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8/5/2014
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1.Introduction to Testing
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2.SDLC and STLC
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3.Testing as a career
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4.Qualities of a Tester
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5.Database Concepts
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6.Data Query Language
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7.DDL, DML & TCL
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8.Single Row, Aggregate / Group functions in SQL
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9.Categories of testing
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10.Testing Techniques
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11.Levels of testing & test cases
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12.Defect Management
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13.Automation Testing
1.Introduction to Testing
Objective
Introduction to Software Testing
Importance of Software Testing
What is testing?
A procedure for critical evaluation or a means of determining the presence, quality, or genuineness of something is termed as testing. In general,
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IEEE Definition
Software testing is the process of analysing a software item to detect the differences between existing and required conditions (that is, bugs) and
to evaluate the features of the software item.
Importance of Software Testing
A clever person solves a problem. A wise person avoids it.
Albert Einstein
Why is testing necessary?
Complexity of software makes it error prone
Untested or weakly tested software can cause losses in real life.
To learn about reliability of software
To stay in business
Software testing answers questions that development and code reviews cannot.
Does it really work as expected?
Does it meet the users requirements?
Is it what the users expect?
Do the users like it?
Is it compatible with our other systems?
How does it perform?
How does it scale when more users are added?
Which areas need more work?
Is it ready for release?
Examples of Importance of Software Testing.
ISRO calls off GSLV launch after fuel leak.
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Because of the final flight test ISRO could identify the problem and called off the launch and thus saved millions and millions of RS
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-calls-off-gslv-launch-after-fuel-leak/article5038402.ece
NASA Mars Polar Lander
NASA Mars Polar Lander 1999 Malfunction due to an unexpected setting of a single data bit
Disneys Lion King
Disneys Lion King 1994 1995- The software did not work on the most common systems that the public had
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1.Introduction to Testing
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2.SDLC and STLC
Q
3.Testing as a career
Q
4.Qualities of a Tester
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5.Database Concepts
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6.Data Query Language
Q
7.DDL, DML & TCL
Q
8.Single Row, Aggregate / Group functions in SQL
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9.Categories of testing
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10.Testing Techniques
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11.Levels of testing & test cases
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12.Defect Management
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13.Automation Testing
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STLC Phases
2.1
2.2
SDLC Models
2.3
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1.Introduction to Testing
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2.SDLC and STLC
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3.Testing as a career
Q
4.Qualities of a Tester
Q
5.Database Concepts
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6.Data Query Language
Q
7.DDL, DML & TCL
Q
8.Single Row, Aggregate / Group functions in SQL
Q
9.Categories of testing
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10.Testing Techniques
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11.Levels of testing & test cases
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12.Defect Management
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13.Automation Testing
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The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process.
It consists of a detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain, replace and alter or enhance specific software.
The life cycle defines a methodology for improving the quality of software and the overall development process.
The following picture depicts the phases that are part of a development cycle.
Requirements Gathering
A Software Requirement Specification or SRS is a document which records expected behavior of the system or software which needs to be
developed.
Design
Software design is the blueprint of the system, which once completed can be provided to developers for code development.
Based on the components in design, they are translated into software modules/functions/libraries, etc and these pieces together form a software
system.
Coding
During this phase, the blueprint of the software is turned to reality by developing the source code of the entire application.
Time taken to complete the development depends on the size of the application and number of programmers involved.
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1.Introduction to Testing
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5.Database Concepts
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6.Data Query Language
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7.DDL, DML & TCL
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8.Single Row, Aggregate / Group functions in SQL
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9.Categories of testing
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10.Testing Techniques
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11.Levels of testing & test cases
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12.Defect Management
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13.Automation Testing
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Waterfall Model
In the Waterfall model, the different phases of the software development life cycle are explicitly recognized as mentioned in picture below: .
In this model, the project takes a straight line path.Since different phases are explicitly recognized,the finalisation of the Contract is seen with
reference to delivery and payment schedules of different phases.
The waterfall model is the oldest and most widely used in software development life cycle. It is also known as sequential model. Each phase must be
completed before the next phase begins. At the end of each review takes place to determine if the project is on the right track or not.
Since requirement validation is not done in an explicit manner,it may result in design and development of large quantities of unusable code. It may
also result in extensive rework later,as document-driven standards, force elaborate specifications of poorly understood user interfaces and decisionsupport functions.
Advantages
Below are some of the advantages of the Waterfall Model
Simple and easy to use.
Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model each phase has specific deliverable and a review process.
Phases are processed and completed one at a time.
Works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood.
Disadvantages
Adjusting scope during the life cycle can kill a project
No working software is produced until late during the life cycle.
High amounts of risk and uncertainty.
Poor model for complex and object-oriented projects.
Poor model where requirements are at a moderate to high risk of changing.
V-Model
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V- model is a sequential path of execution of processes. Each phase must be completed before the next phase begins. Testing is emphasized in this
model more so than the waterfall model though. The testing procedures are developed early in the life cycle before any coding is done, during each
of the phases preceding implementation. Testing of the product is planned in parallel with a corresponding phase of development.
