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OUTLINE
More history
Index of Refraction
More basic radar
Millstone
The BMEWS Prototype
Millstone Radar
1957
Millstone
The BMEWS Prototype
Amplitude
Transmitter
Pulse
Range
Millstone Radar
1957
Sputnik
A-Scope Trace
Outline
More History
Index of Refraction
More Basic Radar
Appleton
Hartree
but also
Outline
More History
Index of Refraction
More Basic Radar
Appleton
Hartree
but also
ng
Ra
Target
ted
t
i
sm e
n
a
Tr Puls
ed
t
c
fle
Re ulse
P
Target range =
c
2
Range
Delay
Appleton-Hartree Equation
Outline
More History
Index of Refraction
More Basic Radar
RADAR
RAdio Detection And Ranging
Antenna
Propagation
Target
Cross
Section
Transmitted
Pulse
Reflected
Pulse
(echo)
Radar observables:
Target range
Target angles (azimuth & elevation)
Target size (radar cross section)
Target speed (Doppler)
Target features (imaging)
Haystack 2003AJC 08/01/11
Propagation
Medium
Target
Cross
Section
Transmitter
Waveform
Generator
Signal Processor
Antenna
Receiver
Pulse
Compression
A/D
Main Computer
Detection
Tracking &
Parameter
Estimation
Doppler
Processing
Console /
Display
Recording
Antenna Aperture A
Transmitted Pulse
Transmit Power PT
Received Pulse
Received Signal
Energy
=
Transmit
Power
Transmit
Gain
Spread
Factor
Losses
Target
RCS
PT
4A
2
1
4R2
1
L
Spread Receive
Factor Aperture
1
4R2
Dwell
Time
Pulsed Radar
Terminology and Concepts
Peak power
Power
Pulse length
Target
Return
Pulse repetition interval
(PRI)
Duty cycle =
Time
Pulse length
Pulse repetition interval
Pulsed Radar
Terminology and Concepts
Peak power
Power
Pulse length
100 sec
1 Mwatt
Target
Return
1 watt
Duty cycle =
Pulse length
Pulse repetition interval
Time
10%
100 kWatt
1 kHz
Radar Waveforms
What do radars transmit?
Waves?
or Pulses?
Radar Waveforms
What do radars transmit?
Waves?
or Pulses?
Waves, modulated
by on-off action of
pulse envelope
Properties of Waves
Relationship Between Frequency and Wavelength
Speed of light, c
c = 3x108 m/sec
= 300,000,000 m/sec
Frequency (1/s) =
Examples:
Frequency
100 MHz
1 GHz
3 GHz
10 GHz
Properties of Waves
Phase and Amplitude
Amplitude (volts)
A
Phase,
Amplitude (volts)
90 phase offset
A
Phase,
Properties of Waves
Constructive vs. Destructive Addition
Partially Constructive
(somewhat out of phase)
Constructive
(in phase)
Destructive
(180 out of phase)
Haystack 2003AJC 08/01/11
Non-coherent signals
(noise)
MIT Haystack Observatory
Polarization
y
Electromagnetic Wave
Electric Field
Magnetic Field
Polarization
y
Electric Field
Electromagnetic Wave
Magnetic Field
Horizontal Polarization
Vertical Polarization
y
E
x
Haystack 2003AJC 08/01/11
z
MIT Haystack Observatory
Doppler Effect
c
f
=
c
c
f
c
f = f (2v/)
Doppler
shift
Resolving Doppler
Tx signal: cos(2fot)
Doppler shifted: cos[2(fo+ fD)t]
Multiply by cos(2fot) -> Low pass filter -> cos(2fDt)
BUT, the sign of fD is lost (cosine is an even
function)
So, instead use
exp(j2fDt) = cos(2fDt) + jsin(2fDt)
Generate this signal by mixing cos and sin via two
oscillators (same frequency, 90o out of phase)
Components are called I (In phase) and Q
MIT Haystack Observatory
(Quadrature): Aexp(j2fDt) = I + jQ