a
main barrier for fully utilizing the benefits of real-time pricing methods and
DSM in general. This problem can be
resolved by equipping users with home
automation systems and by implementing automated energy consumption
scheduling units that can draw on pricing information to schedule the operation of various residential appliances on
behalf of customers.
Smart pricing should provide appropriate incentives for individual users to
Written by Pedram Samadi, Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, Vincent W.S. Wong

and Robert Schober
37
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participate in DSM programs, for example by discounting their electricity bills.

In general, users may have different energy consumption preferences at different times of day. To quantify the level of
satisfaction of each user as a function of
load at different times of a day, the concept of the utility function has recently
been adopted from microeconomics. In
this case, utility refers to usefulness
and satisfaction of goals not energy organizations in the power industry.
Utility theory can particularly be used
to achieve social fairness among participating users in DSM programs. Other
applicable economic tools include game
theory and mechanism design, which
can help to analyze users behavior and
to align the load objective of users with
the social goals of energy companies and
the power grid. Finding appropriate utility functionsthat is to say, mathematical functionsthat accurately capture
the energy consumption behavior of end
users remains an open problem in this
line of research.
While automated DSM systems can
significantly enhance efficiency and
reliability, they may also create new
vulnerabilities in power infrastructures
if not accompanied by appropriate security measures. For example, recently
identified load altering attacks against
smart grids may target controllable
load by compromising load commands
and price signals. This can be done by
simultaneously switching on several
38
remotely controllable appliances of an communication, statistical signal proadversary to cause a major spike in cessing and the smart grid.
the aggregate load demand. Therefore,
Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, an IEEE
DSM programs for the
member, is an assistant
future smart grid not
professor of electrical
only have to be effiengineering at the UniThe
cient and fair, but also
versity of California at
successfulness
secure against potential
Riverside. He received
cyber attack.
his doctoral degree in
of DSM
electrical engineering
programs
from the University
Contributors
of British Columbia
Pedram
Samadi
mainly
in Vancouver, Canada
received bachelors and
depends on
in 2008 and his M.Sc.
masters degrees from
and B.Sc. degrees from
Isfahan University of
how big a
Sharif University of
Technology in Iran and
portion of the
Technology and Amircurrently is a doctoral
Kabir University of
student in electrical and
total load is
Technology in Tehran,
computer engineering at
controllable.
Iran in 2004 and 2002,
the University of British
respectively. His main
Columbia, Vancouver.
research interests are
Vincent W.S. Wong
is an associate professor in the Depart- in optimization and game-theoretic
ment of Electrical and Computer En- analysis of power systems and electricgineering at the University of British ity markets, and he currently serves as
Columbia. An IEEE member, he does editor for the IEEE Transactions on
research on communication networks Smart Grid and the IEEE Communiprotocol design, with applications to cations Letters. He has been honored
the Internet, wireless networks, and the with the National Science Foundations
CAREER Award 2012, the Best Paper
smart grid.
Robert Schober is a professor and Award from the IEEE International
Canada Research Chair in the De- Conference on Smart Grid Communipartment of Electrical and Computer cation 2012 and the Best Paper Award
Engineering at the University of British from the IEEE Power and Energy SociColumbia. An IEEE fellow and fellow of ety General Meeting 2013.
the Canadian Academy of Engineering,
he works on information theory, wireless
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Plug-in Vehicles
Convergence of Electric Vehicles
and the Smart Grid
chieving targets for introduction a federal initiative to establish Electriof hybrid electric vehicles and fication Ecosystems in cities or regions
electric vehicles (EVs) will de- well-suited for deploying grid-enabled
pend not only on advancements in car vehicles in high concentratechnologies but also grid readiness. Key tions. In addition to creatissues at the Smart Grid/electric vehicle ing economies of scale,
interface are being aired in a wide range these ecosystems will
provide valuable exof IEEE publications.
Electric vehicle (EV) introductions perience that can be
into
by major automakers convey confi- incorporated
dence in the long-term viability of EVs, business models for
and President Obama has set ambitious supplying, selling
targets for adoption of plug-in hybrids and servicing EVs
(PHEVs). But given the fact that that and PHEVs.
IEEE has been active
cars and light trucks tend to stay in use
for a decade, it will be tough for the across a range of technologies that are
Presidents administrarelevant to introduction
tion to meet its goal of
The robustness
of electric and hybridone million PHEVs on
electric vehicles, includU.S. roads by 2015.
and
ing batteries, battery
One way to advance
sophistication
management systems
that goal is to provide
and grid technologies.
incentives to replace traof interface
In addition, key issues at
ditional cars with EVs
between
the Smart Grid/electric
and PHEVs faster than
vehicle interface are bethe historical norm. AnEVs and the
ing aired in a wide range
other way to accelerate
Smart Grid is
of IEEE publications.
the adoption process is
The batteries used in
to leverage the power
likely to have
EVs have traditionally
grid with what is being
a significant
been heavy, expensive
called Electrification
and somewhat shortEcosystems.
impact on
lived, providing cars
That vision was
the future on
with barely adequate
spelled out in a technoldriving ranges. Research
ogy roadmap released
both of these
and development on batin 2009 by The Elecconvergent
tery technology is a pritrification Coalition, a
ority effort worldwide. A
consortium of 21 busitechnologies.
useful summary of the
ness leaders. It calls for
40
state-of-the-art can be found in Recent

Developments on Electric Vehicles, by
K.W.E. Cheng, in the 2009 Conference
on Power Electronics Systems
and Applications. Cheng
discusses not only batteries but also the
charger and battery
management system.
A test of 160 lithium ion phosphate
batteries conducted
by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory is the basis of a
paper by F.P. Tredeau and
Z,M. Salameh, entitled Evaluation of Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries
for Electric Vehicles Application, which
was delivered at the IEEE Vehicle Power
and Propulsion conference in Dearborn,
MI It found that lithium polymer cells
show very good performance and may
become the preferred battery type as
manufacturing improves.
A battery management system
(BMS) controls charging and discharging and assures reliable, safe operation.
One critical design element is a model
of the hardware, software and algorithms that determine BMS operation. A new modeling approach is described in Algorithms for Advanced
Battery Management Systems, by N.A.
Chaturvedi, et al. in the June 2010 IEEE
Control Systems Magazine.
Advances in power electronics have
helped reduce the cost and improve the
efficiency of electric vehicles. Power
Written by Russell Lefevre
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Electronics and Motor Drives in Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Plug-In Hybrid
Electric Vehicles, published by A. Emadi, et al. in the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics in June 2008, shows
how the integration of intensive power
electronics solutions within advanced
vehicular power systems can achieve
that goal.
The analysis of how EVs and PHEVs
will affect the grid is likely to play an
important role in managing the evolution
from todays power grid to a Smart Grid
capable of dealing with the challenges.
Peter Fairleys Speed Bumps Ahead
for Electric-Vehicle Charging, published
by IEEE Spectrum online, provides some
cautionary notes and words of advice.
California citizens buy nearly a quarter
of the hybrids sold in the United States,
and there could be 5,500 of them on California roads by the end of this year. The
states utilities bet that most hybrid drivers will want to charge their cars at 240
volts, using AC Level 2 chargers. Each
draws up to 6.6 kilowatts, and so activating just one of them is like powering
up three houses simultaneously, all with
their air conditioning, lights and laundry
machines running.
Another such warning is found in
Impacts of Plug-in Vehicles and Distributed Storage on Electric Power
Delivery Networks, by P. Evans et al.,
which was another contribution to the
2009 Vehicle Power and Propulsion
Conference. Citing a study funded by
the Department of Energys National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Evans
and his coauthors describe tests that
found PHEV battery charging can have
a negative local impact. Once the situation is identified, however, they concluded that it can be readily addressed
and managed.
A Review of Plug-In Vehicles and
Vehicle-to-Grid Capability by B.
Kramer, et al., in the Proceedings of
the 34th Annual Conference of IEEE article notes that for some scenarios
Industrial Electronics, explores the where two GEVs are charging at the
concept of bi-directional power flow. same time on the same distribution network the addition of a
EVs must be capable
hair dryer on the same
of taking power during
network will seriously
charging and providing
Through
stress it. Results of this
power while dischargtype are very scenario
ing from and to the grid
its work in
dependent. Rahman
and this is an important
standards,
notes methods to reconsideration for power
duce the stress but the
electronics.
conferences
problem is one to be
Challenges
of
and
concerned with.
PHEV Penetration to
The robustness and
the Residential Distripublishing,
sophistication of inbution Network, by S.
IEEE has
terface between EVs
Shao et al., appeared
and the Smart Grid
in the Proceedings of
played an
is likely to have a sigthe Power and Energy
important role
nificant impact on the
Society General Meetfuture on both of these
ing, 2009. It identifies
in identifying
convergent technoloenabling technologies
problems
gies. Through its work
that have been acin standards, conferknowledged as being
and providing
ences and publishing,
integral to the Smart
solutions.
IEEE has played an
Grid. These include
important role in idenbi-directional charging
tifying problems and
units and bi-directional
meters, communication between the providing solutions. The publications
vehicle and the energy management mentioned in this article represent only
center, intelligent, on-board power man- a few of many examples. For more exagement units and intelligent energy tensive and detailed information, interested parties are encouraged to contact
management centers.
An extremely important consider- the author.
ation is the impact of wide spread deployment of GEVs on the grid. Many Contributor
have analyzed the issues and have
Dr. Russell Lefevre has a B.S. and
concluded that until deployment be- a M.S. in Physics from the University
comes very large the generation and of North Dakota and a Ph.D. in Electritransmission functions will be able to cal Engineering from the University of
handle the increased load. However, a California, Santa Barbara, and is a Felnumber of researchers have found that low of the IEEE. He is Adjunct Professor
the distribution function may have sig- of Physics and Electrical Engineering
nificant problems. Saifur Rahman and at the University of North Dakota. Dr.
has colleagues at Virginia Tech have Lefevre is a Past President of IEEE-USA
analyzed the issue and have noted these and the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic
problems. See, for example, Analysis Systems Society.
of the Impact of PHEVs on the Electric Power Distribution Network. This
41
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Smart Metering Systems

How Advanced Metering Can Contribute to
raditional distribution automation

typically consists of feeder devices
such as reclosers, switches, fault
current indicators and capacitor banks,
which improve reliability and network
performance. However, a major obstacle
to realizing many automated functions is
the lack of a ubiquitous communications
network across the distribution grid. To
overcome this barrier, utilities are eying
the synergistic benefits advanced metering can bring.
With the deployment of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), utilities are
able to collect information from consumers in shorter time intervals, in response
to utility and/or consumer needs. This
allows for consumer education and better awareness of household energy usage,
leading to a wide array of benefits not
possible with traditional one-way technologies: among them increased energy
conservation; remote meter reads and
service connects/disconnects for customers moving in or out of residences; and
outage detection.
In addition, AMI deployment creates
a system-wide communications network
to every service point on the utility grid.
This communications infrastructure will
link TCP/IP, IEC 61850 or DNP (distributed network protocol) devices across the
grid via battery backed-up access points
for continuous service, as well as enable
IEEE 802.15.4g connectivity on the AMI
mesh to monitoring and control points.
With these features of AMI, utilities
are able to realize the new functionalities
available when combining the system
42
with the traditional distribution automation (DA) infrastructure.

DA-AMI convergence is providing
unprecedented opportunities for power
grid modernization that have not
been fully explored previously, including transformer and feeder
monitoring, outage
management, costeffective fault isolation and electric
vehicle integration.
One application that
has obtained significant results from a
DA-AMI infrastructure
is voltage conservation (VC).
Voltage conservation, also
known as conservation voltage reduction, decreases the amount of electricity
needed to service a given area without
causing detrimental changes in power
quality or reduced supply to customers.
With a goal of cutting energy losses and
consumption by operating at the lower
end of approved voltage ranges, voltage
conservation is a beneficial way to access energy and revenue savings while
increasing customer satisfaction with no
additional effort on the customers part.
Historically, VC has relied on measurements at substations and has used
simplified models to predict the voltage
at the customer service point, resulting in
a very conservative approach. AMI systems enable a more aggressive approach
by making voltage information available
from smart meters along the distribution
feeder and allowing for direct control of

load tap changers and capacitor banks
that are on the communications network
via basic Internet protocols.
While installation of meters
and ancillary equipment
constitutes the primary
investment of implementing a DA-AMI
convergence system, payback from
grid modernization
applications, such
as voltage conservation and reduced
energy consumption,
more than compensates
for these initial costs. In addition to minimizing damage to distribution equipment caused by potential
voltage overloads along the grid, various
other qualitative and societal benefits of
voltage conservation include deferred
construction of new generation, reduced
greenhouse gas emissions and decreased
dependence on fossil fuels.
Currently, the missing link to overall
implementation of voltage conservation
is an effective and pervasive communications system. Because of this, many
utilities today have little or poor visibility outside of the distribution substation
and down to the customer. AMI systems,
such as Elsters trademarked EnergyAxis
System, provide the necessary multitechnology communications infrastructure to fully implement a VC program.
Smart meters can monitor the service
voltage on a continuous basis, thereby
Written by David G. Hart
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ensuring adequate visibility at various

locations on feeders. AMI systems allow
the utility to monitor key points frequently and harvest data in near real-time for
detection of changes in voltage levels and
assure that any voltage adjustments result
in the desired effect.
AMI systems function as the eyes
throughout the distribution infrastructure
by providing information for the Distribution Management System (DMS)/Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA). Once the information is processed, the AMI system also provides the
communications infrastructure needed by
the capacitor banks and load tap changers
to implement actions, presenting an overall solution for voltage conservation.
Customers of utilities that employ VC

use less energy and therefore have smaller household electricity bills, while their
aggregate energy savings translate into
lower power generation requirements
and a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. All aspects of the VC program fall
within the utility core competence with
a focus on grid operation and efficiency.
While VC is one of the first major applications to leverage the benefits of the DAAMI convergence, it is only the beginning
of whats to come. For the first time, smart
grid solutions provide system-wide observation capabilities across the distribution
grid. The new information collected and
processed will drive many more improvements to the grid operation and efficiency.
Contributor
David G. Hart, a senior member
of IEEE, is Senior Vice President,
Systems & Products, at Elster Solutions LLC, in Raleigh, N.C. Elster is
the worlds largest metering and solutions company with over 3 million
smart meters deployed. Hart earned
his Ph.D. and M.S. in electrical engineering from Clemson University,
in Clemson, S.C. In 1992, he joined
what was then the ABB Transmission
Technology Institute, where his most
recent position involved distribution
and feeder automation.
__________________________________
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SERVICE PROVIDER
Service Provider Enablement
Virtualization of the Evolving Power Grid
ower grid information processing

is becoming increasingly important as we transition to smart grid
architectures that collect and analyze
massive data. Groups at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have developed tools to
help utilities manage the greater flows of
information. But the data collection and
analysis center itself could become a failure point during major disruptions when
situational awareness is most desperately
needed. Ultimately, cloud-computing infrastructure will allow for secure virtual
information and analysis centers that can
distribute results to a large number of
analysts, including operational personnel, regardless of their physical locations.
Smart grid technologies collect large
amounts of data about power production
and distribution, perform real-time analysis and deliver results to both decision
makers and consumers. Compared to
the legacy electric grid operation system,
the smart grid provides new functionalities, such as support for decentralized
power generation and storage capabilities, accommodation of plug-in electric
vehicle charging stations, the integration
of vehicle-to-grid peak shaving strategies and implementation of demand response decisions. The smart grid allows
for customer participation in grid operation so that consumers will not only produce data but respond to data as decision
makers within the context of demand response programs.
Thus, improved communication and
data processing functionalities are es-
44
sential for successful smart grid operations. Information systems supporting

the smart grid are expected to be more
reliable and able to accommodate a large
number of sophisticated analysis and
control algorithms. In addition,
customer participation requires utilities to be able
to distribute data and
results of analyses
to a large number
of diverse users and
third-party service
providers.
Currently, power
grid data collection
and processing use a
centralized approach in a
client-server model of operation, with just a few servers running data
collection, data storage, data access, and
analysis and visualization applications.
While this model has been found to be
sufficient for the legacy electric grid operation system, the model has significant
drawbacks in a smart grid system. These
can be described in terms of three operational functions of the smart grid: widearea situational awareness, intelligent
smart grid data analysis, and demand
response and demand-side management.
During the August 14, 2003 blackout
and the days before, in the United States
and Canada, information exchange between operation centers was limited to
manual, paper-based processes. This
practice has changed with the development by the Oak Ridge National Labo-
ratory (ORNL), in Tennessee, of systems

such as VERDE (Visualizing Energy
Resources Dynamically on Earth) and
EARSS (Energy Awareness and Resiliency Streaming Service). These toolkits
allow utilities, their partners and
other stakeholders to share
information.
With the massive
amounts of data
and information
expected to flow
across utilities with
the implementation of smart grid
technologies, the data
collection and analysis centers at the utilities
themselves may become points
of failure, resulting in loss of information system network connectivity. Yet, in
the context of smart grid, it is now more
critically important than ever for utilities to be able to share information for
wide-area and real-time system analysis
and visualization. Advanced distributed
communications tools can provide the
security needed for wide-area situational
awareness of the grid network.
What utilities have to be able to do
is intelligently analyze streaming data
from operational sensors, smart meters
and phasor measurements. Systems like
GridEye, developed at ORNL, have a role
to play here. Current operational strategies assume that all data is available at
one location and that all data is available
for analysis (but not in real-time). While
Written by Olufemi A. Omitaomu, Alexandre Sorokine and Varun Chandola
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there have been some recent advances

