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Background
Soil Degradation is defined as a loss of soil
production by either chemical or physical
processes.
Recent developments in the monitoring of soil
degradation processes (Crust Salinization
Increased Runoff) have used passive remote
sensing and active remote-sensing tools such as
ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and frequency
domain electromagnetic induction (FDEM)
objective
To show how remote sensing (ACTIVE and
PASSIVE ) methods can be used for soil
degradation observation and monitoring.
Depth m
Frequencies MHz
0.6
0.4
7-15
3-9
100
250
0.3
2-5
500
0.2
1-2
1000
FDEM
Conductivity, resistivity,
magnetic susceptibility
and frequency sounding
measurements were
acquired with a GEM-2
FDEM (frequency
domain electromagnetic) instrument at
several effective
frequencies.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Resolution m
Depth m
Frequencies MHz
0.6
0.4
7-15
3-9
100
250
0.3
2-5
500
0.2
1-2
1000
1mm
Crust
Sole
Microscopic Cross Section
Soil Degradation effects : The crust significantly affects many dynamic soil
properties such as : decreasing infiltration rate, surface roughness, soil
water storage and capacity, increasing runoff and soil erosion
Rain Simulator
A facility to study the soil physical crust
nozzle
soil tray
runoff tube
carousel
infiltration tube
Laboratory Experiment
0 joule
650 joule
Loess Soil
1842 joule
Spectral Results
1.7m
2.2 m
Spectral Index
Reflectance at 1.7m vs. Infiltration Rate
Crust
Braking Crust
crusted
Non crusted
20 m
C
D
Vegetation
high
low
B
A
Goldshlager N. Ben-Dor E, Y. Benyamini, M. Agassi and D. Blumberg 2002, Spectral properties and
hydraulic conductance of crusts formed by raindrop impact. International Journal of Remote Sensing
19:3909-3920
Ben-Dor E. Goldahlager N, Benyamini M. and D.G. Blumberg 2003 The Spectral Reflectance
properties of Soils structural crust in the SWIR spectral region (1.2-2.5 m), Soil Science Society of
American Journal 67:289-299
Goldshlager N, Ben-Dor E., Chudnovsky A., and M. Agassi 2009 Soil reflectance as a generic tool for
assessing infiltration rate induced by structural crust for heterogeneous soils. European Journal of
Soil Science (in press)
Soil salinity
This phenomenon is related to a high water table and low water quality
Important
absorption in
relation to air-bone
sensor
1550nm
1480nm
Absorption
1750nm
2200nm
1450nm
1950nm
Halite
Spectrum
60 cm depth EC (ds/m)
90
y = 0.3568x - 1.98
R2 = 0.9566
80
70
60
50
40
Ec
30
20
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Shift
Sampling point
FDEM
Eastern scan
line
content
R = 0.9012
50
Measured EC
RPD=2.54
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
Predicted EC
the
Wavelength (nm)
b0
540.74
1503.06
1989.99
2036.36
2175.48
2187.08
2221.86
50
60
ds/m
The results indicate that chemical methods which are correlated with remote sensing
methods give a correct picture of soil salinity.
A spectroscopy based EC prediction model can be built using relatively low spectral
resolution and excluding water vapor absorption bands.
Uzbekistan
Non-saline
Slightly saline
Moderately
Severely
saline
saline
11
Novel method
a
Handle bar
Fiber optic
Handle bar
Stabilizer bar
Lamp holder
(1.2 cm f)
Halogen Lamp
Fiber Holder
(0.8cm f )
ASD
Mirror at 45 angle
Measurement setup
Millimetre-wave backscattering
General Conclusions
The two soil degradation factors can potentially be
monitored by passive and active remote sensing.
Thank You
Naftalig@moag.gov.il