CHAPTER: 4

PRESENT INTERNATIONAL SITUATION

Due to uneven development of capitalist system it attained a newer phase of
monopoly capitalism toward the end of the 19th century which was
culminating into a stage of imperialism. Lenin defined in his famous book
Imperialism is the highest stage of Capitalism. He depicted that
imperialism is not only highest stage of this stage and economy, but it is the
moribund stage of capitalism. After socialist revolution in Russia,
consequently failure of the revolutionary attempt in Germany, the powerful
working class movement gradually declined in European countries. By
different measures and manipulations, the bourgeois managed to stabilize
this crisis for the time being. As a result of this imperialism did not
demolished but a distorted phase of development in the name of Fascism
grew in few countries, mainly in Germany and Italy. The leading imperialist
country like England and France captured the world market and extracting
raw materials and surplus values through their colonialism in the backward
countries of other continents gave rise to monopoly capital which was
operating through the state machinery in most of the countries of the world.
As the capitalism grew up in Germany and Italy and also in Japan of Asia and
rise of finance capital, they could not flourish in the world market by the
obstacle of the colonial state, governed by these imperialist forces, mainly
England, France and USA. So the strife between imperialist forces became
very apparent and resulting two disastrous world wars. First World War took
place in between 1914-1918 before Soviet Revolution occurred in 1917. After
few years the redistribution of the imperialist camp and temporarily the
stabilization period of capitalism at the same time the grown up of fascism
the Second World War was started in the year 1939. These were more
disastrous and continued till 1945. The contradictions which were apparent
in the time of two World Wars were as below:
1.
2.
3.
4.

The
The
The
The

contradiction
contradiction
contradiction
contradiction

of capital and labor

within imperialism
between capitalism and socialism
between imperialism and nationalism.

Contradiction within the imperialist

forces had played the most important role for culminating these two
World Wars. Lenin stated this contradiction in hi famous writings as
mentioned above, Imperialism: the highest stage of Capitalism. In

this book Lenin depicted mainly the conflict and contradiction of

imperialist economy and going towards an international crisis for
capturing world market by monopoly and finance capital. Due to
historical imitations the dialectical concept of any contradiction, one
side in conflict and in other side, there may be cooperation and
collaboration. In the era of imperialist colonialism, this other side of
dialectics was not apparent within these two periods of World Wars.
Explanation of the reason revealed control of global market under
themselves through colonialism by British imperialist superpower and
French imperialist, the scope of newly arising imperialism of Germany
and Japan were limited to establish them in the world market. The
contradiction among these imperialist forces converted to great
conflict resulting these two World Wars. In the other form we can say
that British imperialism failed to achieve its supremacy over other
imperialist forces to control this conflict due to colonial division of
world market.
The crisis of imperialism is continued and increasingly grows after
establishment of socialist state-system through revolution between
these two World Wars time period. The one-third of the population of
the world including Soviet Russia and China entered in newer state and
economy by forming non-capitalist socialist state-system. The people
of these countries were benefitted by these new states the human
development indicators like jobs, scopes, job security, better working
conditions, free and developed education and health services and
greater production power were achieved by these newer non-capitalist
socialist states. In other side, with the aggravation of nationalist
struggle in colonial countries, they came out from the trap of
imperialism and by getting the freedom and sovereignty. The era of
colonial imperialism was over after Second World War. Two
superpowers emerged and controlled the whole world in different
direction. One is US imperialism and other is Soviet socialist
superpower. The contradiction between these two superpowers after
Second World War has taken the shape of cold war. In this situation the
frightening psychology of common people for an incoming Third World
War between these divided two nuclear based superpowers. After so
many struggles and dedications of revolutionaries and working people
the weakness in socialist system could not remove and strife arose
within Socialist states and Socialist camps. The clash between two big
socialist countries that is Soviet Russia and China became apparent in

