Power Electronics Converters For Grid Intregrated Variable Speed - 1

A Switching Function Concept based Power Electronics Converters For
Grid Integrated Variable Speed Wind Turbine a)

A. Gaurav Singh Bhandari ,1,b) B. Dr.M Kowsalya ,1,b)
1
School of Electrical Engineering, VIT UNIVERSITY, Vellore, 632014, India
This paper represents dynamic modeling and simulation of variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) with and without grid
connection using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The variable speed wind turbine with singly fed induction generator (IG) and
power electronic converter with controller modeled for dynamic analysis. Component model and equations are
represented and implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Controllable power inverter switching function strategy is
applied for capturing maximum power under varying speed of wind turbine and controlled reactive power for voltage
regulation. Simulation studies give control performance analysis of a gearless VSWT under varying wind speeds.
I. INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy sources are widely used in industry to avoid pollution and for economic purpose. Solar energy used
for power generation using solar rays, hydro energy is used for power generation using waters hydrostatic energy; wind
energy is used for power generation using wind. Mostly wind energy is used for power generation purpose in comparison
with hydro and solar energy due to following reasons. Wind farm setup require small geographical area in comparison with
hydro power plant that effects in humans life, commercial user, residential area etc. wind energy can be obtained in day
and night in comparison with solar energy because solar energy is obtained in only day .
Variable speed operation yields 20 to 30 percent energy than the fixed speed operation, reduces power fluctuations and
improves reactive power supply. Falling prices of the power electronics have made the variable speed technology more
economic.
A variable speed wind turbine was modelled using PSS/E to facilitate the investigation of the impact of large amounts
of wind turbines on the behavior of an electric power system. The disadvantage is that the authors are not dealing with the
converter control [1, 2].. The purpose of this paper is to provide a dynamic performance and grid impact analysis capability
of a gearless VSWT based on mathematical equation using rectifier and inverter so that reactive power is controlled to
avoid losses and improves power quality and synchronization is possible to grid using Matlab/Simulink
II. MATLAB SIMULINK BASED MODELLING

Fig.1 re presents the proposed simulation model which consists of following components
(1): Wind speed model for generating wind speed that can be applied to the rotor.
(2): Wind turbine for converting the kinetic energy contained in wind that can be applied to the generator.
(3): Model of generator and converter for converting mechanical power into electric power and determining the rotor
speed.
(4): rotor speed controller for deriving a power set point from the rotor speed versus generator power control
characteristic, based on the actual rotor speed.
(5): voltage controller for keeping the terminal voltage near its reference value.
(6): protection system for limiting the converter current and for switching off the wind turbine when terminal voltage or
grid frequency deviation exceeds a specified value for a given time.
(7): switching function concept Power Electronics Control [3].
a)
b)
c)
A Switching Function Concept based Power Electronics Converter for Grid Integrated Variable Speed Wind Turbine.
Gaurav Singh Bhandari, Dr. M . Kowsalya, gauravusic09@gmail.com , mkowsalya@vit.ac.in .
School of Electrical Engineering, VIT UNIVERSITY, Vellore, 632014, India.
FIG. 1: Components proposed of simulation model
1. Wind Model
Wind speed is a combination of four components (gust speed, ramp speed, base speed, noise speed). Design of wind
speed is proposed in [7].
VWIND = VGUST + VRAMP + VBASE + VNOISE .
1. Gust Speed
Gust speed is sudden change in wind speed. It is given as:
t T1G
0
VGUST VCOS T1G < t < T1G + TG

0
t > T1G + TG
VCOS = MAXG
(1)
1- cos2 T T - T T
1G
(2)
TG = Gust Period in sec, T1G = Gust starting time in sec, MAXG = Gust peak in m/sec, t = Time in sec.
2. Ramp Speed
Ramp speed is continuous varies with time. It is given by:
t < T1R
0
VRAMP = VRAMP T1R < t < T2R

