11 Heat and Thermodynamics

HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
HEAT
Heat is that form of energy. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics And Temperature
If a system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B and the system B is in thermal
equilibrium with system C, then systems A and C are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Temperature scales
Relation between Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit Scale:
C K 273 F 32
5
5
9
Example 1: The electrical resistance of pure platinum increases linearly

with increasing temperature. This property is used in a
Platinum resistance thermometer. The relation between R
(Resistance at K) and R0 (Resistance at 0K) is given as
R
R o 1 o
where = temperature coefficient of resistance. Now, if a

Platinum resistance thermometer reads 00 Celsius when its resistance is 80 and
100o when its resistance is 90, find the temperature at which its resistance is 86.
Solution:
Using the given relationship,

we have 90 80 80 100
86
. . . (i)
80 [80 ][ ] . . . (ii)
Where is the desired temperature.

Taking the ratio of (i) & (ii)
CALORIMETRY
Principle of Calorimetry
When two objects having different temperatures are brought in contact, heat flows from the
hot object to the cold object. If the system is sufficiently thermally isolated from its
surrounding, the heat lost by the hot object = the heat gained by the cold object.
Specific heat capacity
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of unit mass of a substance by 1 is
known as its specific heat capacity. If Q amount of heat raises the temperature of m mass of
a material by T , then its specific heat capacity is given as:
s
Q
mT
Q msT
Also the amount of heat supplied per unit increase in temperature for any body is known as
its heat capacity, c
Q
ms .
T
Specific Latent Heat
SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA
Page 183
In order to change the state of a substance (from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas) heat
has to be supplied to it. During this process temperature remains constant. The amount of
heat supplied per unit mass for such a process is known as the Specific Latent Heat of that
substance for that process.
Example 2:
5 gm of water at 30oC and 5 gm of ice at - 20oC are mixed together in a

calorimeter. Find the final temperature of mixture and also the final masses
of ice and water. Water equivalent of calorimeter is negligible, specific heat
of ice = 0.5 cal/gmoC and latent heat of ice = 80 cal/gm.
Solution:
In this case heat is given by water and taken by ice

Heat available with water to cool from 30oC to 0oC
= ms = 51 30 150 cal .
Heat required by 5 gm ice to increase its temperature up to 0oC
ms 5 0.5 20 50 cal
Out of 150 cal heat available, 50 cal is used for increasing

temperature of ice from - 20oC to 0oC. The remaining heat 100 cal is used for
melting the ice.
if mass of ice melted is m gm then
m 80 100 m 125
.
gm
Thus 1.25 gm ice out of 5 gm melts and the mixture of ice and
water is at 0oC.
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
1 calorie is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of pure water at 1 atm
pressure from 14.5C to 15.5C.
When work is completely converted to heat, the quantity of heat produced (Q) is found to be
proportional to the quantity of work (W) that was converted into heat
WQ
Or,
W = JQ, where J is known as the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat.

J = 4.2 107 erg cal-1 = 4.2 J/cal
Example 3:
A bullet splinter of mass of 10 gm moving with a speed of 400 m/s hits an ice
block of mass 990 gm kept on a frictionless floor and gets stuck in it. How
much ice will melt if 50% of the lost Kinetic energy goes to ice? (Temperature
of ice block = 0oC).
Solution:
Velocity of bullet + ice block, V =
10 x 400
1000
m/s
V =4 m/s
Page 184
Loss of K.E. =
=
1
1
mv 2 m M V 2
2
2
1
1
[0.01(400)21(4)2] =
[1600 16]= (1584/2) J
2
2
Heat generated =
Mass of ice melted =
1584 / 2 4.2 = 95 Cal

95 cal
80 Cal / gm
= 1.2 gm.
Thermal Expansion
An increase in the temperature of a body is generally accompanied by an increase in its size.
This is known as Thermal Expansion.
1 L
L T
The value of linear coefficient of thermal expansion at temperature T can be found by taking
limit T 0 .
1
L
lim
0
T
L
or
1 dL
L dT
For most of the solids the value of is small and nearly independent of T. In such cases
the linear dimension of an object at a different temperature is given by:
L L o (1 T )
(Here L o is the initial length and T is the change in temperature).

Example 4:
A clock with an iron pendulum is made so as to keep correct time at 10oC.