Advantages
Simple and easy to use
Each phase has specific deliverable
Higher chance of success over the waterfall model due to the development of test plans early on during the life cycle
Works well for where requirements are easily understood
Disadvantages
Very inflexible, like the waterfall model
Little flexibility and adjusting scope is difficult and expensive
Software is developed during the implementation phase, so no early prototypes of the software are produced
Model does not provide a clear path for problems found during testing phases
The basic idea behind this model is that you start on a small scale,in the middle of the core functionality, explore the risks (such as poorly
understood requirements and architecture, potential performance problems, problems in underlying technology etc.) and then make a plan to
handle the risks. This should be followed by a commitment to approach, for the next iteration. Each iteration moves your project to a larger scale.
One layer of the project is rolled first, to check what was actually wanted, and then, work on the next layer is started.
Each iteration involves the following steps:
- To determine objectives, alternatives and constraints
- To identify and resolve risks
- To evaluate alternatives
- To develop the deliverables for that iteration, and to verify their correctness
- To plan the next iteration
- To commit to an approach for the next iteration
Advantages
Good for large projects and also for medium to high risk projects
High amount of risk analysis hence avoidance of risk is enhanced
String approval and documentation control
Additional functionality can be added at a later date
Software is produced early in the software life cycle.
Disadvantages
Can be a costly model to use.
Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise.
Projects success is highly dependent on the risk analysis phase.
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Incremental model
The whole requirement is divided into various builds. Multiple development cycles make the life cycle a multi-waterfall cycle. Cycles are divided up
into smaller, more easily managed modules. Each module passes through the requirements, design, implementation and testing phases. A working
version of software is produced during the first module. Each subsequent release of the module adds function to the previous release. The process
continues till the complete system is achieved
Advantages
Generates working software quickly and early during the software life cycle.
More flexible less costly to change scope and requirements.
Easier to test and debug during a smaller iteration.
Customer can respond to each built.
Lowers initial delivery cost.
Easier to manage risk because risky pieces are identified and handled during each iteration.
Disadvantages
Needs good planning and design.
Needs a clear and complete definition of the whole system before it can be broken down and built incrementally.
Expensive than waterfall model
Agile Model
Agile model is also a type of Incremental model which is used for time critical applications. Software is developed in incremental, rapid cycles. This
results in small incremental releases with each release building on previous functionality. Each release is thoroughly tested to ensure software
quality is maintained. Extreme Programming (XP), Scrum are some of the most well known agile development model
https://help.rallydev.com/sites/default/files/multimedia/videos/agile_primer.swf
Advantages
People and interactions are emphasized rather than process and tools. Customers, developers and testers constantly interact with each
other.
Working software is delivered frequently (weeks rather than months).
Face-to-face conversation is the best form of communication.
Close, daily cooperation between business people and developers.
Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design.
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Different software development models have their own advantages and disadvantages. The right model or combination of models has to be chosen
based on the project and all other related factors.
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SANGEETA DUTTA
What does "string approval and documentation control" mean as written as an advantage of the spiral model?
Thanks in advance :)
about 23 hours ago
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1.Introduction to Testing
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2.SDLC and STLC
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4.Qualities of a Tester
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5.Database Concepts
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6.Data Query Language
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7.DDL, DML & TCL
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9.Categories of testing
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10.Testing Techniques
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11.Levels of testing & test cases
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12.Defect Management
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13.Automation Testing
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2.3. Introduction to Software Testing Life Cycle
The process of testing a software in a well-planned and systematic way is known as Software testing life cycle (STLC)
Software testing life cycle is an integral part of the software development life cycle.
The overall aspect of STLC phase deals with testing and rectifying any error code generating within the program under various test conditions.
In STLC process, different activities are carried out to improve the quality of the product.
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STLC Phases
Requirement Analysis
During this phase, test team studies the requirements from a testing point of view to identify the testable requirements. The QA team may interact
with various stakeholders (Client, Business Analyst, Technical Leads, System Architects, etc) to understand the requirements in detail. Requirements
could be either Functional (defining what the software must do) or Non Functional (defining system performance /security availability). Automation
feasibility for the given testing project is also done in this stage.
Activities:
Identify types of tests to be performed.
Gather details about testing priorities and focus.
Prepare Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM).
Identify test environment details where testing is supposed to be carried out.
Automation feasibility analysis (if required).
Deliverables:
RTM
Automation feasibility report. (if applicable)
Test Planning
This phase is also called Test Strategy phase. Typically, in this stage, a Senior QA manager will determine effort and cost estimates for the project
and would prepare and finalize the Test Plan.
Activities:
Preparation of test plan/strategy document for various types of testing
Test tool selection
Test effort estimation
Resource planning and determining roles and responsibilities.
Training requirement
Deliverables:
Test plan /strategy document.
Effort estimation document.
Test Design
This phase involves creation, verification and rework of test cases & test scripts. Test data, is identified/created and is reviewed and then reworked
as well.
Activities:
Create test cases, automation scripts (if applicable)
Review and baseline test cases and scripts
Create test data (If Test Environment is available)
Deliverables:
Test cases/scripts
Test data
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given environment.
Activities:
Understand the required architecture, environment set-up and prepare hardware and software requirement list for the Test Environment.
Setup test Environment and test data
Perform smoke test on the build
Deliverables:
Environment ready with test data set up
Smoke Test Results.
Test Execution
During this phase test team will carry out the testing based on the test plans and the test cases prepared. Bugs will be reported back to the
development team for correction and retesting will be performed.
Activities:
Execute tests as per plan.
Document test results and log defects for failed cases
Map defects to test cases in RTM
Retest the defect fixes
Track the defects to closure
Deliverables:
Completed RTM with execution status
Execute tests as per plan.