0
t > T2R
(3)
t - T2R
VRAMP = MAXR 1 m / sec

T
1R - T2R
(4)
T1R = Ramp starting time(s), T2R = Max time(s).
a)
b)
c)
3. Base Speed
Base Speed is constant speed. It is given as:
VBASE = KB
Where KB constant
(5)
4. Noise Speed
Noise Speed is continuous triangular wave or random variable with time. It is given as:
VNOISE = 2 i = 1 SV i COS it + i , t < 0

N
(6)
Where i = (i 1/2) , i = a random variable on time interval o to 2.
SV i
2KNF2 i
2 1 + Fi
(7)
3
Where: K N = Surface drag coefficient (0.004) F = Turbulence scale (2000), = Mean wind speed at reference height
2. Wind Turbine Design

Shaft Design of Turbine is given as following equations:
Mechanical Power extracted from wind:
Pm = CP , PW
(8)
PW = 0.5AVW3
(9)
= rRBlade
VW
CP , 0.44 - 0.0167 Sin
(10)
- 2
- 0.00184 - 2
13- 0.3
FIG. 2: Characteristics of (CP, )
a)
b)
c)
(11)
The Table I shows parameters entered for the user-defined wind turbine model.
TABLE I. Parameter of wind turbine
Pm
PW
Cp(, )
A(R2)
R
Vw
r
Rating of wind turbine
Mechanical power extracted from wind(W)

Kinetic energy contained in wind
Power coefficient of Turbine
Air density(kg/m3)=0.55kg/m3
Turbine swept area(m2)
Turbine Radius(m) = 36.5m
Tip speed ratio of the rotor blade tip speed to wind speed
Wind Speed(m/s), Nominal wind speed =12.35m/s
Generator Speed(RPM),Generator base speed= 2.018 rad/sec
2 MW
Blade Pitch Angle
Fig.2 represents characteristics of (Cp, ). From this fig power coefficient (CP) varies with increasing pitch angle (),
When pitch angle is at minimum value (0 Degree) at this value power coefficient (CP) goes to maximum value. After that
CP goes down with increasing value of . In broad manner we can say CP determines the efficiency of wind turbine.
Suppose Cp = 0.50, It means that 50% of wind energy is extracted using wind turbine and Turbine efficiency is 50
percentages.
3. Design of Induction Generator
Single fed induction generator is used for power generation purpose because it is very economical and low cost. The
two common reference frames used in the analysis of induction machine are the stationary and synchronously rotating
reference frames. Each has its own advantage for some purpose. In the stationary rotating reference, the dq variables of
the machine are in the same frame as those normally used for the supply network. It is convenient choice of frame when
supply network is large or complex design is proposed in [3], [4], and [7].
The Relationship between abc and qd0 quantities of a reference frame rotating at an angular speed , as shown in Fig 3.
The transformation equation from abc to this qd0 reference frame is given by:
FIG.3: Relationship between abc and qd0 Axis
fq
fa
fd Tqd0 fb

f0
fc
(12)
Where the variable f can be phase voltage, current, or flux linkage of machine. From fig.4 the transformation angle, (t),
between the q-axis of reference frame rotating at a speed of and the a-axis of stationary stator winding may be
expressed as:
a)
b)
c)
t t dt + 0 elect. rad.
(13)
Likewise, the rotor angle, r (t), between the axes of the stator and the rotor a-phase for a rotor winding with speed r (t)
may be expressed as:
t
r t r dt + 0 elect. rad.
(14)
The angle, (0) and r (0), are the initial values of these angles at beginning of time t, the qd0 transformation matrix, [T qd0
()] is given as:
cos
2
Tqd0 sin
3
1
Tqd0
cos
3
sin
3
1
2
cos
cos
3
cos +
cos +
sin +
sin
2
sin
3
sin +
(15)
(16)
The stationary reference frame is used so speed of reference frames () = 0 and = 0, Following steps is taken for
designing of Induction Generator:
Step.1: Transformation of stator phase voltage to qd0 stationary voltage by = 0.
s
v qs
s
v ds
2
1
1
vas - vbs - vcs
3
3
3
1
vcs - vbs
3
1
v0s = vas + vbs + vcs
3
(17)
(18)
Step.2: Transformation of rotor phase voltage to qd0 stationary voltage.
vqr vsqs cos r t + vsds sin r t

