2010 IEEE Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference

Oct 12 - 15, 2010, Monterey, California, USA

FrA1-1.4

A Second Order Approximation for the Quasistatic

Properties of a Nanoegg
Sami Smaili and Yehia Massoud
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Rice University
Houston, TX 7005
massoud@rice.edu
AbstractBreaking the symmetry in plasmonic
nanoparticles offers additional degrees of freedom
that can be utilized to increase the tunability of
such nanoparticles. Metallic shells with non-concentric
dielectric cores possess such properties, where the core
displacement affects the wavelength at which plasmon
resonance occurs. It remains important to have analytical
formulation for the properties of such nanoparticles
especially for the design and optimization for nanoparticle
based devices. In this paper we present an analytical
formulation for capturing the resonant properties of
asymmetrical nanoparticles based on the quasistatic
approximation of Maxwells equations.

I. I NTRODUCTION
Small in size and showing unique resonance
properties, metallic nanoparticles have been used
in applications like cancer treatment and chemical
sensing [1], and each application and setting poses
its own constraints and requirements on the performance of the particle. It is therefore desirable to
have as much degrees of freedom in the nanoparticle
used so that the varying requirements in different contexts can be met. Tunability of nanoparticles stem from the dependence of the resonance
properties on different factors such as size and
shape, where, for example, the resonance properties of nanoshells and nanorods depend on their
aspect ratios [1], [2]. Asymmetry has been proposed
to add more degrees of freedom, thus increasing
the tunability of nanoparticles; the properties of a
nanoshell with non-concentric dielectric core and
shell depends, in addition to the aspect ratio, on
the displacement of the inner core with respect to
the center of the shell [3].
With the wide range of settings in which
nanoaprticles are used, developing efficient method978-1-4244-8897-1/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE

ologies for the analysis and properties of the

nanoparticles becomes critical. On the one hand,
more degrees of freedom enable more flexibility
in the design of the nanoparticles, but put more
burdens on the simulation and analysis due to the increased number of parameters to consider. Typically,
the properties of asymmetric nanoparticles like the
nanoeggs are studied using numerical techniques
like the finite-difference time domain or the finite
element method [3], [4]. However, it is desirable to
have more efficient tools to allow for better design
and analysis of the nanoparticles properties. One
approach is to utilize the fact that small nanoparticles have sizes much smaller than the exciting
wavelength [5]. Under these conditions, quasistatic
analysis of the scattering of electromagnetic fields
by these particles becomes justified; the quasistatic
approximation is easy to solve and yields efficient
and accurate results. Having efficient models that
capture the properties of the nanostructure at hand is
important particularly because of the varying environments under which current and future nanostructures are to operate within, and the many variables
that can affect the performance of nanostructures
[6][29]. Having efficient models for the nanostructure allows the use of design optimization schemes
to predict the parameters combination that results
in optimal performance of the nanosystem under
the conditions imposed by the given application
[23], [30][45]. This is also particularly important
in nanoscale systems where process variations become more significant [42], [46][56]. Finally, with
efficient models, the performance of nanoscale systems can be efficiently evaluated before fabrication,
which would enhance the yield [57][75].
In this paper we study the behavior of non-

267

concentric core-shell particles [3] in the quasistatic

regime. We develop an analytical formulation for the
scattering of light by nanoeggs by solving Laplaces
equation for the electric potential. At the heart of
our method lies the translation theorem for spherical
harmonic functions, which is utilized to change the
origin of the function expansions in different regions
of the nanoegg.
II. M ETHOD F ORMULATION
Metallic nanoparticles typically resonate at wavelengths much larger than their size [5]. In such a
situation Maxwells equations can be solved in the
quasistatic regime where the electric field satisfies
E = 0 and so there is a scalar field, the electric
potential, such that E = and satisfies
Laplaces equation 2 = 0 [76]. Additionally,
the potential function should satisfy the boundary
conditions at the metal-outer medium interface and
the core-metal interface, given by the continuity
of the tangential electric and normal displacement
fields. In out formulation, we denote by out , m ,
and d the potential function in the outer medium,
the metallic shell, and the dielectric core of the
particle. The dielectric core is centered at the point
Cd and the metallic shell is centered at the point
Cm , with the vector v = CdCm (with magnitude
v) denoting the displacement of the core so that
v = 0 corresponds to a concentric core-shell structure (nanoshell). Finally, we denote the spherical coordinates with the origin at Cm (r1 , 1 , 1 ), and the
coordinates with the origin at Cd by (r2 , 2 , 2 ). The
potential function in the three different regions can
be expressed in terms of the spherical coordinates
by expanding it in a series of spherical harmonic
functions [76],
2
out = B1out r1 cos1 + Aout
1 r1 cos1