in the area of analyzing streaming data
from the Internet, most techniques
search query categorization, email spam
detection, click-through rate estimation
and so on have little relevance to problems found in the power grid.
What is more, most data-driven event
detection solutions are primarily based
on time series anomaly detection and
change detection methods (the analysis
of sensor signatures for known and unknown changes in systems), and either
ignore the spatial aspect or cannot scale
well to massive data sizes. To promptly
detect the kinds of changes that could
lead to cascading power system failure,
we need to develop advanced analytics
for the so-called big data sets that cannot be captured, managed and processed
using common database management
tools. Spatiotemporal event detection
algorithms that can analyze data within
the allowable time frame of 2000 milliseconds are crucial and necessary. A
distributed approach to data communication and infrastructure is equally
needed, as transmission of all data to a
central location for analyses would be
too restrictive.
The increasing importance of demand response and demand-side management to electric utilities in todays
environment has been widely discussed.
There have also been some ideas about
developing tools for customer engagement and energy efficiency. The tool,
CoNNECT (Citizen Engagement for Energy Efficient Communities), developed
by ORNL, uses geovisual analytics capabilities to help customers understand the
patterns in their energy usage, correlate
their consumption patterns to weather
patterns, compare their consumption to
that of their peers in the same geographic
areas and monitor trends in their energy
consumption, among other capabilities.
Modeling of demand response (DR)
with a large number of participants is
still a challenge. For smart grid implementations, there is a need to move the
industry from Manual DR and Auto
DR to Optimized and Adaptive DR
by partitioning consumers into clusters
for DR operation decisions modeling
and alleviating privacy concerns. The
use of distributed infrastructure can help at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville

achieve this vision.
in 2006. Prior to enrollment in the docThe smart grid requirements high- toral program, he was a project engineer
lighted above are better satisfied by ad- at Mobil Producing Nigeria. His research
vanced data analytics that implement expertise includes data mining of sensor
functionality as a service in the cloud- data, applications of computational intelcomputing infrastructure rather than us- ligence to energy and power systems, and
ing the traditional client-server model. modeling of sustainable homes and cities.
Among the cloud computing models
Alexandre Sorokine is an R&D reInfrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Plat- search member in the Computational
form-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software- Sciences and Engineering Division at
as-a-Service (SaaS)the last seems to Oak Ridge National Laboratory. He
be most suited for the
received his bachelors
task of smart grid data
and masters degrees
processing and analyin physical geography
Thus, improved
sis. The development
at Moscow State Unicommunication
of a virtual cloudversity and his Ph.D.
based electric grid inin geography at the
and data
formation and analyState University of
processing
sis center, using the
New York at BufSoftware-as-a-Service
falo. His experience
functionalities
model, could demonand major research
are essential
strate the suitability of
interests are in the
cloud architecture for
fields of geographic
for successful
the electric grid.
databases and data
smart grid
However,
most
models, parallel progrid data collection
cessing of geographic
operations.
and analysis applicadata, geospatial ontoltions have to undergo a
ogy and environmendeep redesign of architecture to be able tal modeling. His industrial expertise is
to fully utilize SaaS advantages, such as concentrated in the areas of GIS applielasticity, scalability and reliability in cation design and programming. He has
case of major disruptions. Given the di- done academic, government and private
versity of the analytical applications, the sector work in the United States, Japan,
new system has to be developed in a way Germany and countries of the former Sothat is able to accommodate multiple and viet Union.
diverse modeling and analysis applicaVarun Chandola is a research scientions. Continued research can play a vital tist in the Computational Sciences and Enrole in the integration of cloud computing gineering Division at Oak Ridge National
infrastructures into the power system.
Laboratory. He received his Ph.D. degree
in Computer Science from the University
of Minnesota in 2009. His research interContributors
Olufemi A. Omitaomu is a research ests include large-scale data mining and
scientist in the Computational Sciences machine learning. His expertise is in the
and Engineering Division at Oak Ridge area of anomaly detection in massive and
National Laboratory. He is also an ad- complex data sets. He is the author of the
junct faculty member in the Department widely cited survey on anomaly detecof Industrial and Information Engineer- tion, published in ACM Computing Suring at the University of Tennessee, Knox- veys, and a survey on anomaly detection
ville. He received a bachelors degree in for discrete sequences, published in IEEE
mechanical engineering at Lagos State Transactions on Knowledge and Data EnUniversity, Nigeria in 1995 and a masters gineering. He is a member of the Associadegree in mechanical engineering at the tion for Computing Machinery (ACM).
University of Lagos in 1999. He earned
his Ph.D. in industrial engineering with a
concentration in information engineering
45
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TR ANSMIS SION/DISTRIBUTION/CUSTOMER
Advanced Protection
A Migration Path for Legacy Distribution

Protection and Control Systems
n the journey towards a smarter and

more dynamic operational future,
distribution utilities will have to significantly modify traditional practices
of protection and control. Fortunately,
existing and emerging standards offer a
clearly demarcated pathway to the new
world of automated power delivery.
Present-day protection and control
methods for distribution networks are
relatively simple. They consist mainly
of coordinating overcurrent relays, fuses
and sometimes re-closers, in systems
with radial topologies that connect highvoltage substations with end users. In
some selected distribution substations
there may be a need for under-voltage or
under-frequency relaying, for load shedding or demand response, but such protection settings are made in collaboration
with the transmission grid operator.
From the viewpoint of control
objectives, distribution utilities are
mandated to deliver power within a
prescribed voltage band as well as an
acceptable power quality (in terms, for
example, of total harmonic distortion).
In many jurisdictions, maintenance of
acceptable supply reliabilityas measured by the System Average Interruption Disruption Index or the System
Average Interruption Frequency Indexis also closely monitored. The
control hierarchy, put in place to satisfy reliability requirements, consists of
voltage control devices (tap changers,
capacitor banks and voltage regulators)
and does not involve coordination or
46
communications interfaces to a significant degree.

In a smart grid world, distribution networks become more active to accommodate distributed generation, microgrids,
storage, and electric vehicles.
Rather than radial topologies, meshed topologies
will be necessary resulting in the need
for bidirectional
protection and control schemes, which
cannot be satisfied
by current practices.
Getting to this world
will require a standardized migration pathway
for protection and automation.
With voltage control and automation,
means will be sought to leverage greater
efficiencies through coordinated operation of existing devices with newer ones,
such as STATCOMs and EVs. At the
same time, more communications will
be needed in protection and control automation to deliver digital-quality power
supplies sensitive to the voltage requirements of loads and processes. Distribution systems as a whole will have to be
more adaptive and responsive.
The journey towards a smarter distribution utility operation will depend
on standards-based solutions. The IEC
61850 suite of standards provides an attractive pathway forward, inasmuch as
protection and local control functions
can be integrated into a single, micro-
processor-based device, which can exchange information via a high- speed

data network.
IEC 61850 was originally developed
exclusively for inter-substation automation and protection applications.
It has since been extended
to intra-substation and
now incorporates protection and control
of distributed energy resources. It
has been identified
by EPRI and NIST
as one of the smart
grid standards of key
interest.
Particularly noteworthy is the introduction in by
IEC 61850 of various elements for substation automation system (SAS) architecture. SAS can be represented in three
layers with the lowest, physical layer
incorporating intelligent end devices,
such as circuit breakers, remotely operated switches, current and voltage sensors, and condition monitoring units for
switchgear, transformers, and so on.
A capsule of data objects and functionality is called a logical node (LN) in
IEC 61850. Several LNs can form a logical device, which can be implemented on
a single physical device. Generic Object
Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE)
messages are used to model the transmission of high priority information
like trip commands or, in keeping with
sub part 61850-8-1 of the standards, can
Written by Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair and Momen Bahadornejad
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One aspect has been intentionally

be used for signal interchange between
intelligent electronic devices to obtain left unaddressed in IEC 61850: it does
required interlock information. Status not include any standardized provisions
and control information can also be ex- for representing complex substation
changed through other forms of lower protection or control schemes that involve several intelligent
priority messages, like
electronics devices. We
GSSE (Generic Substahave identified the IEC
tion State Events).
Implementing
61499 standard as one
The authors have
standards
option that can fill this
proposed in print and
gap. The IEC 61499
demonstrated, on the
based
standard describes genbasis of field experiencdistribution
eral purpose Function
es, how 61850-enabled
Block (FB) architecture
features can be used
system
for industrial measureto implement remedial
protection
ment and distributed
actions or coordinated
control systems. The
control scenario for
and control
use of FBs makes the
distribution networks.
can provide
control and monitoring
GOOSE-enabled autodevices open, programmatic bus transfer was
a robust
mable and easily reconimplemented in the
implementation
figurable. IEC 61850
protection and control
lacks the specification
scheme of a substation
pathway for
of functions, and IEC
where a new transformdistribution
61499 lacks standard
er was installed to parcommunication
serallel the existing transutilities and
vices. However each
formers, demonstrating
significantly
standard can satisfy the
a smart strategy to
needs of the other, creatmanage the increased
improve
ing architecture for truly
fault level.
performance
flexible and adaptable
Ongoing work inpower system monitorcludes schemes to imand reliability,
ing and automation.
plement real time distrithus delivering
Implementing stanbution state estimation,
dards based distribution
enabling remedial acvalue on
system protection and
tions to prevent composmart grid
control can provide a
nent overloads, reconrobust implementation
figuring a distribution
investments.
pathway for distribution
network to maximize
utilities and significantusefulness of installed
ly improve performance
distributed generators,
proposing new demand side manage- and reliability, thus delivering value on
ment pricing algorithms, automated fault smart grid investments. By enabling
location and isolation, and voltage/ reac- both direct and indirect benefits in distribution automation, smarter protection
tive power asset optimization.
and control will provide the stimulus for

the journey from legacy to future distribution utility operation.
Contributors
Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair, a senior
member of IEEE, is currently a senior
lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the
University of Auckland, New Zealand.
He received his bachelors degree in
electrical engineering from M.S. University, Baroda, and his masters in high
voltage engineering from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; he did his
Ph.D. in electrical engineering at Texas
A&M University. He has worked professionally in India and the United States as
well as down under. His current interests include power system protection, operations and optimization in the context
of smart grids, electricity markets and
integration of distributed renewable. He
is secretary of CIGREs New Zealand
National Committee and is the Protection
and Automation (B5) Observer Member
from New Zealand. He also volunteers
in various capacities for the IEEE Power
and Energy Society.
Momen Bahadornejad, a member
of IEEE, works as a research associate
at the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering in The University of
Auckland, New Zealand. He previously
taught at the Power and Water University
of Technology, Iran, where he established
and directed the Centre for Electricity Market Studies. His current research
interests include power system stability
and control, application of digital signal
processing to power system problems,
application of IEC 61850 to smart grids,
distributed generation, and electricity
market studies.
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Asset Management and Optimization

Achieving Smart Asset Management
mart grid efforts have resulted ment, monitoring, control, protection and
in the creation of huge amounts self-healing. Data obtained from such
of data due to the widespread de- sources (operational, or OT data) can be
ployment of automated metering, phasor meaningfully combined with data from
measurement units and other intelligent other sources (information technology,
electronic devices. Using this data to ef- or IT data) to gain additional insights.
To illustrate how smart grid data
fectively manage assets with the objective of balancing performance, costs and may be used for distribution
risks in the context of shrinking budgets asset management, take
and tight regulatory requirements is the advanced metering,
ultimate goal of smart asset management. for instance. UsAsset management involves optimiz- ing data from AMI
ing and prioritizing investments in assets meters associated
to maintain or improve performance and with a given distrilife expectancy throughout the assets life bution transformer,
cycle. Smart Asset Management uses it is possible to desmart grid data to improve asset manage- termine its utilizament results through the use of back-end tion. Continuous overloading could be a solid
integration and data analytics.
Smart Asset Management (SAM) basis for asset resizing, or reenvisions that data from smart grid ef- placement with another transformer
of larger rating.
forts will be ultimately
Another example
used for asset managefor the use of smart grid
mentand that this
Smart Asset
data in asset managedata will be available
Management
ment has to do with the
to asset management
monitoring and trendapplications in a seamuses smart
ing of partial electriless manner using a
grid data to
cal discharge data, a
common message bus
leading indicator of inin an integrated enviimprove asset
cipient faults due to inronment that leverages
management
sulation breakdown.
data across the utility
This data is measured
enterprise.
results through
using IEDs over a peSmart grid efforts
the use of
riod of time and enables
have focused on the
prediction of incipient
deployment of sensors
back-end
cable failures leading
such as intelligence
integration
to critical decisions reelectronic
devices,
garding replacement of
smart meters and PMUs
and data
faulty splices or cable
for various purposes inanalytics.
sections.
cluding outage manage-
48
Assuming that the utility has a good

understanding of what assets are deployed and where these assets are physically with respect to the topological
(electrical) connectivity, asset management aims to answer the following questions: 1) How critical are these
assets to power delivery
and reliability? 2) What
condition are these assets in? 3) Is the performance of these
assets satisfactory?
4) If it is not, should
action(s) be taken
to restore the asset
to its original performance or health? 5) If
asset performance is satisfactory, how should managers best choose among a diverse set
of actions so that corporate objectives are
satisfied, including customer satisfaction
and regulatory approval?
The fundamental building blocks
of asset management that address these
questions include ACI or Asset Criticality Indexing (to address asset significance, in the context of network topology where available), ACA or Asset
Condition Assessment (to address asset health and performance measures
based on a combination of static and
dynamic data obtained by on-line monitoring), and AIP or Asset Investment
Planning (to address what investments
in assets, including spares, are warranted that optimize performance and
asset health over the asset lifecycle given
cost and regulatory constraints ). Asset
Portfolio Management, APM, addresses
Written by Siri Varadan
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(posed by asset failportfolio management

ure probability from
for optimization across
Smart grid
ACI). It is envisioned
the enterprise.
data when
that this information
Asset management
may be presented to
applications are heavcollected
the system operator
ily data driven requirand analyzed
on a map that coming data from across
bines topology (one
the enterprise (from the
provide a
line diagrams), geogGeographic Information
rich resource
raphy and additional
System or GIS, the work
layers to show crew
management system, the
for asset
locations in an intuimaintenance managemanagement,
tive, easy-to-visualize
ment system, outage
format. ACA and ACI
management system,
allowing
provide a good starton-line
monitoring
utilities
ing point for off-line
system(s), meter data
applications like AIP
management systems,
to better
and APM, which
equipment
catalogs,
understand
typically tend to have
standards, planning and
a long-term outlook
archived
operational
their deployed
(several years) and fohistories). Often such
assets and
cus on balancing perinformation is lacking
formance (or reliabilialtogether or inaccurate.
manage
ty, a reasonable proxy
This is because inforperformance.
for customer satisfacmation is siloed within
tion) with costs and
various utility departrisks over the entire
ments, without adequate integration at the backend. Manual asset lifecycle.
For those utilities that have emdata transfers and processes involving
copy-paste and single point-to-point inte- barked on their smart grid efforts, two
grations make the process of asset man- significant paths are evident: on the
agement error-prone and in most cases distribution side with the deployment of
AMI and on the transmission side with
very time consuming.
Smart Asset Management (SAM) the deployment of PMUs and IEDs.
provides the opportunity for an inte- Such utilities will most likely already
grated package that seamlessly inte- have, or be contemplating, an IT archigrates the above building blocks by tecture that supports data exchanges bebringing needed data from across the tween applications with varying levels
enterprise through tighter integration. of sophistication. With this background
It is accomplished when data created in mind and the assumption that some
by smart grid efforts and otherwise or all of the basic building blocks of asare readily available to traditional asset management may already exist, the
set management applications. Bridg- roadmap to SAM consists of enabling
ing the data gaps by leveraging an the right data pipes.
A high level roadmap includes:
integrated architecture that enables
the seamless data flow amongst all re building a common data model for
quired enterprise systems is the future
all asset management applications;
vision for SAM.
conducting a data discovery
With a plug-and-play architecture
process to identify sources of
and access to (near) real-time field data
(smart grid) data required by
or properly time-stamped data, system
asset management applications
operators will have a clear view of asset
(ACA, ACI, AIP and APM); this
health (from ACA) and operational risk
process should identify what is
needed and what is missing, and

should also identify where the
required data are available;
making identified data available
on a common message bus or via
data extraction for access to asset management applications;
testing all data flows for required applications in test environments and retesting until all
bugs are fixed;
deploying the hardware and software solution to the production
environment.
Smart grid data when collected and
analyzed provide a rich resource for
asset management, allowing utilities
to better understand their deployed assets and manage performance. Smart
Asset Management may be realized
by providing back-end data integration
so that data may be used effectively in
building a knowledge-based program.
Some of the benefits of implementing
SAM include cost savings and a better
understanding of risk; asset life cycle
and procurement planning; improved
performance from existing equipment;
a vigorous, defendable, repeatable platform for justification of asset decisions
with advanced auditing capability; improved system reliability with increased
longevity of asset life by maintaining
operation within asset specifications;
and compliance with regulations and
improved customer satisfaction through
better power delivery and reliability.
Contributor
Siri Varadan, a senior member of
IEEE, is a vice president with UISOL, an
ALSTOM company, and leads UISOLs
Asset Management Practice. He holds
B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical power engineering and has over two
decades of industry experience with employers including ABB, Nexant and DNV
KEMA. A professional engineer, he specializes in asset management for electric
utilities with a focus on T&D systems.
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Micro-Grid and Nano-Grid

