ME101 - Division I L09-L11

ME101: Engineering Mechanics (3 1 0 8)

Beams Internal Effects

Internal Force Resultants
Axial Force (N), Shear Force (V), Bending Moment
((M),
), Torsional Moment (T)
( ) in Beam

2012-2013 (II Semester)

Division I
Instructor

Method of Sections is used

Hemant B. Kaushik
Room M-003
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Guwahati
hemantbk@iitg.ernet.in
Phone: 258 2427
Web: www.iitg.ernet.in/hemantbk
shilloi.iitg.ernet.in/~hemantbk/ME101.htm
ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

L09

ME101 - Division I

Axial

Hemant B Kaushik

Beams Internal Effects

Beams Internal Effects

Method of Section:

2D Beam

Internal Force Resultants at B Section a-a at B and use

equilibrium equations in both cut parts

3D Beam

The Force Resultants act at

centroid of the sections
Cross-sectional area

ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

Hemant B Kaushik

ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

ME101 - Division I L09-L11

Beams Internal Effects

Beams Internal Effects

Sign Convention

Sign convention in a single plane

Positive Axial Force creates Tension

Positive shear force will cause the

Beam segment on which it acts to
rotate clockwise

Positive bending moment will tend to

bend the segment on which it acts
in a concave upward manner
(compression on top of section).

Interpretation of Bending Couple

H-section Beam bent by two equal
and opposite positive moments
applied at ends
Neglecting resistance offered by web
Compression at top; Tension at
bottom
Resultant of these two forces (one tensile and other compressive) acting on any
section is a Couple and has the value of the Bending Moment acting on the section.

ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

Beams Internal Effects

Beams Internal Effects

Example: Find the axial force in the fixed bar at points B and C
Solution: Draw the FBD of the entire bar

Example: Find the internal torques at points B and C of the circular shaft
subjected to three concentrated torques
Solution: FBD of entire shaft

Draw sections at B and C to get AF in the bar at B and C

Sections at B and C and FBDs of shaft segments AB and CD

Alternatively, take a section at C and consider only CD portion of the bar

Then take a section at B and consider only BD portion of the bar
no need to calculate reactions
ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

Hemant B Kaushik

ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

ME101 - Division I L09-L11

Beams Internal Effects

Beams Internal Effects

Example: Find the AF, SF, and BM at point B (just to the left of 6 kN) and
at point C (just to the right of 6 kN)
Solution: Draw FBD of entire beam

Example Solution: Draw FBD of segments AB and AC

and use equilibrium equations

Dy need not be determined if only

left part of the beam is analysed

ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

ME101 - Division I

Beams SFD and BMD

Hemant B Kaushik

Beams SFD and BMD

Shear Force Diagram and bending Moment Diagram

Variation of SF and BM over the length of the beam
SFD and BMD
Maximum magnitude of BM and SF and their
locations is prime consideration in beam design
SFDs and BMDs are plotted using method of section
Equilibrium of FBD of entire Beam
External Reactions
Equilibrium of a cut part of beam
Expressions for SF and BM at the cut section
Use the positive sign convention consistently

Draw SFD and BMD for a cantilever beam supporting a point load at the free end

L/4
+F

Hemant B Kaushik

Hemant B Kaushik

L/4
+F

+V

L/4
+F

L/4
+F

+F

SFD

+F

-V
+M
M=0

-M
-FL

ME101 - Division I

10

11

L10

ME101 - Division I

-3FL/4

-FL/2
Hemant B Kaushik

-FL/4

BMD

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ME101 - Division I L09-L11

Beams SFD and BMD

Beams SFD and BMD

Shear and Moment Relationships

Shear and Moment Relationships

Consider a portion of a beam

Isolate an element dx
D
Draw
FBD off the
th element
l
t

w=

dV
dx

Slope of the shear diagram = - Value of applied loading

Vertical equilibrium in dx

V w dx (V + dV) = 0

w=

dV
dx

V=

Moment equilibrium in dx (M@ the left side of the element)

M + wdx

dx
+ (V + dV )dx ( M + dM ) = 0
2

V=

Slope of the moment curve = Shear Force

dM
dx

Both equations not applicable at the point of loading because

of discontinuity produced by the abrupt change in shear.

Terms w(dx)2/2 and dVdx may be dropped since they are differentials of higher order than
those which remains.
ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

dM
dx

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ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

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Beams SFD and BMD

Beams SFD and BMD

Shear and Moment Relationships

V = V0 + (negative of area under the loading curve from x0 to x)

dV
Expressing V in terms of w by integrating w =
dx
V

V dV = x wdx

OR

M = M0 + (area under the shear diagram from x0 to x)

V = V0 + (the negative of the area under

the loading curve from x0 to x)

V0 is the shear force at x0 and V is the shear force at x

Expressing M in terms of V by integrating V = dM
dx
M

M dM = x Vdx
0

OR M = M0 + (area under the shear diagram

from x0 to x)

Hemant B Kaushik

Hemant B Kaushik

When V passes through zero and is a continuous

function of x with dV/dx 0 (i.e., nonzero loading)
dM = 0
dx
BM will be a maximum or minimum at this point
Critical values of BM also occur when SF crosses the zero axis discontinuously
(Example: Beams under concentrated loads)

M0 is the BM at x0 and M is the BM at x

ME101 - Division I

If there is no externally applied moment M0 at x0 = 0,

total moment at any section equals the area under
the shear diagram up to that section

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ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

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ME101 - Division I L09-L11

Beams SFD and BMD

dV
w=
dx
V=

dM
dx

Beams SFD and BMD: Example

Degree of V in x is one higher than that of w

Draw the SFD and BMD.

Degree of M in x is one higher than that of V

Determine reactions at
supports.

Degree of M in x is two higher than that of w

Combining the two equations

Cut beam at C and consider

member AC,

d 2M
= w
dx 2

V = + P 2 M = + Px 2
Cut beam at E and consider
member EB,

V = P 2 M = + P(L x ) 2

If w is
i a known
k
function
f
ti off x, BM can be
b obtained
bt i d b
by
integrating this equation twice with proper limits of
integration.

For a beam subjected to

Maximum BM occurs
concentrated loads, shear is
where Shear changes the
constant between loading points
direction
and moment varies linearly.

Method is usable only if w is a continuous function of x (other cases

not part of this course)
ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

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ME101 - Division I

Beams SFD and BMD: Example

Hemant B Kaushik

18

Beams SFD and BMD: Example

Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown.
Solution: Draw FBD and find out the
support reactions using
equilibrium equations

Use equilibrium conditions at all sections to

get the unknown SF and BM
V1 = 20 kN
Fy = 0 :
20 kN V1 = 0

M1 = 0 :

(200 kN
N )(0 m ) + M 1 = 0

M1 = 0

V2 = -20 kN; M2 = -20x kNm

V3 = +26 kN; M3 = -20x+460 = -20x MB= -50 kNm
V4 = +26 kN; M4 = -20x+46(x-2.5) MC= +28 kNm
V5 = -14 kN; M5 = -20x+46(x-2.5)-400 MC= +28 kNm
V6 = -14 kN; M6 = -20x+46(x-2.5)-40(x-5.5)
MD= 0 kNm

Alternatively, from RHS

V5 = V6 = -14 kN
M5 = +14x MC= +28 kNm
M6 = +140 MD= 0 kNm
Important: BM0 at Hinged
Support B. Why?
ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

Hemant B Kaushik

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L11

ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

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ME101 - Division I L09-L11

Beams SFD and BMD: Example

Beams SFD and BMD: Example

Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam

acted upon by a clockwise couple at
mid point

Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam

Solution: Draw FBD of the beam and
Calculate the support reactions

C
l

Solution: Draw FBD of the beam and

Calculate the support reactions

C
l

Draw the SFD and the BMD starting

g
From any one end

Draw the SFD and the BMD starting

g
from any one end

C
2

60 N

-60
60 N
M

ME101 - Division I

120 Nm

C
l
M

60 N

MA = 0 RA = 60 N
MB = 0 RB = 60 N

Hemant B Kaushik

C
2
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Beams SFD and BMD: Example

ME101 - Division I

-120 Nm

Hemant B Kaushik

Beams SFD and BMD: Example

Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam

Shear Force at any section: V =

w

Solution:
Draw FBD of the entire beam
and calculate support reactions
using equilibrium equations

wL
L

wx = w x
2
2

Alternatively, V V A = w dx = wx
0

V = V A wx =
w
BM at any section: M =

Reactions at supports:

22

wL
R A = RB =
2

wL
L

wx = w x
2

wL
x w
x wx =
L x x2
2
2 2

Alternatively, M M A = Vdx
0

x
w
L

M = w x dx =
L x x2
2

0 2

Develop the relations between loading, shear force, and bending

moment and plot the SFD and BMD
ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

Hemant B Kaushik

M max =
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ME101 - Division I

wL2
8

Hemant B Kaushik

dM

Q M at
= V = 0
dx

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ME101 - Division I L09-L11

Beams SFD and BMD: Summary

Beams SFD and BMD: Example

2.5 m

3m

2m

Draw the SFD and BMD for the Beam

SFD

BMD
Area under SFD
w

Solution:

2m

SFD and BMD can be plotted without

determining support reactions since
it is a cantilever beam.
beam
However, values of SF and BM can be
verified at the support if support
reactions are known.
wa
w a
a w a
RC = 0 ; M C = 0 L = 0 (3L a )
2
2
3
6
ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

Hemant B Kaushik

l/2

2m

l/2

SFD
M

BMD

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ME101 - Division I

Hemant B Kaushik

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