Given iron 12 10 6 per oC . How fast or slow does
the clock move per day if the temperature rises to 250 C? Given iron = 12
106 per 0C.
Solution:
When the pendulum keeps correct time, its period of vibration is 2
sec and so it makes
24 60 60
43200 Vibration /day
2
If length of pendulum at 10oC is 10 and at 25oC is 25
25
10 [1 ( 25 10 )]
10 [115 ]
as
T 2
Page 185
i.e. T
i.e. n
n25
n10
n is no. of vibrations per sec.
10
25
1 15
n 25 n 10
1 / 2
15
15
1210
2
43200[1 0.00009] = 43196.12

That is the clock makes (43200 43196.12) = 3.88 vibration loss
per day. That is clock losses 3.88 2 = 7.76 sec per day.
Area and Volume expansion
If the temperature of a two-dimensional object (lamina) is changed, its area changes. If the
coefficient of linear expansion of the material of lamina is small and constant, then its final
area is given by
A A o 1 T
, where A o is the initial area, T is the change in temperature and is

the area coefficient of thermal expansion. It can be shown that 2 . Similar relation
also holds for the volume of a three-dimensional object
V Vo 1 T
(Here 3 is known as the coefficient of volume expansion). For most solids, ~ 106/C
Thermal Expansion in liquids:
The experimental measurement of for a liquid becomes slightly difficult due to expansion
of the container, when a liquid is heated in a container. The initial level of the liquid falls due
to expansion of the container. But afterwards it rises due to faster expansion of the liquid.
The actual increase in the =
volume of the liquid
the apparent increase

in the volume of
liquid
+ The increase in the volume of the

container.
liquid = apparent + container

, for liquids, is of the order of 104/C
Anomalous expansion of water: If the temperature of water is increased from 0oC, it
contracts until the temperature reaches 4oC and expands thereafter. In other words the
density of water is highest at 4oC.
Page 186
Example 5: A glass vessel of volume Vo is completely filled with a liquid

and its temperature is raised by T . What volume of the liquid
will
overflow? Coefficient of linear expansion of glass = g and
coefficient of
volume expansion of the liquid = .
Solution:
Volume of the liquid over flown
= Increase in the volume of the liquid increase in the volume of

the container
= Vo (1 T) Vo Vo (1 g T ) Vo
= Vo T( g ) =
Vo T ( 3 g )
( 3 )
Thermal Stress
When a rod of length L is held between two rigid supports and the temperature of rod is
increased by T , the rigid supports prevent the rod from expanding. This causes
compressive stress in the rod. As the length of the rod remains unchanged,
Thermal expansion = Mechanical compression
LT
FL
AY
F/A
L / L
Thermal stress F / A YT , which is compressive.
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

Fluids consist of molecules which are in random motion, which collide with each other and
with the walls of the container. The intermolecular separation in a gas is larger by an order of
magnitude than the intermolecular separation in a liquid. The intermolecular separation in a
gas increases as the temperature increases, and decreases with increasing density.
it is experimentally observed that most gases follow a universal equation of state
pV = n RT
Gas molecules are relatively free:
the interactions between them are small. This means that the total energy of the gas
molecules is mostly kinetic.
A simple model of a gas, with point particles representing molecules and their collisions
with the walls of the confining vessel causing the pressure exerted by the gas leads to some
important conclusions:
(a)
The pressure exerted by an ideal gas is given by

p=
1
2
mc rms
, where = number of molecules per unit volume,
3
m = mass of each molecule, crms = the rms speed of each molecule.

(b)
The total internal energy of an ideal gs is
Page 187

1
kBT
2
U = Nf
where N = number of molecules in the gas, f = number of
degree of freedom, T = absolute temperature of the gas, kB = R N A =

Boltzmanns constant.
(C)
The rms speed is given by

crms=
3RT
, where M represents the molar mass of the gas (i.e. mass
M
of 1 mole
of the gas)
(d)
The pressure of an ideal gas is given by

p=
2 U tran
, where Utran is the translational energy of the molecules of
3
V
the gas.
Example6:
Find r.m.s speed of Hydrogen molecules at room temperature
(=300 k).
Solution:
Mass of 1 mole of Hydrogen gas= 2 gm = 2 10-3 kg

Vrms =
=
3 RT
M
3 8.3 300
2 10 3
= 1.93 103 m/s.

2.
When the container contains more than one gas, total pressure exerted
by all the
gases on the wall is sum of pressures exerted by each gas as it
would while filling the
container alone. In a way, each gas behaves independent of each other. Thus we have
P = P1+P2+P3+, where P1, P2, P3 are the partial pressures of gases 1,
respectively
2&3
This is known as Daltons Law of partial pressures.