Microgrids: An Emerging Technology
to Enhance Power System Reliability
ilot projects are exploring the

potential of microgrids to make
power systems less vulnerable to
costly disruptions. Yet, if the grid is to
be made much more decentralized, large
investments in technology and training
will be needed, and standards, such as
IEEE 1547.4, will have to be developed.
Catastrophes, natural or man-made,
that affect critical infrastructures have
a profound effect on the society. Recent
ones have included the major power outage in the San Diego area in September
2011, which occurred when a 500 kV line
in Arizona tripped, and which caused
more than 11 million liters of sewage to
spill into the Los Peasquitos lagoon; the
Japanese earthquake and tsunami that
led to the Fukushima nuclear disasters
in March 2011; and Hurricane Irene in
August 2011, which left 7 million customers without electricity in the U.S.
areas affected; and the tragic explosion
at the Evangelos Florakis naval base in
Cyprus in July 2011, which killed 13 and
injured several dozens more, destroying
at the same time the neighboring main
generating station of the country. In the
aftermath of such events, large portions
of the centralized electricity grid are
compromised, subjecting huge sections
of the population to erratic supply, with
prolonged and frequent power cuts and
lowered electricity supply reliability.
In addition to the immediate inconveniences and costs of the outages
themselves, rebuilding efforts after such
disasters are hugely affected if electricity
remains unpredictable. No society can
50
recover and rebuild with efficiency when

critical sources are compromised.
How can customers make themselves
less vulnerable to such widespread unreliability in electricity supply?
For some, part of the answer
will lie in an emerging
paradigm of the electricity grid known
as the microgrid.
This refers to a
smaller electricity
grid with access
to all the essential
assets of a larger
grid such as generators, transmission lines,
substations and switchgear.
Today and in the immediate future, to be sure, microgrids represent
a tiny fraction of power systems. Pike
Research expects the total installed capacity of the worlds microgrids to grow
to just 4.7 GW in 2017 from 1.1 GW
now. Note, however, that this estimate is
based largely on North America, where
microgrid planning got big boosts from
the U.S. stimulus bill of 2008 and from
the Department of Energys Smart Grid
Initiative. Anecdotal evidence from
other parts of the worldnotably the
role played by Japans Sendai microgrid
following a 2011 earthquake and tsunami in the Tohoku regionsuggest that
microgrids already are playing a role in
making electricity supplies more robust
during grid crises. Specifically, the microgrid located at Tohoku Fukushi University in Sendai performed remarkably
well in keeping the loads supplied when

the rest of the system was compromised.
Imagine now an electricity infrastructure that is highly decentralized,
with many microgrids catering to
clusters of end-user loads, as
opposed to one centralized generating station
serving as the supply
center. If, or when,
a disastrous system
event strikes a part
of this decentralized infrastructure,
then this infrastructure is inherently capable of isolating that
damaged or compromised
part, while keeping the rest of the
system isolated from the catastrophic
event. A cluster of microgrids avoids
single-points-of-failures in the electricity
grid, thus increasing the reliability and
security of electricity supply to the endusers. The part that is compromised can
then be rectified with greater help from
the parts of the electricity grid that are
not affected.
Wide integration of microgrids can
be achieved by means of evolving control
and communication systems in engineering. Besides providing greater reliability
of supply, microgrids will have several
other advantages, including the opportunity to integrate some greener but
smaller-capacity electricity sources, such
as photovoltaics, in the grid. Microgrids
are providing the basis for new operating philosophies such as virtual power
Written by Siddharth Suryanarayanan and Elias Kyriakides
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Understandably, this vast transforplants, where many small consumers of

electricity can be aggregated to reduce mation in the operation of future power
consumption and sell unused electricity systems needs to be achieved through a
series of pilot projects
into the grid at times of
to study and overcome
peak demand.
technical,
economic
But this vision also
Microgrids
and social challenges.
presents challenges. One
are providing
The United States Deis socio-economic. Hispartment of Defense,
tory suggests that funthe basis for
through the Smart
damentally redesigning
new operating
Power Infrastructure
any critical infrastrucDemonstration for Enture requires subsidies
philosophies
ergy Reliability and
and government involvesuch as
Security (SPIDERS)
ment. Active participrogram, is engaged in
pation of the for-profit
virtual power
investigations on supprivate business sector
plants, where
plying various U.S.
is also required. Accordbases by means of miing to the 2012 Pike
many small
crogrids. Europe is also
study, the worldwide
consumers
investing significantly
market opportunity in
in a modernized elecmicrogrids is expected
of electricity
tricity grid, for example
to reach US$ 17.3 billion
can be
in the context of the Euby 2017. There will have
ropean Unions More
to be heavy initial inaggregated
MicroGrids
project.
vestment in information
to reduce
Besides illuminating
technology infrastructechnical issues, such
ture, updated or novel
consumption
projects also will shed
sensing and protection
and sell
light on social challengtechnologies, and in peresreactions of large
sonnel training.
unused
corporate and small
So far, microgrids
electricity into
residential consumers;
have been realized at
their receptiveness to
the distribution voltage
the grid at
the next generation of
level, but they may be
times of peak
the smart grid, and the
extended to higher voltnet social benefits miage levels too, where
demand.
crogrids can yield.
they have the potential
Development
of
to comprise large fracoperating standards is
tions of power grids.
With enhanced information technology crucial, if utilities are to be convinced
to improve sensing, control and monitor- that intentional islanding of the larger
ing, it is easier to imagine the larger grid grid into microgrids during system cribeing sectionalized into self-sustaining ses is useful and non-detrimental. The
microgrids whose electrical boundaries IEEE 1547.4 is one such forward-lookmay be defined by expected levels of reli- ing standard.
Surveying recent disruptions from the
ability. Thus, microgrids may evolve from
being a niche application to encompass naval base explosion in Cyprus to the September 2011 outage in the western U.S.
large portions of the interconnected grid.
grid, it seems evident that if electricity

supplies were not so dependent on centralized power stations and assets, customers
would experience greater electrical reliability. This is the promise of microgrids.
Contributors
Siddharth Suryanarayanan, a senior member of IEEE, teaches in the department of electrical engineering and is
a Resident Faculty Fellow in the School
of Global Environmental Sustainability at Colorado State University. His research and teaching interests lie in the
area of design, operation and economics
of advanced electric power systems. He
received the IEEE Power & Energy Societys T. Burke Hayes Faculty Recognition
Award in 2009, and in 2011 he was invited
to participate in the U.S. Frontiers of Engineering Symposium conducted by the
U.S. National Academy of Engineering.
Elias Kyriakides, an IEEE senior
member, is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering at the University
of Cyprus, and a founding member of
the KIOS Research Center for Intelligent
Systems and Networks. He served as the
Action Chair of the ESF-COST Action
IC0806 Intelligent Monitoring, Control,
and Security of Critical Infrastructure
Systems (IntelliCIS) (20092013). His
research interests include synchronized
measurements in power systems, security and reliability of the power system
network, optimization of power system
operation techniques, and renewable energy sources. He received a B.Sc. degree
from the Illinois Institute of Technology
in Chicago, Illinois in 2000, and M.Sc.
and Ph.D. degrees from Arizona State
University in Tempe, Arizona in 2001
and 2003 respectively, all in Electrical
Engineering.
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Smart City
The Relationship Between Smart Grids
and Smart Cities
n a smart city, energy, water, transpor- frastructure that is more reliable, more
tation, public health and safety, and sustainable and more resilient. Thus, a
other key services are managed in con- smart grid sits at the heart of the smart
cert to support smooth operation of criti- city, which cannot fully exist without it.
Smart cities depend on a smart
cal infrastructure while providing for a
clean, economic and safe environment in grid to ensure resilient delivwhich to live, work and play. Timely lo- ery of energy to supply
gistics information will be gathered and their many functions,
supplied to the public by all means avail- present opportuniable, but particularly through social me- ties for conservadia networks. Conservation, efficiency tion, improve efficiencies
and,
and safety will all be greatly enhanced.
The energy infrastructure is argu- most importantly,
ably the single most important feature in enable coordination
any city. If unavailable for a significant between urban offienough period of time, all other func- cialdom, infrastructure
operators, those respontions will eventually cease.
A smart grid alone does three things. sible for public safety and the
First, it modernizes power systems public. The smart city is all about
how the city organthrough self-healing
ism works together as
designs, automation,
The smart city
an integrated whole and
remote monitoring and
survives when put uncontrol, and establishis all about
der extreme conditions.
ment of microgrids.
how the city
Energy, water, transSecond, it informs and
portation, public health
educates
consumers
organism
and safety, and other
about their energy usworks
aspects of a smart city
age, costs and alternaare managed in contive options, to enable
together as
cert to support smooth
them to make decisions
an integrated
operation of critical
autonomously
about
infrastructure
while
how and when to use
whole and
providing for a clean,
electricity and fuels.
survives when
economic and safe enThird, it provides safe,
vironment in which to
secure and reliable input under
live, work and play.
tegration of distributed
extreme
Here is one examand renewable energy
ple of how cost-effecresources. All these
conditions.
tive efficiency can be
add up to an energy in-
52
achieved in a smart city: Water utilities

are typically one of the largest consumers of energy in a city; savings can be
achieved by lessening their consumption
of electricity as the electric utility nears its peak condition
when energy is most expensive. By coordinating with the electric
utility and shifting
water pumping to
non-peak hours,
the water utility
can reduce its energy consumption (and
ultimately its bill),
help the electric utility
avoid problems and allow
other more critical and less flexible
functions (such as hospitals) to maintain
uninterrupted supply. In the same sense,
electric trains can be accelerated more
slowly to reduce power consumption
while maintaining schedules. Building
owners and the public can also participate in demand response programs to
the same end. Building on all combined
data points and analysis of the smart
grid, the smart city represents the next
step in the process.
Under extreme conditions, the most
critical functions of a smart city would
be maintained and logistics information sea m lessly coordinated with
the public. The smart grid would shed
load in a predictable and more manageable fashion so that critical city infrastructure and functions are maintained
(among them, police, fire, hospitals),
Written by Ken Geisler
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supported by microgrids. Self-healing intelligence into substations and field

automation would restore power rap- equipment to make faster decisions on
idly to areas where alternate routes are fault isolation, location and restoration,
available. Local generation would be ex- feeder reconfiguration, and voltage and
ploited to support immediate needs. The reactive power management. At the
same time, a growing
community (industry,
penetration of renewcommercial, residenable generation means
tial) would respond, auSmart cities,
new needs for managtomatically, to reduce
like the smart
ing adaptive protection
their energy needs to
equipment and extendlessen the burden of
grid, will evolve
ing related substation
restoration. Transportaslowly, but
designs. More than
tion and traffic systems
ever, implementation of
would coordinate with
surely, over
equipment and protecthe energy systems to
the next two
tion schemes that supsupport critical transport defined standards
portation arteries and
decades.
(such as IEC 61850,
modes. Through it all,
which covers substation
timely logistics information would be gathered and supplied automation), and principles of integrating
to the public by all means available, information and operations technologies,
but particularly through social media are becoming an essential element in an
networks. Conservation, efficiency effective overall design.
The result is more observability and
and safety will all be greatly enhanced
through the availability of accurate lo- controllability of the energy delivery
network, where advanced control cengistical information.
Needless to say, these capabilities are ter visualization and analysis capabilinot in place in their entirety anywhere ties can be applied to better manage the
in the world, as yet. But there are sig- growing fleet of intelligent agents. In
nificant existing implementations and addition, the integration of variable and
initiatives in progress in many cities distributed generation resources into
and utilitiesamong them Kansas City the delivery network calls for greater
Power and Lights Green Impact Zone means of balancing load and generation
Project, and Coop City in New Yorks resources, where many utilities are inWestchester Countyto transform their vestigating and implementing demand
businesses and communities to this view response programs that provide for a
over the next ten years. Not surprisingly, surgical alignment of demand manageenergy infrastructure providers, development with available generation. This
ers, operators and consumers are leading promotes the potential for more options
this movement. The evolving technology and incentives for participation of the
base presents a key enabler to making the residential, commercial and industrial
segments of cities and communities in
vision a reality.
In truth, much of the technology al- energy conservation, efficiency and
ready exists to take the first steps. Sig- demand response programs. Home
nificant levels of automation, commu- and building automation systems have
nications and information technology become integral parts of this moveare already being brought to bear on the ment, which will continue to increase.
electrical distribution systems of many Advanced metering infrastructures,
utilities to improve reliability. There is meter data management systems and
a clear movement toward driving more advanced data analytics will gather,
assess and formulate essential information to refine forecasting, determine

load response and improve operational
decision-making. Again, integration
of these capabilities will be supported
through model and building automation standards such as IEC 61970/61968
and Open ADR2. This all links directly
back to the concept of smart grids enabling smart cities, whose other functions are also continuing to evolve. The
technology base supporting a citys
infrastructure, buildings, industry and
consumers all continue to move toward
more flexible, compatible, automated
and intelligent platforms.
Smart cities, like the smart grid, will
evolve slowly, but surely, over the next
two decades. They will more fully harness, integrate and utilize information
to be shared between departments, infrastructure operators and with citizens.
Cities will partner with vendors to create
integrated solutions, and the smart grid
will become only a part of a greater,
more responsive urban ecosystem. Ultimately, with the smart city, we are all in
it together.
Contributor
Ken Geisler is Vice President of
Strategy for Siemens Smart Grid in the
United States. He has over 30 years of
management and technical experience
in defining, designing, developing and
implementing large integrated solutions
in the energy industry. Previously he was
chief architect, Smart Grid, with Siemens
Energy & Automation. From 19912004,
he was president, CEO and chairman of
the board of Configured Energy Systems
Inc., which grew from a company with
two employees to one with a staff of 150
people and annual revenues of $17 million. He earned a B.S. in electrical and
computer engineering and an M.S. in
electrical engineering at the University
of Wisconsin, Madison.
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Substation Automation
Moving to Smart Substations
n the age of smart devices, its time

technology advances to our substations and allows maintenance and
operations to leverage that technology
to better understand their assets: condition-based maintenance. There are
several pieces to making a conditionbased maintenance successful as well
as challenges to implementing and
having a successful condition-based
maintenance program. The potential
benefits are there and leveraging technology is a step towards understanding
our substation assets.
Do you know someone whose car
emails him or her with diagnostic information, such as when it needs an oil
change? In the age of smart everything,
why not have smart substations? Imagine
the day that a transformer expert receives
a text message from the Bank 1 Autobank that its C2H2 and C2H4 gas levels
are climbing, which is an indication that
a fault could be developing. This could be
a reality in the near future.
The idea of a smart substation is
not having a Wall-E like robot roaming a substation. Its about leveraging
technology to better understand the
equipment inside our substations. The
technology exists and, for some areas,
is incorporated into a number of assets within substations. The concept
of a smart substation starts with moving towards a condition-based maintenance program.
Condition-based maintenance (CBM)
is taking the data from sensors and monitoring equipment and transforming that
data into actionable information. This
information has the potential to be used
54
to determine an assets health as well as

inform operations and maintenance to a
potential degrading condition. It can also
help plan asset retirement and capital
spending. A successful CBM program
has to have more than just sensors and
monitoring equipment.
The most important element to CBM is communication. Without
reliable communications, the data is
no good and will
not build trust or
growth in a CBM
program. A standard communication scheme would
make life easier. Speaking from experience, this
scheme can be more than one standard. At Southern Company Transmission, we have hundreds of monitors that
were installed before CBM and follow
a proprietary protocol or a standard
protocol path. We have decided to standardize on the two standard protocols.
The non-standard protocols will have
to be converted slowly over time due to
the cost involved with that conversion.
Besides the protocol standards, a decision around getting the data out of the
substation is important.
Retrieving the data out of the substation can be another hurdle. This data is
not operational data but rather maintenance data.It doesnt have the same requirements as supervisory control and
data acquisition (SCADA) data and can
be pushed out of the substation on an
hourly or longer basis.
CBM also consists of data storage

and retrieval. A data warehouse can
also be known as a data historian. To
better understand an asset requires historical and current data. The amount
of data needed is determined by how
the data is used. A years worth
of data for trending and
predictive analytics is
needed to account for
the different seasons of the year.
Abnormal weather
events are taken
into account within the analytics.
The other piece
of a successful CBM
program is analytics.
This is what converts the
data into information. The analytics combine the current and historical
data, and predict the normal path the
data should take. Deviations from that
path show changes in the asset behavior. Some deviations are normal as an
asset ages while abnormal deviations
show a developing issue. For example,
either a breakers trip time is slowing
down or a transformers dissolved gas
analysis has shifted out of the norm.
The analytics also provide a platform
for capturing subject matter expertise
around our substation assets. One way
to capture this knowledge and experience is through an asset health score
algorithm. The documentation around
this work will also be a good read for
our future subject matter experts. Asset health algorithms are living documents and are frequently used for
Written by Elizabeth B. Bray
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monitoring available data as well as

automation of test data entry into the
data historian.
Leveraging technology within
substations is the way of the future
for substations. The benefits are not
just proactive maintenance. It is more
about understanding assets and entering substations knowing the condition
of these assets as well as improving
the reliability of our system. There
are also challenges and bumps to deploying monitoring equipment and
standing up a CBM program. Money
and resources are the common issues.
Overcoming the challenges takes time
and patience. Helping others realize

the potential benefits and networking with utilities that have successful
CBM programs in place also help with
needed buy in support.
Smart substations are the substations of the future. As technology develops there will be more opportunities
to leverage technology within substations, such as texting transformers or
robotics in substations. Now is an exciting time to work with substations
and realize the potential and positive
impact technology can play, but we
must better understand how the substation assets work.
Contributor
Elizabeth B. Bray, an IEEE Power
and Energy Society member, is the
project manager for the conditionbased maintenance program for Southern Company Transmission. She has
worked for Southern Company for eight
years. Previously, she worked for American Cast Iron Pipe Company in Birmingham, Alabama, as a controls and
design engineer. She received her B.S.
degree in electrical engineering from
the University of Alabama and her masters from Mississippi State University.
Transmission and Distribution Planning

