Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ii
Minister of Trade
Republic of Indonesia
iii
iv
vi
vii
the
essential
oils
traction such as hydro distillation, water and steam distillation, direct steam distil-
Essential oils are very complex substances; all essential oils are made up of
various substances
viii
ix
Development of Essential
Oil Industry in Indonesia
The plants used by the essential oil industry are ei-
day, remains the only place in the world where the plant
grows. Nutmeg has a different story. The common nut-
xi
and orange blossoms. Another way is enfleurage extraction. Here, animal fat is
xii
the rind of the fruit and consequently the essential oil has
tained through percolation, or hydro-diffusion, is still being studied and compared to the quality of essential oils
Water Distillation
Steam Distillation
xiii
Government Policies
On the national scope, the Ministries of Agriculture, Forestry, Industry, Trade,
Health, and Finance each are involved in different stages of the industry chain
Each government agencies will oversee, regulate and develop specific parts of
the industry. The following table can show the role of each government agencies.
Ministry
Agriculture
(which include farm and plantation plants, e.g. patchouli, lemongrass, clove, nutmeg)
Forestry
Forestry policies (which cover forest plants, e.g. agarwood, massoia, sandalwood)
Industry
Trade
Health
Ensuring health standards and issuing health certificates for products and factories
Finance
National Education
On the provincial and regency level, regional governments usually help administer national program sand extend the reach of National Government to the village level. Agriculture and forestry are managed by one department (usually called
Dinas Pertanian, Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Department of Farming, Forestry
and Plantation). Similarly, industry, trade and cooperatives are managed by one
department (usually called Dinas Perindustrian, Perdagangan dan Koperasi Department of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives).
Universities
Universities that have agriculture, farming, biology, botany, chemistry, chemical engineering, or pharmacy programs are involved in developing essential oil
industry. Notable contributions have been made by Bogor Institute of Agriculture
(IPB), Gajah Mada University (UGM), November 10 Institute of Technology (ITS),
Clove buds are processed in modern
factories to produce essential oil and
extracts
Brawijaya University (Unibraw), UPN Veteran Surabaya, and many others. They are
irreplaceable components in Governments effort to improve the quality of farming
and processing of essential oil plants. Highly mobile, unrestrained by bureaucratic
red-tapes and eager to find opportunities to implement their scientific know-how,
a large number of faculty members and students are known to visit remote villages,
delve into practical problems, and guide poor farmers.
xiv
xv
xvi
xvii
Common
Indonesian
Name
1
Agarwood oil
Aquilaria sp
Gaharu
2
Bangle oil
Zingiber cassummunar
Bangle
3
Basil oil
Ocimum basillicum
Kemangi
Ocimum gratissimum
Selasih mekah
4
Black pepper oil
Piper nigrum
Lada
5
Cajuput oil
Melaleuca leucadendron
Kayuputih
6
Calamus oil
Acarus calamus
Jeringau
7
Cananga oil
Canangium odoratum
Kenanga
8
Cardamon oil
Amomum cardamomum
Kapulaga
9
Celery oil
Apium graveolens
Seledri
10
Cinnamon bark oil Cinnamomum casea
Kayumanis
11
Citronella oil
Cymbopogon nardus
Sereh wangi
12
Clausena/Anis oil
Clausena anisata
Clausena
13
Clove oil
Syzgium aromaticum
Cengkih
14
Coriander oil
Coriandrum sativum
Ketumbar
15