3.
One mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 litre at standard temperature and
Pressure which are 273.15 (=0C) and 1.013105 Pa
(=1atm) respectively,
Example 7:
4 gm Hydrogen is mixed with 11.2 litre of He at S.T.P. in a

container of volume 20 litre. If the final temperature is 300 K find
the pressure.
Solution:
4 gm Hydrogen = 2 moles Hydrogen

11.2 He at S.T.P. = 1/2 mole of He
P = PH + PHe
Page 188
= (nH+nHe)
8.3 (300k )
RT
= (2+)
( 20 10 3 )m 3
V
= 3.12 105 N/m2.

Internal Energy
Internal energy, of any body is sum total of kinetic energies and potential energies of its
constituents (at molecular level). In case of an ideal gas, as there are no intermolecular
forces, except during collision the possibility of potential energy is ruled out, so it is only
kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of the molecules can be of three types.
(i)
Translational
(ii)
Rotational
(iii)
Vibrational
In a way, it means that the energy of molecules is shared in various modes. These
independent modes of motions are called degrees of freedom. The table given below gives
the number of degrees of freedom for various types of molecules at normal temperature.
Nature of motion
Degree of Freedom (f)

Translational
Rotational
Vibrational*
Total
(1) Monoatomic
(2) Diatomic
Poly
Non-linear 3
Atomicity
Linear
*
At room temperature the energy associated with vibrational motion is negligibly
small in comparison to translational and rotational K.E.
Equipartition of Energy
According to the Law of equipartition of energy the average K.E. of a molecule is equally
shared among different degrees of freedom. The average energy per degree of freedom of a
molecule is kT, where k is the Boltzmanns constant and T is the absolute temperature.
Thus, for a monoatomic ideal gas:
U (the internal energy) =
Also for one mole U =
3
kT
2
3
RT
2
Example 8: Find the average kinetic energy per molecule at temperature T for an
equimolar mixture of two ideal gases A and B where A is monoatomic and B is diatomic.
Solution:
No. of degrees of freedom per molecule for A = 3

No. of degrees of freedom per molecule for B = 5
Page 189
Since the mixture is equimolar, the average kinetic energy per

molecule will be given by the average of the two values i.e.
35
kT = 4kT
2
where k is Boltzmanns constant.

Work Done In Different Processes
Work done by an enclosed gas on its surroundings is given by
W = p dV
For different types of processes, we have got different relations between p (Pressure) and V
(Volume) and accordingly we have different expressions for work.
(a)
Isochoric Process
Here, the volume is constant throughout and therefore the work done by
irrespective of the manner in which pressure varies, is zero
the gas,
Wisochoric = 0
(b)
Isobaric Process
In this case, pressure of the gas remains constant throughout the process. Hence,
pdV = p V
= n RT(n = number of moles)
( T= change in absolute temperature)
(C)
Isothermal process
The temperature remains constant throughout the process.
Using ideal gas equation, we get,
p=
n RT
V
Hence,
V2
pdV = n RT
V1
(d)
V2
dV
= n RT ln
V1
V
Adiabatic Process:
pV = Constant = C (say)
p = CV-
V2
W = pdV =
CV
dV
V1
p1V1 p 2 V2
= nCv(T2 T1)
1
Page 190
The work done by a gas can also be evaluated from the p-V diagram of
the process.
Area enclosed by the curve in a p-V diagram = work done by the gas
V
First Law of Thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics is simply a re-statement of the principle of conservation of
energy for a thermally isolated system.
If Q, U & W represent the heat given to the system, change in its internal energy and the
work done by the system respectively, the first law of thermodynamics states that,
Q = U + W
The heat transferred to the system (Q) is either utilised to do work (W) or increase the
internal energy of the system (U).
Example 9:
3000 J of heat is given to a gas at constant pressure of 2 105 N/m2. If its

volume increases by 10 litres during the process find the change in the
internal energy of the gas
Solution:
Q = 3000 J
W = P V = (2105 N/m2) (10 10-3m3)
= 2 103 J
U = Q W = 3000 2000= 1000 J.
Specific Heat Capacities of Gases
S=
1 Q
m T
where Q = amount of heat required for T temperature change.

m = mass of the gas.
In case of gases, the concept of a molar heat capacity is useful. Molar heat capacity is the
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of the gas by one degree.
So, if Q amount of heat goes to change the temperature of n moles of a gas in a particular
process, molar heat capacity C can be mathematically given by:
C=
1 Q
n T
In terms of differentials,
C=
1 dQ
n dT
Page 191
Two special cases are:(i)
If volume is kept constant during the process then