2
+ Aout
2 r1 3(3cos1 1)

(1)

m = B1m r1 cos1 + B2m r12 cos(3cos12 1) (2)

2
m
2
+Aout
1 r1 cos1 + A2 r1 3(3cos1 1)
d = B1d r2 cos2 + B2d r22 cos(3cos22 1)

(r2 = a). However, since the potential functions in

different media are represented in one of the two
coordinate systems (out and m around Cm while
d around Cd ), applying the boundary conditions
in one of the two systems can become complicated.
Instead, when we apply the conditions on the core
surface, we use an equivalent representation of m
in the coordinate system around Cd by utilizing the
translation theorems of spherical harmonic functions
[77]. The potential m is then given as
2
m = (B1m vB2m )m r2 cos2 + Am
1 r2 cos2
+ (B2m )r22 (3cos22 1)
m 3
2
+ (Am
(4)
1 v + A2 )r2 (3cos2 1)

The boundary conditions given by

(5)

1out
1m
out
|r=b = m
|r=b

(6)

2m
2d
|r=a =
|r=a

(7)

1out
1
|r=b = m m |r=b

(8)

out

2m
2
|r=a = d d |r=a
(9)
r
r
together with (4) and the condition that at large
distances from the particle, the electric potential
is equal to the potential of the incident field
(limr out = inc ), the coefficients in the potential expansions in (1),(2), and(3) are solved for.
In solving for the coefficients, we use the fact that
the Legendre functions of order 1 and 2, cos and
3cos 1, are orthogonal ( [76]) so that each of
the boundary conditions yields 2 equations for the
coefficients, totaling to 8 equations. The condition
at infinity gives B1out = Eo where Eo is the
incident field, so that the 8 equations obtained from
the boundary conditions contain 8 unknowns (Aout
1 ,
out
m
m
m
m
d
d
A2 , B1 , A1 , B2 , A2 , B1 , and B2 ).
m

(3)

truncating the series at the second order, which

satisfies the efficiency and accuracy tradeoff. The
coefficients in the expressions in (1), (2), and (3)
are determined by applying the boundary conditions
at the surfaces of the shell (r1 = b) and the core

1out
1m
|r=b =
|r=b

III. S IMULATION R ESULTS

The resonance behavior of plasmonic nanoparticles is manifested as a peaking in the field enhancement (ratio of scattered field to incident field)
of the nanoegg. We used our analytical formulation
presented in section (II) to study the behavior of the

268

3.5
(a)
v/(ba)

Field Enhancement

0
0.5
0.99

2.5

1.5

0.5
200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Wavelength (nm)
9
(b)
8

v/(ba)
0
0.5
0.99

Field Enhancement

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Wavelength (nm)
15
(c)

Field Enhancement

v/(ba)
0
0.5
0.99

10

0
200

400

600

800

1000

1200

an outer radius of 20nm and inner radii of 13nm

(a), 16nm (b) and 19nm (c). The figure shows that,
regardless of the aspect ratio of the particle, the
resonance wavelength red-shifts as the displacement
of the core increases. Moreover, we notice that for
thinner metallic shells (smaller difference between
the outer and inner radii), the maximum change
in the resonance wavelength as compared to a
nanoshell (0 core displacement) is more than that
for particles with a thinner shell. The maximum
change in resonance wavelength corresponds to a
displacement equal to the difference between the
inner and outer radii. Finally, the change in the
resonance wavelength between the nanoeggs with
different shell thickness is due to the fact that the
resonance wavelength depends on the aspect ratio of
the particle. Nanoeggs and nanoshells have two resonance wavelengths corresponding to the symmetric
(lower energy) and antisymmetric (higher energy)
modes as discussed in [4], [78]. However, the lower
energy modes for small nanoshells dominates the
higher one and so the field enhancement shows
only one peak as seen in the blue solid lines in all
panels of figure (1). The higher energy modes for
nanoeggs, on the other hand, can produce significant
field enhancements relative to the lower energy
modes, even for small nanoeggs. This can be seen
in panel (c) of figure (1) where two peaks in the
field enhancement are shown for nanoeggs with a
non-zero core displacement (green dashed lines and
red xs). The field enhancement at both resonance
wavelengths increase as the core displacement increases, but the higher energy resonance mode is not
significant for nanoeggs with smaller aspect ratios
(panels (a) and (b) in figure (1)).
IV. C ONCLUSION