vdr vsds cos r t - vsqs sin r t
Step.3: Transformation of flux linkage () and current of stator and rotor axis to qd0 axes.
a)
b)
c)
(19)
rs
sqs b vsqs smq - sqs dt

xls
(20)
rs
sds b vsds
smd - sds dt
xls
(21)
b
v0s - i0s rs dt
xls
i0s =
(22)
r
rr
qr b vqr dr smq - qr
b
xlr
r
rr
dr b vdr qr smd - dr
b
xlr
dt
dt
b
v0r - i0r rr dt
xlr
i0r =
i
s
qs
i qr
sqs - smq
xls
- smq
Where
s
mq
r
q
xlr
(23)
(24)
sds - smd
, i
xls
s
ds
(25)
r - s
, i dr d md
xlr
1
1
1 1

xM xm xls xlr
(26)
sqs qr s
sds rd
xM
+
, xM
+
xls xlr md
xls xlr
(27)
Step.4: Electromagnetic torque (T em) equation is expressed as:
3 P
sds isqs - sqs isds N .m.
2 2b
d r
b Tem + Tmech - Tdamp in per unit
And Speed is given by: 2H
dt
Tem =
(28)
(29)
from equation (20, 21) represents transformation flux linkage of stator axis to qd0 axis. Equation (23) represents
transformation rotor flux linkage to qd0 axis, Equation (22, 24) represents zero sequence current is stator and rotor axis,
Equation (25) represents transformation stator and rotor current to qd0 axis, Equation (27) represents magnetizing flux
linkage in q and d axis .
The Table II shows parameters entered for the user-defined wind turbine model.
a)
b)
c)
TABLE II: Parameter of Induction Generator
Stator Resistance (rs)

Stator Leakage and Rotor leakage inductance (Lls = Llr,)
Magnetic Inductance (Lm)
Rotor Resistance (rr)
Number of pole
Frequency
Rotor Inertia (Jrotor)
Inertia Constant (H)
Damping Constant (D)
3.35
6.94mH
163.73mH
1.99
4
60HZ
0.1kg/m2
5.04
0
.
4. Design of Three Phase Uncontrolled Rectifier
The three-phase uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier converts input ac power into the output dc one. Typical DB
circuits are shown in Fig.5 [5]. Since the diodes are uncontrolled devices, the time instant of each switch is determined by
the circuit condition, in contrast to controlled rectifier units based on thyristors or transistors. From Fig.4 After rectifier LC
filter is used so output is pure dc voltage. Hence the development will be based on the non-switching model, as detailed
below.
Non Switching Model: Under the balanced conditions, the three-phase sinusoidal voltages at ac side terminals Va, Vb
and Vc can be written as follows:
cos t +
Va
Vabc = Vb Vm cos t +
3
Vc
cos t + +
FIG. 4: Three Phase Diode Bridge
Where Vm = voltage magnitude, = initial phase angle

Under this set of voltages, the fundamental of switching functions thus can be expressed as:
a)
b)
c)
(30)
cos t +
S a
2 3
2
Sabc = Sb
cos t +

3
Sc

2
cos t + +
(31)
As it is seen from (25) and (26), the switching function fundamental components are in phase with input terminal voltage
for this rectifier type. The input-output relationships of the DB rectifier are given as:
VDC = STabc Vabc

