RADAR TECHNOLOGY

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

1958 FIRST GATSOMETER (NON RADAR)

Two rubber tubes were
laid across the road at a
fixed distance.
The measured time was
converted to speed,
using a conversion table.

LEGISLATIONS/GUIDELINES
Since the 70s the
1st local /country
specific regulations
and specifications for
enforcement equipment
were introduced in
Western Europe
followed by the OIML
guidelines in the 90ties.

1970 RADAR WITH HORN ANTENNA, 13 GHZ

Wide radar beam
15-20 degrees
Long range upto a few
hundred meters
No fixed measurement
angle
Accuracy depends
highly on the operator
Mechanical tuning fork
for selftest

DETECTION AREA RADAR WITH HORN ANTENNA

300 metres

The Doppler Principle

The Doppler Principle
Transmitted energy reflected off an object will be
Transmitted
energy reflected
offproportion
an object will
be
changed in frequency
in direct
to the
relative motion
between
the transmitter
the
changed
in frequency
in direct
proportionand
to the
relative
motion
reflection
object.between the transmitter and the
reflection object.
If the energy source and the reflecting object are
If
the energy
sourceeach
and other,
the reflecting
object are
moving
towards
the reflected
moving
towards
eachtowards
other, the
When
the vehicle
drives
the reflected
radar the reflecting
Frequency
will be
higher.
Frequency
will
higher.
frequency
will
bebe
higher.

THE DOPPLER PRINCIPLE

TRANSMITTED

TRANSMITTED

RETURNE
D

RETURNE
D

If the energy source and the reflecting object are

When the vehicle drives away from the radar the
If
the energy
source
reflecting
object are
moving
away
fromand
eachthe
other,
the reflected
reflecting
frequency
will
be
lower.
moving
each other, the reflected
frequencyaway
will from
be lower.
frequency will be lower.

The Doppler frequency

is the result of the radar
signal that is reflected.
It has a direct relation
between the transmitted
frequency from the
radar and the received
frequency from a
moving vehicle.

TRANSMITTED

TRANSMITTED

RETURNE
D

RETURNE
D

1971 RADAR MK II AND MK III, 13 GHZ

Single transceiver; no
direction sensing
Small radar beamwidth
approx. 5
Fixed measurement
angle across the road
resulting in a small
measurement zone
Accuracy depends on
radar and only partly on
the operator
Mechanical and
electronic tuning fork
possible for selftest
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RADAR WITH SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA

No direction sensing
A. Approaching the radar beam
B. Entering the radar beam
C. Continuous measurement
D. Leaving radar beam; end speed calculation

1971 RADAR PRINTS MK II, III

Various printed circuit
boards are used in these
radar system.

1974 RADAR MK IV, 13 GHZ

Direction sensing
Radar beam approx. 5
Fixed measurement angle
Detection of multiple vehicles
in the radar beam
The accuracy depends for a
major part on the radar and
only for a small /minor part on
the operator.
System could be used in
unmanned mode
Mechanical selftest with tuning
fork not possible.
Introduction of electronic
tuning fork for selftest

10

1974 MK IV MICROWAVE PARTS, 13 GHZ

Micro wave part and slotted
wave guide antenna use a
transmitter and two
receivers.
This results in a system that
is able to detect the direction
of passing vehicles.

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RADAR WITH SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA

Direction sensing
A. Approaching the radar beam
B. Entering the radar beam
C. Continuous measurement
D. Leaving radar beam; end speed calculation

12

1975 RESULT PHOTO MK IV RADAR WHILE MOVING

13

1980 MICRO RADAR, 13 GHZ

Same microwave system

as Mk IV.
For signal processing a
-processor is used
resulting in high accuracy
of measured speed and
trigger point of the
offending vehicle even in
multiple lanes
System can run with and
without operator and is
used mainly for unmanned
applications
No mechanical tuning fork
possible
Internal electronic tuning
fork for seltest
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1980 MICRO RADAR, 13 GHZ

Direction sensing
Fixed measurement
angle
Radar beam approx.
5
Distinction between
passenger cars and
trucks (individual
speed thresholds)
High accuracy of
speed measurements