1400

Wavelength (nm)

Asymmetrical nanoparticles offer to play an important role in many applications involving resonatFig. 1. Field enhancement for a nanoegg with an outer radius of ing particles such as sensing due to the added de20nm and inner radius of (a) 13nm, (b) 16nm, and (c) 19nm, and for
different core displacements. The enhancement is at the point with grees of freedom resulting from symmetry braking.
angle 0 on the surface of the nanoegg
Insuring the best performance of such nanoparticles with added tunability requires efficient design
methodologies for nanoparticle based sensors and
field enhancement as a function of the displacement systems, which in turn requires efficient modeling
of the dielectric core and the aspect ratio (ratio of techniques. In this paper we presented an analytical
the core radius to shell radius). The nanoegg we formulation, which is efficient and accurate, for
used consists of a gold shell and a silica core. Figure nanoeggs in the quasistatic regime. The formulation
(1) shows the field enhancement for a nanoegg with is based on solving Laplaces equation in spherical
269

coordinates utilizing translation theorems of spherical harmonics. The translation theorems are key to
achieve simple and analytically solvable formulation
for the potential function. We demonstrated how
our formulation can be used to study the resonant
properties of nanoeggs.
R EFERENCES
[1] S. Lal, S. Link, and N. Halas, Nanooptics: From Sensing to Waveguiding, Nature, vol. 1, pp. 641648, Nov. 2007.
[2] P. Jain, K. Lee, I. El-Sayed, , and M. El-Sayed, Calculated Absorption
and Scattering Properties of Gold Nanoparticles of Different Size,
Shape, and and Composition: Applications in biological Imaging and
Biomedicine, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 110, no. 14, pp. 72387248, 2006.
[3] M. W. Knight and N. J. Halas, Nanoshells to nanoeggs to nanocups:
optical properties of reduced symmetry coreshell nanoparticles beyond
the quasistatic limit, New Journal of Physics, vol. 10, no. 105006,
2008.
[4] Y. Wu and P. Nordlander, Plasmon hybridization in nanoshells with
a nonconcentric core, The Journal Of Chemical Physics, vol. 125,
no. 124708, 2006.
[5] R. Averitt, S. Westcott, , and N. Halas, Linear Optical Properties of
Gold Nanoshells, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 18241832,
October 1999.
[6] A. Nieuwoudt, M. McCorquodale, R. Borno, and Y. Massoud, Efficient
analytical modeling techniques for rapid integrated spiral inductor
prototyping, Proceedings of the IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits
Conference, CICC05, Spetember 2005.
[7] A. Hosseini, H. Nejati, and Y. Massoud, Modeling and design methodology for metal-insulator-metal plasmonic Bragg reflectors, Optics
Express, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 14751480, February 2008.
[8] M. Mondal and Y. Massoud, Reducing pessimism in RLC delay
estimation using an accurate analytical frequency dependent model for
inductance, Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Conference
on Computer-Aided Design, ICCAD05, pp. 691696, November 2005.
[9] A. Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, Analytical wide-band modeling of high
frequency resistance in integrated spiral inductors, Analog Integrated
Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 133136, February
2007.
[10] . A. Hossieni, A. Nieuwoudt, and Y. Massoud, Efficient simulation
of subwavelength plasmonic waveguides using implicitly restarted
Arnoldi, Optics Express, vol. 14, no. 16, pp. 72917298, August 2006.
[11] M. Alam and Y. Massoud, A closed-form analytical model for single
nanoshells, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology (TNANO), vol. 5,
no. 3, pp. 265272, May 2006.
[12] A. Nieuwoudt, M. McCorquodale, R. Borno, and Y. Massoud, Accurate analytical spiral inductor modeling techniques for efficient design
space exploration, IEEE Electron Devices Letters (EDL), vol. 27,
no. 12, pp. 9981001, December 2006.
[13] T. Ragheb, S. Kirolos, J. Laska, M. Strauss, A. Gilbert, R. Baraniuk, and
Y. Massoud, Implementation models for analog-to-information conversion via random sampling, IEEE International Midwest Symposium on
Circuits and Systems, Montreal, Canada, 2007.
[14] A. Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, Efficient modeling of substrate eddy
currents for integrated spiral inductor design automation, IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, August 2005.
[15] , Accurate resistance modeling for carbon nanotube bundles
in VLSI interconnect, the Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on
Nanotechnology, IEEE-Nano 06, Cincinnati, 2006.
[16] Q. Su, J. Kawa, C. Chiang, and Y. Massoud, Accurate modeling of
substrate resistive coupling for floating substrates, ACM Transactions
on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES), vol. 11, no. 1,
pp. 4451, January 2006.
[17] A. Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, RC circuit model for multi-walled
carbon nanotubes, IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, Hong Kong,
2007.
[18] M. Alam and Y. Massoud, RLC ladder model for scattering in
single metallic nanoparticles, Proceedings of the IEEE International
Microwave Symposium, MTT-S 06, San Francisco, California, 2006.
[19] T. Ragheb, A. Nieuwoudt, and Y. Massoud, Efficient modeling of integrated narrow-band low noise amplifiers for design space exploration,
Proceedings of the ACM GLSVLSI Symposium, Philadelphia, PA, 2006.