Iabc = Ia Ib Ic Sabc IDC
T
(32)
5. Design of Three Phase Inverter

Figure 5 shows the circuit configuration of voltage source inverter. From this figure designing input and output
variable using switching function concept. Inverter acts on two mode of conduction. Design is proposed in [6].
Relationship between input and output variables is given as:
Vab
Vbc
Iin = TF. Ia
Vca TF .Vd
Ib
(33)
Where Vab, Vbc, Vca is Output Voltage, Iin is input current and Ia, Ib, Ic is o/p current. TF is transfer function of VSI.
Generally transfer function consists of several switching function is given as:
TF = SF1 SF2 SF3 .............
(34)
FIG. 5: Three phase Inverter
In order to define the switching functions SPWM technique is applied as control strategy. Based on SPWM two switching
function (SF1,SF2) is designing for inverter modeling.SF1 is used to express the (Va0,Vb0,Vc0) and calculated the inverter
line to line voltage(Vab, Vbc, Vca) and phase voltage (Van, Vbn, Vcn). SF2 is designed for voltage across switch and load
a)
b)
c)
current (Ia, Ib, Ic). In SPWM Block Vtri (carrier wave) is compared with (Sine wave) and generate SF1-a, SF1-b, SF1-c
(switching function of SF1).Using switching function SF1-abc the voltage (Va0, Vb0, Vc0) is obtained. Equation is given as:
Vd
.SF 1 - a
2
Vd
Vb0 =
.SF 1 - b
2
Vd
Vc0 =
.SF 1 - c
2
Va0 =
(35)
Inverter line to line voltage is given as:
Vab = Va0 - Vb0, Vbc = Vb0 - Vc0, Vca = Vc0 - Va0
(36)
Inverter natural voltage (Vn0) and phase voltage (Van, Vbn, Vcn) is given as :
1
Va0 + Vb0 + Vc0
3
Van = Va0 - Vn0 , Vbn = Vb0 - Vn0, Vcn = Vc0 - Vn0
Vn0 =
(37)
Load current (Ia, Ib, Ic) is given as:
Ia =
Van
Vbn
Vcn
, Ib =
, Ic =
R + JL
R + JL
R + JL
(38)
6. Power Electronics Control

. The entire VSI control scheme is presented in Fig. 6. Main control targets are the desired real and reactive power, P ref
and Qref to be followed by actual active and reactive power, P inv and Qinv the desired values are specified according to
power Control strategy of the VSWT. The strategy is to capture the maximum energy from varying wind speed while
maintaining Reactive power generation for constant power factor or voltage regulation. Once the target values are
determined, dq transformation control is applied to enable real and reactive component of ac output power to be
separately controlled. The basic concept of dq control is as follows: variables in the abc coordinate may be
transformed into those in the dq coordinate rotating at synchronous speed by the rotational dq transformation matrix is
given in equation 15.
In a balanced three phase system, the instantaneous active and reactive power (Pinv, Qinv) is given by:
Pinv =
3
3
VdId + VqIq , Qinv = VdIq - VqId
2
2
(39)
Through proportional-integral (PI) control gains, errors between Pref and Pinv and between Qref and Qin (depending
on reactive power control mode) in Fig.6 are processed into the q and d axis reference Current Iq_ref and Id_ref, respectively,
which are transformed into the a, b and c axis reference current Ia_ref, Ib_ref and Ic_ref by the dq to abc transformation block.
The phase-lock loop (PLL) block generates a signal synchronized in phase to the inverter output voltage Va to provide
the reference phase angle ref for the rotational inverse dq transformation T ()-1. When the desired currents on the ABC
frame are set, a pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is applied because of its simplicity and excellent performance.
In the PWM generator block, the desired current vector Iabc_ref and the actual current vector Iabc of the VSWT are
compared. The error signal vector Ierror is compared with a triangle waveform vector to create switching signals for the six
IGBTs of the VSI. Iq_upper and Iq_lower are usually set at 1.1 to 1.5 times the VSIs rated current to protect the system from
excessive heating. Upper and lower limit of Q-axis current is given as:
Iq_upper = 0.82 [kA], Iq_lower = -0.82 [kA
a)
b)
c)
FIG. 6: Current Control Schemes of VSI
Maximum power is obtained by varying the turbine speed with wind speed such that it is on the track of the maximum
power curve PMAX at all times. One reliable way of capturing the maximum power is to specify the desired real power Pref
of the inverter as the available maximum power multiplied by the system efficiency as given in (40):
PMMAX
CMAX
1
R 5 P3 3M
2
OPT
(40)
Pref = P
MAX
M
Qref = Pref.
1- PF2
PF
(41)
7. Design of PID Controller