Cornmint oil
Mentha arvensis
Permen
16
Cubeb oil
Piper cubeba
Kemukus
17
Curcuma oil
Curcuma domestica
Kunyit
Curcuma xanthorriza
Temulawak
18
Fennel oil
Foeniculum vulgare
Adas
19
Ginger oil
Zingiber officinale
Jahe
20
Jasmine oil
Jasminum sambac
Melati
21
Kaempferia oil
Kaempferia galanga
Kencur
22
Lajagua oil
Alpinia malaccensis
Lajagua
23
Lemongrass oil
Cymbopogon citratus
Sereh dapur
24
Lime oil
Citrus hystrix
Jeruk purut
25
Litsea cubeba
Litsea cubeba
Krangean
26
Massoia oil
Criptocaria massoia
Masoyi
27
Lawang oil
Cinnamomum cullilawan
Lawang
28
Native myrthle oil
Backhousia citriodora
Surawung
29
Nutmeg oil
Myristica fragrans
Pala
30
Palmarosa oil
Cymbopogon martini
Palmarosa
31
Patchoulli oil
Pogostemon cablin
Nilam
32
Piper oil
Piter betle
Sirih
33
Rose oil
Rosa sp
Mawar
34
Rosemary oil
Rosmarinus officinale
Rosemari
35
Sandalwood oil
Santalum album
Cendana
36
Turpentine oil
Pinus merkusii
Tusam
37
Vetiver oil
Vetiveria zizanioides
Akar wangi
38
Wintergreen oil
Gaultheria fragrantissima
Gandapura
39
Ylang-ylang oil
Canangium odoratum
Ylang-ylang
Source: Dr. Meika Syahbana Rusli (2010), Trubus (2009)
xviii
Application/Benefit
Perfumery, cosmetics, pharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical, food, bio pesticide
Pharmaceutical, food
Flavoring, antimicrobial
Pharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical
Aromatherapy, perfumery, cosmetics
Pharmaceutical
Flavoring, pharmaceutical
Flavoring
Flavoring, perfumery, soap
Pharmaceutical, beverages, perfumery, cigarette,
chewing gums, tooth paste
Flavoring, perfumery, cigarette
Food and pharmaceutical
Flavoring, perfumery, tooth paste, candy
Food, beverages, flavoring, soap, detergent, perfumery,
pharmaceutical
Flavoring, pharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical, beverages
Flavoring, soap, cosmetics, perfumery, pharmaceutical
Flavoring, pharmaceutical
Perfumery, aromatherapy, cosmetics
Pharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical, food
Food and perfumery
Pharmaceutical, aromatherapy
Flavoring
Balm
Pharmaceutical
Flavoring, cigarette
Pharmaceutical
Fixative
Pharmaceutical, antiseptic
Perfumery, flavoring, candy, sweetener
Pharmaceutical
Antibacterial, antiseptic, disinfectant, expectorant,
sedative, stimulant, refrigerant
Cosmetics, oil and paint solvent, antiseptic,
pharmaceutical
Perfumery, soap, cosmetics, fixative
Perfumery, pharmaceutical, flavoring
Perfumery
Patchouli (Nilam)
Botanical name
Pogostemon cablin
Steam distilled
Color
Golden brown
Consistency
Medium - Thick
Perfumery Note
Base
Medium
Aromatic Description
fruity note
Uses
Constituents
Patchouli will grow in hot weather, but preferably not under direct sunlight.
Indonesia is ideal for its cultivation, and at present is also the leader in production
with around 90% of global market share. Among the competitors are Malaysia, the
Philippines, India and China.
In traditional medicine, patchouli is often used as insect repellent, antidote for
snakebites, and incense. In modern perfumery industry, patchouli is widely used.
Also, it is used by industries that produced scented products like detergents, paper
towels and air fresheners.
Nutmeg (Pala)
Botanical name
Myristica fragrans
Steam Distilled
Color
Clear
Consistency
Thin
Perfumery Note
Middle
Medium - Strong
Aromatic Description
Uses
slow digestion
Constituents
xix
Nutmeg is an evergreen tree indigenous to the Moluccas, the famed Spice Islands of centuries ago. The common nutmeg species that are widely used are now
grown in various areas of Indonesia, mainly in Sulawesi, as well as in Malaysia, Grenada, the Caribbean, and India.