[20] , Modeling of 3.1-10.6 GHz CMOS Filter-Based Low Noise

Amplifier for Ultra-Wideband Receivers, Proceedings of the IEEE
Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference, Clearwater, FL, 2006.
[21] S. Kirolos, M. Mondal, K. Mohanram, and Y. Massoud, A ModelBased Technique for Efficient Evaluation of Noise Robustness, International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Seattle, 2008.
[22] Y. Massoud, S. Kirolos, and K. Mohanram, Analytical model-based
technique for efficient evaluation of noise robustness considering parameter variations, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing,
vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 2734, August 2009.
[23] A. Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, On the optimal design, performance,
and reliability of future carbon nanotube-based interconnect solutions,
IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 20972110,
august 2008.
[24] M. Alam, A. Nieuwoudt, and Y. Massoud, Wavelet-based passivity
preserving model order reduction for wideband interconnect characterization, Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Quality Electronic
Design (ISQED), San Jose, CA, 2007.
[25] H. Nejati, T. Ragheb, A. Nieuwoudt, and Y. Massoud, Analytical
modeling methodology for ultrawideband low noise amplifiers with
generalized filter-based impedance matching, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 121127, May 2007.
[26] M. Mondal and Y. Massoud, Analytical Modeling of Loop Self Inductance Bound for Inductance-Aware Physical Synthesis, International
Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2005.
[27] H. Najati, T. Ragheb, A. Nieuwoudt, and Y. Massoud, Modeling
and design of ultrawideband low noise amplifiers with generalized
impedance matching networks, International Symposium on Circuits
and Systems, New Orleans, LA, 2007.
[28] S. Kirolos and Y. Massoud, Supply Voltage Adaptive Low-Power
Circuit Design, Proceedings of the IEEE Dallas Circuits and Systems
Conference, Dallas, TX, 2006.
[29] H. Nejati, T. Ragheb, and Y. Massoud, Analytical Modeling of
Common-Gate Low Noise Amplifiers, International Symposium on
Circuits and Systems, Seattle, 2008.
[30] A. Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, Multi-level approach for integrated
spiral inductor optimization, Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM Design
Automation Conference, DAC05,Anaheim, CA, June 2005.
[31] A. Nieuwoudt, T. Ragheb, and Y. Massoud, SOC-NLNA: synthesis and
optimization for fully integrated narrow-band CMOS low noise amplifiers, Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM Design Automation Conference,
DAC06, Anaheim, CA, July 2006.
[32] , Hierarchical optimization methodology for wideband low noise
amplifiers, Proceedings of the IEEE ASP Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), Yokohama, Japan, 2007.
[33] A. Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, Optimizing the Design of Tunable
Spiral Inductors for On-Chip Wireless Applications, Proceedings of
the IEEE Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference, Clearwater,
FL, 2006.
[34] X. Wu, T. Ragheb, A. Aziz, and Y. Massoud, Implementing DSP
algorithms with on-chip networks, of the IEEE International Symposium/Conference on Networks-on-Chips, Princeton, NJ, 2007.
[35] A. Nieuwoudt, T. Ragheb, and Y. Massoud, Systematic Design Optimization Methodology for Multi-Band CMOS Low Noise Amplifiers,
Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI
(ISVLSI), Brazil, 2007.
[36] T. Ragheb, J. N. Laska, H. Nejati, S. Kirolos, R. G. Baraniuk, and
Y. Massoud, A prototype hardware for random demodulation based
compressive analog-to-digital conversion, Circuits and Systems, 2008.
MWSCAS 2008. 51st Midwest Symposium on, pp. 3740, aug. 2008.
[37] S. Kirolos and Y. Massoud, Adaptive Ratio-Size Gates for MinimumEnergy Operation, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II
T CASII,, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 12591263, November 2006.
[38] H. Nejati, T. Ragheb, and Y. Massoud, On the design of customizable
low-voltage common-gate LNA-mixer pair using current and charge
reusing techniques, Proceedings of the 18th ACM Great Lakes symposium on VLSI(GLSVLSI 08), Orlando, Fl., pp. 195200, May 2008.
[39] S. Pfetsch, T. Ragheb, J. Laska, H. Nejati, A. Gilbert, M. Strauss,
R. Baraniuk, and Y. Massoud, On the Feasibility of Hardware
Implementation of Sub-Nyquist Random-Sampling Based Analog-toInformation Conversion, International Symposium on Circuits and
Systems, 2008.
[40] A. Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, Design optimization of switchable
multi-port spiral inductors, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal
Processing, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 195200, June 2007.