PID controller designing can be done by Ziegler Nichols Method. Following steps are taken for designing.
At controller, select P-Controller (set derivative and integral terms to zero).
Tune P-Controller from minimum until controlled variable encounters harmonic oscillations.
Take down the final P value as ultimate gain, K and find the time period for one oscillation as ultimate time period T.
FIG. 7: Sustain Oscillation

a)
b)
c)
TABLE III: PID values
Controller
P only
PI
PID
P
0.5*K
0.45*K
0.6*K
I
0.833*T
0.5*T
D
0.125*T
III. SIMULATION STUDY

Simulation model is given in figure.8. It consist four models (wind model, Induction Generator, Three Phase Diode
Rectifier, Three Phase Inverter). Wind model for generating wind speed, wind turbine for generating mechanical torque
that drives Induction Generator. IG Model for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, three phase diode
rectifier for converting AC to DC. Three phase Inverter Modelling for converting DC to AC Voltage. Converter and
Inverter are used for synchronizing with power grid so that improve power quality and reduce harmonics (THD-total
harmonic distortion) and increased efficiency is modelled using MATLAB /SIMULINK. Firstly we are designing open
loop control and then for closed loop control.
A. Open Loop Control
FIG. 8: Open Loop Control
FIG.9: Speed, Ramp speed, Gust Speed and Noise Speed (m/sec)
a)
b)
c)
FIG. 10: Wind Speed (m/sec)
B. Performance Tests under Varying Wind Speed