Getting a Grip on the Condition
of the Low Voltage Grid
he Low Voltage (LV) grid, particularly in urban areas of many modernized countries, is exclusively
based on connections with underground
power cables. Loading usually is far below their ampacity and so far, no major
concerns have been raised on the condition of the LV grid. Repeated failure is
the only cause for replacement. However,
historical failure rates of LV cables indicate that flawless operation cannot be
taken for granted. Furthermore, with the
increasing penetration of de-centralized
generation, an increased pressure is expected on the performance of the LV
infrastructure. No methods are currently
available to effectively assess cable life
expectancy. This calls for an investigation into options for condition

monitoring of the LV grid.
Grid operators are
judged on thei r
nu mb er of customer-minutes-lost
(CML). Their policies focus on risks
with high impact
on reducing the
CML. In the LV grid,
the number of customers per feeder is low, and
only a few are affected when
an outage occurs. At low voltage, significant damage is needed to cause a
fault. Degradation aspects associated

with high field strength, e.g. treeing and partial discharges
in electric insulation,
are not expected. In
general this leads
to long life expectancy. Repairing
faults and the occasional replacement
of sections after
repeated failure have
been considered sufficient. Thus, low priority is
given to condition monitoring
for the LV grid. However, several concerns can be raised.
Written by Bart Kruizinga
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In the Netherlands, a small but steady insulation, most likely caused by remainrise in LV faults can be observed. Fur- ing microscopic water droplets. This
thermore, with the increasing (unknown) leads to carbon traces and degradation
load flow associated with distributed of the plastic. This process continues
generation, the reliability of the LV grid until degradation causes a full discharge.
may become uncertain. The total costs This does not necessarily cause a fuse
involved with LV faults are higher com- to break immediately. The cable length
pared to faults at higher voltage levels. between fault and fuses moderates the
current transient below
This relates to the abthe time-current curve
sence of redundancy
A better
of the fuse. When the
and complexity involved
fuse finally breaks, the
with fault localization.
understanding
arc at the fault location
Furthermore, LV cables
of fault
causes the defect to resuffer from so-called incover. This means the
termittent faults that inphenomena
feeder can be re-enervolve repeated work and
will improve
gized without immedioutage hours: replacing
ate breakdown, as with
a blown fuse may seem
the
an intermittent fault.
to make a fault disapeffectiveness
Several weeks or even
pear, making the cause
months may elapse unand its location a mysof asset
til the fault reappears.
tery. The fuse may be
management.
From the moment that
replaced repeatedly at
the cable is damaged
unpredictable intervals
until a fuse break happens, high frequenbefore the fault becomes permanent.
An expected lifetime can generally cy current transients occur that may be
not be given for any LV feeder. The insu- detectable in the substation.
The LV grid however, is far from
lation types, e.g. oil-impregnated paper,
PVC or PE, show marginal degradation ideal in terms of transmission of the
under normal operation. Failure statistics high frequency signals associated with
and experience from the field shows that discharge transients. In general, fourintrinsic aging or wear is only responsible conductor cables are used. Several tens
for a small number of disturbances. The of household connections are often
main fault cause in the LV grid is of exter- branched from one main cable. Loads
nal origin, e.g. soil movement and excava- in household connections may have furtion damage. However, because of the low ther influence. In power line commuvoltage level, damages to the cable or ac- nication studies, one has often encouncessories do not necessarily lead to a fault. tered the limitations of high frequency
They may initiate or accelerate long-term signal propagation in LV networks. To
degradation processes, shortening cable simulate whether fault transients can
and/or accessory lifetime, which could be reach the substation, a complex model
incorporating multi-conductor coupling
assessed by condition monitoring.
A laboratory study on artificially and cable branches was developed. Indamaged cables sections has given in- corporation of the effects of substation
sight into the development of a fault. and household connections is currently
Since humidity plays a role, plastic insu- under development.
With this study, a step towards getlated cable sections were tested on water
ingress. Water ingress by drop-by-drop ting a grip on the LV grid is made. A
exposure shows a degradation process better understanding of fault phenomena
that eventually causes a fault. Typical will improve the effectiveness of asset
ground water conductivity is such that management. Further research should
moisture will evaporate, but the conduc- indicate the feasibility of monitoring sigtance is insufficient to cause a fault cur- nals that are condition related. It should
rent. Once evaporated, partial discharges indicate as well, whether savings by reoccur over the surface of the damaged duction of CML outweigh the investment
56
costs. In parallel, a business analysis

model is under development to ensure
cost effectiveness of possible monitoring
solutions. With this, an optimal solution
can be derived to assure LV grid operation. Smart grids can then not only be
used to optimize their functions, but also
keep track of their own reliability.
Contributors
Bart Kruizinga received his Electrical Energy Systems M.Sc. from Eindhoven University of Technology, The
Netherlands in 2012, where he is pursuing his Ph.D. He is currently working on
the tDASA (technology for Distribution
Area Situational Awareness) project.
This project is a collaboration of Enexis,
Locamation, TNO and Eindhoven University of Technology (all in The Netherlands), and aims to increase situational awareness of LV grids by employing
a multi-disciplinary approach.
The IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical
Insulation Society (IEEE DEIS) is a
technical society within the IEEE that
stimulates research, develops appropriate
studies and standards, and sponsors periodic and special publications in the field
of dielectrics and electrical insulation.
The objectives of the Society are
technical, scientific, literary, and educational. DEIS strives for the advancement
of the theory and practice of electrical
and electronics engineering and the related arts and sciences, in consonance
with the Constitution and Bylaws of the
IEEE. DEIS provides special attention
to the technical areas within its field of
interest as follows:
The field of interest of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society shall be the study and application of
dielectric phenomena and behavior and
the development, characterization and
application of all gaseous, liquid and
solid electrical insulating materials and
systems utilized in electrical and electronic equipment. DEIS is also involved
in the creation of voluntary engineering
standards and the recommended practices related thereto.
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____________________________
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FOUNDATIONAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Architecture - Interoperability and Usability
How Smart Devices, Online Social Networks and

the Cloud Will Affect the Smart Grids Evolution
nformation and communication tech- customers with a real-time view of key

nologies will play an essential role energy-related data, including system
in the next-generation electrical grid demand, wind forecasting, carbon emissystemthe smart grid. And yet at the sions and so on.
Thus, information management based
same time, information and communication technologies are themselves in the on mobile services is promising.
midst of a sea change, driven by market But we need to consider
transformations in smart devices, online some practical issues.
First, such mobile
social networks and the cloud.
Let us review, in turn, how power services require supgrids of the future might evolve along- port from advanced
side advances in mobile devices, so- communication and
cial networking technology and cloud information infrastructure embedded
computing.
Smart mobile devices such as smart- into the smart grid,
phones and tablet computers are playing and yet this infraan ever-greater role in ubiquitous informa- structure that is under
tion collection, organization, dissemina- construction may not have
tion and sharing. Existing, mature mobile been optimized for mobile serservice ecosystems, provided by compa- vices designed for smart grid applications.
nies like Apple, Google and Microsoft, Second, the smart grid is supposed to support many time-sensimay be used as cost-eftive mechanisms, such
fective platforms to supInformation and
as control of demandport smart grid supplyresponse systems, but
side and demand-side
communication
mobile services by defiservices, which will
technologies
nition rely on an unrelibring customers closer
able wireless medium.
to each other and the
will play an
The shortcomings of
grid itself.
essential role
that medium can exacRecently, a numerbate communication
ber of companies have
in the nextlosses and errors.
started to offer mobile
generation
One of the most imservices for smart grid
portant ways the smart
applications. Irelands
electrical grid
grid will differ from
EirGrid, for example,
systemthe
the traditional grid is
released the iPhone
it offers real-time inapplication
Smartsmart grid.
formation about user
Grid, which provides
58
behavior and easily obtainable system

status. Social networking and related
online sharing services provide a convenient way to not only significantly
improve information dissemination, but
also control power consumption collaboratively during
system outages, and
improve system utilization and effectiveness as a result. For
instance, recently,
during hurricane
Sandy, several electric utilities kept
their customers updated through Twitter
and Facebook, and used
the services to post restoration
schedules.
Social Metering, a service developed by GreenPocket, enables users to
share their experiences in energy conservation with other users. It tells users how
well they are doing compared to their
friends and recommends how to use energy in positive ways.
As electric and hybrid-electric vehicles are becoming more popular, they
are expected to become an integral part
of future power systems. Already, the
social networking services PlugSurfing and PlugShare enable
electric vehicle drivers to share information about the status of charging stations. More advanced services are sure
to develop. For example, to avoid power
system performance degradation that
Written by Xi Fang, Satyajayant Misra, Guoliang Xue and Dejun Yang
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could result from uncoordinated charging, users will be able to collaboratively

optimize their individual and collective
charging profiles.
Although information sharing based
on online social networks can improve
the level of power consumption collaboration and system resource utilization, there are several potential issues.
The most obvious risks to users concern
privacy preservation and security. User
information sharing opens a door for
economic competitors or personal adversaries to track private behavior, information that would be much harder to
obtain in traditional electrical systems.
Also, hackers may compromise social
media accounts to propagate incorrect
or misleading information. And since
disinformation can be easily magnified
in a social network, it could trigger mass
user behavior that results in undesirable
events in the grid.
Cloud computing, which is fast becoming the dominant paradigm for computer services, is especially well suited
to handle a smart grids computational
needs and information management,
storage, and integration. Computational
resource demand will be high and very
dynamic, making highly scalable information storage and computing platforms,
as found in the cloud, extremely desirable. Demand varies quite drastically
just in the course of a day: Peak loads
coupled with high information flow tend
to occur in daylight hours, while both the
load and information processing needs
decline at night.
A well-functioning smart grid requires the information to be widely and
highly available. Cloud storage provides
a cost-effective way to improve the level
of information integration, utilization,
persistence and the smart grid.
In view of these advantages, it is
hardly surprising that cloud services
have recently been launched specifically for the smart grid. For example,
Silver Spring Networks offers a service, SilverLink, that uses the cloud
and software-as-a-service to give util-
ity workers access to real time data for less network. He received several best pamonitoring grid systems and receiv- per awards at IEEE conferences, and was
ing alerts. This kind of service has runner-up at another.
the potential to reshape the way utiliSatyajayant Misra, an IEEE memties access their data, making data ac- ber, is an assistant professor in computer
cess faster, cheaper, simpler and more science at New Mexico State University.
standardized. Moreover, such services His research interests include design and
may enable valuable smart grid data to optimization of architectures and protobe distributed across different utility cols for wireless and wired communicaorganizations, enabling participants to tion networks, supercomputing and the
unlock value otherwise hidden in their smart grid. He serves on the editorial
smart grid investments.
boards for several IEEE
As electric utilijournals, as well as conties consider availing
ference executive comAs electric
themselves of cloud
mittees. A paper he coutilities
services, information
authored was a runner-up
security and privacy
to the best-paper award at
consider
are bound to be conIEEE ICNP 2010.
availing
cerns. Since reliance on
Guoliang Xue, an
the cloud involves some
IEEE
fellow, is a prothemselves
relinquishing of direct
fessor of computer sciof cloud
control of information,
ence at Arizona State
a systematic design for
University. His research
services,
meeting computational
interests include survivinformation
and data management
ability, security and reneedsone that adsource allocation issues
security and
dresses all possible
in wireless networks,
privacy are
security and privacy issocial networks and
suesis desirable.
smart grid. With over
bound to be
Taking these consid200 published papers in
concerns.
erations in account, the
those areas, he is an assopay-as-you-go model
ciate editor of the IEEE/
used in cloud services
ACM Transactions on
will be a cost-effective solution for elec- Networking and of IEEE Network magatric utilities and energy companies. The zine. He served as technical program coavailability of cloud computing prom- chair of IEEEs INFOCOM2010, which
ises to be, indeed, a big cost saver for took place in San Diego.
utilities as they undertake the massive
Dejun Yang, IEEE Student Member,
reconstruction of power systems that received his B.S. from Peking University,
lies ahead.
Beijing, in 2007. Currently he is a Ph.D.
candidate in the School of Computing,
Informatics, and Decision Systems EngiContributors
Xi Fang, IEEE Student Member, re- neering at Arizona State University. His
ceived his B.S and M.E from Beijing Uni- research interests include economic and
versity of Posts and Telecommunications, optimization approaches to networks,
Beijing, in 2005 and 2008, respectively. crowdsourcing, smart grid, big data and
Currently he is a Ph.D. candidate in the cloud computing. He has received several
School of Computing, Informatics, and best paper awards at IEEE conferences,
Decision Systems Engineering at Arizona and was runner-up at another.
State University. His research interests include algorithm design and optimization
for smart grid, cloud computing and wire-
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Business Process Re-engineering

Disruption Becomes Evolution:
Creating the Value-Based Utility
ew business models and cutting

edge technologies such as distributed solar and CHP, demand response, microgrids, energy storage, electric vehicles, cyber-security, advanced
wholesale markets, and new competitive
retail markets are all impacting the traditional regulated utility industry. Generation, grid operations, and wholesale and
retail energy sales are being transformed
by innovation and competition, forcing
utilities faster than ever to make critical
choices about business models and technologies.
Innovations in the 20th Century drove
the fastest and most disruptive transformations in economic history. Today,
after more than a century of slow evolution and little system changes, a confluence of factors within the power industry
now results in electric utilities now facing multiple technological and business
disruptions that in many ways mirror the
evolutions of the past in other industries.
The proliferation of renewable and
distributed generation means that continued inaction by the utilities will lead
to an increased potential for an unstable
grid. The distributed energy resources
(DER) ship has sailed, buoyed by social
and environmental pressures. Accordingly, utilities have to accommodate rapidly increasing DER on the grid in a safe,
reliable, and affordable way. Utilities
should plan new and innovative architectures that integrate DER into their dispatch equation as part of their portfolio
rather than treating DER as a standalone
initiative.
60
Utilities tend to implement demand

response if and only if a regulator asks
them to do it, as it places them in the
awkward situation of asking customers
to use less product. This causes
them to miss opportunities
to add attractive options
for their customers.
Utilities should work
with regulators to
make demand response a part of the
normal portfolio of
products offered to
their customers and
establish a rate structure that supports it.
Microgrids today are
generally designed and implemented outside the utility planning
realm, thereby causing potential serious
headaches for utilities long-term. Some
microgrid owners expect the local utility
to take care of them during emergencies
and may have not designed an efficient
two-way interconnection. Utilities should
adopt and advance microgrids as a next
generation tool to create a much needed
two-way power and data flow smart grid
to support the anticipated growing penetration of electric vehicles, solar PVs,
energy storage, and dynamic demand
response in smart homes and buildings.
Globally, growth of electric vehicles
is expected to accelerate as their prices
drop. Today, they show up in clusters
within the distribution grid. If not managed properly, they can cause reliability
issues by creating extended peak periods
that further stress the utilitys assets. EVs

could nicely counterbalance DER sources (e.g., wind) given their need to consume when wind is most often generating
at its maximum rate in the middle
of the night. Managed and
coordinated properly by
utilities, EVs enhance
the operation of the
grid by smoothing
the rate at which
power is consumed,
while reducing
peak loads, providing power to the grid,
and helping balance
load levels.
Utilities and regional
transmission organizations (RTOs)
or Independent Systems Operators
(ISOs) deliver power to their customers
based on a consumption cycle that usually has one or more peaks during the
day. During these peaks the use of peaking power plants at locations of congestion is very expensive since they are used
only for a few hours a day. Installing
energy storage devices at various points
in the distribution and transmission system enables delivery of hitherto not
possibleservices. Energy storage can fill
the gaps during peak usage for a system
originally designed for instant consumption upon generation, and reduce the
need for expensive peakergenerators.
Regulators must allow energy storage to
be used freely by the wires business.
Similarly, key business trends partially or wholly unrelated to technology
Written by Bob Barker, Andy Bochman, Andres Carvallo, Bruce Hamilton,