270

[41] Y. Massoud, A. Nieuwoudt, and T. Ragheb, Automated design solutions for fully integrated narrow-band low noise amplifiers, Proceedings of the International Workshop on System-on-Chip for Real-Time
Applications, 2006.
[42] S. Kirolos and Y. Massoud, Robust Wide Range of Supply-Voltage
Operation using Continuous Adaptive Size-Ratio Gates, International
Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Seattle, 2008.
[43] A. Nieuwoudt, T. Ragheb, H. Nejati, and Y. Massoud, Numerical
design optimization methodology for wideband and multi-band inductively degenerated cascode CMOS low noise amplifiers, IEEE
Transactions on Circuits and Systems I, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 10881101,
June 2009.
[44] S. Kirolos and Y. Massoud, Adaptive SRAM Design for Dynamic Voltage Scaling VLSI Systems, IEEE International Midwest Symposium
on Circuits & Systems, Montreal, Canada, 2007.
[45] . M. Modal and Y. Massoud, Accurate loop self inductance bound for
efficient inductance screening, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale
Integration Systems (TVLSI), vol. 15, no. 12, December 2006.
[46] A. Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, Variability-aware multilevel integrated
spiral inductor synthesis, IEEE Transactions on Computer Aided
Design (TCAD), vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 26132625, December 2006.
[47] , Robust automated synthesis methodology for integrated spiral
inductors with variability, Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, ICCAD05, pp. 502507,
November 2005.
[48] , On the impact of process variations for carbon nanotube bundles
for VLSI interconnect, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices (T-ED),
vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 446455, March 2007.
[49] S. Kim, Y. Massoud, , and S. Wong, On the Accuracy of Return Path
Assumption for Loop Inductance Extraction for 0.1 um Technology and
Beyond, Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Symposium on
Quality Electronic Design, ISQED, San Jose, CA, March 2003.
[50] A. Nieuwoudt, T. Ragheb, H. Nejati, and Y. Massoud, Increasing
manufacturing yield for wideband RF CMOS LNAs in the presence
of process variations, Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Quality
Electronic Design (ISQED), San Jose, CA, 2007.
[51] M. Mondal, A. Ricketts, S. Kirolos, T. Ragheb, G. Link, V. Narayanan,
and Y. Massoud, Mitigating thermal effects on clock skew with
dynamically adaptive drivers, Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on
Quality Electronic Design (ISQED), San Jose, CA, 2007.
[52] M. Mondal, K. Mohanram, and Y. Massoud, Parameter-VariationAware Analysis for Noise Robustness, Proceedings of the IEEE
Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED), San Jose, CA, 2007.
[53] S. Kirolos, Y. Massoud, and Y. Ismail, Power-supply-variation-aware
timing analysis of synchronous systems, International Symposium on
Circuits and Systems, Seattle, 2008.
[54] M. Mondal, T. Ragheb, X. Wu, A. Aziz, and Y. Massoud, Provisioning
on-chip networks under buffered rc interconnect delay variations,
Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Quality Electronic Design
(ISQED), San Jose, CA, 2007.
[55] Y. Massoud, MCMAD: A Narrow-Band Microwave Amplifier Design
Program, Proceedings of the MIT Workshop on Computing Technology,
Salem, MA,, August 1996.
[56] S. Kirolos, Y. Massoud, and Y. Ismail, Mitigating Power-Supply
Induced Delay Variations using Self Adjusting Clock Buffers, IEEE
International Midwest Symposium on Circuits & Systems, Knoxville,
TN, 2008.
[57] A. Hossieni and Y. Massoud, Nanoscale surface plasmon based
resonator using rectangular geometry, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 90,
no. 181102, pp. 26132625, 2007.
[58] S. Eachempati, A. Nieuwoudt, A. Gayasen, V. Narayanan, and Y. Massoud, Assessing carbon nanotube bundle interconnect for future FPGA
architectures, Proceedings of the IEEE Design Automation and Test in
Europe ( DATE ), Nice, France, 2007.
[59] A. Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, Performance implications of inductive effects for carbon-nanotube bundle interconnect, IEEE Electron
Devices Letters, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 305307, April 2007.