CV =
1 Q
n T
V constant
This is the molar heat capacity of the gas at constant volume

Note: Since U is independent of the process. U = n Cv T is true for all processes.
(ii)
If pressure remains constant, then

1 Q
Cp = n T
p constant
This is the molar heat capacity of the gas at constant pressure

Relation Between Cp and Cv
Cp Cv = R
This is known as Mayers relation.
The Values of Cp and Cv
If f is the number of degrees of freedom of a gas molecule then the internal energy of n
moles of that gas is given as
U = f/2 n RT
U = f/2 n RT = n CvT
Cv = f/2 R
From Mayers Relation

Cp = C v + R
Cp = (f/2+1)R
And the ratio of specific heats
=
=
Cp
Cv
f /2 1
f /2
f 2
2
= 1
f
f
Example 10: Find the molar heat capacity of an ideal gas with adiabatic
exponent for the polytropic process P V = constant.
Solution:
We have, from first law of thermodynamics

C = Cv +
PdV
ndT
(n = number of moles)
We have, P V = constant
From Ideal gas equation P V = n RT
Page 192
Taking ratio, T V1 = Constant

Differentiating we get
V
dV
=
T( 1)
dT
Putting it in the equation for C.

C = Cv
PV
n RT
= Cv
nT( 1)
n T( 1)
= Cv
R
1
C = 1 1
Second law of thermodynamics
(i) Kelvin Statement:- It is impossible to derive a continuous supply of work by cooling a
body to a temperature lower than that of the coldest of its surroundings.
(ii) Clausius Statement:-It is impossible for a self acting machine, unaided by an external
agency to transfer heat from a body to another at higher temperature.
Reversible Process:
A process which can be made to proceed in the reverse direction by variations in its
conditions so that all changes occurring in any part of the direct process are exactly reversed
in the corresponding part of the reverse process is called a reversible processes.
Irreversible Process:
A process which can not be made to proceed in the reverse direction is called an irreversible
process.
Heat Engine:
It is a device which continuously converts heat energy into the mechanical energy in a cyclic
process.
Efficiency of heat engine:
work output
= heat input
Q
W Q1 Q 2
1 2
Q1
Q1
Q1
Where Q1 is the heat supplied by the source and Q2 is the heat rejected to the sink.
Carnot Engine:
It is an ideal heat engine which is based on Carnot's reversible cycle. It works in four steps
viz. Isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression and adiabatic
compression. The efficiency of a Carnot engine is given by
=1
Q2
T2
=1
Q1
T1
Page 193
where T1 and T2 are the temperatures of source and sink respectively.

Example 11: The efficiency of a Carnot cycle is 1/6. If on reducing the
temperature of the sink by 650C, the efficiency becomes 1/3,
find the initial and final temperatures between which the cycle
working.
Given 1 =
Solution:
is
1
1
, 2 =
6
3
If the temperatures of the source and the sink between which the
cycle is working are T1 and T2, then the efficiency in the first case
will be
1 = 1 -
T2
1
=
T1
6
In the second case 2 = 1

Solving T1 = 390 K and
T2 65
1
=
T1
3
T2 = 325 K.
OBJECTIVE
1:
Calculate the root mean square speed of smoke particles of mass 5 10 17 kg in
Brownian motion in air at NTP. Boltzmann constant
k 1.38 10 23 JK 1
(A)
1.5 cm/s
(B)
2.2 cm/s
(C)
2.3 cm/s
(D)
4.4 cm/s
Ans. (a)
Solution:
PV =
1
m
2
mVrms
RT
3
M
Vrms
3RT
3 NK T
N
3kT
where = mass of one molecule.
Vrms
3 1.38 10 23 273
5 10 17
= 15 10 3 m / s 1.5 cm/s
Page 194
2:
During an experiment an ideal gas is found to obey an additional law
VP 2 =
constant. The gas is initially at temp T and volume V. What will
be the temperature of the
gas when it expands to a volume 2V?
(A)
4 T
(B)
2 T
(C)
5 T
(D)
6 T
Ans. (b)
Solution:
According to the given problems

VP2 = constant
From the gas law
PV = nRT
V nRT
nR
T
K
V1 T1
, i.e,
V2 T2
V
T
2V
T
2 T
Q.3-5 We have two vessels of equal volume, one filled with hydrogen and the other with
equal mass of Helium. The common temperature is
27oC.
3:
What is the relative number of molecules in the two vessels ?