Nutmeg oil is used to replace ground nutmeg, as it leaves no particles in the
food. The essential oil is also used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries,
for instance, in toothpaste, and as a major ingredient in some cough syrups. In
traditional medicine, nutmeg and nutmeg oil were used for disorders related to the
nervous and digestive systems.
Clove (Cengkeh)
Botanical name
Eugenia caryophyllata
Steam Distilled
Color
Golden Yellow/Brown
Consistency
Perfumery Note
Middle
Strong
Aromatic Description
Uses
strains, toothache
Constituents
isocaryophyllene
Until modern times, cloves grew only on a few islands in the Maluku Islands
(the Moluccas). Today, Indonesia, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are
worlds leader in cloves output.
Cloves are used in variety of cuisine in various countries, from Japan to Holland,
from India to Mexico. Outside culinary use, cloves is key ingredient for clove cigarettes (known as kretek in Indonesia), incense, Indian ayurvedic medicine, Chinese
medicine, and western herbalism.
Eugenol comprises 72-90% of the essential oil extracted from cloves, and is the
compound most responsible for the cloves aroma. Eugenol has pronounced antiseptic and anaesthetic properties.
xx
Vetiveria zizanoides
Solvent Extraction
Color
Golden/Dark Brown
Consistency
Thick
Perfumery Note
Base
Strong
Aromatic Description
Uses
sores, stress
Constituents
gions of the world. The worlds major producers include Haiti, India, Indonesia,
and Runion. In Indonesia the Garut Regency in West Java Province holds near
monopoly of vetiver production. Other Javanese regencies, like Karang Anyar in
Central Java, also produces vetiver, but in much lower scale and quality.
Like patchouli and sandalwood essential oils, the odor of vetiver develops and
improves with aging. The characteristics of the oil can vary significantly depending
on where the grass is grown and the climate and soil conditions. The oil distilled in
Haiti and Runion has a more floral quality to it and is considered of higher quality
than the oil from Java which has a smokier scent.
Pepper (Lada)
Botanical name
Piper nigrum
Steam Distilled
Color
Clear
Consistency
Thin
Perfumery Note
Middle
Medium
Aromatic Description
Uses
Constituents
Terpenene
xxi
Black peppers are native to India and are extensively cultivated there and elsewhere in tropical regions. Currently Vietnam is by far the worlds largest producer
and exporter of pepper, producing 34% of the worlds Piper nigrum crop as of
2008. Indonesia ranked 4th with 9% after India (19%) and Brazil (13%). In Indonesia, the Island of Bangka is regarded as the leading producer of pepper.
Cananga (Kenanga)
Botanical name
Cananga odorata
Steam Distilled
Color
Pale Yellow
Consistency
Thin
Perfumery Note
Middle
Medium
Aromatic Description
Uses
Constituents
safrol, linalol
The essential oil of cananga is used in aromatherapy. It is believed to re-
lieve highblood pressure, normalize sebum secretion for skin problems, and is
considered to be an aphrodisiac.
Cymbopogon citratus
Steam Distilled
Color
Consistency
Thin
Perfumery Note
Top
Strong
Aromatic Description
Uses
scabies, stress
Constituents
Lemongrass is mostly used as herb in Asian cuisine, as well as some African and Latin American countries. Israeli
researchers in 2006 found that lemongrass may have anti-cancer properties.
xxii
Cymbopogon nardus
Steam Distilled
Color
Clear
Consistency
Thin
Perfumery Note
Top
Medium
Aromatic Description
Uses
Constituents
Geraniol, citronellal
Cinnamon (KayuManis)
Botanical name
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Steam Distilled
Color
Golden Yellow/Brown
Consistency
Perfumery Note
Middle
Strong
Aromatic Description
Uses
Constituents
benzyl benzoate
Cinnamon trees are native to South East Asia. Although it was imported to
Egypt as far as 2000 BCE, its origin remained a mystery to Europeans until the
exploration of the sixteenth century. Along with Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, China,
and Vietnam are notable producer of cinnamon.