[60] M. Mondal, A. Ricketts, S. Kirolos, T. Ragheb, V. N. G. Link, and

Y. Massoud, Thermally robust clocking schemes for 3D integrated
circuits, Proceedings of the IEEE Design Automation and Test in
Europe ( DATE ), Nice, France, 2006.
[61] A. Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, Assessing the implications of process
variations on future carbon nanotube bundle interconnect solutions,
Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Quality Electronic Design
(ISQED), San Jose, CA, 2007.
[62] A. Nieuwoudt, M. Mondal, and Y. Massoud, Predicting the Performance and Reliability of Carbon Nanotube Bundles for On-Chip Interconnect, Proceedings of the IEEE ASP Design Automation Conference
(ASP-DAC), Yokohama, Japan, 2007.
[63] A.Nieuwoudt and Y.Massoud, Predicting the performance of lowloss on-chip inductors realized using carbon nanotube bundles, IEEE
Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 298312, January
2008.
[64] Y. Massoud and J. White, Improving the generality of the fictitious
magnetic charge approach to computing inductances in the presence of
permeable materials, Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM Design Automation Conference, DAC02, New Orleans, LA, pp. 552555, June 2002.
[65] Y. Massoud, J. Wang, and J. White, Accurate inductance extraction
with permeable materials using qualocation, Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, San
Juan, Puerto Rico, pp. 151154, April 1999.
[66] S. Kirolos and Y. Massoud, Adaptive Ratio-Size Gates for MinimumEnergy Operation, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II
(TCAS-II),, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 12591263, November 2006.
[67] S. Kirolos, Y. Massoud, and Y. Ismail, Accurate analytical delay
modeling of cmos clock buffers considering power supply variations,
International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Seattle, 2008.
[68] Q. Su, J. Kawa, C. Chiang, and Y. Massoud, Accurate Modeling
of Substrate Coupling Without Grounded Backplates, Proceedings
of IEEE International System-On-Chip Conference, Portland, OR,
September 2003.
[69] M. Alam and Y. Massoud, An accurate closed-form analytical model
of single nanoshells for cancer treatment, International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, August 2005.
[70] M. Alam, A. Nieuwoudt, and Y. Massoud, Model order reduction using
spline-based dynamic multi-point rational interpolation for passive
circuits, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 50,
no. 3, pp. 273277, March 2007.
[71] Y. Massoud and J. White, Fast Inductance Extraction of 3-D Structures
with Non-ConstantPermeabilities, Proceedings of the International
Conference on Modeling and simulation of Microsystems, Santa Clara,
California, pp. 190193, April 1998.
[72] M. Anis and Y. Massoud, Power design challenges in deep-submicron
technology, Proceedings of the IEEE Midwest Symposium on Circuits
and Systems, December 2003.
[73] M. Alam and Y. Massoud, An RLC ladder model for the equivalent
impedance of single metal nanoparticles in electromagnetic field, IEEE
Transactions on Nanotechnology (TNANO), vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 491498,
September 2006.
[74] M. A. Y. Massoud and A. Nieuwoudt, On the Selection of Spectral Zeros for Generating Passive Reduced Order Models, Proceedings of the
International Workshop on System-on-Chip for Real-Time Applications,
2006.
[75] M. Mondal and Y. Massoud, Estimation of capacitive crosstalkinduced short-circuit energy, Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 455465, June 2007.
[76] J. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons
Inc., 1999.
[77] M. A. Epton and B. Dembart, Multipole Translation Theory for the
Three-dimensional Laplace and Helmholtz Equations, SIAM Joural
of Scientific Computing, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 865897, July 1995.
[78] E. Prodan, C. Radloff, N. J. Halas, and P. Nordlander, A Hybridization
Model for the Plasmon Response of Complex Nanostructures, Science, vol. 302, no. 5644, pp. 419422, Oct. 2003.

271