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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

EAST POINT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

BANGALORE

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
DC-DC CONVERTORS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF B.E IN ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION

SUBMITTED BY:

CHETHAN.C (1EP06EC401)
8 th SEMESTER, B.E
ACADEMIC YEAR-2010

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 EAST POINT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLIOGY
BANGALORE 560 049

(Affiliated to Visveswaraya Technological University)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that seminar work entitled DC-DC CONVERTORS is a bonafide
work carried out by CHETHAN.C(1EP06EC401) of VIII Semester Electronics
and Communication Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Bachelor of Engineering of Visveswarayya Technological University during the
academic year 2009-2010.

Prof. Elumalai Dr. A.R. Reddy

Dept. of ECE SEMINAR CO-ORDINATOR

Name of student University Seat Number

CHETHAN.C 1EP06EC401

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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TYPES OF CONVERTORS
3. BUCK TYPE CONVERTOR
4. BOOST TYPE CONVERTOR
5. CUK TYPE CONVERTOR
6. BUCK-BOOST CONVERTOR
7. ISOLATED CONVERTORS
1.FLYBACK CONVERTOR
2.FORWARD CONVERTOR

8.APPLICATIONS

9.CONCLUSION

10.REFERENCES

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 8.

ABSTRACT

A DC-to-DC converter is a device that accepts a DC input voltage and

produces a DC output voltage. Typically the output produced is at a different
voltage level than the input.

In addition, DC-to-DC converters are used to provide noise isolation, power

bus regulation, etc.

This is a summary of some of the popular DC-to-DC

converter topolopgies

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INTRODUCTION
• DC-dc converters are used to convert unregulated dc voltage to regulated
or variable dc voltage at the output.

• Early DC-DC converters were known as choppers with silicon-controlled

rectifiers (SCRs) used as the switching mechanical

• The output voltage in DC-DC converters is generally controlled using a

switching concept

• Modern DC-DC converters employ insulated gate bipolar transistors

(IGBTs) and metal oxide silicon field effect transistors (MOSFET)

• Saving space instead of using multiple batteries.

• Offer a method of generating multiple controlled voltages

from a single battery voltage.

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DC -DC c onvertors

Types of Dc -Dc c
• Isolated convertors

•Step-Down Converters
1.Flyback convertors
2.Forward convertors

(Buck Converters)

•Step-Up Converters
(Boost Converters)

•Step Up/Down Conver 7

STEP DOWN (BUCK COVERTORS)

• A step-down converter produces an average output voltage, which is

lower than the DC input voltage (Vin)

• The basic circuit of a step-down converter is shown below

Buck convertor circuit

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BUCK convertors:
• High efficiency, simple
• No transformer
• Low switch stress
• Small output filter, low ripple
• No isolation between input and output
• Only one output possible
• High input ripple current

Switiching states: switch open (a); switch closed (b)

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10
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CONTINOUS MODE:

• The continuous-conduction mode of operation occurs when the current

through the inductor in the circuit is continuous. This means that the
inductor current is always greater than zero.

• As the conduction of current through the inductor occurs during the

entire switching period, the average output voltage is the product of the
duty ratio and the DC input voltage.

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 DISCONTIOUS MODE:

• The discontinuous mode of operation occurs when the value of the load
current is less than or equal to zero at the end of a given switching period.

• The boundary point between continuous- and discontinuous-current

conduction occurs when the average inductor current over one switching
period is half of the peak value, as illustrated in figure below

Diagram :
Inductor current at boundary point for
discontinuous mode of buck converter.

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Buck Converter

Conversion ratio:

For the Buck converter

the conversion ratio is D

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STEP UP(BOOST CONVERTORS)

• Step-up conversion

• Produces an output voltage greater than the source

• Same components as the buck converter

• High efficiency, simple

• No transformer

• Regulator loop hard to stabilize

• High output ripple. Unable to control short circuit

current.

• Power-factor correction. Battery up-converters.

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Boost convertor circuit

Boost converter switch states: (a) switch closed; (b) switch open

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CONTINUOUS MODE

• The continuous-conduction mode of operation occurs

when the current through the inductor in the circuit
always greater than zero.

• The operation of the circuit in steady state consists of two

states

The first state with the switch closed has current charging the
inductor from the
voltage source. The switch opens at the end of the on-time and
the inductor discharges current to the load with the input
voltage source still connected. This results in an output voltage
across the capacitor larger than the input voltage.

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Diagram: Inductor voltage and current waveforms for continuous mode of boost
converter.

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Discontinuous-Conduction Mode

The discontinuous mode of operation occurs when the value of

the load current is less than or equal to zero at the end of a
given switching period.

Assuming a linear rise and fall of current through the inductor,

the boundary point between continuous- and discontinuous-
current conduction occurs when the average inductor current
over one switching period is half the peak value.

The average inductor current at the boundary point is

calculated using Eq.

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Boost convertors

Conversion Ratio:

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CUK-CONVERTOR:

• Simple, low ripple input and output current.

• Capacitative isolation protects against switch failure.

• High drain current.

• C1 has high ripple current requirement.

• High voltage required for switch.

• Voltage inversion
.
• Low noise, inverse output voltages.

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CUK CONVERTOR CIRCUIT:

(a) (b)

Cúk converter switch states: (a) switch open; (b) switch closed.