different national and international issues. The great debates between

these two countries have shown many loop-holes of socialist
reconstruction and internationalism. In spite of enriching the socialist
ideology, this great debate divided the socialist camp into two
block------ one Soviet Bloc and other one is China Bloc. Ultimately the
weakness within socialist camp was accentuated. This weakness and
strife within the socialist camps helped the imperialist to stabilize their
crisis and reorganize them to survive the new form of exploitation.
Introducing new economic theory of globalization and neo-liberal
market economy imperialist forces under the hegemony of US
imperialism was able to reorganize capitalism throughout the world.
Other imperialist and advanced capitalist state like Great Britain,
Japan, and West European countries follows this liberal economic
venture. So, by adopting the neo-liberal market economy the
imperialist forces under the leadership of USA have established their
imperialist economy and pushing most of the developed and under
developed countries towards the globalization with liberal market
economy by adopting these policies by the state apparatus. Most of
these countries have taken their state policies for reforming in favor of
neo-liberal globalized market economy. In India, these policies of
globalization and economic reforms were adopted in the time of early
90s by Congress lead central government under the Prime
Ministership of Mr.Narasimha Rao. In that the finance minister Dr
Manmohan Singh who was pioneer of market economy and became
Prime Minister of India central government for two successive terms
from 2004 and 2009 in UPA led by National Congress Party of India.
From early 90s and onwards, central government of India, either
Congress or BJP-led UPA (United Progressive Alliance) and NDA
(National Democratic Alliance) respectively follows same economic
policies of liberalization by reforming state-economy in favor of it. Even
the leftists led provincial government, particularly in West Bengal had
taken same path by adopting the theory of development, though they
were opposing neo-liberal reform in Indian Parliament. This was a selfcontradictory position taken by leftists in theory and practice. So, the
drum-beating of high pitch sound of globalized liberal market economy
became chattered throughout the world by the economist and
intellectuals and influenced common people tremendously. These neoeconomic globalized market economies have established deeper due
to failure of socialist countries to solve their problems and have gone
to the state of collapse both in their economic, cultural and political

field. Among them, Chinese government led by the revisionist force

under the leadership of Den-Xiaoping has taken this neo-liberal
economic theory by renaming it as market socialism by opening their
doors for infiltration of imperialist multi-national capital in a socialist
country by reforming their economy towards privatization of state and
public sectors. China and its communist party has become another
pioneer of globalized liberal economy along with USA, Great Britain and
other pro-imperialist country. After demolition of socialist rule in Soviet
Russia and East European countries the communist parties of Soviet
bloc was dethrone and declared counter-revolution occurred towards
reverse direction in capitalist path and they follow also this globalized
liberal economy after this counter-revolution. Chinese communist party
and other Asian countries like Vietnam etc have been able to keep
their power in state-system by reforming their economy in this new
capitalist liberal globalization. Basically these are undeclared counter
revolution under the veil of socialism by adopting pro-capitalist global
economy. World power distributed and reprogrammed towards
unipolarity under the hegemony of US imperialism. Though
contradiction and conflict against the interest of imperialism capital
with labor (common interest working class and toiling masses), the
centre of gravity of struggle have shifted from Europe and Asia to Latin
American countries like Venezuela, Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil and
socialist Cuba with other countries of Latin America there were strong
protest against the ill-effect of liberal globalized economy are gaining
its power day by day. In the course of development of neo-liberal
economy the great recession and crisis have started since 2007 and
this is continued into a chronic crisis for the multinational corporate
sectors that are mostly benefitted by these liberalized global
economies. Pro-imperialist economists and intellectuals have tried to
provide different suggestions to keep alive these global economies. But
the balloon of liberal economic development has already burst and
culminating into an endless crisis. Again, repetition of the concept of
great Lenin is repeating that imperialism is the moribund stage of
capitalism which again resounded after a century period of time has
elapsed. But it occurred in newer form with new distorted social orders.
Though the globalized market economy entered into a phase of chronic
endless crisis, yet US imperialism has been maintaining her hegemony
through all over this planet till today. They are the leader of unipolar
world. This neo-imperialism has taken the lesson from older colonial
based imperialist power and reprogramming themselves in the new