Erfan Ibrahim, David Shpigler, and Mani Vadari
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also have the potential to disrupt the utility industry status quo:
Retail ChoiceAs states move to
implement advanced metering
infrastructure (AMI), the move
toward retail choice is advancing in parallel, allowing new
players to enter the market and
contract to deliver power to traditional utility customers. A do
nothingstrategy is not viable for
utilities. Delivering power to an
increasingly smaller set of customers enables the profitability
per customer to reach a point
when the business will no longer
be sustainable. Regulators play a
vital role in avoiding disruption
by loosening restrictions and allowing regulated utilities to embrace new business models.
Product BundlingPlayers from
the telecom, Internet, cable, and
home security industries are
melding into a single group of
companies (e.g. Comcast, AT&T,
and Verizon) that deliver services bundled to customers. Other
than not owning the electric
wires, these new entrants appear
increasingly to customers as legitimate sources from which to
purchase power. Utilities must
proactively address competitive
threats from bundlers by first
defining their long-term strategy wires-only, or both wires
and retail customers and taking
appropriate steps based on that
strategy.
MunicipalizationMany municipalities are considering the set
of steps needed to secedefrom
the incumbent utility and become their own utility by owning distribution assets and purchasing transmission, energy,
and other ancillary services
from the wholesale market. The
threat to the entrenched utility
is the potential loss of a large
group of customers who exit the
utility and decrease its rate base.
Incumbent utilities must respond
by becoming more customer-
centric and placing a stronger

focus on leveraging new technologies and offering new services. Cities and communities
wanting to own their own power
company must get the right strategic business plan, technology
roadmap, and advise to succeed.
Nationwide Wholesale MarketsThe U.S. and Canada have
taken a Swiss cheese approach to
implementing wholesale markets
across the country with markets
in some areas and none in others
even though all are required to
follow the tenets of FERC orders
888 and 889 related to unbundling. While the size and scale
of most of these markets is quite
large, disparate rules make it impossible for the participants to
drive economies of scale across
these markets. We believe there
is a need for a nationwide wholesale market as an alternative to
existing regional marketplaces.
This would enable, for example,
Midwest wind power to be transferred to marketplaces in the
east, and initiatives like the TresAmigas project that can provide
the perfect balancing between
the eastern, western and Texas
interconnection and others.
New Business ModelsChoosing the right business model is
the first step toward becoming
a smarter utility, and the answer
depends in large part on the current structure of the particular
utility, including the level of regulation under which it operates
and its managements appetite
for change and risk. It requires
insight into divestments and investments, and often requires
external help to rethink strategies and manage innovation as a
competitive advantage. Utilities
may be capable of handling one
of these changes on their own,
but dealing with all at the same
time can quickly overwhelm a
slow-moving industry. Preparing
for the evolution requires each
utility to chart its own course, develop sound a strategic business

plan and technology roadmap to
serve customers in the most effective and efficient manner, and
carefully enable the right business cases and strategies based
on their own unique challenges,
generation sourcing, and electric
network design characteristics.
Contributors
Bob Barker is a senior consultant at
CMG Consulting LLC headquartered
in Austin, Texas. Bob is a software and
technology executive with C-level experience in large companies and startups.
Prior to consulting, Bob was Senior
Vice President and Chief Marketing
Officer for Infoglide Software, VP of
Strategic Planning for Compuware Corporation, an entrepreneur-in-residence
with STARTech Early Ventures, VP
of Business Development for Sterling
Commerce, and Corporate VP of Strategic Relations at Novell. He began his
career at two Austin-based pioneering
software companies, MRI and Execucom. He holds a Bachelor of Arts with
Honors from the University of Texas at
Austin with a major in psychology and a
minor in mathematics. He has served on
the organizing committee for the IEEE
International Engineering Management
Conference, is a member of the Austin
Marketing Executives Network, and
serves as an advisor for the Center for
Lifelong Engineering Education at the
Cockrell School of Engineering at the
University of Texas at Austin.
Andy Bochman is a CMG advisor
and a senior cyber & energy security
strategist at Idaho National Laboratory.
Prior INL, he was a senior consultant at
CMG and also the founder and principal
at Bochman Advisors LLC, a strategic
consulting firm. He was previously with
IBM where he worked as the energy
security lead with global energy sector
clients and partners. Andy has provided
expert testimony and analysis on energy
sector security standards and gaps to
FERC, DOE, NIST, NARUC, and state
utility commissions. He is a contributor
to the Department of Energys Electric
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Sector Risk Management Process Guide

and Electricity Subsector Cybersecurity
Capabilities Maturity Model, as well as
MITs Future of the Grid report, and is
author of Measure, Manage, Win: The
Case for Operational Energy Metrics
published in the National Defense Universitys Joint Forces Quarterly. Andy is
a graduate of the US Air Force Academy,
where he served as a communications
officer and a source selection technical
team leader at the Air Force Computer
Acquisition Center. He was named one of
fifty Smart Grid Pioneers for 2013, is a
corporate board member of the Industrial
Control SystemsInformation Sharing
and Analysis Center, and a member of
the Grid Edge Executive Council.
Andres Carvallo, an IEEE member,
is the founder and CEO of CMG, a strategy consulting and advisory company
enabling smarter cities, utilities, enterprises, vendors, and startups. Carvallo
is an award winning engineer, speaker,
author, and executive with 28 years of experience in the energy, telecommunications, computer, and software industries.
He is globally recognized by the IEEE as
one of the early developers of the smart
grid concept and technology. Carvallo
co-authored the best selling book The
Advanced Smart Grid, has received 34
industry awards since 2005, and is a popular speaker and guest lecturer. As chief
technologist reporting to the CEO and a
member of the Austin Energy Innovation
& Opportunity Development Executive
Board from 20032010, Carvallo championed Austin Energys industry leading
smart grid program design and implementation as their CIO. While at Austin
Energy, Carvallo also co-led over $4 billion in investments into two wind farms,
a solar farm, a biomass power plant, a
natural gas power plant, two co-generation power plants, two district cooling
microgrids, roof top solar, over 100,000
thermostats for load control, a fiber communications network reaching every substation, 100 percent smart meter coverage, a smart grid architecture, and all the
smart grid infrastructure. Carvallo also
architected the Pecan Street Project as
its CTO from 2008 to 2010. He held executive positions at Philips Electronics,
62
Digital Equipment Corporation, Borland,

and five start-ups since 1992. Carvallo
started his career as a product manager
for Windows at Microsoft in Redmond,
Washington. He received a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Kansas with a concentration in
Robotics and Control Systems, and has
post-graduate certificates in Business
Management from Stanford University,
Quality Management from the Wharton
School of the University of Pennsylvania,
and in Power Utility Management from
The University of Idaho.
Bruce Hamilton serves as a senior
consultant at CMG, where he provides
leadership for public sector projects designed to deliver measurable benefits to
states, cities and communities in pursuit
of sustainable energy and economic development. Bruce also supports international initiatives to accelerate the pace
of smart grid deployment and is internationally recognized as a thought leader
and key facilitator in the formation of
productive partnerships for development
and deployment of smart grid technology. He has served as Chief Technical
Consultant for the U.S.-China Smart
Grid Dialogue co-sponsored by the U.S.
Trade and Development Agency, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
and Chinas National Energy Administration. He supported the establishment
of a smart grid collaboration agreement
between the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) and Korean Ministry of
Knowledge Economy, was lead author
of a feasibility report on a smart grid and
green technology development initiative
between the U.S. state of Illinois and Korea and served on the Program Management Office for the Illinois-Korea Smart
Grid Partnership established to provide
leadership for collaboration between international government agencies, NGOs,
businesses, universities and research centers for the development and deployment
of smart grid technology in Illinois. He
supported the Illinois Power Agency in
achieving its mission to ensure adequate,
reliable, affordable, efficient, and environmentally sustainable electric service
at the lowest cost, for retail customers in
Illinois that purchase power and energy
under fixed price tariffs from ComEd

and Ameren. Bruce is Founding Director of the Institute for Sustainable Energy
Development and previously served as
Head of Energy Modeling, Databanks
and Capacity Building at the International Atomic Energy Agency. He received
the 2011 Midwest Energy Leadership
Award for Entrepreneurship and multiple
awards from the U.S. Federal Laboratory
Consortium for Technology Transfer
for his efforts in commercializing technology developed at Argonne National
Laboratory.
Erfan Ibrahim is a senior consultant
at CMG. He is a well-known engineer,
speaker, and executive who is widely
recognized as a smart energy thought
leader, with over 26 years of experience
in the energy, telecommunications and
software industries. Erfan served as a
technical executive in the Intelligrid
program area of the Power Delivery &
Utilization Sector of EPRI, from March
2008 to November 2011. Prior to his consulting days and EPRI, Erfan held the
titles of VP of Sales & Marketing at Jyra
Research, Product Manager for Network
Management at Pacific Bell Network
Integration (now AT&T), Science and
Math Lecturer at National University,
Nuclear Fusion Research Engineer at
UCLA and Plasma Physicist at Lawrence
Livermore National Lab. Erfan is a Phi
Beta Kappa, a Tau Beta Pi, Whos Who
amongst American Colleges & Universities and Whos Who amongst IT professionals. He is a frequent public speaker
in Electric Sector conferences and workshops on smart grid globally and has
been actively involved in International
Toastmasters as a Competent Communicator since 1996. He received a Ph. D. in
Nuclear Engineering from University of
California Berkeley, an MS in Mechanical Engineering from the University
of Texas Austin, and a B.S. Honors in
Physics from Syracuse University (Suma
Cum Laude).
David Shpigler is a CMG advisor and also serves as President of The
Shpigler Group, a strategy managementconsulting firm focused on the utility
sector. David has worked with a variety
of utilities in solving complex issues
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involving strategic assessment, market

analysis, business case development,
economic evaluation of network design,
and industry benchmarking. He has led
the development of detailed business
plans and strategies for nearly 250 electric utilities over the past twelve years,
and has been associated with a number
of high profile strategy consulting firms
involved in the utility, high tech and
telecom sectors including Cambridge
Strategic Management Group, Dean &
Company, and Accenture. David is well
known within the utility and smart grid
arena, publishing research studies with
such industry associations as EPRI,
EEI, UTC, APPA, NRECA, and NRTC.
He has a Bachelors Degree in Business
from the University of the State of New

York and an MBA from the University
of Chicago.
Dr. Mani Vadari, IEEE Senior
Member, is a senior consultant at CMG.
He is founder and president of Modern
Grid Solutions, which delivers consulting and training services to smart grid
companies, globally. Prior to forming
MGS, he held various positions at Accenture, Battelle Memorial Institute
and Alstom grid. A frequent keynoter
at industry events in the United States
and abroad, he also serves on boards of
several companies and industry groups,
including Utility Horizons, Microgrid
Institute, Microgrid Systems Lab and the
GridWise alliance. He is the author of
Electric System Operations: Evolving to

the Modern Grid (Artech House, 2013),
and his Smart Grid Training is a major
element in MGSs Smart Grid Academy
delivered to utilities and vendors around
the world. Named a 2012 Smart Grid
Pioneer by editors of Smart Grid Today,
Dr. Vadari has published over 50 papers
and articles in leading journals and magazines and has been inducted into both
the Eta Kappa Nu (electrical engineering honor society) and the Tau Beta Pi
(national engineering honor society). He
holds and MSEE and Ph.D from the University of Washington.
Communication Systems
Cooperative Wireless Networking for Smart Grid
ith cooperative wireless networkinga model allowing

for coordinated operation
among two or more wireless networks
outfitted with dual or multi-mode communication devicesutilities are able to
improve power system operation efficiency and reliability by acquiring more accurate and timely information. At the same
time, customers can benefit from reduced
energy bills and higher power quality.
A smart grids communication network can be conceptualized as generally having three levels, each with distinct
technologies. The base level is a home
area network (HAN), interconnecting
electric devices such as household ap-
pliances within the customers premises. HAN communication requirements

are relatively low-cost and
short-range, and so technologies like ZigBee,
WiFi and powerline
communications are
suitable.
Information acquired by the HAN
is aggregated at the
smart meter for the
second-level communications via a neighborhood area network (NAN).
The intermediate-level neighborhood network is also used to interconnect
the field components of the power distribution system such as the power quality monitoring devices and the
control devices for distributed generation units.
Low-cost communication technologies
like WiFi and ZigBee tend to dominate here as well, as
power distribution
systems are costsensitive by nature.
Powerline communications is a relatively more
attractive candidate only if electromagnetic interference from coexisting
Written by Hao Liang, Weihua Zhuang and Xuemin (Sherman) Shen
63
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networks can be well addressed at the offers an unprecedented opportunity to

neighbourhood level. Cellular technolo- address these challenges. Cooperative
gies like GPRS and 3G, offering ubiq- wireless networking enables coordinated
uitous coverage and low latency, are al- operation among two or more wireless
luring candidates but are substantially networks based on the use of dual-mode
more costly, mainly because they rely on or multi-mode communication devices
so the advantages of each network can
licensed frequency bands.
Information acquired in electri- be fully exploited to maximize the netcal distribution systems via NANs is work utilization. However, when diverse
aggregated at the distribution substa- communications technologies are hartion, a typical utility asset. Communi- nessed in the context of the smart gird,
cations with other utility assets such as information received about data delivery
from existing networks
power plants, transmay not be valid if
mission lines and disThe smart grid
the characteristics of
tribution substations
power system applicaare handled in a wide
of the future
tions were not taken
area network (WAN).
is expected
into account (see IEEE
Wireline communicaJournal on Selected
tion technologies such
to be a
Areas in Communicaas fiber optics are
heterogeneous
tions special issue on
widely used in WANs
Cooperative Networkto ensure high effinetwork
ing - Challenges and
ciency and reliability
environment
Applications Part I and
for utility-level moniPart II). Specifically,
toring and control.
in which a
when and how to coGiven the diverrich variety of
operate are still open
sity of communication
questions that need to
technologies within
communication
be answered.
the smart grid, there
technologies
Cooperation among
is no certainty when a
wireless
networks is
communication stancoexist.
called for when qualdard will be develity-of-service requireoped. The smart grid
of the future is expected to be a hetero- ments of smart grid applications cannot
geneous network environment in which a be satisfied by a single network. The
rich variety of communication technolo- most important requirements concern
gies coexist. In comparison with the de- network coverage, capacity and delay.
The coverage of a smart grid commusigns of the home area network and the
wide area network, which are cost- and nication network defines a set of comperformance-driven, respectively, the munication network nodes that can be
neighborhood area networks design is reached by certain monitors or controlchallenging because both cost and per- lers. The coverage provided by certain
formance issues must be addressed. In short-range communication devices
the future smart grid, the NAN will be (such as ZigBee and WiFi devises) may
deployed in a power distribution system not be ubiquitous. Although deploying
characterized by a large-scale integration more relay nodes can improve network
of distributed generation (DG) units and coverage, the coverage improvement
electric vehicles (EVs) with highly ran- cannot be ensured if some of the critical
dom output and mobility, respectively. relay nodes on the multi-hop link fail.
Given all the design challenges, relying Based on cooperative wireless networkon a single network infrastructure is nei- ing, the cellular network can be used as
an alternative to bypass the outage link.
ther efficient nor economic.
An emerging technology known in Activating cellular communication dethe communication research community vices would need to be mandatory for
as cooperative wireless networking link reestablishment. Otherwise, full
64
monitoring and control of all nodes in the

smart grid cannot be guaranteed.
Given a specified channel bandwidth,
a smart grid communication networks
capacity is defined as the maximum
transmission rate that can be achieved
over the channel. Since decentralized
medium access control is typically used
by ZigBee and WiFi networks, the
NANs capacity may be limited due to
high channel contention, especially when
the NAN coexists with public or private
wireless local area networks that are operating on the same frequency channel. If
the smart grid controller collects insufficient information because of the capacity
limitation, its control actions may not be
accurate. In this case, some NAN nodes
can activate the cellular communication devices so the controller can collect
more information. But the activation is
not mandatory if the smart grid can still
maintain stable operation with the information acquired via ZigBee and WiFi
networks, given the high cost of using a
cellular network.
Delay is defined as the time between
when a message is generated by an information source and when the message
is received by the intended destination in
smart grid. The delay consists of several
components: channel access time, data
transmission time, data buffering time,
data processing time and so on. For a
multi-hop network, the end-to-end delay is a summation of the delays over all
hops. Many protection functionalities in
the smart grid have stringent delay requirements to support the operation of
circuit breakers and/or protective relays.
Although the delay is somehow related
to the channel capacity that determines
data transmission time, the channel access time can be the dominating factor
for safety-oriented services with small
size data packets. If the data packet is
not delivered in time, the protection
functionality cannot be performed, resulting in malfunction or direct damage
to electric devices. In this case, a communication link via the cellular network
can be activated to create a shortcut
between the information source and
destination. As with the capacity requirement discussed above, whether or
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not to activate the cellular communication devices depends on the severity of

the malfunction/damage and the cost of
using a cellular network.
How to cooperate is both system and
application dependent. The two cases
presented below illustrate the situation
with respect to the capacity and delay
requirements, respectively. The coverage
requirement is not discussed in-depth,
since alternative network activation is
mandatory and all nodes in the smart
grid can be monitored and controlled.
Case 1: Microgrid Operation and
Control. Decentralized mechanisms are
promising solutions for microgrid operation and control to avoid a single point of
failure and fit the plug-and-play nature of
distributed generation units and loads in
microgrids. In our previous research, we
developed a decentralized economic dispatch approach such that each DG unit
makes the optimal decision on power
generation locally via low-cost shortrange communication devices. To avoid
a slow convergence speed caused by the
limited network capacity, a cooperative
networking architecture is used: Some
DG units or loads are equipped with
dual-mode devices with cellular communication capabilities. The cellular devices
can be periodically activated to improve
the convergence speed of decentralized
economic dispatch.
Case 2: Protection Coordination
in Smart Distribution Systems. Take
overvoltage protection as an example of
one of the most challenging issues arising with randomized power injection
by DG units. According to the recommendation of IEEE 929 standard, a solar
units operation voltage can be anywhere
from 88 percent to 110 percent of the
nominal voltage. While an overvoltage
in the range of 110137 percent results in
the trip of a DG unit within 2 seconds,
the DG unit should be disconnected immediately (within 0.033 second) if the
voltage rises beyond 137 percent. But the
overvoltage does not necessarily cause
overvoltage at load buses because of the
voltage drop along the feeder. Thus, to
avoid nuisance trips, the load buses volt- Department of Electrical and Comages should be reported within a speci- puter Engineering at the University of
fied time limit. WiFi and ZigBee devices Waterloo, Canada. His current research
can be used for a multi-hop voltage re- interests include microgrid operation,
port under normal operation and slight plug-in electric vehicle energy manageovervoltage conditions (that is, 110137 ment and energy-efficient wireless netpercent overvoltage), while the cellular working. He was the recipient of the Best
network can be used for an emergency Student Paper Award at IEEEs 72nd Vereport for a significant overvoltage of 137 hicular Technology Conference, held in
percent or more.
fall 2010 in Ottawa.
In addition to the two
Weihua Zhuang, an
cases discussed above,
IEEE fellow, has been
cooperative
wireless
with the Department of
Cooperation
networking can also faElectrical and Computer
among
cilitate other smart grid
Engineering, University
applications whenever
of Waterloo, Canada,
wireless
there is a mismatch besince 1993, where she
networks is
tween quality of service
is a full professor and
requirements and qualiTier I Canada Research
called for
ty-of-service provisionChair in wireless comwhen qualitying in a single network.
munication networks.
For a utility company
Her current research foof-service
with multiple options
cuses on distributed netrequirements
on wireless network
work control and service
infrastructures,
fully
provisioning in wireless
of smart grid
utilizing each networks
communications
and
applications
capability via cooperaon smart grid. She is a
tive wireless networkfellow of the Canadian
cannot be
ing not only improves
Academy of Engineersatisfied
power system efficiency
ing and the Engineering
and reliability but also
Institute of Canada, and
by a single
reduces power system
a member of the Board
network.
operation cost. The reof Governors of the
duced cost leads to lower
IEEE Vehicular Techenergy bills for customnology Society.
ers, which is another advantage beyond
Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, an IEEE
high-quality power delivery.
fellow, is a professor and University ReIt is worth mentioning that despite search Chair in the department of elecall the advantages, the cost of deploy- trical and computer engineering, Univering dual-mode/multi-mode communi- sity of Waterloo, Canada. His research
cation devices is not small. Moreover, focuses on resource management in inas cooperative wireless networking terconnected wireless/wired networks,
technology is in its infancy, it will take wireless network security, wireless body
time to realize and implement the ben- area networks, vehicular ad hoc and senefits of cooperative wireless network- sor networks, and the smart grid. He has
ing in the future smart grid, as demon- taken responsibility for technical prostrated by academic theoretical studies gram planning for several major IEEE
and real world industry experiments.
conferences, including Globecom07,
VTC10. He is an Engineering Institute
of Canada Fellow and a Canadian AcadContributors
Hao Liang, a member of IEEE, is emy of Engineering Fellow.
a postdoctoral research fellow in the
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Economic Justification and