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The operation of the basic nonisolated Cúk converter in steady
state consists of two transistor states,

In the first state when the transistor is off, the inductor currents
flow
through the diode and energy is stored in the transfer capacitor
from the input and the inductor L1. The energy stored in the
inductor L2 is transferred to the output. As a result, both of the
inductor currents are linearly decreasing in the off-state.

In the second state when the transistor is on, the inductor

currents
flow through the transistor and the transfer capacitor
discharges while energy is stored in the inductor L1.

As the transfer capacitor discharges through the transistor,

energy is stored in the inductor L2. Consequently, both of the
inductor currents are linearly increasing in the on-state.

The voltage and current ratio for the nonisolated Cúk converter
can be derived by assuming the inductor currents, which
correspond to the input current and output current, are ripple-
free .

This results in an equal charging and discharging of the transfer

capacitor during the off-state and the on-state.

The charging and discharging are defined in terms of the

product of current and time by the equation

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Diagram 1: Inductor 1, voltage and current waveforms
for Cúk converter.

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Diagram 2: Inductor 2, voltage and current waveforms
for Cúk converter.

CUK-CONVERTOR:

Conversion Ratio:

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BUCK-BOOST CONVERTORS:

• Voltage inversion without using a transformer

• Simple, high frequency operation.

• No isolation between input and output.

• Only one output is possible.

• Regulator loop hard to stabilize.

•High output ripple.

•High input ripple current.

•Inverse output voltages.

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BUCK-BOOST CONVERTOR CIRCUIT:

The operation of this converter is nonlinear and discrete;

however, it can be represented by a cyclic change of power
stage topologies.

The buck–boost converter has cyclic changes in topology due to

the switching action of the semiconductor devices.

During a cycle of operation, the main power switch is turned on

and off; the diode responds to this by switching off and on.

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33
34
Isolated DC-DC
Converter
• Isolated DC-DC requires isolation transformer

• Advantages of switched mode over linear power

supply
-Efficient (70-95%)
-Weight and size reduction

• Disadvantages
-Complex design
-EMI problems

• However above certain ratings,

SMPS is the only feasible choice

• Types of SMPS
-Flyback
-forward

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FLYBACK CONVERTOR

• Drain current reduced by turns ratio of

transformer.

• Low parts count.

• Isolation. Has no secondary output inductors.

• Poor transformer utilization.

• Transformer stores energy.

•High output ripple.

•Diode needs fast reverse recovery.

•Low output power. Supports multiple outputs.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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37
FORWARD CONVERTOR

• Drain current reduced by turns ratio of

transformer.

• Low output ripple.

• Poor transformer utilization. Poor transient

response.

• Transformer design is critical.

•Transformer reset limits duty ratio.

•High voltage required for switch. High input

current ripple.

• Low-to-moderate output power.

• Supports multiple outputs

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

The concept behind the foward converter is that of the ideal transformer
converting the input AC voltage to an isolated secondary output voltage.
when the transistor is ON, Vin appears across the primary and then generates

The diode D1 on the secondary ensures that only positive voltages are applied
to the output circuit while D2 provides a circulating path for inductor current if
the transformer voltage is zero or negative.

The problem with the operation of the circuit in Fig 15 is that only positive
voltage is applied across the core, thus flux can only increase with the
application of the supply. The flux will increase until the core saturates when
the magnetising current increases significantly and circuit failure occurs. The
transformer can only sustain operation when there is no significant DC
component to the input voltage. While the switch is ON there is positive voltage
across the core and the flux increases. When the switch turns OFF we need to
supply negative voltage to reset the core flux.

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The circuit shows a tertiary winding with a diode connection to permit reverse
current. Note that the "dot" convention for the tertiary winding is opposite those
of the other windings. When the switch turns OFF current was flowing in a
"dot" terminal. The core inductance act to continue current in a dotted terminal,
thus the circuit is shown below

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APPLICATIONS
• Laboratory equipment, test Instruments, desktop PC's,
static telecomms
• To drive dc motors
• Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)
• Battery Powered Application of Chip
• Dc Power supplies
• SMPS
• In vehicle instrumentation
• In spacecrafts for optical communications power supply
• Radio instruments and communications
• LCD display

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CONCLUSION

There are many different types of DC-DC converter, each of which tends to be
more suitable for some types of application than for others. For convenience
they can be classified into various groups, however. For example some
converters are only suitable for stepping down the voltage, while others are only
suitable for stepping it up.

Another important distinction is between converters which offer full dielectric

isolation between their input and output circuits, and those which don’t.
Needless to say this can be very important for some applications, although it
may not be important in many others.

In the above data sheet we have looked briefly into each of the main types of
DC-DC converter in current use, to give you a good overview. We’ll start first
with those which don’t offer input-output isolation, and then progress to those
Which do.

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REFERENCES:

[1] Rasid Hadzimusic, “Design of Low Voltage Low Power

and Highly Efficient DC-DC Converters”, Master thesis in
Electronics Systems at Linköping Institute of Technology,
Reg nr: LITH-ISY-EX-3404-2004, 2004.

[2] "Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design",

Mohan, Undeland and Robbins, Wiley, 1989.

[3] Maxim Integrated Products“DC-DC Converter Tutorial”,

Application Note 2031: http://www.maxim-ic.com/an2031
,Oct 19, 2000.

[4]Muhammad H.Rashid: power electronics circuits,Devices and applications

(second edition), pearson education

[5]www.hindwai.com/journals

[6]Google search

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