15

1980 MICRO RADAR, 13 GHZ

Signal processing for
Doppler signal and
calculation of speed,
direction, multiple
vehicles detection and
trigger for camera using
-processors

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1990 RADAR 24 SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA

Higher frequency because
of new regulations
New microwave part uses
2 detection diodes to
detect the direction of
travel of the traffic
Measures speed of
passing vehicles,
senses direction,
checks signal quality,
detects multiple vehicles
in the radar beam
Self test with electronic
tuning fork, starting from
microwave part

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34 GHz RADAR CAMERA SYSTEM

Some manufacturers use
the 34 GHz frequency
Not all countries allow use
of 34 GHz, because of
other applications

RADAR DEVICES

18

1990 RADAR 24 SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA

With direction sensing

RADAR DEVICES

19

1990 RADAR 24 INSTALLATION IN FIP

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1990 RADAR 24 ON TRIPOD

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1990 RADAR 24 BUILT-IN A VEHICLE

22

2004 RADAR 24 PLANAR

Much lower power
output; conform ETSI
300-440 and FCC
Replaces the radar 24
wave guide antenna
Same performance and
accuracy
Same 24 GHz frequency
Same fixed angle across
the road as the wave
guide version

23

RADAR 24 RESULT PHOTOS

24

RADAR 24 FIP WITH SECONDARY METHOD

With road markers for secondary speed calculation in unmanned use.
The speed of the vehicle
can be calculated by
measuring the travelled
distance between on the
1st and 2nd image.
A fixed interval setting
must be set.

RADAR DEVICES

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PARABOLIC RADAR 13 GHZ AND 24 GHZ

For use above the road; single lane monitoring
13 GHz

24 GHz

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PARABOLIC RADAR PLANAR

For use above the road;
single lane monitoring
Flat design is more
compact
ETSI 300-440 en FCC
compliant

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PARABOLIC RADAR FOR OVERHEAD USE

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PARABOLIC RADAR RESULT PHOTOS

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PARABOLIC RADAR RESULT PHOTOS

30

2005 LOOPLESS TRIGGER RADAR

31

LTR SET-UP FOR SINGLE OR MULTIPLE LANES

LTR angle settings are
flexible and are set for each
individual LTR for each
individual lane, depending
on height position, distance
to centre of the lane, etc.

32

LTR ALIGNMENT
Precise and accurate
alignment with webcam

RADAR DEVICES

33

LTR VEHICLE MEASUREMENT

The footprint length can vary from

roughly 6 to 25 meters depending
on different installation situations.

Start measurement at A
Triggerpoint at B
End measurement C

Vx
A
Receding vehicle

LTR VEHICLE MEASUREMENT

Start measurement at A
Triggerpoint at B
End measurement C

Vx
C

A
Approaching vehicle

LTR SIGNALS
Yellow = speed
Red = LTR signal
Green = trigger
Blue = distance

V-speed
A-speed
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LTR MODULATION

The modulation has 4 discrete frequencies that are controlled

by the LTR software. The channels are fixed by the program
code (version). The difference in frequency varies from about 3
MHz to about 25 MHz. The oscillator is temperature stabilized.

37

LTR MODULATION
A spectrum analyzer shows the signals measured on the DSP board.
When operational,
the DSP software is
responsible for modulation
and digitization.

The modulation plan

provides 4 distinct
frequencies.
The difference between
these 4 frequencies is the
basis for the distance
measurement.

Example of a spectrum scan

38

LTR MODULATION
The purple curve is the
modulation voltage
The yellow and cyan
curves are the signals on
the I and Q channel
The 90 degrees lag of the
cyan signal is also visible
A change in direction of
the target will show a lag
in the yellow signal

DSP board signals

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EXAMPLE LTR ON OVERHEAD MAST ARM

40

LTR RESULTS RED LIGHT ENFORCEMENT

41

LTR APPLICATIONS

Red light
Speed
Emergency lane
Buslane
City centre environment
zone
Access Control
Section control
..