Test cases updated with results
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What is the meaning of Automation Feasibility?
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INDERJEET KAUR
Feasibility analysis in automation testing refers to a checklist on basis of which we can decide that we should
proceed with the automation of the test cases or not.
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6.Data Query Language
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7.DDL, DML & TCL
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8.Single Row, Aggregate / Group functions in SQL
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9.Categories of testing
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10.Testing Techniques
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11.Levels of testing & test cases
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12.Defect Management
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13.Automation Testing
3.Testing as a career
Objective
Need for Testing as a separate stream
Testing as a profession
Building career in testing
Professional certifications in testing
Roles and Responsibilities
Latest trends in Testing
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Course Content
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
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7.DDL, DML & TCL
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The Reality:
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There are no doubts yet
Closed Doubts
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7.DDL, DML & TCL
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6.Data Query Language
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MAYUR SAPRE
what is the purpose of assurance academy..??
about 1 day ago
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1.Introduction to Testing
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4.Qualities of a Tester
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5.Database Concepts
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6.Data Query Language
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7.DDL, DML & TCL
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8.Single Row, Aggregate / Group functions in SQL
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9.Categories of testing
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10.Testing Techniques
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11.Levels of testing & test cases
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12.Defect Management
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13.Automation Testing
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Prepare high level test scenarios based on business scenarios and requirements
Analyze requirements for accuracy and completeness from a business perspective
Review high level test scenarios prepared
Test Consultant
Assess testing processes and recommend improvement action plan
Prepare assessment plan and coordinate with the project/programme stakeholders
Pre-sales/ business development
Test Automation Consultant
Automation feasibility analysis and tool evaluation
Automation approach and roadmap
Pre-sales/ business development
Creation of assets
Product review/ keep abreast of developments in product space
Test Center Delivery Manager
End-to-end management of testing delivery for multiple projects / initiatives
Identify and monitor issues, risks and concerns at test centre level
Reporting to Customer Management
Establish Client expectations
End-to-end management of testing delivery
Identify and monitor issues, risks and concerns at test centre level
Reporting to Customer Management
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SANGEETA DUTTA
Is there any difference between test strategy and test plan ??
Thanks in advance!
about 12 hours ago
SHABANA FATHIMA
yeah there is.
test plan is the way you want to carry out testing.
test strategy gives you idea of how your testing process is progessing.it gives you an overall view of testing and
defects.
ARAVINDAN KRRISHNAN
sir,
thank you for the comprehensive explanation of the testing hairarchy,but i would like to know what designation we will be
given as soon as we finish our training.
about 23 days ago
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1.Introduction to Testing
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6.Data Query Language
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9.Categories of testing
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10.Testing Techniques
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11.Levels of testing & test cases
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12.Defect Management
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13.Automation Testing
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3.5. Latest trends in Testing
Some of the major trends in software testing are as follows.
Mobile Usability testing
Client side performance testing
Automated cross browser testing
Mobile performance testing
Exploratory Testing
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What is Automated Cross browser testing?
about 2 days ago
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9.Categories of testing
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10.Testing Techniques
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11.Levels of testing & test cases
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12.Defect Management
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13.Automation Testing
4.Qualities of a Tester
Objective
Attributes to become a good Tester
Not just anyone can claim to be an exceptional software tester. Software testing requires a unique skill set, and the best software testers are the
ones that continuously strive to expand their knowledge and hone their testing strategies. In short, good testers always want to get better.
A Great Tester is one who wants to know more than the developers know to have that breaking edge.
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1.Introduction to Testing
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5.Database Concepts
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6.Data Query Language
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7.DDL, DML & TCL
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8.Single Row, Aggregate / Group functions in SQL
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9.Categories of testing
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10.Testing Techniques
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11.Levels of testing & test cases
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12.Defect Management
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13.Automation Testing
5.Database Concepts
Objective
Introduction
Database Management System
Traditional Data Processing System
Need of a Database Management System
Types of DBMS
Relational Database Management System Terminology
Keys
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Related Videos
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Types of DBMS
5.3
RDBMS terms
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1.Introduction to Testing
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4.Qualities of a Tester
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5.Database Concepts
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6.Data Query Language
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7.DDL, DML & TCL
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8.Single Row, Aggregate / Group functions in SQL
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9.Categories of testing
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10.Testing Techniques
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11.Levels of testing & test cases
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12.Defect Management
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13.Automation Testing
5.1. Introduction
What is a data ?
Any factual information in raw and disorganized form is called data.
What is a database?
A database is a collection of related data organized in a way that data can be easily accessed ,managed and updated.
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5.3. RDBMS terms
Relation:
The Relation is a collection of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.
Tuple:
A tuple, also called a row of data, is each individual entry that exists in a table.
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Fields:
Every table is broken up into smaller entities called fields.
A field is a column in a table that is designed to maintain specific information about every record in the table.
Keys in DBMS
Keys are used to establish and identify relation between tables
Super Key:
A Super key is any combination of fields within a table that uniquely identifies each record within that table.
Candidate Key:
1. A candidate is a subset of a super key.
2. A candidate key is a single field or the least combination of fields that uniquely identifies each record in the table.
3. The least combination of fields distinguishes a candidate key from a super key.
Primary key:
1. A primary key is a candidate key that is most appropriate to be the main reference key for the table.
2. It is a key that uniquely identifies a record in a table.
Foreign key:
1. A foreign key is the field that generally references values from primary key field of other table
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SIKRUTI MOHANTY
what is the difference between a super key and candidate key?
about 3 hours ago
VINEET JINDAL
Here it is given that
A Super key is any combination of fields within a table that uniquely identifies each record within that table.