xxiii
Sandalwood (Cendana)
Botanical name
Santalum album
Steam Distilled
Color
Consistency
Medium - Thick
Perfumery Note
Base
Medium
Aromatic Description
Uses
Constituents
Melaleuca leucadendron
Steam Distilled
Color
Consistency
Watery
Perfumery Note
Middle
Medium
Aromatic Description
Uses
Constituents
Other Types
Other important plants include: massoia (masoi), basil (kemangi), rose (mawar),
melati (jasmine), ginger (jahe), kapulaga (cardamon), coriander (ketumbar), and
champaka (kencur).
xxiv
xxv
The Source of
Various Oils
It is easier to review Indonesias essential oil industry by examining the islands or island groups
that make up the Indonesian archipelago. These are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan (Borneo), Sulawesi
(Celebes), Nusa Tenggara (the Lesser Sunda Islands), Maluku (the Moluccas), and Papua (New Guinea). Each of these regions have different contribution to the essential oil industry, may it be plantation, source of raw materials, processing center, trading hub, or other roles.
The following table shows exported volume of essential oil from different regions of Indonesia.
West Sumatra
198,410
22,534
North Sumatra
2,361,298
Lampung
TOTAL
2,585,559
JAVA
DKI Jakarta
1,392,906
West Java
Central Java
East Java
TOTAL
KALIMANTAN
East Kalimantan
1,862
3,317
7,291
378,578
236,834
2,015,609
TOTAL
1,862
Bali
2,635
ISLANDS
TOTAL
SULAWESI
Central Sulawesi
TOTAL
TOTAL VOLUME
616
3,251
34,400
34,400
4,640,681
Source: Statistics Indonesia (BPS), 2011
xxvi
xxvii
xxviii
xxix
xxx
Other
Countries
30.4%
India
11.1%
France
9.4%
Italy
3.5%
Argentina
4.1%
Indonesia
4.2%
China
6.5%
Germany
4.2%
Brazil
5.6%
UK
6.4%
xxxi
xxxii
USA 19.2%
Hogkong 1.3%
Belgium 1.5%
Ireland 1.6%
Indonesia 1.6%
Canada 1.8%
Brazil 1.9%
France 9.6%
Italy 2.1%
Mexico 2.5%
India 2.5%
Spain 3.4%
UK 8.0%
Singapore 4.5%
Germany 6.8%
China 4.1%
Swizerland 4.6%
Source: ITC/Trademap, 2011
Japan 5.3%
Netherland 4.9%
xxxiii
xxxiv
25.0%
$582,962
$570,802
20.0%
$440,509
$476,911
$456,801
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
5.1%
5.1%
6.2%
4.6%
5.2%
0.0%
xxxv
Exporters
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
TOTAL IMPORT
9,140
9,719
8,096
7,890
9,455
China
1,333
1,194
1,119
989
1,303
Brazil
934
982
815
888
921
India
965
916
800
685
841
Germany
619
688
506
1,084
800
Madagascar
498
607
305
418
680
Italy
744
404
427
345
543
Spain
415
322
317
387
488
USA
691
695
510
359
475
Belgium
126
130
229
363
442
10 UK
257
358
376
265
417
11
241
516
353
314
339
442
328
240
262
306
2,317
2,907
2,339
1,793
2,206
Morocco
12 Indonesia
OTHER COUNTRIES
xxxvi
xxxvii
20.0%
18.0%
France
16.0%
India
China
USA
Italy
Brazil
Indonesia
United Kingdom
$222.964
$202.231
$181.458
$179.536
14.0%
12.0%
$140.037
10.0%
8.0%