(A)
nH
1
n He 1
(B)
nH
5
nHe 1
(C)
nH
2
n He 1
(D)
nH
3
nHe 1
Ans. (C)
4:
If pressure of Hydrogen is 2 atm, what is the pressure of Helium ?

(A)
pHe = 2 atm.
(B)
pHe = 3 atm.
(C)
pHe = 4 atm.
(D)
pHe = 1 atm.
Ans. (d)
Page 195
5:
If the temperature of Helium is kept at 27o C and that of hydrogen is
changed,
at what temperature will its pressure become equal to that of helium ? The molecular
weights of hydrogen and helium are 2 and 4 respectively.
(A)
123oC
(B)
140oC
(C)
160oC
(D)
183oC
Ans. (a)
Solution 3-5:
3.
The masses of hydrogen and helium gases in the vessels are equal. This means
that the product of the number of molecules and the mass of a
molecule must be same
for H2 and He gases. Since molecular masses of
H2 and He are in the ratio 1: 2, their
number of molecules nH and nHe in the vessels must be in the reverse ratio, that is,
nH
2
nHe 1
4.
The equation of state for one mole of a gas is

pV = RT = NkT
Where N is Avogadros number (no. of molecules in one mole) and k is
Boltzmanns constant. If a gas has n molecules, the equation of state will be
pV = nkT
For a given volume and a given temperature, we have
p n.
Since H2 and He have same volume and same temperature (27oC), we
have
pH
n
2
H
pHe nHe 1
5.
Here
pH = 2 atm.
pHe = 1 atm.
Again, we have
pV = nkT
H2 and He have equal volumes. For having equal pressure, we must
have
nHTH = nHeTHe
or
THe
n
H 2
TH nHe
Here
THe = 27 + 273 = 300 K
TH =
1
THe = 150 K
2
= 150 273 = 123oC

Page 196
6:
A vessel contains a mixture of 7 gm of nitrogen and 11 gm of carbon
dioxide at
temperature T = 290 K. If pressure of the mixture P = 1
atm, calculate its density (R =
8.31 J/mol k)
(A)
2.5 kg/m3
(B)
1.5 kg/m3
(C)
4.5 kg/m3
(D)
7.5 kg/m3
Ans. (b)
Solution:
nN
As molecular weight of N2 and CO2 are 28 and 44, and n
m
,
M
7
1
11
and n C
1/ 4
28 4
44
So, n nN n C
1 1 1

4 4 2
Now, according to gas law PV = nRT

V
1 8.31 290
nRT
1.19 10 2 m 3
=
5
P
2 1.01 10
and m = 7+11 = 18 gm = 18 10-3 kg

18 10 3 kg
m
1.5kg / m 3
2
3
V 1.19 10 m
so, =
Q.7-10.The pressure of a monoatomic gas increases linearly from

4 10 5 N/m2 to
2
3
3
5
0.5 m . Calculate
8 10 N/m when its volume increases from 0.2 m to
7:
work done by the gas

(A)
2.8105 J
(B)
1.8106 J
(C)
1.8105 J
(D)
1.8102 J
Ans. (C)
8:
increase in internal energy

(A)
U 4.8 10 5 J
(B)
U 4.8 10 4 J
(C)
U 6.8 10 5 J
(D)
U 4.8 10 6 J
Ans. (a)
9:
amount of heat supplied

(A)
8.6 10 5 J
(B)
12.6 10 5 J
(C)
6.6. 10 5 J
(D)
10.6 10 5 J
Ans. (C)
10:
molar heat capacity of the gas [R = 8.31 J/mol k]
Page 197
(A)
20.1 J/molK
(B)
17.14 J/molK
(C)
18.14 J/molK (D)
20.14 J/molK
Ans. (b)
Solution 7- 10:
7.
PF
Work done by the gas,

W
PdV = area under P-v curve
= P1 VF VI
P
PI
8.
1
PF PI VF VI
2
VI
1
= VF VI PF PI
2
VF
1
0.5 0. 8 4 10 5 1.8 10 5 J
2
Change in internal energy of a gas is given by

U nC V T
nRT PF VF PI VI
1
1
As the gas is monoatomic, = 5/3

So
10 5 8 0.5 4 0.2 3
10 5 4 0.8
2
5
3 1
U 4.8 10 5 J
9.
From 1st law of thermodynamics