Cost Recovery Models
DOEs Strategic Plan for Grid Modernization
he U.S. Department of Energys

Grid Tech Team, utilizing the convening power of government, the
capabilities and expertise within DOE
and targeted RD&D investments and
initiatives, is building collaborations and
catalyzing the industry to modernize the
grid by enhancing the visibility, understanding and flexibility of the electric
power system.
The U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) has an established reputation for
technical excellence in the research, development and demonstration of clean
energy solutions spanning generation
through end-use technologies. Recent interactions with diverse stakeholders during the Quadrennial Technology Review
indicated these stakeholders also appreciate DOEs role as convener; its ability
to aggregate and disseminate unbiased
information; and its ability to provide
technical and analytical expertise. Leveraging its reputation, resources and capabilities, DOE is uniquely positioned to
play a critical role in grid modernization.
The Grid Tech Team (GTT), established by the Office of the Undersecretary of Energy in June 2011, is tasked
with coordinating grid-related activities
across the department and with accelerating modernization of the electric power
system. In this role, the GTT provides
thought-leadership, convenes relevant
stakeholders, facilitates open dialogues
and coordinates results and actions. Dictating solutions is not its mission. Instead,
the GTT advocates a comprehensive,
holistic systems approach that balances
66
technical and institutional solutions with

sensitivities to regulatory, policy and
market challenges.
The GTT developed a draft vision
that describes a future electricity system and lists salient
characteristics of that
system. This vision
accepts the diversity
and uncertainty in
future energy demands and generation portfolios, and
recognizes inherent regional differences in needs, goals
and available resources.
In the future, the electricity system will be cost-effective,
seamless from generation to end-use and
capable of meeting all clean energy demands and capacity requirements. Key
characteristics include: (1) significant
scale-up of clean energy that is sensitive to impacts on consumer costs and
economic prosperity; (2) universality of
consumer participation and choice, from
electric vehicles and energy efficiency
to producing and selling electricity and
services; (3) holistically designed solutions, including AC-DC transmission
and distribution technologies, a mix of
centralized and decentralized control,
energy storage and microgrids; (4) twoway flows of energy and information;
and (5) reliability, security against cyber and physical threats, and resiliency
to disruptions and outages. This vision
will continue to evolve and be refined as
the GTT engages with the broader stakeholder community.

The complex, pervasive and interdependent nature of the electric power
system means that no single entity
will be able to overcome the
numerous challenges of
grid modernization.
Recognizing this
key tenet, the GTT
proposes a modernization strategy
centered on continued dialogue and
engagement with appropriate stakeholder
communities. Focused
collaborative discussions are
crucial to identify priorities, national goals, specific targets and stakeholder
roles, and to develop a network of effective public-private partnerships necessary to implement any proposed actions.
The GTT will work with external stakeholders and other federal agencies to plan
and coordinate the three elements of this
strategyRD&D activities, initiatives
and regional engagements.
RD&D activities will be coordinated
around overcoming mid- to long-term
technical issues identified during workshops and discussions of grid modernization challenges. RD&D activities
include analyses, basic science research,
modeling and simulations, applied
technology development and proofof-concept demonstrations. The GTT
recognizes that developing technology solutions does not guarantee mass
Written by Kerry Cheung, William Parks and Anjan Bose
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deployment of those advancements, so

that their impact on grid modernization
efforts may be less than desired. Institutional barriers associated with technology adoption, such as markets, policies,
regulations and standards, must be considered and addressed in parallel with
technology RD&D. These barriers will
be addressed in part through DOE initiatives and regional engagements.
Initiatives will be coordinated around
overcoming institutional barriers and
near-term technical issues associated
with institutional arrangements that
represent obstacles to the deployment
and commercialization of technology
solutions. Initiatives include educating
stakeholders, streamlining processes,
developing tools to better inform market
or regulatory decisions, developing standards and establishing workforce training programs, and also possibly some
focused RD&D investments, such as
technology and systems integration.
Regional engagements are necessary to identify geographic differences
and sensitivities associated with executing initiatives at regional, state
and local levels. These regional engagements will consist of meetings and
other forums where DOE can serve as
a convener, disseminate relevant information and help identify public and
private actions necessary to implement
initiatives. Regional, state and local
variations in resource mixes, infrastructure, loads, markets, regulations
and policies result in unique challenges
that call for unique solutions.
The GTT believes the electric power
system can be categorized into asset
domains (generation, transmission,
distribution and end users) and system domains (interfaces, connectivity,
operations and planning). The system
domains cut across the boundaries of
the asset domains and encompass the
complex interactions between the informational, analytical and physical dimensions of the grid. Challenges arising
from these interdependencies can only
be effectively identified and resolved
using a holistic systems perspective that
looks across the multiple domains and
dimensions simultaneously.
Taking a holistic systems perspective,

a strategic framework was developed that
organizes RD&D activities and initiatives into three interrelated dimensions:
informational, analytical and physical.
This framework can be depicted in a
Venn diagram as three overlapping circles and is representative of the systems
nature of the grid. Each of the dimensions has a corresponding strategic focus
that aims to improve the visibility of grid
conditions, increase our understanding
of the implications of the observed or
projected conditions and enhance the
flexibility of the grid to respond to that
understanding.
The logic behind these focus areas is
that a modernized grid should be able
to see an event or condition, know
what is happening or about to happen
and do something appropriate in responsequickly and seamlessly. In addition to the overlap and interactivity
among these three technical focus areas, there are many institutional factors
(markets, regulations, policies, standards, etc.) that influence the success of
RD&D activities and initiatives and can
be depicted as a fourth larger circle that
encompasses the Venn diagram. The diverse institutional challenges associated
with specific technical challenges must
be identified, and possible solutions integrated into initiatives to support the
three strategic focus areas.
Goals for each of the three focus
areas (Visibility, Understanding and
Flexibility) will be developed to provide guidance towards implementing a
modernized grid. National goals that acknowledge regional diversity are needed
to develop and align stakeholder targets,
identify actions needed by stakeholder
groups (including the DOE) and facilitate the development of regional implementation plans. Such goals are expected
to be defined, expanded and refined as
the dialogue continues.
Grid modernization is a long, progressive process that will require close
coordination and public-private partnerships. Orchestrating this process
requires leadership to bring together
diverse stakeholders to work towards a
shared national vision that recognizes
regional diversity associated with the

electric power system. DOE is uniquely
positioned to provide a long-term perspective, a sustained commitment and
the collaborative environment necessary
to overcome the technical and institutional challenges associated with grid
modernization. The role of the GTT is
not to dictate solutions but to provide
thought-leadership, convene relevant
stakeholders, facilitate an open dialogue
to develop a shared vision of the future
grid and help generate implementation
plans to achieve that vision.
Contributors
Anjan Bose is a Senior Advisor
to the Under Secretary of Energy at
DOE. He is on leave from Washington
State University where he is Regents
Professor and holds the endowed Distinguished Professorship in Power Engineering. He served as Dean of the
College of Engineering & Architecture
at Washington State from 1998 to 2005,
and also has worked in the private sector and for government. He received
his B.Tech. from IIT, Kharagpur, his
M.S. from the University of California,
Berkeley, and Ph.D. from Iowa State
University. He is a Fellow of the IEEE,
Member of the U.S. National Academy
of Engineering and a Foreign Fellow of
the Indian National Academy of Engineering, and was a recipient of IEEEs
Herman Halperin Award and the Millennium Medal. He has been recognized as a distinguished alumnus by
IIT, Kharagpur and by Iowa State.
William Parks is currently serving
as the Principal Technical Advisor to the
Assistant Secretary for the U.S. Department of Energy in the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE).
Prior positions include Senior Energy
Advisor to the Governor of Hawaii, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Research and
Development within OE, and Associate
Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Office
of Power Technologies with DOE, where
he oversaw the DOE renewable energy
portfolio. He holds a M.S. in materials
engineering and a B.S. in geological sciences from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
67
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Kerry Cheung is currently an Oak

Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow and was previously an
AAAS Science & Technology Policy
Fellow (20102012) with the U.S. Department of Energy in the Office of
Electricity Delivery and Energy Reli-
ability. He supports strategic planning

efforts and interoffice collaborations for
grid modernization and the integration
of renewable energy with an emphasis
on power electronics, energy storage,
and smart grid technologies. He has an
M.S. and a Ph.D. in electrical engineer-
ing from the Massachusetts Institute

of Technology (MIT), and a B.S. in
applied and engineering physics from
Cornell University.
Education and Training

The Complexity of Smart Grids
s generally envisaged, the smart

grid is not only a complicated
system made of many parts, but
also a complex systemone in which
overall behavior cannot not be directly
inferred from the behavior of the individual components, and one that no single
entity can control, monitor and manage
in real-time. Because it is complex, distributed control is more than a convenience; it is required.
The origin of the complexity of smart
grids of the future can be summarized
in two main factors, which are not completely independent: the interdependence
between heterogeneous infrastructures,
and the distributed nature of monitoring
and control functions.
Let us begin by summarizing the
types of interdependent heterogeneous
infrastructures, the points of coupling
and the emergence of complexity.
The presence of intermittent energy
sources, such as renewables, which may
not be reliably predicted and dispatched,
requires the presence of energy storage
68
(or of other fast dynamic sources) for

balancing the variability of generation.
But massive deployment of new dedicated energy storage units may not be
feasible and may not be necessary
either.
Instead, to take best
advantage of resources
and address practical
limitations, we need
to adopt a broader
concept of energy
storage that embraces non-electrical energy networks,
such as gas and heat,
as well as distributed
storage resources, such as
plug-in electric vehicles. The electrical system following from that vision
will eventually be coupled with the gas,
heat and traffic systems.
That is not the only complication.
The prediction of wind and solar generation depends almost entirely on
weather forecasting, which is but one
of several important factors in load

prediction.
Business models for operation of
these interconnected systems encompass
the creation of new markets for reserves and reactive power, the
establishment of Virtual
Power Plants (VPPs),
virtual storage systems, dual demandside management
systems and so on.
Thus, the economic
organization of the
power system represents yet another type
of infrastructure and
another point of coupling
between the aforementioned infrastructures.
Finally, the coherent operation of all
these infrastructures, and the unprecedented interactions between generation,
transmission and distribution sections
of the power system, make communications more critical than ever before. The
Written by Antonello Monti and Ferdinanda Ponci
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communications infrastructure acts as

the glue holding together the previously
mentioned coupled infrastructures. One
of the main efforts in this direction is the
European project Finseny.
Given this framework of interdependent grids in which a very large number of actors play significant roles, the
distribution of control and monitoring
functions is a necessity. The energy
system envisioned is not only a complicated system made of many parts, but
is also a complex systemone in which
overall behavior cannot be directly inferred from the behavior of the individual components, and one that no single
entity can control, monitor and manage
in real time.
That is to say, the net effect of the
interdependencies is largely unknown
and unforeseeable in the absence of a
clear view of the coupling points, ways
to model them, and of data and measurements. Moreover, with no way of predicting overall behavior there is no simple
way of controlling net behavior either.
The vision of the smart grid as a complex system has practical effects for those
involved in its creation, in terms of education and training, tools, and methods
and design.
Education
Interdisciplinary study (and research,
for that matter) have long been buzzwords in academia. Nonetheless, the
instruments to make research and education interdisciplinary are extensively
lacking, as the legal and organizational
background is not ready for it. The integration of the disciplines of electrical
engineering alone, and of closely related
fields, is in itself a challenge.
The creation of truly interdisciplinary areas, with related official degrees,
conflicts with a structure that was developed for very different (and sometimes
avowedly opposite) educational needs.
What is the right curriculum for
smart grid engineers?
What should the ideal new hire
of an energy service company
know?
What topics will the engineer
have to keep up with?
Academic education is not the only

competence-building environment affected by these challenges. Professional
education and training at all levels are
equally affected. Field experiencenot
just for those being educated but also for
the educators themselvesis an important element of the whole picture.
Tools
By tools we mean: the numerical
tools to carry out analysis of complex
smart grids, the technologies for derisking new devices, and algorithms supporting the transition from numerical to
in-field testing.
These tools are primarily numerical
simulators, and Hardware in the Loop
(HIL) and Power Hardware in the Loop
(PHIL) testing environments. (An example of their application to the interdependent heterogeneous systems part
of a smart grid can be found in MultiPhysics Test Bed for Renewable Energy
Systems in Smart Homes by C. Molitor
et al., which appeared this year in IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
Issue 99).
In a nutshell, these tools should
support:
a multi-physics, multi-technology approach to allow for representing all kinds of dynamic
interdependences
a multidisciplinary approach, for
different users working on different aspects of the same simulation scenario, with universally
understood knowledge
dynamic and reconfigurable
model-level definition, enabling
different users to interact with
the simulation schematic focusing though on different details
and obtaining results in a reasonable amount of time
high-level graphic visualization
to support system analysis for
the different disciplines, providing both preferred individual
visualization options and the
ability to synthesize a systempicture
uncertainty propagation, from
the sources of uncertainty (for
example, renewable generation,

loads, or prices) through the
discipline borders to the entire
system.
Methods and design

The lack of methods for representing
and analyzing the smart grid as a complex system, and the lack of performance
metrics for such a complex system, result
in lack of methods for designing holistic
controls and for designing components
fit for this environment.
The complex smart grid must be designed to manage uncertainty and inconsistencies, to be resilient, and to degrade
gracefully when necessary. All the interdependent systems that the smart grid
comprises must have these features and
use them in a coherent way. This design
challenge may be summarized as joint
design.
Having described the factors that
make the smart grid a complex system
and spelled out some of the consequences, we see that they affect a variety of
worlds from education and training, to
the manufacture of components, development of numerical tools and the
philosophy of designs. An enormous
amount of innovation is required in
technology and tools, together with a
deep change of mindset for the transition to the smart grid to occur. The
bright side is that a successful undertaking in the energy sector in the aforementioned directions may then be carried to
other sectors, with widespread benefits
for all.
Contributors
Ferdinanda Ponci, a senior member
of IEEE, received her M.S. and Ph.D.
degrees in electrical engineering from
Politecnico di Milano, Italy in 1998
and 2002. In 2003 she joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at
the University of South Carolina. She
is currently an adjunct professor with
the Institute for Automation of Complex
Power Systems at the E.ON Energy Research Center at RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. Her research
is in multi-agent systems for control
and monitoring of power electronics
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systems, methods for uncertainty representation and propagation.