TABLE IV: Cp (, ) Characteristic Curve
a)
b)
c)
Tip speed ()
Cp(, ) for Pitch Angle ( = 0 Degree)
0.5
2.5
4.0
5.84
6.96
7.92
8.6
9.59
11.75
12.35
13.56
15.71
17.61
20
21
22
0.035
0.10
0.13
0.2413
0.3311
0.3925
0.4307
0.46
0.488 - CP-MAX
0.4855
0.4706
0.4211
0.2942
0.1011
-0.05
-0.1
FIG. 11: Cp (, ) graph, PW (Wind Power in Watt), Mechanical Power (Pmech in Watt), Mechanical Torque (Tmech in Pu).
Wind Turbine rating is 2MW.From Fig.10 Wind speed is varying from 3.5m/sec (cut in speed) to 11.35 m/sec .This speed
is below base speed (12.35m/sec).Using simulation tool control wind speed for capturing maximum power from wind
turbine
From Fig. 11 Cp is 0.488 at = 11.75 it means efficiency of wind turbine is 48.8% (48.8 of wind energy is extracted from
wind turbine) after increasing lambda ( )power goes down. From Fig.11 950 KW Mechanical power is generated that is
(48.8% of Wind turbine rating), Mechanical Torque is below base torque.
a)
b)
c)
FIG. 12: Input Voltage (V), dq axis Voltage (V), Output Voltage (V)
From Fig.12 represent the three phase input voltage (220 V) is given to Induction Generator at 60 Hz. From design point
of view convert 3- phase (abc) to 2- phase (dq0) using reference frame transformation theory and next transform dq
generated voltage into three phase generated voltage.
FIG. 13: Output Current (Amp), Rotor Speed (Pu), Electromagnetic Torque (Tem in Pu).
From Fig.13 represent three phase output current for load resistance (3) as we know that induction motor work as
generator for negative slip. In negative slip Rotor speed lies above synchronous speed and electromagnetic torque should
be negative .From fig initially Tem is positive and r lies below base speed after that Tem is going negative and r is
increasing above base speed .
a)
b)
c)
FIG. 14: Rectified Voltage (Vd in Volt), Rectified Current (Id in amp).
FIG. 15: (a). Carrier wave, Sine Wave (A, B, C) (b).SF1-A, SF1-B, SF1-C.
From Fig.15 represent generation of pulse (SF1-A, SF1-B, SF1-C) using SPWM as we know that each switch in inverter
is conducted at 120 degree. Based on this strategy Compare three sine wave (A,B,C) having phase difference 120
degree with carrier wave having frequency (1kHz) and generate three pulse (SF1-A, SF1-B, SF1-C) for controlling
conduction of inverter. Based on equation generate inverter line to line and phase voltage.
a)
b)
c)
FIG. 16: Inverter Phase Voltage (Van, Vbn, Vcn in Volt), Inverter Load Current ((Ia, Ib, Ic for RL Load).
FIG. 17: THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) without Controller
a)
b)
c)
C. Closed loop Control
FIG. 18: Closed Loop Control
Closed loop control is designed using Fig.6 Control Strategy
FIG. 19: P_REF, Q_REF
a)
b)
c)
FIG. 20: Active Power of inverter (Pinv), reactive Power of inverter (Qinv) without controller
From Fig.20 Reactive power of Inverter is increasing , more harmonics is introduced in system so resultant useful power
(Active Power) is less here no controller is used, next to improve power quality (increasing Active Power) using Control
Strategy is given as Fig. 18.
FIG. 21: With PI Controller. (a) Current, (b) Inverter Phase Voltage (V an, Vbn, Vcn), (c) Active power (Pinv), (d) Reactive Power
(Qinv).
a)
b)
c)
Here K = 0.1, T = 0.018. So for PI controller K p =0.045, KI = 0.014994. From Fig.22 Active Power of inverter (Pinv) is
increasing and reactive Power (Qinv) is decreasing so resultant power quality is improved. Suppose comparing Phase
Voltage without controller in Fig.16 and with controller in Fig. 21,
We can see that phase voltage contains more harmonics and current not so uniform (initially certain distortion occurs)
In Fig. 16 (without controller), But phase voltage contains less harmonics and current waveforms are uniform in Fig. 21
(with controller), so resultant Power Quality is improved is given as Fig. 22.
FIG. 22: THD with Controller
Fig. 22 represents THD with controller, suppose comparing THD without Controller (Fig.17) and with controller (Fig.22),
from here THD is decreasing with Controller than THD without Controller. So resultant Power quality is improving.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper we are analyzing VSWT performance in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Models of the subsystems of which a
variable speed wind turbine consists were developed and practical values for the various parameters were given. It was
concluded that both theoretical considerations and experimental evidence justify the representation of the two most
important variable-speed wind turbine concepts with the same model in power system dynamics simulations. The
integration of the developed model into a power system dynamics simulation using Matlab /Simulink was discussed and
simulation results that were obtained with the derived model were analyzed.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Authors would like to thank VIT UNIVERSITY, Vellore for providing significant support under research.
VI. REFERENCES
1
Seul-Ki Kim and Eung-Sang Kim, PSCAD/EMTDC- Based Modelling and Analysis of a Gearless Variable Speed
Wind Turbine, IEEE Trans. On Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2007).
2
J. G. Slootweg, S. W. H. de Haan, H. Polinder and W. L. Kling, General Model for Representing Variable Speed
Wind, Turbines in Power System Dynamics Simulations, IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, VOL. 18, NO. 1, (2003).
3
Narayan Prasad Gupta, Preeti Gupta and Dr. Deepika Masand, Power Quality Improvement Using Hybrid Active
Power Filter for A DFIG Based Wind Energy Conversion System, Nirma University International Conference On
Engineering, (2012).
4
Yuya Izumi, Alok Pratap, Kosuke Uchida, Akie Uehara, Tomonobu Senjyuand, and Atsushi Yona , A Control Method
for Maximum Power Point Tracking of a PMSG-Based WECS using Online Parameter Identification of Wind Turbine,
IEEE PEDS, ( 2011).
a)
b)
c)
Masaaki Sakui and Hiroshi Fujita, An Analytical Method for Calculating Harmonic Currents of a Three- phase DiodeBridge Rectifier with dc Filter, IEEE Trans .On Power Electronics, VOL. 9, NO. 6, (1994).
6
Byoung-Kuk Lee, Mehrdad Ehsani, A Simplified Functional Simulation Model for Three-Phase Voltage-Source
Inverter Using Switching Function Concept, IEEE Trans. On Industrial Electronics, VOL. 48, NO. 2, (2001).
7
P. M. Anderson, Anjan Bose, STABILITY SIMULATION OF WIND TURBINE SYSTEMS,IEEE Transactions on

Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-102, No. 12, (1983).
8
Chee Mun Ong Dynamic Simulation of Electric Machinery Using MATLAB/SIMULINK West Lafayette, Indiana,
Purdue University, pp. 167 243.
a)
b)
c)

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A Switching Function Concept based Power Electronics Converters For

Grid Integrated Variable Speed Wind Turbine a)

School of Electrical Engineering, VIT UNIVERSITY, Vellore, 632014, India

II. MATLAB SIMULINK BASED MODELLING

FIG. 1: Components proposed of simulation model

VGUST VCOS T1G < t < T1G + TG

VRAMP = VRAMP T1R < t < T2R

VRAMP = MAXR 1 m / sec

T1R = Ramp starting time(s), T2R = Max time(s).

VNOISE = 2 i = 1 SV i COS it + i , t < 0

Where i = (i 1/2) , i = a random variable on time interval o to 2.

2. Wind Turbine Design

CP , 0.44 - 0.0167 Sin

FIG. 2: Characteristics of (CP, )

Mechanical power extracted from wind(W)

FIG.3: Relationship between abc and qd0 Axis

Step.2: Transformation of rotor phase voltage to qd0 stationary voltage.

vqr vsqs cos r t + vsds sin r t

sqs b vsqs smq - sqs dt

Step.4: Electromagnetic torque (T em) equation is expressed as:

TABLE II: Parameter of Induction Generator

Stator Resistance (rs)

FIG. 4: Three Phase Diode Bridge

Where Vm = voltage magnitude, = initial phase angle

VDC = STabc Vabc

5. Design of Three Phase Inverter

TF = SF1 SF2 SF3 .............

FIG. 5: Three phase Inverter

Inverter line to line voltage is given as:

Vab = Va0 - Vb0, Vbc = Vb0 - Vc0, Vca = Vc0 - Va0

Load current (Ia, Ib, Ic) is given as:

6. Power Electronics Control

FIG. 6: Current Control Schemes of VSI

7. Design of PID Controller

FIG. 7: Sustain Oscillation

TABLE III: PID values

III. SIMULATION STUDY

FIG. 8: Open Loop Control

FIG. 10: Wind Speed (m/sec)

B. Performance Tests under Varying Wind Speed

Cp(, ) for Pitch Angle ( = 0 Degree)

FIG. 17: THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) without Controller

C. Closed loop Control

FIG. 18: Closed Loop Control

Closed loop control is designed using Fig.6 Control Strategy

FIG. 19: P_REF, Q_REF

FIG. 22: THD with Controller

P. M. Anderson, Anjan Bose, STABILITY SIMULATION OF WIND TURBINE SYSTEMS,IEEE Transactions on

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