In one book I read that A super key is a combination of all the fields within the table that uniquely identifies each record
within that table.
Which one is correct??
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NARENDRA BOYANAPALLI
I think a super key is any combination of fields within a table that uniquely identifies each record in that table
because a table can have more than one super key. And all fields combined together can form only one super key
for each table.
ANITA JAS
A super key is a combination of one or more fields which uniquely identifies each record in a table. For example,
we have three fields namely customer_id, customer_name, customer_address.
customer_id is super key as it uniquely identifies each customer. customer_name cannot be a super key as two
customers can have the same name. But <customer_name, customer_address> form a super key as can
uniquely identify a customer. Also, <customer_id, customer_name, customer_address> all these fields when
taken together definitely forms a super key as it can uniquely identify a customer.
So a super key contains one, more than one or ALL the fields. Its quite obvious that if all the fields are taken
together, it will definitely form a super key!!!
PRASANT SUKUMAR
What does the unloaded image between the "Foreign key" para and the "related videos" mean ?Upon clicking that image,it
opens a new tab for a quiz on the topic "Introduction to Java". Am i supposed to take that test? If yes,then where can i find
the study materials for the same?
about 22 days ago
SURYATEJA AMARA
same doubt.
INDERJEET KAUR
same doubt
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Course Content
6.1
Introduction to SQL
6.2
6.3
6.4
DISTINCT Keyword
6.5
ORDER BY Clause
6.6
GROUP BY Clause
6.7
Concatenation Operator
6.8
Column Alias
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selected.
Selection means selecting set of rows from a table. In the below table, 3 rows marked with yellow colour suggesting that those rows are selected.
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The above query displays only id, name and salary columns from customer_details
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1. Name, age and salary of the customers displayed as per the ascending order of their salary.
2. DESC keyword can be used to display the list in descending order
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The above query displays number of customers present in particular age group.
Note: Group By Statements will be discussed in detail later
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The Name, age and the strings are displayed as single output columns
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6.8. Column Alias
Column heading in the result set can be changed with Column aliases using the keyword AS.
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1. The columns name and id are displayed as customer_name and customer_id in the result set.
2. Column headings in the table is unchanged.
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7.2
7.3
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CREATE
ALTER
DROP
RENAME
TRUNCATE
Data Types
A data type identifies or classifies a particular type of information or data.
Some commonly used data types are:
CHAR (size) - Used to store character strings values of fixed length.
VARCHAR2 (size) Used to store variable length string data.
NUMBER (size, precision) Used to store numbers(fixed or floating point)
DATE Used to represent date and time.
LONG Used to store large variable length strings(upto 2GB).
The above statement adds a new column 'age' of number data type with constraint not null.
Modifying the column:
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The above statements renames the column name salary to em_sal and drops column age.
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What is schema?
about 24 days ago
PRASANT SUKUMAR
a schema is the organization or structure for a database.
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JAYA BOSE
Schema is the structure of the database.
eg in the student table
(stu_id,stu_name,stu_clg) forms the schema and (101,Ram,cvrce) is one row which contains data according to the
schema specified.
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INSERT statement
Insert statement is used for inserting data into table.
Insertion of data can be done in multiple ways.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name[(column1, column2,...)]
VALUES(value1, value2,....);
Ex:
If values in all the columns inserted in proper order, column names are not mandatory.
Syntax-:INSERT INTO table_name VALUES(value1, value2,....);
Ex:
UPDATE statement
Update command is used to change or modify data of one or more records in a table.
Syntax:
UPDATE Table_name SET Column_name1=value1 [,Column_name2=value2,...]
[WHERE Condition];
Ex.
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DELETE statement
1. Delete statement is used to remove one or more records from a table.
2. A subset may be defined for deletion using a condition, otherwise all records are removed.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM Table_Name
[WHERE Condition];
Delete statement using WHERE condition.
Ex:
Note: Delete statement without where condition deletes all the rows from table.
Example-
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SUGANTHI SEKAR
whether the following two are correct for delete the particular column from the table
1. delete from table-name where condition;
2.alter table table-name drop column column-name;
about 1 month ago
VIJAYAN KANNAN
Best Answer
I think 2 is correct. Because Alter is DDL which will modify the structure of table. But delete is used to just delete
the data. It will not remove entire column
SHANMUGAPRIYA GANESAN
I think DELETE is used to remove records i.e rows,ALTER table is used to remove the column.
NARENDRA BOYANAPALLI
I think only 1 is correct because, in 2 "column" keyword is used which is not present in sql.(alter table tablename drop column column-name;).
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7.3. Transaction CONTROL Language (TCL)
Introduction to Transaction
Oracle server ensures data consistency based upon transactions.
Transactions consist of DML statements that make up one consistent change to the data.
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The question asked in quiz was- Which is the Explicit Transaction Control Statement?
Options wereCOMMIT
SAVEPOINT
ROLLBACK all the options were correct. What to do? Similarly, Most of the questions were marked as right, But it has
given all of them as wrong. My first attempt was not cleared due to that all mess up...
about 3 days ago
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For options COMMIT and ROLLBACK it is given right.
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8.1
8.2
8.3
Conversion Functions
8.4
Character Functions
8.5
Numeric Functions
8.6
Dual table
8.7
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etc.) on each group and return one value per group of rows.