Antonello Monti, a senior member of
IEEE, received M.S. and Ph.D. degrees
in electrical engineering from Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy in 1989 and
1994. From 1990 to 1994, he was with the
Research Laboratory, Ansaldo Industria,
Milan, where he was responsible for the

design of the digital control of a large
power cycloconverter drive. In 1995, he
joined the Department of Electrical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, and
in 2000 the Department of Electrical
Engineering at the University of South
Carolina. He is currently Director of
the Institute for Automation of Complex

Power Systems, E.ON Energy Research
Center, Rheinisch-Westflische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany.
Environmental Impacts and Efficiency

Global Utility Industry
Still in Need of Transformation
tilities have the unique opportunity to deploy technologies and

solutions to reduce waste, revitalize infrastructure, and enhance service
reliability to become more resourceful.
To examine this premise, Itron released
the 2015 Itron Resourcefulness Index, a
global survey and benchmark that gauges resourcefulness across energy and water. The report includes a survey of utility
executives and informed consumers in
key markets around the globe.
Utilities have always been integral to
the prosperity of nations, serving as an
engine of commerce and enabling significant quality of life improvements. Now,
more than ever, utilities are called upon
to find ways to ensure that water and energy resources are used even more effectively and efficiently. In some instances,
this is viewed as a burden, or even as a
drain on economic vitality. But a growing body of evidence suggests that countries, and also utilities, actually benefit
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economically from making the investments needed to achieve a higher level

of resourcefulness, defined as the ability
of utilities to effectively manage the delivery and use of gas, water and
electricity.
By reinforcing their
ability to effectively
manage the delivery
and use of gas, water and electricity,
utilities can play a
central role in meeting their customers
needs while helping
countries promote economic stability and resiliency. To examine this idea,
Itron expanded its annual survey of utility executives and informed consumers
to include two new indicesthe Energy
Resourcefulness Index and the Water
Resourcefulness Index. The expanded
analysis provides greater understanding
and compelling insights into the ties between energy and water resourcefulness
and social and economic growth for key
global economies and the utilities that
help power them.
As with last year, the
study measured the
opinions of global gas,
water and electric
utility executives
along with consumers to gauge how resourceful they think
the industry is today,
to identify perceived
barriers to progress and
to help envision solutions
for a more resourceful future.
The survey polled more than 900 executives and 900 informed consumers from
16 countries around the world.
Key findings include:
The Industry Must Continue to
Modernize Infrastructure. The
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need for transformation and in Utilities Should Begin Laying

frastructure investment in the
the Groundwork for a Futureindustry remains widely recogProof Business Model. More
nized, with 83 percent of utilthan 60 percent of consumers
ity executives agreeing that it is
surveyed would like the utility
needed. Additionally, 55 percent
industry to focus on renewable
of utility executives believe the
integration. Utility executives
industry is not running efficientagree that integrating renewly and 21 percent believe the
ables is an unmet need of the instate of the infrastructure will be
dustry today.
worse in five years.
Barriers to Achieving Resourcefulness Remain. As with last year,
Technology and Software Tools
are Key to Transformation. Neartop barriers remained related to
government
regulaly one-third of
utility execution. However, there
Now, more than
was also a significant
tives reported
that
business
increase in barriers that
ever, utilities
are less frequently citintelligence and
are called
ed. Specifically, utility
analytics would
executives cited a lack
be at the top
upon to find
of private funding as a
of their investways to ensure
barrier to infrastructure
ment wish-list.
investment, rising 17
Technology is
that water
a key aspect of
percent from last year,
and energy
achieving reand the need for more
time rose 14 percent.
sourcefulness,
resources are
especially
in
used even
countries that
Energy and Water
have well-esResourcefulness
more effectively
tablished infraIndices
and efficiently.
structure and
In addition, the
therefore stand
reports Energy Reto reap the most
sourcefulness Index
gains in resourcefulness through and Water Resourcefulness Index took
investments in technology.
a deeper look at the economic relevance
Educating the Public Needs to of resourcefulness and ranked the rebe a Priority for Utility Execu- sourcefulness of the countries surveyed.
tives. Nearly half of informed Using macroeconomic data from thirdconsumers continue to believe party sources combined with survey
utilities should focus on educat- findings, countries were ranked based
ing consumers about consump- on fundamentals, or the ability of utilition and conservation. However, ties to serve customers and the broader
utility executives surveyed put enabling environment; efficiency, or
consumer education and conser- the extent to which water and energy is
vation programs at the bottom of wasted by utilities and consumers; and
innovation, or the extent to which utilitheir investment wish-list.
ties are embracing new and emerging

technologies.
The top five performing countries
in the Energy Index were Germany, the
United Arab Emirates, Australia, Spain
and the United States. From high-quality
electric supply to investment in innovation, these countries succeed by excelling within different areas of resourcefulness. The top performing countries in
the Water Index were Australia, Canada,
Japan, the United Kingdom and Germany. These countries tended to have high
levels of water meter penetration and low
levels of non-revenue water.
The Path Forward

Energy and water consumption have
increased over the past 30 yearsand
will continue to do so. As such, resourcefulness will be one of the defining trends
of this century. The insights from the Itron
Resourcefulness Index can help all stakeholders prioritize the need for investment
in technology, infrastructure and education. While the industry has made great
strides toward becoming more resourceful
in managing energy and water resources,
there is still more work to be done.
Contributor
Sharelynn Moore has more than 17
years of experience in the energy and
technology sectors. In 2013, she was
named Vice President of Corporate Marketing and Public Affairs. In this role,
Moore is responsible for all global marketing and public affairs activities for
Itron, including development of strategic
marketing objectives, oversight of internal and external communications and
management of external affairs including
community investment and government
relations.
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Information and Data Management

Data Analytics for
Utility Communications Networks
resident Harry S. Truman said,

There is nothing new in the
world except the history you do
not know. Knowing how complex data
management challenges have been resolved in telecom by means of advanced
analytics will help bring smart grid benefits to utilities and consumers.
The smart grid adds complexity to
grid operations. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the outfitting of the power
distribution system with communications capabilities. But complexity, from
a management perspective, does not
have to be complicated. Data analytics
solutions have proven to assist telecom
network operators in managing hybrid
communications networks as well as the
multiple suppliers providing equipment
and bandwidth for their networks.
Every distribution grid, regardless of
size, is complex, dynamic and missioncritical. Many such grids are undergoing profound changes as they are transformed by information and operations
technologies. The grid must deliver power reliably, safely, and cost-effectively, It
also requires reliable and cost-effective
performance from the communications
networks that monitor, collect, process
and control remote equipment and devices. Managing and making sense of
all the data from all the new devices in a
smart grid, combining electrical distribution and communications is a significant
challenge for utilities. This can only be
reached through solutions that can correlate, integrate and analyze data to manage network and grid performance.
72
From a data analytics perspective,

the distribution grid has some common
characteristics with wireless service
provision. Wireless companies have networks that are arguably even more
complex than power grids
with large numbers of
devices that combine
voice, data, and video in different and
sometimes very
elaborate subscription plans. At the
present time, in contrast, we all typically
get the same electricity service and consume
kilowatthours with little variability in rates.
What can we learn from communications service providers about managing
hybrid communications networks and
multiple vendors? For answers I turned
to Bob Becklund of PreClarity Utilities,
a company located in Reston, Va. that is
well-versed in advanced data analytics
for communications service providers
and retail business sectors.
Utilities typically have a variety of
communications needs that cannot be
addressed with one communications
solution. Permutations and combinations of wired and wireless communications channels serve different applications or operational needs in existing
utility communications networks; from
that point of view, the smart grid will
just be more of the same hybrid networks.
Probes and self-monitoring network

elements can provide quality-of-service
and bandwidth data to more effectively
manage smart grid communication networks. By collecting, trending,
summarizing and analyzing
detailed network routing, network reliability
and network performance statistics,
issues involving
multiple networks
and capacities for
growth can be centrally monitored and
managed.
Carriers and other
communications service providers already use comprehensive
advanced analytics coupled with network
topology details and a solid strategy for
performance data generation, collection
and processing. These analytics are used
to determine how network traffic can be
prioritized, route-optimized and dynamically managed to ensure timely delivery
of critical data and improved, low-cost
bandwidth management for latency-tolerant critical data.
Data analytics drives down costs and
improves service delivery quality for
telecommunications providers, and can
do the same for utilities managing similarly complex networks.
Utilities not only have diverse communications networks, but they also
have a range of vendors supplying
equipment for their power and communications networks. While many utilities
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negotiate comprehensive and detailed

service level agreements with their suppliers, they lack the tools to track these
agreements against actual performance.
The costs and reliability of public networks have been common concerns for
utilities when considering use of public
networks for their communications.
The use of fact-based vendor service
statistics enable utility companies to
verify vendor compliance claims as to
performance and procure future power
or communications assets based on actual historical fault and service trends.
Mirroring best practices from the enterprise network and telecommunications
industries, the analysis of failure statistics and performance can effectively reduce costs, enable prudent future equip-
ment procurement choices and help

achieve lower costs and less down time.
Given the millions of assets that utilities
will continue to deploy in smart grid
buildouts, the cost-saving possibilities
of minimizing failures through predictive asset management and statistically
managed component quality achieve
real eloquence on balance sheets.
Utilities are well-served to learn
from experiences gained in similar
business sectors and start at the top of
the learning curve instead of the bottom when it comes to understanding
and deploying data analytics solutions
to optimize operations. The results
will lead to much higher confidence in
both the private and public networks
while providing more cost effective
and reliable grid operations and asset

management.
Contributor
Christine Hertzog, Managing Director of the Smart Grid Library, has over 20
years of experience managing successful
introductions of transformational innovations in new technologies, services, business models and processes for partners
and clients. A veteran of the telecommunications industry, she serves as a consultant
and adviser to smart grid startups, private
equity firms, investor groups, and utilities. She is the author of the Smart Grid
Dictionary,and co-author of The Smart
Grid Consumer Focus Strategy.
Strategy, Policy, Procedure and Standards

Toward A More Secure, Strong
and Smart Electric Power Grid
epartment of Energy data show

that power outages have become
more frequent and severe. Whats
more, as the grid becomes more interconnected and complicated, it also becomes
more vulnerable to attack. Addressing
those problems will be costlybut the
payoff in terms of efficiency and energy
savings will be huge.
Perhaps, to correct the poet T.S. Eliot,
August, not April, is the cruelest month.
This last August marked the seventh
anniversary of the 2003 blackout in the
North American Northeast and Midwest,
which caused more than $6 billion

in losses; the fifth anniversary of Hurricane Katrina,
with more than 1,800
deaths and $150 billion in economic
losses; and the third
anniversary of the
collapse of Minneapoliss
I-35W
bridge, which killed
13 people and disrupted traffic and the local
economy for a year.
The silver lining in those

tragic events is that the
general public is now
much more acutely
aware of how much
we need to accelerate programs of
replacement, rehabilitation, and new
investment in infrastructure.
In the electricity
sector, outages and power quality disturbances cost
Written by Massoud Amin
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the economy, on average, more than $80 two percent annual demand growth, the
billion annually and sometimes as much number of U.S. power outages affecting
as $188 billion in a single year. Due to 50,000 or more consumers increased
heavier use of transmission and distri- from 186 during 20012005 to 297 durbution systems and more frequent ing 2006May 2010.
Of course some regions do better than
congestion, T&D losses almost doubled
others. The countrys
between 1970 and 2001,
most reliable utilities
rising from about 5 pertend to be located in the
cent to 9.5 percent. That
With utility
Midwest: Minnesota,
4.5 percentage point inconstruction
Iowa, the Dakotas, Miscrease translates to 184
souri, Nebraska, and
million MWh, or elecexpenditures
Kansas lose power on
trical power for about 13
lagging
average 92 minutes per
percent of U.S. houseyear, while customers in
holds. Since 1995, the
behind asset
New York, Pennsylvaamortization and depredepreciation,
nia, and New Jersey sufciation rate on old transfer 214 minutes without
mission investments has
a mode of
electricity. But compare
exceeded new construcgrid operation
that to Japan, which avtion expenditures.
erages only four minutes
With utility conhas ensued
of total interrupted elecstruction expenditures
that is
tricity service each year.
lagging behind asset
Security In 1990, the
depreciation, a mode of
analogous
U.S. Office of Technolgrid operation has ento harvesting
ogy Assessment issued
sued that is analogous
a detailed report, Physito harvesting crops
crops more
cal Vulnerability of the
more rapidly than rerapidly than
Electric System to Natuplacement seeds are
ral Disasters and Saboplanted. As a result, it
replacement
tage. It concluded that
has been apparent for
seeds are
terrorists could destroy
a decade that the grid
critical [power system]
is increasingly stressed
planted.
components, incapaciand that the carrying
tating large segments
capacity or safety margin to support anticipated demand is se- of a transmission network for months.
Some of these components are vulnerriously in question.
Reliability According to data as- able to saboteurs with explosives or just
sembled by the U.S. Energy Informa- high-powered rifles.
In the 20 years since the OTA report,
tion Administration (EIA) for most of
the past decade, there were 156 outages the situation has become even more comof 100 megawatts or more during 2000 plex. It is now recognized that account2004; such outages increased to 264 ing for and protecting all critical assets
during 20052009. The number of U.S. of the electric-power systemwhich
power outages affecting 50,000 or more include thousands of transformers, line
consumers increased from 149 during reactors, series capacitors, and transmis20002004 to 349 during 20052009, sion lines dispersed across the continentis, and probably always was, imaccording to EIA.
Adjusting for a two percent per year practical. Meanwhile, with the addition
increase in load to 2001 levels, these of cyber, communications, and control
outages reflect a trend. First, there layers, new families of security threats
were 189 outages of 100 megawatts or have surfaced.
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commore during 20012005; such outages
slightly increased to 190 during 2006 mission confirmed that in January 2003,
May 2010. Second, assuming the same the Microsoft SQL Server worm known
74
as Slammer infected a private computer

network at the Davis-Besse nuclear power plant in Oak Harbor, Ohio, disabling a
safety monitoring system for nearly five
hours. (Fortunately the plant was offline
at the time; seven months later, however,
its offline status was a factor in the big
Midwest-Northeast blackout, the bi-national Outage Task Force Report found.)
In January 2008, the CIA reported that
the agency knew of four incidents overseas where hackers were able to disruptor threaten to disruptthe power
supply for four foreign cities.
The specter of future sophisticated
terrorist attacks raises a profound dilemma for the electric power industry, which
must make the grid more secure, while
being careful not to compromise productivity. Resolving this dilemma will
require both short-term and long-term
technology development and will be addressed in more detail in an upcoming,
second installment of this article.
Costs and benefits According to a
January 2010 Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory report the smart grid could increase efficiency and reduce emissions by
12 to 18 percent per year. The smart grid
is expected to realize more than a four
percent reduction in energy use by 2030,
which translates into $20.4 billion in savings, according to Energy Secretary Steven Chu. More widespread introduction
of demand-response programs and other
smart grid applications will lower peak
demand growth, reducing the need for additional generation assets.
Integration of the smart grid also will
result in net reduction in the cost of outages by about $49 billion per year. Add
to that increased cyber and IT security, as
well as enhanced overall energy security,
if a layered defense system architecture
is employed to make grids more immune
to attack.
But those benefits do not come costfree. Estimates of what we need to spend
to fully build out a national smart grid in
the next 20 years range from $165 billion
(EPRI) for the smart grid portion to $1.5
to $2 trillion (Batelle Group) for a total
infrastructure investment. My own work
since 1998 shows that the smart grid will
cost $10 billion to $13 billion per year for
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10 years or longer, or about $150 billion

to $170 billion over a 20-year period.
Those estimates for the smart grid do
not include the costs of building out the
present-day high-voltage transmission
system, which needs to be expanded and
strengthened, partly to accommodate
higher proportions of intermittent energy, notably wind. The total cost of an expanded transmission system is about $82
billion, according to the 2009 National
Electric Transmission Congestion Study,
which assessed transmission congestion
and constraints within the Eastern and
Western Interconnections and identifies
areas that are experiencing congestionrelated problems.
From an overall system perspective,
to meet goals of increased efficiency,
sustainability, reliability, security and
resilience, the power system also will requirebesides more robust bulk transmission capacitylocal microgrids that
can be as self-sufficient as possible and
that can island rapidly during emergencies. It will need an interconnected,
smarter and stronger power grid backbone

that can efficiently integrate intermittent
sources to provide power for the end-toend electrification of transportation.
More than ever, all those investments
will make electric power central to modern-day life. Electricitys unique capability to be produced from a wide variety of
local energy sources, along with its precision, cleanliness and efficiency, make the
smart grid the ideal energy carrier for economic and social development. Electricity
is the lynchpin and enabling infrastructure
for all knowledge- and innovation-based
economies. For our $14 trillion economy,
the smart grid promises reliable, disturbance-free access to electricity.
Contributor
Massoud Amin, a senior member
of IEEE, Chairman of the IEEE Smart
Grid, a fellow of ASME, Chairman of
the Texas RE, an independent Director
of the MRO, holds the Honeywell/H.W.
Sweatt Chair in Technological Leadership at the University of Minnesota. He
directs the universitys Technological

Leadership Institute (TLI), is a University Distinguished Teaching Professor
and professor of electrical and computer
engineering. He received a B.S. degree
with honors and the M.S. degree in electrical and computer engineering from the
University of Massachusetts-Amherst,
and the M.S. degree and the D.Sc. degree in systems science and mathematics
from Washington University in St. Louis,
Missouri. Before joining the University
of Minnesota in 2003, he held positions
of increasing responsibility at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in
Palo Alto. After 9/11, he directed EPRIs
Infrastructure Security R&D and served
as area manager for Infrastructure Security & Protection, Grid Operations/
Planning, and Energy Markets. Prior to
that, he served as manager of mathematics and information sciences, leading the
development of more than 24 technologies that transferred to industry, and pioneered R&D in self-healing infrastructures and smart grids.
Meet Global Modernization Experts at the

Worldwide IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid
Technologies Conference Series
Experts around the world gather annually at the IEEE Power & Energy Society's
global ISGT Conferences to discuss state-of-the-art innovations in smart grid
technologies. Each of the ISGT conferences feature special sessions and tutorials
on wide ranging topics related to grid modernization, including:
/
Impact of Smart Grid on Distributed Energy

Resources (electric cars, demand response,
distributed generation, storage)
Power and Energy System Applications

(generation, transmission, distribution, markets,
operations, planning)
Smart Sensors and Advanced Metering

Infrastructure Cyber Security Systems
(intelligent monitoring and outage management)
Energy Management Systems (with applications

to smart buildings and home automation)
Smart Grid Devices and Standards
Wide Area Protection, Communication,

and Control in Energy Systems
And More...
For more information about all IEEE PES conferences, events,

publications, and membership visit www.ieee-pes.org
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System Resiliency - Cyber Security,

Critical Infrastructure Protection
and Reliability Compliance
Power Industry Is Embracing
Automated Demand Response Standard
utomated demand response connects utility needs with customers resources and is a winwin for both parties. Peak loads are
being shaved, grid reliability is being
enhanced, the share of renewable generation footprints is increasing, utility costs
are dropping, and customerscommercial, industrial and residentialare
seeing reductions in costs as well. Meanwhile, a comprehensive standard for
automated demand response is rapidly
gaining popularity.
Open Automated Demand Response
(OpenADR) is a family of specifications
and standards driving progress in automated demand response. It provides an
open and standardized way for electricity
providers and system operators to communicate demand response signals with
each other and with their customers using a common language over any existing IP-based communications network,
such as the Internet. As the most comprehensive standard for automated demand
response, OpenADR has achieved widespread support throughout the industry.
The original OpenADR 1.0 specification was developed by Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
and released in 2007 by the California
Energy Commission. Standards organizations such as the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP), the Organization for the Advancement of Structured
76
Information Standards (OASIS) and the

