A PROJECT REPORT ON

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE

WITH BOTTOM ASH IN CONCRETE
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering
Submitted by
Mr. Gandham Panasaiah

11471A0126

Mr. Shaik Khasim

11471A0116

Mr.Kumba Anjaneyulu

11471A0119

Mr. Chitirala Ashok kumar

11471A0124

Mr. Mitta Siva Ramakrishna

11471A0141

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr. S. Benjimen
Assistant professor
Department of civil engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

NARASARAOPETA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada)
Narasaraopeta -522601
2014-2015

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NARASARAOPET ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled PARTIAL REPLACEMENT
OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH BOTTOM ASH IN CONCRETE is submitted by Mr.
G.PANASAIAH(11471A0126), Mr. Sk.KHASIM(11471A0116), Mr.K.ANJANEYULU
(11471A0119), Mr. Ch.ASHOK KUMAR(11471A0124), Mr.M.SIVA RAMAKRISHNA
(11471A0141). In partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of technology in Civil
Branch in NARASARAOPETA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NARASARAOPET is a
record of bonafied work carried out by them under my supervision.
The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other University
or Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

PROJECT GUIDE
Mr. S. Benjimen
Assistant professor

INTERNAL EXAMINER

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. G. Reddy Babu, PhD
Department of Civil Engineering

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to our esteemed
institute Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada which has provided us
an opportunity to full fill our desire and reach our goal wish great solemnity and for
providing the necessary equipment during our project work.
This thesis would not have been possible without the help and support of our guide
Mr. S. BENJIMEN, Assistant professor of the Civil Engineering Department and
unstinting encouragement enabled us to accomplish our project successfully in time.
With a great sense of pleasure and privilege, we extend our gratitude to
Dr. G. REDDY BABU, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to him for his
patience, guidance and thoughtful advice throughout the various stages of this work. His
advice has been precious on both an academic and personal level, for which we are
extremely grateful.
First of all, we would like to thank God for all of His guidance and care throughout our
life and for helping me overcome all the difficulties we encountered over the course of
this study.
We would also like to extend our thankfulness to all the faculty of the Department of
Civil Engineering for the collective knowledge imparted to us, making us capable
enough to see through the entire process. We are grateful to the technicians of the
Concrete Technology Laboratory for their relentless service and co-operation with us.
Last but not the least, I affectionately acknowledge the encouragement received from
our friends and those who involved in giving valuable suggestions and clarifying the
doubts which had really helped us in successfully completing our project.

ABSTRACT
As we know that concrete is worlds most widely used construction material. The
reason for increase in cost is high demand of concrete and scarcity of raw material. This
paper presents the possibility of substituting natural fine aggregate with industrial byproducts such as bottom ash. The Bottom Ash is a waste material that is taken from
electric power plant. The aim of the study is to investigate the feasibility and potential
use of bottom ash in concreting and concrete applications. Environmental advantages
which are of great importance in the present context of sustainability in the construction
sector. The study investigated the effect of bottom ash in equal quantities as partial
replacement of fine aggregates in various percentages (050%), on concrete properties
such as mechanical (compressive strength). Different concrete mixes with constant
water to cement ratio of 0.48 were prepared with Bottom Ash in different proportions as
well as one control mixed proportion. The mechanical properties of concrete with
different percentages of Bottom Ash replacement by weight of natural sand is found to
be an optimum usage in concrete in order to get a favorable strength and good strength
development pattern over the increment ages.
The inclusion of bottom ash as fine aggregate does not affect the strength properties
negatively as the strength remains within limits replacement.
The study was carried out using coal bottom ash as a partial replacement with fine
aggregates in the concrete mix by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by
weight. This paper presents the experimental investigations carried out to study the
effect of use of bottom ash as a replacement of fine aggregate. The result shows that the
compressive strength, strength decreased as the percentage of replacement of bottom
ash increased as compared to plain concrete. It was observed that up to 20%
replacement the results of compressive test, approximately same as that of the
controlled concrete.
Key Words: Coal bottom ash, Properties, Compressive test, Sand Replacement.

INDEX
CONTENTS

PAGE NO

Chapter-I

Introduction

1-3

Chapter-II

Literature Review

4-5

Chapter-III Materials and Tests

3.1 Cement

(7-12)

3.1.1 Fineness of cement

3.1.2 Standard Consistency

3.1.3 Initial and final setting times of cement

10

3.1.4 Soundness of the cement

11

3.1.5 Specific gravity of the cement

12

3.2 Fine aggregate

(14-18)

3.2.1 Sieve analysis

14

3.2.2 Determination of Zone of sand

16

3.2.3 Fineness modulus of sand

16

3.2.4 Bulking of sand

16

3.2.5 Specific gravity of the fine aggregate

17

3.2.6 Water absorption and moisture content

18

3.3 Coarse aggregate

(19-24)