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2)Character or Text Functions: These are functions that accept character input and can return both character and number values.
3)Numeric Functions: These are functions that accept numeric input and return numeric values.
4)Date Functions: These are functions that take values that are of data type DATE as input and return values of data type DATE, except for the
MONTHS_BETWEEN function, which returns a number.
Consider the following table Employee:
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CONCAT
LPAD,RPAD
TRIM
SUBSTR
REPLACE
Character to number functions accept string as input and will give number as output.
LENGTH
INSTR
INITCAP: This function sets the first character in each word to upper case and the rest to lower case.
Syntax : INITCAP(expr1)
Ex: SELECT INITCAP(emp_name) FROM Employee:
Amit
Ajay
Sima
Dipa
Anuj
The above query returns all the employee names with the first letter in upper case and rest other characters in lower case.
LOWER: This function converts all letters in the specified string to lower case. If there are characters in the string that are not letters, they are
unaffected by this function.
Syntax : LOWER(expr1)
Ex: SELECT LOWER (emp_name) FROM employee:
amit
ajay
sima
dipa
anuj
The above query returns all the characters of the employee name in lower case.
UPPER:This function converts all letters in the specified string to uppercase. If there are characters in the string that are not letters, they are
unaffected by this function.
Syntax : UPPER(expr1)
Ex: SELECT UPPER (emp_name) FROM Employee:
AMIT
AJAY
SIMA
DIPA
ANUJ
The above query returns all the characters of the employee name in upper case.
CONCAT: This function allows you to concatenate two strings together.
Syntax : CONCAT(expr1,expr2)
Ex: SELECT CONCAT(emp_name,dep_name) full_name FROM Employee;
The above query returns the emp_name & dep_name concatenated into a single string.
SUBSTR: Returns specified characters from a string, starting from specific position to required characters length.
Syntax : SUBSTR(col/expr,m,n)
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If 'm' is positive,oracle counts from beginning of string, If it is negative Oracle counts from the end of string.
If 'n' is omitted, Oracle returns all characters to end of the string starting from m.
Ex: SELECT SUBSTR(emp_name,3,2) FROM Employee.
The above query starts searching from the third position of the employee name from the starting of the string and displays two characters from
there.
Ex: SELECT SUBSTR('abcdefg'-4,2) FROM dual;
dc
The above query starts searching from the fourth position of the given string from the end of the string and display two characters from there.
REPLACE: It returns the every occurrence of search_string replaced by the replacement_string.
If the replacement string is omitted or null all occurrences of search string will be removed.
Syntax : REPLACE(string,search_string,replace_string)
Ex: SELECT REPLACE(branch_name,'Mumbai','Kolkata') FROM Employee WHERE dep_name = 'HR';
The above query replaces branch name to 'Kolkata' wherever 'Mumbai' is available for the HR department .
LPAD,RPAD:
LPAD pads the character value right justified to a total width of n character positions.
Syntax : LPAD(expr1,padded_length,padded_string)
RPAD pads the character value left justified to a total width of n character positions.
Syntax : RPAD(expr1,padded_length,padded_string)
The default padding character is space.
Ex: SELECT LPAD('jhon',8) FROM dual;
jhon
Since the third parameter is not specified in the result of the above query will be by default space padded for the previous four positions.
Ex2: SELECT LPAD('jhon',8 ,'x') FROM dual;
xxxxjhon
The above query fills the four blank spaces with 'x' left of the given string.
Ex3: SELECT RPAD('jhon',8 ,'x') FROM dual;
jhonxxxx
The above query fills the four blank spaces with 'x' right of the given string.
TRIM: It enables to trim leading or trailing characters or both from a string.
If we dont specify anything, it will trim spaces.
Syntax : TRIM( [LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH] character FROM string)
LTRIM : Removes the leading characters
RTRIM : Removes the trailing characters
TRIM : Removes both
Ex: SELECT RTRIM('s' from 'ssmithss') FROM dual;
ssmith
The above query removes 'trailing' 's' from the given string.
Ex: SELECT LTRIM('s' from 'ssmithss') FROM dual;
mithss
The above query removes 'leading' 's' from the given string.
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The above query returns the largest integer nearest to 7.14 & 7.84.
Ex: SELECT FLOOR(-7.14) FROM dual;
-8
The above query returns the largest integer nearest to -7.14.
The CEIL function returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to the value
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mentioned in parameter.
Syntax: CEIL(decimal number)
Ex: SELECT CEIL(7.14), CEIL(7.84) FROM dual;
8
The above query returns the smallest integer nearest to 7.14 & 7.84.
Ex: SELECT CEIL(-7.14) FROM dual;
-7
The above query returns the smallest integer nearest to -7.14.
decimal places.
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SAMAPTI SINHAMAHAPATRA
What exactly dual table is?
about 20 days ago
MOHIT THAKUR
suppose u are creating a script which has multiple sql queries , now u need to use a formula to calculate a value and
use it in another query , what will u do , either u will create another table to perform such task , which would be
inconvenient in case your script is run on different databases , so dual table is a table which is already there to be
used for such temporary calculations .
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8.7. Aggregate / Group functions
Aggregate / Group Functions
Group Functions, as the name suggests, are functions that operate on groups(sets) of values and returns one result per group.
Group function returns a single result row for every group of queried rows.
Based on the query statement it may return single or multiple rows.