form by reducing the contradictions among them and increasing

cooperation and adjustment in economic and political field. The
massive advancement of Information Technology with modernization of
industrial production, outsourcing of finance capital, utilizing cheap
labor power of developing countries and with the help of modern
electronic news media, imperialist forces can continue their
exploitation through this globalization. Now in the whole world the
globalized liberal economy is inseparable from all countries including
developed, developing and under developed also. This is a process by
which all state system including imperialist countries have taken the
constitutional measures to give it as consent of world social order. Most
of the countries follow this constitutional reform for implementation of
globalization by reforming their economy.
So, we may come to the conclusion that what
British imperialism under colonial system has failed to achieve here
hegemony over other imperialist countries resulting two World War, at
the same time, emergence of socialist camp through social revolution ,
US imperialism has been able to do that. By reforming imperialist
economy by globalization resulting her as a supreme power of unipolar
world at the end of cold war with fall of socialism through declared or
undeclared counter-revolution at the end of 20th century. The socialist
view vanishes into the blue from the mind of the working class and
toiling masses. Though the contradiction and conflict remain flowing
throughout the world the politics and military supremacy kept in the
hand of US imperialism. But in spite of supremacy of imperialist forces
under the hegemony of US hegemony the struggle of working class
and common people is continuing in all countries , even in the
imperialist countries like France, Germany, and even in USA this
struggle is also getting intensity in post counter-revolutionary socialist
states and t is maximum in Peoples Republic of China. Alternative to
neo-imperialist capitalism has become most important issue of debate
among the progressive intellectuals, social workers, revolutionaries,
even all conscious people. So, this debate is giving birth to many
thoughts in philosophical, economic, cultural aspect for formation of
new social world order. In other side in Latin America in few countries
including Venezuela have started new experimentation for an
alternative to form socialism in a variant way within capitalist system
by democratizing widely in different public and private sectors by
maximizing peoples participation. Apart from this many movements
and struggles including micro-movement through micro-organization

with post modernized view are growing up due to continuing

dissatisfaction in the present neo-liberal state system. So, it is inherent
need of human civilization for upliftment of society and that should be
by a conscious revolutionary process which is now the most important
task for social workers and revolutionaries. In Indian context, how we
shall search this alternative political ideology to achieve the social
change for making possible a new India with social equality. We shall
discuss the subject in later chapter of this book.
From the above brief
discussion we can give our attention to few important matters that are
as follows:
1. Imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism and it is the moribund
stage of capitalism. This deduction of Lenin is true, but imperialism
cannot be destroyed spontaneously on its own.
2. The imperialist have been able to maintain their supremacy by
changing their character time to time for more than a century time
period.
3. According to Lenin, the contradiction and conflict within the
imperialist camp was clear to him. But, due to a historical limitation
the dialectical other side of imperialist character was unexplored in
the time of Lenin, that is, the cooperation within imperialist forces
for international exploitation which was manifested by adopting
neo-liberal globalized economic policy by imperialist camp under US
hegemony in political and military field.
4. In spite of contradiction and conflict within the imperialist camp the
opposite character of cooperation between them has become
apparent during the time of cold war and they established their
supremacy throughout the world by the fall of socialism in East
European countries and Soviet Russia by declared counterrevolution and undeclared counter-revolution in China and other
countries of Asia.
5. This cooperations within the imperialist camp have established
their hegemony throughout the world by adopting the policy of
liberal economy with globalization. This is rather we can say,
formation of imperialist internationalism at present under
hegemony of USA.
6. With the failure of socialist country of Europe, and introduction of
market economy in China causes tremendous blow for socialist
political ideology. So, the need of alternative social system was felt
among the revolutionaries and intellectuals in place of older

socialism which will be the true alternative and better society than
capitalism and imperialism. Search for this alternative is now
progressing.
7. In socialist states the great question arises about the dictatorship of
the communist party. Its proper implementation of Marxist thought
of freedom, democracy, to establish human rights.
8. What types of struggle will be taken place in future course of time
by working class and common people which will lead to a better
developed society with greater and wider democracy by
increasingly diminishing class exploitation? Many experimentations
and debates are going on in national and international arena to form
a new outline for need of fulfilling a new discourse regarding this
social change. Search is going on that how this struggle can change
the present worlds social order to a society of inequality, freedom
with peace that means a communist society through revolutionary
changes.