3.3.1 Sieve analysis

19

3.3.2Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate

21

3.3.3 Moisture content and Water absorption

21

3.3.4 Specific gravity

22

3.3.5 Aggregate crushing value test

22

3.3.6 Impact value of aggregates

24

3.4 Bottom ash

Chapter-IV

(25-28)

3.4.1 Introduction

25

3.4.2 Characteristics of bottom ash

27

3.4.3 Sieve analysis

27

3.4.4 Comparison of properties of bottom ash

28

3.4.5 Chemical composition of bottom ash

28

Mix Design

(29-35)

4.1 General

29

4.2 Procedure for Mix Design

29

4.3Desion stipulations for proportioning

31

4.4 Mix proportions

34

4.5 Quantities of materials

35

Chapter-V

Tests fresh and hardened concrete

(36-40)

5.1 Tests on fresh concrete

5.1.1 Workability by slump test

36

5.1.2 Workability by compaction factor test

38

5.1.3 Relation b/w slump and compaction factor value

40

5.2 Tests on hardened concrete

Chapter-VI

5.2.1 Compressive strength

40

Results and Discussions

42

Chapter-VII Conclusions

48

References

50

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES

PAGE NO

Fig 3.1.1

IS 90 micron sieve for fineness of cement

Fig 3.1.2

Vicats apparatus for standard consistency of cement

Fig 3.1.3

Cross - section of Vicats apparatus for setting times of cement 9

Fig 3.1.4

Le Chatelier apparatus for soundness of cement

11

Fig 3.1.5

Pycnometer for specific gravity of cement

13

Fig 3.2.1

IS sieves and sieve shaker for sieve analysis of fine aggregate

15

Fig 3.2.2

Pycnometer for specific gravity of fine aggregate

18

Fig 3.3.1

IS sieves for sieve analysis of coarse aggregate

20

Fig 3.3.2

Aggregate crushing value test apparatus

23

Fig 3.3.3

Aggregate impact value test apparatus

24

Fig 3.4.1

Production of bottom ash in thermal power station

25

Fig 3.4.2

Different sizes of bottom ash

26

Fig 3.4.3

Utilization of bottom ash in different fields

26

Fig 3.4.4

Particle size distribution curve of bottom ash

27

Fig 5.1.1

Slump cone apparatus and classification of slump

37

Fig 5.1.2

Compaction factor value apparatus

39

Fig 5.2.1

Compression testing machine

41

Fig 6.1

graph showing strength results of 3days at different

7

Percentage replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash

Fig 6.2

graph showing strength results of 7days at different

percentage replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash

Fig 6.3

46

graph showing strength results of 28days at different

percentage replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash

Fig 6.4

46

47

graph showing strength results of 56days at different

percentage replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash

47

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE

PAGE NO

Table 3.1.1

Fineness of cement

Table 3.1.2

Standard consistency of cement

Table 3.1.3

Initial setting time of cement

10

Table 3.1.4

Final setting time of cement

11

Table 3.1.5

Soundness of cement

12

Table 3.1.6

Specific gravity of cement

13

Table 3.1.7

Physical characteristics of cement

14

Table 3.2.1

Sieves analysis of fine aggregate

15

Table 3.2.2

Zone distribution of fine aggregate

16

Table 3.2.3

Fineness modulus of different zones of fine aggregate

16

Table 3.2.4

Bulking of fine aggregate

17

Table 3.2.5

Specific gravity of fine aggregate

18

Table 3.2.6

Moisture content and water absorption of fine aggregate

19

Table 3.3.1

Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates

20

Table 3.3.2

Moisture content and water absorption of coarse aggregate

21

Table 3.3.3

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate

22

Table 3.4.1

Sieve analysis of bottom ash

27

Table 3.4.2

Comparison of bottom ash and fine aggregate properties

28

Table 3.4.3

Chemical composition of bottom ash

28

Table 4.1

Correction table in mix design

33

Table 4.2

Mix design proportions

34

Table 4.3

Quantities of materials

35

Table 5.1.1

Slump test

37

Table 5.1.2

Relation between slump value and compaction factor value

40

Table 5.2.1

Compressive strength on hardened concrete

41

Table 6.1.1

Compressive strength of concrete cubes of nominal mix

42

Table 6.1.2

Compressive strength of concrete cubes using 5%

replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash

Table 6.1.3

Compressive strength of concrete cubes using 10%

replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash

Table 6.1.4

44

Compressive strength of concrete cubes using 40%

replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash

Table 6.1.9

44

Compressive strength of concrete cubes using 30%

replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash

Table 6.1.8

43

Compressive strength of concrete cubes using 25%

replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash

Table 6.1.7

43

Compressive strength of concrete cubes using 20%

replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash

Table 6.1.6

43

Compressive strength of concrete cubes using 15%

replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash

Table 6.1.5

42

44

Compressive strength of concrete cubes using 50%

replacement of fine aggregate with bottom ash

10

45