Power Quality

and
Renewables
2007
PCEA Conference

S&C Electric Company

Presentation Overview

Overview of Large Inverter Technology

How Large Inverters Work
Overview of Large Inverter Applications
Specific Applications for Large Inverters

Powerful Mega-Watt Size Inverter

IGBT
Technology
High
Frequency
PWM
Produces
and/or alters
an AC Sine
Wave

S&C TWO +1 MVAR Inverter Blocks

Common Inverter can be
Utilized for various Power
Quality Applications:
Real Power
Reactive Power
(Capacitive or Inductive)
Reactive & Real
Power
Voltage Sag
Mitigation
Power Factor
Correction
Convert DC to AC

Inverter to provide capacitive & reactive

VARS:

Vary Vac to control reactive power

Vary phase angle to control real power
Through inverter function (DC to AC), the AC Inverter
Voltage can be controlled
If Vinverter < Vutility then DSTATCOM acts like an
inductor on system
If Vinverter > Vutility then DSTATCOM looks like a
capacitor on system

Inverter for Voltage Boost:

Injects capacitive reactive current to boost voltage at the facility
during a utility sag
Voltage is boosted across the source impedance

DSTATCOM Capacitive Current

Load Current

Inverter to provide voltage boost:

Sag conditions
Load at unity pf

DSTATCOM TWO +1 MVAR Blocks

Utilized for various MV
applications:
C&I PQ
- MV UPS
- Voltage Sags
- Power Factor
- Voltage Flicker
Wind
- Power Factor
- Voltage Mode
- LVRT
-ZVRT
Solar
Utility Peak Shaving
Utility Voltage
Support

PureWave Inverter Based Solutions

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
Distribution Static Compensator
(DSTATCOM) for Voltage Sags, Power
Factor and Flicker Mitigation
DSTATCOM for Distributed Voltage Support
Distributed Energy Storage System (DESS)
DSTATCOM + NaS
DSTATCOM for Wind Farm Interconnect
DSTATCOM for Photo Voltaic Interconnect
DSTATCOM with Ultra Caps for Island Wind
Farms

Medium-Voltage PureWave UPS

Systems for C&I Applications
System from at 5 to
34.5 kV
Ratings from 2.0 to 16
MW

Pharmaceutical
5 MVA to 7.5 MVA UPS at 4,160 V

FAB Manufacturer
15.0-MVA @12.47 kV

Critical Power System

Rating: 2 x 10,000 kVA UPS @12.47 kV
With Source Transfer and Back-up Generation
4 2.1 MW Diesel Generators

S&C DSTATCOM for Dynamic VAR

Support, PF, Flicker & Sag Mitigation
Why Inverter Based Compensator ?
DSTATCOM has fastest speed of response
DSTATCOM transient overload allows it to deliver >
nameplate rating even for reduced system voltages
DSTATCOM operates down to 15% retained system
voltage
DSTATCOM will operate at 0 voltage with external
energy source
An inverters MVAR output decreases linearly with
voltage

DSTATCOM Dynamic Capability

300

Percentage MVAR Output

250

200

150

100

50

0
0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

-50

-100
Seconds

5.00

6.00

7.00

DSTATCOM Dynamic Voltage Support

DSTATCOM
MVAR Output
when needed most
via high short term
overload capability

3.50

M VA R

For transient /
dynamic
events when needed
most, the comparison
is remarkable

Ouput Comparison SVC v s DSTATCOM with

330% Short Te rm Ov e rload

3.00

DSTATCOM

2.50

SVC

2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

Voltage (p.u.)

0.5

0.4

0.3

SVC vs. DSTATCOM

Range of Operation

Distributed Energy Storage System (DESS)

PUREWAVE DSTATCOM & NaS Battery

Utility energy storage for peak shaving applications

Ability to inject MWs of medium voltage energy
into grid during Peak Loading
Ability to inject energy for up to 8 hours
Recharge system during off peak hours
Full cycle efficiencies of over 75%
15 year battery life

PureWave DESS Installation

1.2Mw, 7.2MwH NAS Battery

Dynamic VARs from DESS

Available
VARS

10:00 PM

8:00 PM

6:00 PM

4:00 PM

2:00 PM

Discharge Period
12:00 PM

10:00 AM

8:00 AM

6:00 AM

4:00 AM

Charge Period
2:00 AM

1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1,000
-1,200
-1,400

12:00 AM

Power

Maximum Available VARs from a 1.2 MW DESS

kWATTS
+/- kVARS

Time of Day (example)

VARs Available All the Time

Distributed Energy Storage System - NaS

Battery Project 1 MW for 8 Hours

Transmission
Substation

Distribution
Substations
Wind Generation

1st Peak Shaving

2nd Load Separation
3rd Power Quality

Commercial

Industrial

DSTATCOM for Wind Plant

DSTATCOM for Wind Farm Dynamic

VARs and LVRT
Feeder
collectors

VISTA

VISTA

Sub station collection bus

S/C

S/C

9 MVAR

9 MVAR

DSTATCOM
VISTA

VISTA

High-voltage
grid
S/C
VISTA

VISTA

Wind Farm +/-12/39 MVAR

+/-6 MVAR Lead Enclosure
(with control room)

+/-12/39 MVAR DSTATCOM-LV

+/-6 MVAR Follower Enclosure

MV Vista Feeding transformers

Pad-mount transformers (2 MVA)

DSTATCOM Arrangement in ISO Enclosure

Operation with Switched Capacitor Banks

DSTATCOM Output (MVAR)
+16

-16

Switched Cap Banks

+60
+40

Cap Bank 3
Cap Bank 2

+20
0

Cap Bank 1

Total Continuous Output

Cap Banks (All 20 MVAR)

DSTATCOM Short
Term Overload of
330% can be used
instantaneously,
anywhere along
curve to boost or
buck VARs for 2
seconds then backs
down over the next
2 seconds to 100%
output
Note: Cap Bank size
must be less than the
range of the
DSTATCOM
(~75%)

ESA Electronic Shock Absorber

DSTATCOM with real energy source

Smooth out sudden power increases and decreases from the
wind farm to the utility grid
Utilizes Ultra-capacitors to absorb or deliver power
Ultra-capacitors are at 50% charge level
Continuously manages power
Injects real energy for up to 15 seconds
Performs as a DSTATCOM for power factor and voltage
support providing capacitive or inductive reactive power
Typically sized to be 15% to 25% of the wind farm MW

ESA Electronic Shock Absorber

ESA Trailer Layout

Energy Storage
Ultracapacitors

DSTATCOM for Photovoltaic

Applications
Photovoltaic devices use semiconducting materials to
convert sunlight directly into electricity.
Solar radiation, which is nearly constant outside the
Earth's atmosphere, varies with changing
atmospheric conditions (clouds and dust) and the
changing position of the Earth relative to the sun.
Almost all U.S. regions have useful solar resources
that can be accessed.

Photovoltaic Project
One major US developer is projecting 250MW of PV
within three years.
The output of these large PV systems will be 600V
tp 1000V DC
Small systems will be in the 300KW to 1 MW range
Systems exist that are 40MW.
Required output will be 480V 3 Phase AC

10 MW Solar Park

12 MW Solar Park

First Automatic Electric Windmill

Charles F. Brush
built 1887-1888
Cleveland, Ohio
12,000 watt
144 blades - cedar
50Ft diameter
charged batteries in
basement of house
ran for 20 years
Scientific American
Dec. 20, 1890