6.0%
Spain
4.0%
Netherlands
2.0%
5.3%
4.8%
4.3%
3.3%
2.4%
0.0%
2006
xxxviii
2007
2008
2009
2010
xxxix
PROVINCE
DKI Jakarta
2006
17,932 35,676
7,128
2007
2008
2009
2010
4,048 18,261
2,784
8,421
431
570
Riau Islands
13
121
East Java
Bali
4,380
82
2,000
4,620 18,265
2,987
8,421
TOTAL
2005
North Sumatera
Riau
xl
2004
(in Kg)
(in Kg)
(in Kg)
xli
xlii
Ministry of Trade
Republic of Indonesia
JI. M.I. Ridwan Rais No.5 Main Building, Jakarta 10110 INDONESIA
Phone. [62-21] 385 8171 (hunting) Fax. [62-21] 235 28691
E-mail. mendag@kemendag.go.id
(62-21) 23528610
E-mail : djkpi@kemendag.go.id
Directorate General of National Export Development
JI. M.I. Rldwan Rais No.5 Main Building, 4th Floor, Jakarta
10110 - INDONESIA
Phone : (62-21) 23527240
Fax :
(62-21) 23527250
E-mail : kabpen@kemendag.go.id
Commodity Future Trading Regulatory Agency
(COFTRA)
Ministry of Trade Building, 4th Floor.
Jl. Kramat Raya No. 172 Jakarta Pusat 10430
Phone : (021) 31922389
Fax : (021) 31922421
E-mail. kabappebti@kemendag.go.id
Website www.bappebti.go.ld
(62-21) 23528690
E-mail : kabalitbang@kemendag.go.id
xliii
xliv
Rome, Italy
Indonesian Embassy
Via Campania, 53 - 55 , 00187 Rome
Phone : (39-06) 4200911
Fax : (39-06) 4880280
Email : atdag-ita@kemendag.go.id
Paris, France
Tokyo, Japan
Indonesian Embassy,
5-2-9, Higashi Gotanda Shinagawa-ku
Phone : (81-3) 34414201
Fax : (81-3) 34471697
Email : atdag-jpn@kemendag.go.id
Web : indonesian_embassy.or.jp
Manila, Philippine
Berlin, Germany
Indonesian Embassy,
Lehrter Strasse, 16-17 D-10557 Berlin
Phone : (4930) 47807200
Fax : (4930) 47807209
Email : atdag-deu@kemendag.go.id
Ottawa, Canada
Indonesian Embassy,
55 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa Ontario KIY 1E5
Phone : (1-613) 7241100-306
Fax : (1-613) 7247932
Email : atdag-can@kemendag.go.id
Web : www.indonesian_ottawa.org
Seoul, South Korea
Indonesian Embassy 55 Yoido-dong,
Youngdeungpo-ku seoul 150-010
Phone : (82-2) 7835675-7 ex 288
Fax : (82-2) 7837750
Email : atdag-kor@kemendag.go.id
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Indosesian Embassy
Jalan Tun Abdul Razak no. 233
Phone : (603) 21448407
Fax : (603) 21448408
Email : atdag-mys@kemendag.go.id
Web : www.kbrikl.org.my
Cairo, Egypt
Indonesian Embassy
13, Aisha EL Temoria St. Garden City
P.O. BOX 1661 Cairo
Phone. : (20-2) - 7944698, 7947200/9
Fax : (20-2) - 7962495
Email : atdag-egy@kemendag.go.id
Indonesian Embassy
47-49, Rue Cortambert
Phone : (33-1) - 450302760 ext. 418, 45044872
Fax
: (33-1) - 45045032
Email : atdag-fra@kemendag.go.id
Indonesian Embassy
185, Salcedo Street, Legaspi Village, Makati City
Phone : (632) - 8925061-68
Fax
Email : atdag-phl@kemendag.go.id
Moscow, Russia
Indonesian Embassy
Apt. 76, Entr. 3, Korovy val 7 Moscow 119049,