Q U W
= 4.8 1.8 10 5 6.6. 10 5 J

10.
Molar heat capacity is defined as

C
Q
Q R
6.6 10 5 8.31
nT PF VF PI VI 10 5 8 0.05 4 0.2
i.e, C =
54.846
17.14 J/molK
3.2
Q.11-13.Two moles of Helium gas ( = 5/3) are initially at temperature 27oC

and
occupy a volume of 20 litres. The gas is first expanded at constant pressure until the
volume is doubled. Then it undergoes an
adiabatic change until the temperature returns
to its initial value.
11:
What are the final volume.
113 .1310 3 m 3
213.1310 3 m 3
(A)
(B)
Page 198

313.1310 3 m 3
13.1310 3 m 3
(C)
(D)
Ans. (A)
12:
What are the final pressure of gas?
0.4410 5 N / m 2
0.8410 5 N / m 2
(B)
0.9410 5 N / m 2
0.3410 5 N / m 2
(D)
(A)
(C)
Ans. (a)
13:
What is the work done by the gas? (Gas constant R = 8.3 T/mole K)
(A)
13450 J
(B)
14450 J
(C)
16450 J
(D)
12450 J
Ans. (d)
Solution:11.
From ideal gas equation
PV = nRT
PA
C
nRT 2 8.3 300
initial pressure P
20 10 3
V
2.49 10 N / m
5
vA
vB
When volume of gas is doubled at constant pressure, its temperature is also doubled. This
process is shown on P-V curve by line AB. The gas then cools to temperature T
adiabatically. This is shown by curve BC. The whole process is represented by curve ABC.
At point B, pressure PB PA 2.49 10 5 N / m 2 . Volume
VB 2VA 4010 3 m 3 , Temperature
TB 600K.
Now from adiabatic equation

We have TA VA
TV
( 1)
VC
VB
TC VC
= constant
VC
21 / 1
VB
( 1)
TB
600
2
TC
300
= 23/2
Final volume
VC 2
2 VB
Page 199

2 1.414 40 10 3
113 .13 10 3 m3
12.
final pressure
PC
13.
nRTC
VC
2 8.3 300
0.44 10 5 N / m 2
113 .13 10 3
The work done by gas in isobaric process AB

2.49 10 5 ( 40 20 ) 10 3
4980 J
The work done by gas during adiabatic process BC

W2
2 8. 3
1 5
3
nR
1
T2
T1
300 600
7470 J
Net work done by gas W W1 W2
4980 7470 12450 J
14-15. When 1 gm of water changes from liquid to vapour phase at constant

pressure
of 1 atmosphere, the volume increases from 1 cm3 to 1671 c.c. The heat of vaporization at
this pressure is 540 cal/gm. Find
14:
The work done (in J) in change of phase

(A)
170.78 Joule (B)
200.67 Joule
(C)
190. 78 Joule (D)
168.67 Joule
Ans. (d)
15:
Increase in internal energy of water.

(A)
2099.33 J
(B)
3099.33 J
(C)
4099.33 J
(D)
5099.33 J
Ans. (a)
Solution:14.
W
As the process is isobaric
PdV P V
VI
= 1.01 10 6 1671 1 1688 .7 10 6 erg

= 168.67 Joule
15.
[1 erg = 10-7J]
From 1st law of thermodynamics
Page 200

Q U W
Q mL 1 540 cal
= 2268 J, [ 1 cal = 4.2J]