Utility Communications Architecture
International Users Group (UCAIug)
began further development of the specification immediately afterwards. In 2010
the OpenADR Alliance was formed as
an industry consortium to foster further development
and deployment of
automated demand
response into the
marketplace. The
Alliance released
the first OpenADR
2.0 profile in 2012
and continues to
develop additional
profiles that can be
implemented and deployed. Today, the Alliance
numbers close to 100 members that
include utilities, system operators (including all U.S. independent system operators [ISOs]), technology suppliers and
research institutions. The membership
is international, with engagement from
companies and other organizations from
America, Asia and Europe.
At this time, OpenADR is going
through the Smart Grid Interoperability
Panel (SGIP) process, with the expected
outcome that the two defined profiles of
OpenADR 2.0 will be entered into the
SGIP Catalog of Standards. In parallel,
the OpenADR Alliance is working with
the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) with a mutual objective to

develop an international automated demand response standard.
Demand response refers to some
smart grid entity intentionally interacting with demand-side entities to
influence their consumption of electricitytheir
load profilesduring
select time periods.
In most cases this
entails
causing
customers to lower
their consumption
of (or shed) electricity, but in other cases
it may instead involve
increasing their consumption. There are many
reasons why grid-side entities may
wish to influence a demand resources
load profile including price fluctuations, peak management, load shifting,
grid reliability and asset management.
Utilities and ISOs have used demand
response for many years to achieve a
careful balance between electricity generation and consumption.
Traditionally demand response interactions were manual. Utilities or ISOs
sent e-mails to or called human operators
at customer sites; the operators would
then execute control of the demand side
loads. With the proliferation of more
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advanced control systems there has arisen the opportunity for the grid entities
to interact directly with their customers
load control systems instead of human
operators. Thus automated demand response can now be effectively used with
all the inherent benefits of automation,
including more reliable, faster and cheaper responses to the grid entitys demand
response signals.
Automated demand response requires
both the grid- and demand-side entities
to install infrastructure to support the
exchange of signals. The grid entity puts
in place infrastructure capable of communicating demand response signals to
their customers automation equipment
and the customer installs equipment capable of receiving these signals. Furthermore the signals are typically relayed to
existing facility control systems where
demand response strategies have been
pre-programmed to execute the appropriate load control. Depending on the
type of customer facility, such control
systems could be as simple as a thermostat in a residence or as sophisticated as
an industrial process control system. The
grid-side entity will verify the signal has
been processed by getting feedback on
the facilitys consumption via a smart
meter or the control system, for example.
Demand response comes with a
number of benefits and requirements,
including:
Keeping the customer in control.
Demand response, as practiced
today, can be contrasted with direct load control, which refers to
the switching or controlling of devices in facilities directly by the
utility. Direct load control is useful
in many cases (for example, both
utilities and homeowners benefit
by having the utility cycle central
air-conditioning units or raise thermostat set-points when peak demand is high). Assumption of the
facility owners or operators control of their resources by the utility
is increasingly being questioned,
however, especially as automated
demand response provides an attractive alternative. With automated demand response, the customer
can respond to signals indicative of

desired levels of demand response
as opposed to being purely prescriptive as with direct load control.
Supporting aggregation and aggregators. Large commercial
and industrial facilities can participate directly in demand response. But for homes and small
commercial facilities, this is
typically not possible either because of the size of their loads
or cost-effectiveness. Automated
demand response enables participation of smaller loads in the
marketplace by supporting hierarchical architectures with various types of intermediaries such
as aggregators that can serve as
gateways to smaller loads.
Enabling varied and complex signaling. A utilitys needs for demand shaping in customer facilities can vary dramatically. With
automated demand response, a
utility can use a variety of instruments to shape a facilitys load
profile, ranging from incentives
to explicit load dispatches. Incentives can include dynamic
prices, giving customers a market signal to shave peak use or
shift consumption from critical
periods. Demand needs can also
be communicated flexibly: as
dispatches in advance or in real
time; as percentages or absolute
amounts of response; with or
without specification of ramping
rates; to request decreases as well
as increases in consumption; and
to target certain classes of assets
or the facility as a whole. Automated demand response can thus
be customized to the utilitys as
well as the customers needs.
Supporting ancillary services. A
relatively new area for automated
demand response, but one that is
rapidly growing in importance,
is ancillary servicesincluding
frequency regulation and spinning
and non-spinning reserves. These
require fast response, often twoto-four seconds from the time the
signal is sent to when the energy

resource reacts. Metrology, in the
form of real-time telemetry, may
also be needed at fast time scales.
As an example, vehicle-to-grid
projects are under way that are
connecting battery-powered cars
and trucks to the grid, with rapid,
small-signal charging and discharging that provides frequency
regulation and operating reserves
for greater grid reliability.
Supporting integration of renewables. As more and more renewables are integrated with the
grid the generation side of grid
operations is becoming more varied and unpredictable. This requires that more assets be used in
some automated fashion to keep
the grid balanced. Automated
demand response represents a
way for grid operators to avail
themselves of more demand-side
resources for this purpose. Such
resources are typically cheaper
and more responsive than corresponding generation resources
that may also be used.
Information on the OpenADR
and the Alliance is available on the
OpenADR Alliance website. More
information on automated demand response, including an extensive repository of papers and case studies, can be
found on the Demand Response Research Center at the LBNL website.
Contributors
Tariq Samad, an IEEE Fellow, is
Corporate Fellow with Honeywell Automation and Control Solutions and the
Vice President for the American Automatic Control Council. He is a board
member of the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP) and a former member of the IEEE Smart Grid Steering
Committee. He served as president of
IEEE Control Systems Society in 2009,
and is an editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia of Systems and Control, to
be published by Springer in 2014. He
earned a B.S. degree in engineering and
applied science from Yale University
and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical
77
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and computer engineering from Carnegie Mellon University.

Ed Koch is Senior Fellow in Honeywell Building Solutions and is a
co-founder of and chief technology officer at Akuacom, Inc., a leader in automated demand response software,
which Honeywell International acquired
in May 2010. He served as chairman of

the Open Automated Demand Response
(OpenADR) Standards Working Group
at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and helped drive the development of the OpenADR protocol, a
key smart grid interoperability standard.
Prior to founding Akuacom, he was co-
founder and CTO of Coactive Networks,

and before that, he managed the Automotive Systems Department of Navteq. He
earned B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering at the University of
Florida.
Appendix A
Definitions of the IEEE Smart Grid Domains
(Source: NIST)
Bulk and Non-Bulk Generation

Electricity generation is the process of
creating electricity from other forms of
energy, which may include a wide variety
of sources, using chemical combustion,
nuclear fission, flowing water, wind, solar radiation, and geothermal heat.
Customer
A Customer is the end user of electricity.
Traditionally, customers have been broken into three different types of residential, commercial and industrial. Customers may also generate, store, and manage
the use of energy.
Distribution
The Distribution system consists of the
electrical network carrying the flow of
electricity from bulk transmission system
to the customers. The Distribution system
can also provide the network connection
for Distributed Generation, Distributed
Energy Resources and storage systems to
supply electricity to customers.
Foundational Support Systems

Foundational Support Systems include
78
the non-energy industry process which

supports energy industry processes.
Examples of these processes include
information technology (IT), cyber and
physical security, architecture solutions
for IT support systems, cost benefits
analysis and other supporting processes
which need to be executed to support
energy industry processes.
Markets
In the deregulated energy industry,
there are two markets; Energy market
and Transmission market. The Energy
market provides a competitive market
place for energy and other energy products (e.g. ancillary services), whereas
the Transmission market provides a
competitive market place for transmission rights to carry electricity from one
place to another.
Operations
Power system operations involve the management of electricity flow ensuring that
the electricity is delivered in a reliable,
safe and economic manner. Power system
operations can be divided into bulk Trans-
mission Operation, Distribution Operation and Field Devices Operations.
Service Provider
A Service Provider is the organizations providing services to electrical
customers and to utilities. Service Providers perform services to support the
business processes of power system
producers, distributors, and customers
. These business processes range from
traditional utility services, such as billing and customer account management,
to enhanced customer services, such as
management of energy use and home
energy generation
Transmission
Transmission systems connect the
Bulk Generation systems to the Distribution system carrying electricity
over long distances. These systems are
normally designed to operate at very
high voltage levels to minimize the
electricity losses.
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Appendix B
Definitions of the IEEE Smart Grid Sub-domains
(Source: NIST)
1-Transmission Operation: Management of electrical power on a national or

regional level transmission system.
2-Distribution Operation: Management of electrical power on the wires
between the transmission system and the
end-use customer.
3-Field Operation: Management of
field devices.
4-Visibility and Control: Technology
solutions providing visibility and control
to operators.
5-Market Enablement: Technology solutions enabling electricity and transmission markets.
6-Service Provider Enablement: Technology solutions enabling crews providing services.
7-Information and Data Management:
Technology solutions managing data and
information.
8-Architecture: Studies and solutions
dealing with conventions, rules, and standards employed in technology design.
11-Economic Justification, Cost Recovery Models: Assessment and models

associated with economic viability of a
solution.
12-Education and Training: Solutions
and discussions associated with enhancing the work force knowledge.
13-Business Process Re-engineering:
Technology solutions and methods for
streamlining and reengineering of the
business processes.
14-Strategy, Policy, Procedure and
Standards: Long-term technology roadmaps, methods and conventions, and
rules used in the technology design and
development.
15-Environmental Impacts and Efficiency: Studies and assessment of environmental impacts and efficiency enhancements.
16-Generation Advancements: Technology solutions enhancing generation
technology.
17-Transmission Automation: Technology solution enhancing the transmission system flexibility and performance.
9-System Resiliency: Studies and solutions associated with NERC Critical Infra-structure Protection, compliance and
other reliability enhancement measures.
18-Distribution Automation: Technology solutions enhancing the distribution

system flexibility and performance.
10-Communication Systems: Technology solutions associated with transferring data between two points.
19-Power Quality Management: Studies and solutions associated with the

quality of electricity.
20-Customer Enablement: Technologies enabling customers to monitor and

control electricity usage.
21-Smart Metering Systems: Technologies and solutions associated with
measuring the customer energy consumption.
22-Plug-in Vehicle: An electric vehicle
that can be plugged into an outlet or
charging device to recharge its battery.
23-Demand Response: Changes in
electric usage by end-use customers from
their normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity over time, or to incentive payments
designed to induce lower electricity use
at times of high wholesale market prices
or when system reliability is jeopardized.
24-Substation Automation: Technology solutions dealing with improving
substation performance and flexibility.
25-Advanced Protection: Solutions
dealing with digital and adaptable
transmission and distribution protection systems.
26-Asset Management and Optimization: Technology solutions dealing generation, transmission and distribution asset maintenance and optimization.
27-Transmission and Distribution
Planning: Studies and methods associated with long-term transmission and
distribution additions.
79
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28-Smart City: A smart city uses digital technologies to enhance performance

and wellbeing, to reduce costs and resource consumption, and to engage more
effectively and actively with its citizens.
29-Micro-Grid and Nano-Grid: A
micro-grid is a group of interconnected
loads and distributed energy resources
within clearly defined electrical boundar-
ies that act as a single controllable entity

with respect to the grid and can connect
and disconnect from the grid, operate in
grid-connected or island mode. A Nanogrid is a smaller version of a micro-grid
consisting of one building.
31-Distributed Energy Resources:

Distributed energy resources are electric
generation units (typically in the range
of 3 kW to 50 MW) located within the
electric distribution system at or near the
end user.
30-Distributed Generation: A variety

of small Grid connected devices producing or storing electricity.
32-Energy Storage Systems: Technology and solutions associated storing electrical energy.
Author Index
Amin, Massoud
18, 73
Bahadornejad, Momen
46
Barker, Bob
60
Bochman, Andy
60
Bose, Anjan
66
Bray, Elizabeth B.
54
Carvallo, Andres
60
Chandola, Varun
44
Cheung, Kerry
66
Fang, Xi
58
Gauchia, Lucia
27
52
Geisler, Ken
Gellings, Clark
11
Giri, Jay
6
Hamilton, Bruce
60
Hart, David G.
Hertzog, Christine
Houseman, Doug
Howard, Michael W.
Ibrahim, Erfan
Koch, Edward
Kruizinga, Bart
Kyriakides, Elias
Lefevre, Russell
Li, Wenyuan
Liang, Hao
Mansoor, Arshad
Masiello, Ralph
Misra, Satyajayant
Mohsenian-Rad, Hamed
42
70
20
9
60
76
55
50
40
14
63
11
16
58
37
Monti, Antonello
Moore, Sharelynn
Nair, Nirmal-Kumar C.
Omitaomu, Olufemi A.
Parks, William
Ponci, Ferdinanda
Samad, Tariq
Samadi, Pedram
Saracco, Roberto
Schober, Robert
Schoff, Ron
Shen, Xuemin
(Sherman)
Shpigler, David
Sorokine, Alexandre
68
70
46
44
66
68
76
37
34
37
11
63
60
44
Suryanarayanan,
Siddharth
Uluski, Robert W.
Vadari, Mani
Varadan, Siri
Walsh, Richard
Wang, Yang
Wilson, Douglas
Wong, Vincent W.S.
Xue, Guoliang
Yang, Dejun
Zhong, Qing-Chang
Zhuang, Weihua
Zimon, Gene
50
30
60
48
32
14
6
37
58
58
22
63
26
Acknowledgements
e would like to acknowledge the work of all the

IEEE Smart Grid Members
for their collaborative efforts, feedback and comments in helping to create the IEEE Smart Grid Domains.
Those societies and organizational
units include IEEE Communications
Society, IEEE Computer Society,
IEEE Control Systems Society, IEEE
Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
Society, IEEE Industrial Applications Society, IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Society, IEEE
Industry Electronics Society, IEEE
Power & Energy Society, IEEE Power
Electronics Society, IEEE Reliability
Society, IEEE Signal Processing Society, IEEE Standards Association, and
IEEE Vehicular Technology Society.
80
We would also like to acknowledge

and thank IEEE Smart Grid Publications Committee Members, specifically Panayiotis Moutis, Bo Yang and
Chair Ebrahim Vaahedi, as well as
IEEE Smart Grid Marketing Committee Members, specifically Joseph Paladino, Peter Wung and Chair Hossein
Pakravan.
In particular, we acknowledge the efforts of Angelique Rajski Parashis, IEEE
Smart Grid Project Manager, who has
been a single driving force behind the
Compendium.
A special thanks also goes out to
Patrick Ryan, Executive Director of the
IEEE Power & Energy Society for his
guidance through this process.
We are also grateful for the efforts
of IEEE Smart grid Manager Editor
Bill Opalka and Julie Compton, Communications Administrator, Web

Communications.
Thank you to Dr. Massoud Amin,
Chair of IEEE Smart Grid for neverending leadership, guidance and support
throughout this process.
Lastly, a very special thank you to
YOU, the readers and supporters of IEEE
Smart Grid Newsletter.
Please feel free to submit any feedback regarding the IEEE Smart Grid
Newsletter and/or Compendium to Angelique Rajski Parashis, Project Manager of IEEE Smart Grid at ______
a.rajski@
ieee.org.
_____
For more information about the IEEE
Smart Grid Newsletter, how you may
contribute and to read more articles,
please visit smartgrid.ieee.org.
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Committed to seeding sustainable

energy and education solutions
for the worlds most energydeprived populations
Empowering local entrepreneurs with

SunBlazers and a sustainable business
model to provide safe, clean energy to
remote off-grid communities
Transform and forever improve

the lives of an estimated 1.4
billion people by providing
access to affordable electricity
and a quality education
Empowering local entrepreneurs to transform lives in remote off-grid

communities through renewable energy, technology and education
Be Involved: ieee-smart-village.org
Donate Today: ieeefoundation.org/smart-village
An IEEE Foundation Signature Program

Cov3
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IEEE SMART GRID NEWSLETTER

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IEEE: The expertise to make

CONNECT with peers and experts engaged

IEEE SMART GRID NEWSLETTER COMPENDIUM 2015

WELCOME LET TER

BULK GENER ATION

NON - BULK GENER ATION

IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter Compendium 2015

IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter

Angelique Rajski Parashis

IEEE SMART GRID

Chair, Massoud Amin

IEEE SMART GRID NEWSLETTER COMPENDIUM

IEEE SMART GRID NEWSLETTER

IEEE SMART GRID TECHNICAL COMMUNITY

IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter Compendium 2015

Join the IEEE Smart Grid Community

SHARE YOUR EXPERTISE!

- Smart Grid Education

- Smart Grid Publications

- Smart Grid Meetings

- Smart Grid Standards

Become a member of IEEEs team of

- Smart Grid Policy

For a FREE Membership to the

WELCOME LET TER

IEEE Smart Grid Compendium

EEE Smart Grid Newsletter started its

ment of public and private enterprises,

ada, South Korea, China, India, Latin

Figure 1: NIST Smart Grid Framework 3.0

IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter Compendium 2015

Figure 2: IEEE Smart Grid Domains and Sub-Domains

and to enable integration of renewables

gram published by the National Institute of

3) Developed sub-domains for each

IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter Compendium 2015

Distribution System Synchrophasor-based

emonstration projects in the UK

provide operators with not just improved

needed especially to limit generation to

IMAGE LICENSED BY GRAPHIC STOCK

Written by Jay Giri and Douglas Wilson

IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter Compendium 2015

EXPAND YOUR NETWORK

To learn more about connecting with our

the measured locations. Limits based on

grid-connected and autonomous operation and ensure supply to connected loads.

The advantage of this application is to

IEEE Smart Grid Newsletter Compendium 2015

an affiliate professor at the University of Washington, Seattle. In 1978,

Douglas Wilson is Chief Technology Officer for Psymetrix Ltd,

He is involved in R&D, consulting

Field Device Operation

dvancements in integrated circuit

time. This makes the devices platforms

IMAGE LICENSED BY GRAPHIC STOCK

for the users and owners of these devices

CreativityA greater number

plications to ensure that they had proper