The functions that are used as Aggregate Functions are:
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SUM
AVG
MAX
MIN
COUNT
Consider the following table: Employee
GROUP BY clause
Creates a data set, containing several sets of records grouped together based on a condition.
Syntax: SELECT <columnName1>[,<columnName2>], AGGREGATE FUNCTION(<expression>) FROM Table_Name GROUP BY
<columnName1>[,<columName2>] ;
Ex: SELECT dep_name,COUNT(emp_id) "No of Employee" FROM Employee GROUP BY dep_name;
HR
Marketing
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Admin
WHERE clause
Used to apply a filter condition before the Grouping the rows.
Syntax: SELECT <columnName1>[,<columnName2>], AGGREGATE FUNCTION(<expression>) FROM Table_Name WHERE
<condition_before_grouping_rows> GROUP BY <columnName1>[,<columName2>] ;
Ex: SELECT Dep_Name,COUNT(Salary) FROM Employee WHERE Salary>15000 GROUP BY Dep_Name;
HR
Marketing
Admin
The above query displays department wise count of salary more than 15000.
HAVING clause
Used to apply a filter condition on Aggregate values.
Syntax: SELECT <columnName1>[,<columnName2>], AGGREGATE FUNCTION(<expression>) FROM Table_Name WHERE
<condition_before_grouping_rows> GROUP BY <columnName1>[,<columName2>] HAVING <condition_on_grouped_result>;
Ex: SELECT Dep_Name, SUM(Salary) FROM Employee WHERE Salary>12000
GROUP BY Dep_Name HAVING SUM(Salary)<30000;
HR
16000
Marketing
20000
The above query displays the departments for which total salary is less 30000 excluding the Admin department, total salary for which is 40000.
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SAMAPTI SINHAMAHAPATRA
What is the significance of using [DISTINCT] in aggregate functions?
about 20 days ago
NARENDRA BOYANAPALLI
DISTINCT is the keyword that allows you to consider only those rows which have different values. It eliminates the
rows with same values.
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VIJAYAN KANNAN
What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING clauses? Shall we use the both in single query?
about 1 month ago
MEGHANA MHAISEKAR
Moderator
WHERE is used for filtering before the grouping of rows , and HAVING if you need to filter after the Aggregation
is applied . It can be used in a single query
SELECT Dep_Name, SUM(Salary) FROM Employee WHERE Salary>12000
GROUP BY Dep_Name HAVING SUM(Salary)<30000;
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9.Categories of testing
Objective
Static Testing
Dynamic Testing
9.1
Introduction
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9.2
Static Testing
9.3
Dynamic Testing
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9.1. Introduction
Testing is broadly categorised into two namely Static and Dynamic Testing. Dynamic Testing is again categorised into Black Box and White Box
Testing.
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Walkthroughs
Inspections
Of the above mentioned techniques, Peer reviews and Walkthroughs are informal reviews whereas Inspection is a formal review process.
Formal Technical Review Objectives
Uncover errors in function, logic, or implementation for any representation of the software
Verify that the software under review meets its requirements
Ensure that the software has been represented according to predefined standards
Achieve software that is developed in a uniform manner
Make projects more manageable
Serve as a training ground, enabling junior engineers to observe different approaches to software analysis, design, and implementation
Serves to promote backup and continuity because a number of people become familiar with parts of the software that they may not have
otherwise seen
Formal Technical Reviews
Involves 3 to 5 people (including reviewers)
Advance preparation (no more than 2 hours per person) required
Duration of review meeting should be less than 2 hours
Focus of review (walkthrough or inspection) is on a discrete work product
Review leader organizes the review meeting at the producer's request
Reviewers ask questions that enable the producer to discover his or her own error (the product is under review not the producer)
Producer of the work product walks the reviewers through the product
Recorder writes down any significant issues raised during the review
Reviewers decide to accept or reject the work product and whether to require additional reviews of product or not
Formal Technical Review Guidelines
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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9.3. Dynamic Testing
Testing the software by dynamically executing the application is termed as dynamic testing. Dynamic testing is a method of assessing the feasibility
of a software program by giving input and examining output (I/O). The dynamic method requires the code be compiled and run. It comes under
the validation.
Dynamic Testing Consists of Two Types:
1) White-Box testing
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1) White-Box testing
2) Black-Box testing
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10.Testing Techniques
Objective
Understand what is Testing Technique
Why to use Testing Techniques
Categories of Testing Techniques
Understand some of the Testing Techniques.
Course Content
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10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
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Illustration for EP
EP may be best explained with an example of a function which has the pass parameter "month" of a date. The valid range for the month is 1 to 12,
standing for January to December. This valid range is called a partition. In this example there are two further partitions of invalid ranges.
The first invalid partition would be <= 0 and the second
invalid partition would be >= 13.
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If the same example of a function which has the pass parameter "month" of a date
Valid Class is 1<= month <=12
Invalid Class 1 is month <1
Invalid Class 2 is month >12
When compared to EP, which says select any test case within a range and any on either side of it , in BVA the emphasis is on the edges.