42

2012 RT2 RADAR

Simultaneously
measures own speed,
overtaking speed and
distance in moving
mode
Measures speed and
distance in stationary
mode
Selftest starting at
front end to check
system

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RT2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Type
Antenna beam
Squint angle
Setting angle
Measuring direction
moving
stationary
Lane coverage
Positioning

: Planar Patch Array

: 5 horizontal, 20 vertical
: 20
: parallel to road axis

: receding (approaching is approval pending)

: approaching, receding or both
: up to 4 lanes (stationary measurements)
: aligned at road side for stationary measurements;
: fixed radar position in car for moving measurements
Transmission class
: K-band
Max. transmit power : 20 dBm (EIRP)
ETSI 300-440 compliant with 250 MHz bandwidth
Operating temperature : in operation -25 to +60

RADAR DEVICES

44

RT2 MOVING ENFORCEMENT

Overtaking speed

Measures its own

speed, and
simultaneously
measures the speed
of the overtaking
vehicle
Measures the
distance to the
offending vehicle

Own speed

45

RT2 DETECTION IN MOVING MODE

Receding vehicle
(low speed difference)

Approaching vehicle
(high speed difference)

46

2013 RT3 TRACKING RADAR

Wide radar beam of
approx. 70 degrees
Speed detection
Direction sensing
Tracks up to 12
vehicles
simultaneously
Automatic angle
measurement for
speed calculation
Selftest starting at
front end
Automatic alignment
with traffic flow.
47

RADAR FRONT END

Internal/external test

Internal self test

(electronic tuning
fork) direct on
mixer diodes.

48

RADAR FMCW
Speed and ranging with an FMCW radar system

50 MHz

49

RADAR ANGLE MEASUREMENT

Wavefront detectors

Interferometry / monopulse

t + t

50

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Transmit frequency:

Maximum transmit power:

Antenna beam
Detection range:
Speed range:
Direction sensing:
Number of tracked vehicles :
Number of lanes to be observed:
Separation of targets:
Installation height:
Operating temperature:

24.000 24.250GHz
24.050 GHz, 24.100 GHz, 24.125 GHz,
24.150 GHz and 24.200 GHz
20dBm (EIRP)
ETSI 300/400 en FCC compliant
horizontal: 70
vertical: 11
>70m
up to 300 km/h
approaching/receding
12 (16 optional)
up to 4
by speed and/or distance
3 to 6m
-25 to +60

51

MEASUREMENT SINGLE VEHICLE

Speed raw single vehicle

52

MEASUREMENT SINGLE VEHICLE

Speed tracked single
vehicle

53

MULTIPLE VEHICLES
Speed raw multiple
vehicles

54

MULTIPLE VEHICLES
Speed tracked multiple
vehicles

55

MULTIPLE VEHICLES
Quality multiple
vehicles

56

MULTIPLE VEHICLES
Power level multiple
vehicles

57

MULTIPLE VEHICLES
Top view multiple
vehicles

58

RT3 MULTIPLE VEHICLE TRACKING RADAR

Wide angle, radar
beam width of 70
Distance
measurement
Angle measurement
Speed measurement
Speed measurement
in 2 directions
State of the art
technology

59

SINGLE POLE INSTALLATION

60

RT3 RED LIGHT SITUATION

Detection line for
camera trigger point
Position of the
detection line
depends on local
regulations/legislation

61

RT3 RADAR RESULT PHOTOS

62

TRACKING MULTIPLE VEHICLES

The RT3 tracking radar
provides lane indication
The RT3 tracking radar
can identify the
offending vehicle

RADAR DEVICES

63

SUMMARY
Radar sensor has to be able to identify the vehicle for which it has measured the
speed .
To make identification possible it is necessary to use modulated radar systems.
Modulated radar technology in 24 GHz is already available today.
Used frequencies should be left unspecified but should meet local/ international
regulations.
Selftests with electronic tuning fork can be performed manually and/or
automatically.

A mechanical tuning fork is not possible because of complexity of radar signals.

Continuous wave radars can not identify the offending vehicle without the use of a
template.
Suggestion for the future is to only use radars that enable the system to identify
the offending vehicle.
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Q&A

65

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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