so, U Q W
= 2268 168.67 J
= 2099.33 J
16:
A glass flask of volume one litre at 0 o C is filled level full of mercury
at this
o
temperature. The flask and mercury are now heated to 100 C.
How much mercury will
spill out if coefficient of volume expansion of
mercury is 1.82 10 4 / o C and linear
expansion of glass is 0.1 10 4 / o C respectively?
(A)
14.2 c.c.
(B)
15.2 c.c.
(C)
18.2 c.c.
(D)
20.2 c.c.J
Ans. (b)
Solution:
In case of thermal expansion of liquid, change in volume of liquid relative to
container is given by
V V L S
Here V = 1 litre = 1000 c.c. S = 3 glass
= 0.3 10 4 / o C
So, V 10001.82 0.3 10 4 100 0
= 15.2 c.c.
17:
Two cylinders A and B fitted with pistons contain equal amounts of
an ideal
diatomic gas at 300K. The piston A is free to move, while that of B is held fixed. The
same amount of heat is given to the gas
in each cylinder. If the rise in temperature of
the gas in A is 30K, then the rise in temperature of the gas in B is.
(A)
30K
(B)
18K
(C)
50K
(D)
42K
Solution:
For cylinder A. For cylinder B
dQ = nCPdT1 dQ = nCvdT2
nCPdT1 = nCvdT2
From (I) and (II)
c v dT2 c v R 30
dT2
( c v R )30
cv
Page 201
For diatomic gas c v
5
R
2
dT2 42K .
18:
80 gm of water at 30 o C is poured on a large block of ice at 0 o C . The mass of
ice that melts is
(A)
30 gm (B)
80 gm
(C)
150 gm(D)
1600 gm
Solution:
Since the block of ice at 0 o C is large, the whole of ice will not melt,
hence final temperature is 0 o C .
Q1 = heat given up by water in cooling up to 0 O C
= ms 80 1 30 0
= 2400 cal
If m gm be the mass of ice melted, then
Q 2 = ML = m 80
Q1 Q 2
m 80 2400 or m 30 gm
Here A is correct.
19:
A gas at pressure Po is contained in a vessel. If the masses of all the
are halved and their speeds doubled, the resulting pressure would be
(A)
4Po
(B)
2Po
(C)
Po
(D)
Po
2
Solution:
molecules
1 mn 2
V rms where m = mass of one gas molecules
3 V
n = total no. of gas molecules

i.e, P m and P Vrms
Here m is halved and Vrms is doubled
pressure will be doubled

Hence, (B) is correct
Page 202
20:
The volume V versus temperature T graphs for a certain

amount of a perfect gas at two pressures P1 and P2 are shown
in the figure. Here
(A) P1 < P2
(C) P1 = P2
(B) P1 > P2
(D) cant be
For a perfect gas, PV
Solution:
m
RT
M
mR
RT
PM
So, the slope of the graph is

Slope
mR
PM
1
P
Hence P1 > P2
Hence, (C) is correct
21:
At room temperature the rms speed of the molecules of a certain
found to be 1930 m/s. The gas is
(A)
H2
(B)
F2
(C)
O2
(D)
Cl 2
Solution:
Vrms
3RT
Vrms
diatomic gas is
3RT
M
3 x 8.31x 300
2
(1930 )
2.0078 x10 3 kg
2.00 gm
It is molecular weight of hydrogen (H 2 ) .

22:
The latent heat of vaporization of water is 2240 J. If the work done in
process of vaporization of 1 gm is 168 J, then increase in internal energy is
(A)
2408 J (B)
2240 J
(C)
2072 J (D)
1904 J
Solution:
the
L = 2240 J, m = 1 gm
dW = 168 J
dQ = mL = dU + dW
Page 203
or 1 2240 dU 168
dU = 2072 J
Hence, (C) is correct
23:
For a gas, y = 1.286. What is the number of degrees of freedom of the
of this gas ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
moleculas
Ans. (d)
Solution:
24:
(D) 1
2
2
2
1.286 or 0.286 or
7
n
n
0.286
Which of the following temperatures is the highest?

(A)
100 K (B)
13oF
(C)
20oC (D)
30oC
Solution:
(B ) 13oF is (13+32)o below ice point on F scale.
25:
An ideal gas ( = 1.5) is expanded adiabatically. How many times has
be expanded to reduce the root mean square velocity of
molecules 2.0 times
(A)
4 times
(B)
(C)
8 times (D)
2 times
the gas to
16 times
Ans. (B)
Solution:
Vrms
Vrms
3RT
M
Vrms is to reduce two times i.e, temperature of the gas will have to reduce four times
or
T 1
T
4
During adiabatic process
TV 1 TV 1
or, V T
V T
1
1
4 1.5 1 4 2 16
V 16 V
Page 204
26:
A thin copper wire of length L increases in length by 1% when heated

from
o
o
0 C to 100 C . If a thin copper plate of area 2L L is heated from 0 C to 100 o C ,
the percentage increase in its area will be
o
(A)
1%
(B)
2%
(C)
3%
(D)
4%
Ans. (b)
L = Lo 1
Solution:
L L o
L

Lo
= percentage increase in length =
L Lo 1
100
Hence 2L2 2L o 2 1
2L2 2L2o 2L2o
or
A
2L2o
1
100
100
2
100
2
2%
100

