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METHODS USED IN BIRD WATCHING

1. Visual Identification this method employs the use of binoculars or highresolution cameras and a field guide as a reference. It is also the most
reliable way to identify the different species of birds in the site. Some
birdwatchers use a method called digiscoping in order to have a visual record
of the birds they spot. It is done by placing a telescope or pair of binoculars in
front of a camera lens using a tripod conjunction. Identification of birds
depends on various physical characteristics such as:
Colors most shorebirds have dull, neutral colors, while most exotic
tropical birds are brightly colored. Colors also help narrow down the
species of a particular bird, especially if it shares a similar silhouette
with other birds in the area.
Size
Wing shape helps identify if a bird is a short or long range flier, a
glider or a fast flier, etc.
Beak shape the beak shape of a bird shows if it is a meat, fish, berry,
nut, or fish-eater.
Feet shape webbed feet are usually found on ducks and geese, longlegged ones are likely shorebirds, and those with talons are birds of
prey.
Flight pattern and aerodynamic movement
Distinct features markings on the chest, a split tail, long feathers on
the head, etc.
2. Auditory identification more experienced bird watchers are able to identify
the call or sound that different species of birds make, and can identify their
presence using this method.
3. Field mapping usually done beforehand, this method is a standard
procedure for experienced birdwatchers. Through mapping, one can identify
which species are native to the area, and which migratory birds happen to be
passing through at a particular time of the year. This method is especially
useful for birdwatchers who wish to spot a particular bird.
METHODS USED IN TREE SURVEYING
1. Random sampling this is usually carried out when the area under study is
fairly uniform, very large, and or there is limited time available. When using
random sampling techniques, large numbers of samples are taken from
different positions within the area.
2. Systematic sampling this is when samples are taken at fixed intervals. This
method uses transects as guides when surveying for trees.

Line transect method A transect line can be made using a measuring


tape marked and numbered at 1m intervals, all the way along its
length. This is laid across the survey area.
Belt transect method This is similar to the line transect method but
gives information on abundance as well as presence, or absence of
species. It may be considered as a widening of the line transect to form
a continuous belt, or series of quadrats.

FORMULAS FOR TREE SURVEYING


Mean-Point Plant Distance
D=

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