1 and 12 for the edges of the Valid class
0 and 13 for the Invalid class
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int i = 0;
if (a[i] < 0)
a[i] = - a[i];
i++;
10
return 1;
11
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Example:
1
int i = 0;
if (a[i] < 0)
a[i] = - a[i];
i++;
10
return 1;
11
Test Data:
Flow A : 1 - > 2 - > 3 - > 4 - > 5 - > 6 - > 7 - > 8 - > 9 - > 10 - > 11
Flow B : 1 - > 2 - > 3 - > 4 - > 10 - > 11
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int i = 0;
if (a[i] < 0)
a[i] = - a[i];
i++;
10
return 1;
11
Test Data:
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int i, n, a[10],x;
printf (Enter the values);
scanf (%d %d %d %d, &i, &n, &a[i], &x);
while ( i < n && a[i] < x )
{
if (a[i] < 0)
a[i] = - a[i];
i++;
}
printf (%d , a[i] );
}
Test Data:
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{
int a, b, i ;
printf (Enter the value of a, b, i);
scanf ( %d %d %d , &a ,&b, &i);
if ( i < 10 )
{
sample ( a, b);
i = i + 1;
}
}
sample ( int x , int y )
{
If ( x > 10 )
x = x + y ; break ;
if ( y > 10 )
y = y + x ; break ;
}
Test Data:
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10.11. Path Coverage technique
Testing to satisfy coverage criteria that each logical path through the program be tested. Often paths through the program are grouped into a
finite set of classes. One path from each class is then tested
General coverage requires executing all paths, number of paths may be infinite if there are loops
Example:
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Sample Program:
1
If ( x > 10 )
x = x + y ; break ;
if ( y > 10 )
y = y + x ; break ;
}
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Test Scenario
11.2
Test case
11.3
11.4
11.5
Test Step.
11.6
11.7
11.8
Levels of Testing
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much granular level of testing. It can be further broken down into many test cases. Each test scenario depend on output of the previous one. Each
level of testing has its corresponding test scenarios. Test scenarios ensure that all process flows are tested from End to End.
Points to remember while writing Test Scenarios:
A good practice is to add both positive and negative test scenarios
Each scenario should be specific to a functional behavior
Do not club scenarios together.
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Test cases are written to keep track of testing coverage of Software. Test cases are usually derived from test scenario
IEEE Standard 610 defines test case as follows:
A set of test inputs, execution conditions, and expected results developed for a
particular objective, such as to exercise a particular program path or to verify compliance with a specific requirement.
IEEE Standard 829 defines test case as follows:
Documentation specifying inputs, predicted results, and a set of execution conditions for a test item.
Objective and Importance of Test Case.
The most extensive effort in preparing to test a software, is writing test cases
It Improves productivity during test execution by reducing the Understanding time during test execution.
Test cases should cover valid, invalid, expected and unexpected conditions.
Writing effective test cases is a skill
It requires in-depth study of the application
Breaking down the Test Requirements into Test Scenarios and Test Cases would help the testers avoid missing out certain test conditions
Components of Test Case:
Test Case ID.
Test Case Description
Module
Priority
Purpose
Assumptions
Prerequisite
Test Scenario ID
Test Step
Test Step Description.
Test Data
Expected Result
Actual Result
Status.
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Prerequisite: Any pre-condition that need to be satisfied for executing the test case to be specified in this field. Example, availability of
Environment & application under test, test data appropriate to execute the test case etc.
Test Scenario ID: ID of the Scenario to which test case belongs to be provided.
Test Step: Test Step Number. Usually starts from Step 1, Step 2, Step 3 and so on.
Test Step Description: Each and every action that has to be performed to execute the test case. Nothing but execution instruction.
Test Data: The data required for execution of the test step.
Expected Result: The expected output has to be specified in this field. Usually derived from requirements.
Actual Result: The actual output observed while execution to be captured in this field.
Status: Status defined as Pass, Fail, Block, In progress, Not Applicable to be provided over here.
Test case template
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Example 2:
Consider the following set of requirements as an example:
Requirements for calculating Car Insurance Premiums:
R00101 For females less than 65 years of age, the premium is $500
R00102 For males less than 65 years of age, the premium is $3000
R00103 For males between 25 and 64 years of age, the premium is $1000
R00104 For anyone 65 years of age or more, the premium is $1500
Example: Causes & Effect
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Embed Test Data: Test Data to be used for each of the Test Step should be provided.
Track Test Case changes: Maintain Test Case history to capture changes made to Test Cases
Others will execute your test cases: Test cases should be written presuming others will execute them and hence test cases have to be
detailed.
Test Case Naming Convention: Name Test Cases that will identify objective.
Example: TC_Login_REQ1_3. In this Test Case name, Login page is being tested and requirements Req-01 and Req-03 are being covered.
100% Requirement Coverage is a must: Check and ensure 100% requirement coverage and track the requirements covered. Test cases
written should be tracked with a Requirements traceability matrix.
Reusable Test Steps: Common and repeated Test Steps can be made as reusable and can be called in other Test Cases.
Example Login, Logout and other common Test Steps can be made as reusable Test Steps and can be called in other Test Cases.
Test Case review is a must: Ensure that all the test cases are reviewed by required stake holders (peer reviewed or SME reviewed or client
review)
Language Usage: Use Simple and Easy-to-Understand language and use Active voice while writing test cases
Example:
Click on OK button
Navigate to the account Summary page.
Verify word Must: Use words like Verify for starting any sentence in Test Case description
Example:
Verify whether the account information gets displayed on clicking the
Account Summary menu
Future Tense Words for Expected Result: Use always words like Should and Must for Expected Results.