27:
Gas at pressure Po is contained in a vessel. If the masses of all the molecules are
doubled and their speed is halved, the resulting
pressure P will be equal to
(A)
2Po
(B)
Po/4
(C)
Po
(D)
Po/2
Ans. (d)
Solution:
P=
Po =
1
3
1 mn 2
v rms
3 v
m n 2
v rms
v
where m = 2m, v rms
v rms
2
putting the value
Page 205
P mv rms2 2m v 2 rms
2
Po mv rms m 4 v 2 rms
1
2
P = Po/2
28:
The molar heat capacity in a process of a diatomic gas if it does a work of Q/4,
when Q amount of heat is supplied to it is
(A)
2
R
5
5
R
2
(C)
10
6
R (D) R
3
7
(B)
Ans. (C)
Solution:
2 dU
5
R dT dT
5R
2
dU = CV dT =
From 1st law of thermodynamics dU = dQ dW or dU = Q
Now molar heat capacity
Q 3Q
4
4
dQ
Q
5QR
10
R
dT
3
dU
3
Q
2
2
5R
4
Hence (C) is correct

29:
For an ideal gas:
(A)
the change in internal energy in a constant pressure process
from temperature T1 to T2 is equal to nCv (T2 - T1), where Cv is
the molar specific heat at constant volume and
the number of moles of the gas.
(B)
the change in internal energy of the gas and the work done by
the gas are equal in magnitude in an adiabatic process.
(C)
the internal energy does not change in an isothermal process.
(D)
no heat is added or removed in an adiabatic process.
(A)
A, B (B)
A, B, C
(C)
A, B, C, D
(D)
A, C
Solution:
(C) Change in internal energy depends only on change in
internal energy is a function of state only i.e. dU = nCv,dT.
temperature since
In adiabatic process, dQ = 0,
Hence, dU + dW = 0 dU = dW
i.e. magnitude of change in internal energy is equal to magnitude of work done.
Page 206
30:
Heat is supplied to a diatomic gas at constant pressure. The ratio of

Q : U : W is
(A)
5:3:2 (B)
5:2:3
(C)
7:5:2 (D)
7:2:5
Ans. (C)
Solution:
Q nC P dT
U nC V T
7
nR T ,
2
5
nRT ,
2
7
C P 2 R
5
C V 2 R
and W Q U nRT
Q : U : W 7 : 5 : 2
Hence, C is correct
Page 207

11 Heat and Thermodynamics

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11 Heat and Thermodynamics

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HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

Example 1: The electrical resistance of pure platinum increases linearly

where = temperature coefficient of resistance. Now, if a

Using the given relationship,

Where is the desired temperature.

Specific Latent Heat

SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA

HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

5 gm of water at 30oC and 5 gm of ice at - 20oC are mixed together in a

In this case heat is given by water and taken by ice

Out of 150 cal heat available, 50 cal is used for increasing

W = JQ, where J is known as the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat.

Velocity of bullet + ice block, V =

HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

1584 / 2 4.2 = 95 Cal

(Here L o is the initial length and T is the change in temperature).

A clock with an iron pendulum is made so as to keep correct time at 10oC.

If length of pendulum at 10oC is 10 and at 25oC is 25

SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA

HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

n is no. of vibrations per sec.

43200[1 0.00009] = 43196.12

, where A o is the initial area, T is the change in temperature and is

the apparent increase

+ The increase in the volume of the

liquid = apparent + container

SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA

HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

Example 5: A glass vessel of volume Vo is completely filled with a liquid

Volume of the liquid over flown

= Increase in the volume of the liquid increase in the volume of

Thermal stress F / A YT , which is compressive.

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

The pressure exerted by an ideal gas is given by

m = mass of each molecule, crms = the rms speed of each molecule.

The total internal energy of an ideal gs is

SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA

HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

where N = number of molecules in the gas, f = number of

degree of freedom, T = absolute temperature of the gas, kB = R N A =

The rms speed is given by

The pressure of an ideal gas is given by

Mass of 1 mole of Hydrogen gas= 2 gm = 2 10-3 kg

= 1.93 103 m/s.

This is known as Daltons Law of partial pressures.

4 gm Hydrogen is mixed with 11.2 litre of He at S.T.P. in a

4 gm Hydrogen = 2 moles Hydrogen

SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA

HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

= 3.12 105 N/m2.

Degree of Freedom (f)

No. of degrees of freedom per molecule for A = 3

SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA

HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

Since the mixture is equimolar, the average kinetic energy per

where k is Boltzmanns constant.

SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA

HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

First Law of Thermodynamics

3000 J of heat is given to a gas at constant pressure of 2 105 N/m2. If its

Specific Heat Capacities of Gases

where Q = amount of heat required for T temperature change.

SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA