Diaa Hamed Shaat

Mohammad Al- Bakheet

Ali Abu Al-Haj
Omar Rababah
Hala Al-Adwan

Machine Design Laboratory Semester Project

Supervised By Dr. Mohammad Dado

History and development of the walking beam

pumping units

Figure 1. The first Oil Pumping unit in History .. Interesting !

Figure 2. Figure 1. Lufkin pumping

unit from the early 1920s

Figure 3. The 1926 Lufkin Crank-Balanced

Pumping Unit is still in service
today with only slight modification.

Application and usage of beam pumping Units

When the pressure in an oil producing reservoir is

high, the oil flows naturally to the surface. However,
when the reservoir does not have enough pressure
to produce by natural energy, a means of Artificial
Lift is used to lift the oil from the reservoir to the
surface. Beam Pumping is the most common type
of artificial lift-some estimates claim that as many as
71 % of artificial lift wells are occupied with beam
pumps.
3

Figure 4. Usage percentages of oil Artificial left methods worldwide.

Source: world oil 2005.

Structure, Specifications, operation, and

classification of Beam Pumping systems

Figure 5. A diagrammatic drawing of a sucker rod pumping unit.

Specifications

Typical Values

Gear reducer output shaft speed (depending on well

characteristics and fluid properties)

4-40 rpm

Stroke lengths of conventional pumping units

12-200 in

Polished rod loads

3000-35000 Ib

 Operation of the Pumping unit:

The power from the prime mover is transmitted to the input shaft
of a gear reducer by a V-belt drive.
The output shaft of the gear reducer drives the crank arm at a
lower speed .The rotary motion of the crank arm is converted to an
oscillatory by means of the walking beam through a pitman arm.

The horses head and the hanger cable arrangement is used to

ensure that the upward pull on the sucker rod string is vertical at all
times (thus, no bending moment is applied to the stuffing box).
The polished rod and stuffing box combine to maintain a good
liquid seal at the surface and, thus, force fluid to flow into the T
connection just below the stuffing box.
7

Figure 6. Sketch of three types of

pumping units:
(a) conventional unit
(b) Lufkin Mark II Unit
(c) air-balanced unit

Position Analysis
The pumping unit can be modeled as a 4-bar mechanism.
Taking the loop ADE.
Mobility analysis shows that 1 input is required to control the
motion of the mechanism M = 3(L-1) 2J = 3(4-1) 2(4) = 1.

Assumptions:
1) The ground link AE equals 10 m at an angle 20 degrees
(d1= 10 m, = 20 degrees).
2) The length of the output link DE equals 7 m (d4 = 7m).
3) The pumping angle of the output link oscillates from -30 to 30
degrees (assuming a Grashofian mechanism).
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Figure 7. Sketch of the pumping unit.

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 Deriving the equation which relates theta 2 (input) with theta 4 (output):

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 Deriving the equation which relates theta 3 (walking beam) with theta 2
and theta 4:

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Dimensions of the pumping unit

From the geometric constrains of the upper and lower positions of

the output link, the lengths of the input crank AB (d2) , and the
pitman arm BD (d3) are determined.

Figure 8. The lower

limiting position

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Figure 9. The upper

limiting position

Note that d1 + d4 > d2 + d3 ; so it is a grashofian mechanism of the crank-rocker

type, which means the input does a full rotation and the output oscillates.

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Velocity Analysis
The equation which relates the velocity of the input and output
links is:

Note: the output link velocity is MAX when

= 180 degrees.
And = Zero at the limiting positions ( =
and
=
+ pi .
Assuming 14 stroke / min * 3.14 stroke length *6 m / 60 = 4.396
rad/sec = velocity of output walking beam. And the velocity of the
input crank = 29.4 rad/s.

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Masses of the beams

For beam 4 (the output) [ I cross section ].
D = 838 mm, B= 292 mm.
From the standard tables for steel:
Mass = 194 kg/m
Length of output link = 13 m
Then the Mass = 2522 kg

For beam 3 (the walking beam) [ Rectangular cross section ].

D = 300 mm, B= 10 mm.
From the standard tables for steel:
Mass = 23.6 kg/m
D
Length of walking beam link = 5.51 m
Then the Mass = 129.988 kg
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 For beam 2 (the input link) [ Rectangular cross section ].

D = 300 mm, B= 10 mm.
From the standard tables for steel:
Mass = 23.6 kg/m
Length of walking beam link = 2.17 m
Then the Mass = 51.3 kg

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Production Analysis and Rope Design

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Result

Value

Strokes / min

14

Barrel / day

1700

Stroke length

3.14 m

Stroke diameter

7.4 cm

Mass of oil

13670 N

Mass of barrel

1324.35 N

Mass of the rod

Neglected

Total force acting on the wire

15000 N

Barrel diameter

27.6 cm

Factor of safety

Stress acting on the wire section

22.1 Mpa

Production Analysis and Rope Design

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Production Analysis and Rope Design

Selecting the suitable rope and the material (lang lay 6*37) Manganese steel.

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Production Analysis and Rope Design

9 cm = the rope diameter

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Determining the life of the rod.

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Torque Calculations
Taking the critical position when the walking beam is Horizontal
to calculate the MOMENT required to be supplied by the motor.
At this position theta 2 = 171.77 deg, and theta 3 = 34.36 deg.
Taking a FBD of the walking beam; the force in link 3 (two force
member) is found to be 4230.223 N (compression).

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Torque Calculations

Taking a FBD of the input crank; the moment is found to be 21.5

KN.m

4230.223 N

2.1730 m

171.77deg
34.36 deg
10000 N

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Stress Analysis of the walking beam

Figure 10. Shear force diagram.

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Stress Analysis of the walking beam

Result

Value

Maximum Sear stress

+ 27.108 KN at 7 m

Second moment of area

2434380214 mm^4

First moment of area

3354188.298 mm^3

Web thickness

14 mm

= 2.6678 Mpa (maximum)

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Bearings selection

Calculation

Value

Fd

+ 27.108 KN / 2

Ld

8760 hour (yearly)

Nd

14 rpm

Lr

10^6

C10 = 26.36 KN

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Bearings selection

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Bearings selection

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Result

Value

2 bearings @ E

Bore = 40 mm

2 bearings @ D

Bore = 20 mm