Example:
The application should display the account information screen
Sample ATM test cases
Test Scenario and Test Cases Assignments
Test Scenario and cases Assignments1
Test Scenario and cases Assignments2
Test Scenario and cases Assignments3
Test Scenario and cases Assignments4
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should assignments also be completed along with the quiz??will incompetion of assignments lead to
any reduction in miles??
about 2 months ago
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11.8. Levels of Testing
Levels of Testing
There are broadly four levels of testing done in any Testing Project
Unit Testing
Integration Testing
System Testing
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Acceptance Testing
Unit Testing
Unit Testing is testing unit of code (program or set of programs) using Unit Test Specifications, after coding is completed. It involves the basic
testing of a piece of code, the size of which is often undefined in practice, although it is usually a function or a subroutine. It tests the functional
aspects. It tests smallest testable part of an application. It is done by the developer of the functionality.
Example:
Testing of a cobol program in the reservation system that calculates the price for the ticket requested based on the inputs supplied to the program
from the calling cobol program.
Integration Testing
The process of testing interfaces and data flows between the programs within a sub system, and between the sub-systems within a system is
known as Integration Testing.
In Integration testing tester must look for bugs in the relationship and the interfaces between pairs of components and groups of components
under test.
Example:
Check whether the calling program in previous example passes the right information relating to starting station and destination, date of journey,
discounts to be applied and class requested.
System Testing
System Testing is a test, executed by the developer or independent test team in a laboratory environment that should demonstrate that the
developed system or subsystems meet the requirements set in the functional and quality specifications.
It is a process of proving that the system meets its stated design specifications (design documents) w.r.t criteria such as recoverability,
maintainability and security
Example:
Comprehensive black box testing of railway reservation system with transactions initiated and validations performed on databases and reports
generated after the completion of the transactions
Acceptance Testing
It is a test, executed by the user(s) and system manager(s) in an environment
simulating the operational environment to the greatest possible extent, that should demonstrate that the developed system meets the functional
and quality
requirements.
Non functional and Other types of Testing
Performance testing
Volume testing
Load testing
Limit testing
Stress testing
Disaster Testing
Recovery testing
Security testing
Reliability testing
Installation Testing
Usability Testing
Accessibility Testing
Regression testing
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Objective
Test Execution flow
What is a Defect?
Causes of Software Defects
Defects Classification
Defect Life Cycle
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12.1
12.2
What is a defect?
12.3
12.4
Defect Classification
12.5
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A software bug or defect is an error, flaw, mistake, failure, or fault in a computer program that prevents it from behaving as intended.
Defects arise on doing verification and validation of the programming products like SRS, Test Specifications & Code. Most defects arise from
mistakes and errors made by people in either a program's source code or its design, and a few are caused by compilers which are due to incorrect
code.
A program that contains a large number of bugs that seriously interfere with its functionality, is said to be buggy.
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* The nomenclature of severity level and Priority may be different in different Defect/ Test management tools
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12.5. Defect Life Cycle
Different steps and status of a defect during its life cycle till it is tracked to closure is as below.
Execute the test and compare the actual results to the documented expected results. If a discrepancy exists, it is logged with a status
Open. Supplementary documentation, such as screen prints or program traces, should be attached if available.
The Test Manager or tester should review the problem log with the appropriate member of the development team to determine if the
discrepancy is truly a defect.
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Assign the defect to a developer for correction. Once the defect is corrected, the developer will usually enter a description of the fix applied
and updates the defect status to Fixed or Resolved.
The defect is routed back to the testing team for retesting. Additional regression testing is performed as needed based on the severity and
impact of the fix applied.
If the retest results match the expected results, the defect status is updated to Closed. If the test results indicate that the defect is still not
fixed, the status is changed to Re-Open or Open and sent back to the developer.
Defect Life Cycle
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Open Doubts
Closed Doubts
RAJEEB DASH
there is a picture file icon just above the "related videos " caption on the left side... when clicked opens a quiz portal... This
superimposed link to quiz was present in some of the other chapters too... Do we need to attempt those quiz or just ignore
it as a bug ?
about 15 days ago
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13.Automation Testing
13.Automation Testing
Objective
Introduction to Automation Testing
13.1
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13.2
13.3
13.4
Testing Tools
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? Programmable: You can program sophisticated tests that bring out hidden information
? Comprehensive: You can build a suite of tests that covers every feature in your Web site or application. Wider test coverage can be achieved in
Automation
? Reusable: You can reuse tests on different versions of a Web site or application even if the user interface changes
Some more advantages of automation testing over manual testing are mentioned below.
Saves Time and Cost: Automation testing is much faster than manual testing. Hence greater benefit in saving time and cost.
Improves accuracy
Reduction in Human resources: Human Intervention is not required while execution which in turn reduces human resources.
Increases Efficiency
Test Frequently and thoroughly
More cycle of execution can be achieved through automation
Early time to market
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Functional Testing tools: Following are the some of the tools which can be used for Functional Automation testing:
HP Quick Test Professional
Selenium
IBM Rational Functional Tester
WinRunner
Test Management tools: Following are some of the Test Management &
Defect Management Tools
HP Quality Center
TCS Application Life Cycle Manager
IBM Rational Quality Manager
Test Link
Performance Testing tools: Following are the some of the tools which can be used for Performance Automation testing:
LoadRunner
Silk test performer
IBM Rational performance tester
Open STA
Webload
Defect Tracking tools: Bugzilla is an example of defect tracking tool
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13.5. Manual Testing Vs Automation Testing
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