Aalborg Inverter - A New Type of Buck in Buck, Boost in Boost Grid-Tied

Inverter

This paper presents a new family of high efficiency dc/ac grid-tied inverter with a wide
variation of input dc voltage. It is a boost in boost, buck in buck inverter, meaning that only
one power stage works at high frequency in order to achieve minimum switching loss. The
minimum voltage drop of the filtering inductor in the power loop is achieved to reduce the
conduction power loss in both boost and buck mode. The principle of operation is
demonstrated through the analysis on the equivalent circuits of a half-bridge single-phase
inverter. The theoretical analysis shows that when input dc voltage is larger than the magnitude
of the ac voltage, it is a voltage-source inverter, and on the contrary it is current-source inverter
in the other mode. A 220 V/50 Hz/ 2000 W prototype has been constructed. Simulations and
experiments show that it has a good control and system performance.

Active Power and DC Voltage Coordinative Control for Cascaded DCAC

Converter With Bidirectional Power Application
Two stage-cascaded converters are widely used in dc-ac hybrid systems to achieve the
bidirectional power transmission. The topology of dual active bridge cascaded with inverter
(DABCI) is commonly used in this application. This paper proposes a coordinative control
method for DABCI and it is able to reduce the dc-link voltage fluctuation between the DAB and
inverter, then reduce the stress on the switching devices, as well as improve the system dynamic
performance. In the proposed control method, the DAB and inverter are coordinated to control
the dc-link voltage and the power, and this responsibility sharing control can effectively suppress
the impact of the power variation on the dc-link voltage, without sacrificing stability. The
proposed control method is also effective for DABCI in unidirectional power transmission. The
effectiveness of the propose control has been validated by both simulations and experiments.

A Three-Phase Isolated Bidirectional AC/DC Converter and its Modified SVPWM

Algorithm

This paper proposes a three-phase isolated bidirectional ac/dc converter. The converter achieves
buck-boost ac/dc bidirectional conversion, sinusoidal ac current, and high-frequency electrical
isolation with single-stage structure. The traditional SVPWM algorithm should be modified to
keep the voltage-second balance of the transformer. The circuit derivation, operation principles,
and SVPWM algorithm are presented specifically. The solution for shoot-through problem is
proposed, which does not need extra dead time. To verify the theoretical analysis, the proposed
converter was simulated by MATLAB/SIMULINK and a 3 kW prototype was built in the lab.
The simulation and experimental results show the high power factor and the low harmonic
distortion characteristics of the circuit.

Practical Application of the Wave-Trap Concept in BatteryCell Equalizers

The use of battery-cell equalizers is mandatory in order to assure that all the cells connected in
series are charged to its maximum capacity, even when they present small differences in this
parameter due to several factors, such as aging, manufacturing, or temperature. Active
equalizers, with a higher efficiency in comparison to passive ones, have the disadvantage of
using a considerable number of components. Moreover, in the case of active equalizers with very
high performance, this number can be even higher. In this paper, the use of the wave-trap
concept, widely used in telecommunication systems, is studied. This concept allows the batterycell equalizer to use its switching frequency as the control variable that decides which cell is
being charged. Hence, it is not necessary to use a complex system based on a high number of
controlled switches in order to determine which cell is being charged. In this way, the number of
switches (and the corresponding driving signals) can be strongly minimized without reducing the
performance of the system. In order to proof the validity of this concept (i.e., wave traps) in the
design of battery-cell equalizers, a topology based on a half-bridge structure is also proposed in
this paper. It uses only two controlled switches in order to decide which cell is charged.
Experimental results are provided for a four-cell equalizer as a proof of concept.

Stochastic Small-Signal Stability of Power Systems With Wind Power Generation

Wind power has had a significant impact on power system stability due to its stochastic nature.
In this paper, the impact of stochastic excitation on power-system small-signal stability is
investigated based on stochastic differential equation (SDE) theory. The mechanical power input
of an asynchronous wind turbine is considered as a stochastic excitation to the system and the
system state equation is formulated based on SDE. The mean stability and mean square stability
of such a system are demonstrated, and the steady-state expectation and covariance of the system
state variables are obtained by mathematical deduction. The numerical simulations are presented
on a two-machine infinite bus system and the IEEE 145-bus test system.

Application of Energy-Based Power System Features for Dynamic Security

Assessment

This paper presents a novel approach to enable frequent computational cycles in online dynamic
security assessment by using the terms of the transient energy function (TEF) as input features to
a machine learning algorithm. The aim is to train a single classifier that is capable of classifying
stable and unstable operating points independent of the contingency. The network is trained
based on the current system topology and the loading conditions. The potential of the proposed
approach is demonstrated with the New England 39-bus test power system model using the
support vector machine as the machine learning technique. It is shown that the classifier can be
trained using a small set of data when the terms of the TEF are used as input features. The
prediction accuracy of the proposed scheme was tested under the balanced and unbalanced faults
with the presence of voltage sensitive and dynamic loads for different operating points.

PMU-Based Detection of Imbalance in Three-Phase Power Systems

The problem of imbalance detection in a three-phase power system using a phasor measurement
unit (PMU) is considered. A general model for the zero, positive, and negative sequences from a
PMU measurement at off-nominal frequencies is presented and a hypothesis testing framework is
formulated. The new formulation takes into account the fact that minor degree of imbalance in

the system is acceptable and does not indicate subsequent interruptions, failures, or degradation
of physical components. A generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) is developed and shown to
be a function of the negative-sequence phasor estimator and the acceptable level of imbalances
for nominal system operations. As a by-product to the proposed detection method, a constrained
estimation of the positive and negative phasors and the frequency deviation is obtained for both
balanced and unbalanced situations. The theoretical and numerical performance analyses show
improved performance over benchmark techniques and robustness to the presence of additional
harmonics.

Multi-Polytope-Based Adaptive Robust Damping Control in Power Systems Using

CART
An adaptive damping control scheme based on classification and regression tree (CART) using
wide-area signals is proposed in this paper. Different polytopes are chosen using classification
trees. Next, a family of robust polytopic controllers is designed off-line. Finally, using regression
trees and PMU data, the desired polytopic controller is identified in real time. A 16-generator,
68-bus system is used as the test system. Remote signals obtained from PMUs are employed for
control purposes. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive control scheme
is able to provide adequate damping for the oscillation modes of interest with respect to varying
operating conditions without any prior knowledge of the post-disturbance state.

Real-Time Price Based Home Energy Management Scheduler

With the recent development of advanced metering infrastructure, real-time pricing (RTP)
scheme is anticipated to be introduced in future retail electricity market. This paper proposes an
algorithm for a home energy management scheduler (HEMS) to reduce the cost of energy
consumption using RTP. The proposed algorithm works in three subsequent phases namely realtime monitoring (RTM), stochastic scheduling (STS) and real-time control (RTC). In RTM
phase, characteristics of available controllable appliances are monitored in real-time and stored
in HEMS. In STS phase, HEMS computes an optimal policy using stochastic dynamic
programming (SDP) to select a set of appliances to be controlled with an objective of the total
cost of energy consumption in a house. Finally, in RTC phase, HEMS initiates the control of the
selected appliances. The proposed HEMS is unique as it intrinsically considers uncertainties in
RTP and power consumption pattern of various appliances. In RTM phase, appliances are
categorized according to their characteristics to ease the control process, thereby minimizing the
number of control commands issued by HEMS. Simulation results validate the proposed method
for HEMS.