Rusia
Phone : (7-495) - 2385281
Fax
: (7-495) - 2385281
Email : atdag-rus@kemendag.go.id
Singapore
Indonesian Embassy
7 Chatsworth Road
Phone : (65) - 67375420, 68395458
Fax
Email : atdag-sgp@kemendag.go.id
Madrid, Spain
Indonesian Embassy
65, Calle de Agastia
Phone.:(34-91) - 4130294
Fax:(34-91) - 4157792
Email : atdag-esp@kemendag.go.id
Geneva, Switzerland
Indonesian Mission on The United Nations
And Other International Organizations
16, Rue de Saint Jean
Phone : (0041-22) - 3455733
Fax
: (0041-22) - 3383397
Email : atdag-che@kemendag.go.id
Bangkok, Thailand
Indonesian Embassy
600-602 Pitchburi Road, Rajthevi
P.O.Box 1318
Phone : (0066-2) - 2551264 ex 123
Fax
Email : atdag-tha@kemendag.go.id
Milan, Italy
Via G. Fara 39, 9th Floor
Milan, Italy
+390236598191
www.itpcmilan.com
Osaka, Japan
ITM 4-J-8, Asia and Pacific Trade Center 2-1-10
Nanko Kita, Suminoe-ku
Osaka 559-0034, Japan
(081-6) 66155350
(081-6) 66155351
Itpc-jpn@kemendag.go.id
www.itpc.or.jp
Hamburg, Germany
Multi Buro Service
Glokengisserwall 17 20095
Hamburg Germany
(49-40) 33313-280
(49-40) 33313-282
inatrade@itpchamburg.de
Vancouver, Canada
1500 West Georgia, Vancouver
Canada
Itpc-can@kemendag.go.id
Sydney, Australia
Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC)
60.Pitt Street Level 2nd Sydney
(61-2) 925.28783
(61-2) 925.28784
Itpc-aus@kemendag.go.id
www.itpcsydney.com
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Edificio Park Lane Alameda Santos 1787Conj III - 11
Andar Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo Brazil 01419.002
(55-11) 326.30472, 32538126
(55-11) 85542787
Itpc-bra@kemendag.go.id
Santiago, Chili
Nueva Tajamar 481,
Torre Sur,
Oficina 796, Las Condes
(+562) 441-0494
(+562) 441-0495
Budapest, Hungary
Bajcsy Zslinszky ut 12, 2nd floor No.205
Budapest 1051 Hungary
(36-1) 3176382
(36-1) 2660572
Itpc-hun@kemendag.go.id
Chennai, India
Ispahani Center - 2nd floor
123/124, Nungambakkan
High Road, Channai, India
Itpc-ind@kemendag.go.id
CONSULATE-GENERALS
INDONESIAN ECONOMIC
AND TRADE OFFICE
Taiwan
Indonesian Economic and Trade Office to Taipei
Twinhead Bld 6F No. 550 Rui Goang Road
Deihu District Taipei Taiwan 114
(886-2)-87526170
(886-2)-87423706
bambang.mulyatno@kemendag.go.id
luther.palimbong@kemendag.go.id
kakdei-twn@kemendag.go.id
http://kdei-taipei.org
xlv
List of Company
Aroma, CV
Aromindo, CV
0251-7544021-2
Danau Intan, CV
Jl. Arau 29
Padang 25215, West Sumatera
Djasulawangi, PT
xlvi
Herba Bagoes, PT
Indaroma, PT
Indarro Aromatik, PT
Indesso Aroma, PT
Indowangi Nusajaya, PT
Jujur Mujur, CV
Takasago Indonesia, PT
Nabateans Aromatic,PT
Nilam Widuri, PT
Tatami Goods
Van Aroma, PT
Sidomulyo
Nilam Jaya
Kebonduren, Ponggok
Blitar, East Java
Tel (62 342) 551 725
Scent Indonesia, PT
xlvii
xlviii
xlix