Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Technologies
Jane H. Davidson
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Minnesota
Challenges
Diffuse and intermittent
~1000 W/m2
Capture/convert/store/
transport
Initial cost
Rapid scale-up &
deployment
Geothermal
5%
Nuclear 8%
Petroleum
40%
NG
23%
Coal 23%
Biomass
47%
Wind 2%
Hydroelectric
45%
Source: Renewable Energy Trends 2004; Energy Information Administration, August 2005.
2
Note: Total U.S. Energy Supply is 100.278 QBtu; Energy Information Administration, August 2005.
Distributed
Heating/cooling
Hot water
Photovoltaics
3
Residential
20%
Commercial
16%
Transportation
27%
Buildings
65% of total U.S. electricity consumption
36% of total U.S. primary energy use
30% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions
Source: Energy Consumption US DOE Annual Energy Outlook
50 m
CaCO3 on PP
Wang, Y., Davidson, J.H., and Francis,
L., J. of Solar Energy Engineering,
127, 1, 3-14, 2005.
100 Suns
Line focus; limited to 750K
1000 Suns
10,000 Suns
Evolving: Thermochemical
Production of Fuels
Use & Status
Concentrated
Solar Radiation
Absorption
Heat
QH,TH
Reactants
Chemical
Reactor
Solar Fuels
Fuel
Cell
QL,TL
H2O-splitting
Concentrated
Solar Energy
Decarbonization
H2O
Solar
Thermolysis
Fossil Fuels
(NG, oil, coal)
Solar
Thermochemical
Cycle
Solar
Electricity
+
Electrolysis
Solar
Reforming
Solar
Gasification
Optional CO2/C
Sequestration
Solar Hydrogen
Solar Thermolysis
H2O
300
250
0.9
200
[kJ/mol]
H2 + O2
0.8
0.7
0.6
150
0.5
100
50
0.4
TS
0.3
0.2
0
-50
H2O
H
O
H2
OH
O2
0.1
1000
2000
3000
Temperature [K]
4000
5000
0
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Temperature [K]
Carnot
0.8
20,000
0.6
1000
5,000
0.4
10,000
0.2
00
1000
2000
3000
Temperature [K]
4000
ZnO
SOLAR REACTOR
ZnO = Zn + O2
H = 557 kJ/mol
O2
Zn
TH > 2000 K
HYDROLYSER
H2O
Zn + H2O = ZnO + H2
H = -62 kJ/mol
recycle
ZnO
TL = 700 K
H2
Benefits
1) High specific surface area augments the reaction kinetics, heat transfer, and mass
transfer
2) Large surface to volume ratio favors complete or nearly complete oxidation
3) Entrainment in a gas flow allows for continuous and controllable feeding of
reactants and removal of products
4) Proof of concept with 95% conversion
5) Next steps: to understand the kinetics of the combined formation and hydrolysis
reaction particularly the particle interactions that are concurrent with chemical
reaction
Recommendations
1.
1.
1.
References
1.
Davidson, J.H., Mantell, S.C., and Jorgensen, G., Status of the Development of Polymeric Solar Water Heating
Systems, in Advances in Solar Energy, D.Y. Goswami, ed., American Solar Energy Society, Vol. 15, pp. 149-186,
2002.
Davidson, J.H., Mantell, S.C., and Francis, L.F., Thermal and Material Characterization of Immersed Heat
Exchangers for Solar Domestic Hot Water, in Advances in Solar Energy, D.Y. Goswami, ed., American Solar
Energy Society, Vol. 17, pp. 99-129, 2007.
Davidson, J. H., Low-Temperature Solar Thermal Systems: An Untapped Energy Resource in the United States,
ASME J. of Solar Energy Engineering, 127, 3, 305-306, 2005.
Wang, Y., Davidson, J.H., and Francis, L., Scaling in Polymer Tubes and Interpretation for Their Use in Solar
Water Heating Systems, ASME J. of Solar Energy Engineering, 127, 1, 3-14, 2005.
2.
3.
4.
1.
Mancini, T., P. Heller, B. Butler, B. Osborn, S. Wolfgang, G. Vernon, R. Buck, R. Diver, C. Andraka and J., Moreno,
2003, Dish Stirling Systems: An Overview of Development and Status, J. Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 125, pp,
135-151.
Pitz-Paal, P., J. Dersch, B. Milow, F. Tellez, A. Ferriere, U. Langnikel, A. Steinfeld, J. Karni, E. Zarza, and O. Popel,
2005, Development Steps for Concentrating Solar Power Technologies with Maximum Impact on Cost Reduction,
Proceedings of the 2005 International Solar Energy Conference, August 6-11, Orlando, FL.
Sargent &Lundy Consulting Group, 2003, Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology
Cost and Performance Forecasts, SL-5641, prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy and the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chicago, IL.
2.
3.
17
References
Solar thermochemical processes
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
E.A. Fletcher, and R.L. Moen, 1977, Hydrogen and Oxygen from Water, Science, Vol. 197, pp. 1050-1056.
Nakamura, T., 1977, Hydrogen Production from Water Utilizing Solar Heat at High Temperatures, Solar Energy,
19(5), pp. 467-475.
Steinfeld, A., Kuhn, P., Reller, A., Palumbo, R., Murry, J., Tamaura, Y., 1998, Solar-processed metals as Clean
Energy Carriers and Water Splitters, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 23, pp. 767-774.
Fletcher, E.A. Solarthermal Processing: A review. J. of Solar Energy Engineering 2001; 123:63-74.
Perkins, C., Weimer, A. W., 2004, Likely Near-term Solar-thermal Water Splitting Technologies, Int. J. Hydrogen
Energy, 29, pp. 1587-1599.
Steinfeld, A., 2005, Solar Thermochemical Production of Hydrogena Review, Solar Energy, 78, pp.:603-615.
Weiss, R.J., Ly, H.C., Wegner, K., Pratsinis, S.E., and Steinfeld, A., 2005, H2 Production by Zn Hydrolysis in A
Hot-Wall Aerosol Reactor, AIChE J., 51, pp. 1966 -1970.
Wegner, A., K., Ly, H.C., Weiss, R.J., Pratsinis, S.E., and Steinfeld, A., 2006, In Situ Formation and Hydrolysis of
Zn Nanoparticles for H2 Production by the 2-Step ZnO/Zn Water-Splitting Thermochemical Cycle, Int. J.
Hydrogen Energy, 31 pp. 5561
Ernst, F.O., Tricoli, A., Pratsinis, S.E., and Steinfeld, A., 2006, Co-Synthesis of H2 and ZnO by In-Situ Zn Aerosol
Formation and Hydrolysis, AIChE J., 52(9), pp. 3297-3303.
Harvey, W.S., Davidson, J.H., and Fletcher, E.A., Thermolysis of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Range 1300 to 1600
K, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 37, 6, 2323-2332. 1998.
18