METABOLIC PROCESSES AND METABOLITES

No. 6

PRIMARY METABOLITES
ETHANOL PRODUCED BY YEAST
CITRIC ACID PRODUCED BY
GLUTAMIC ACID AND LYSINE
POLYSACCHARIDE

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Aspergillus niger
Amino acid produced by
Corynebacterium glutamicum
Xanthomonas spp

Alcoholic beverage
Food industry & enhances oil recovery
Flavor enhancer/ Feed Additive
Food industry, oil recovery

SECONDARY METABOLITE
PENICILLIN
CEPHALOSPORIN
STREPTOMYCIN
GRISEOFULVIN
PEPSTATIN
CYCLOSPORIN
GIBBERALLIN
LOVASTATIN

ANTIBIOTIC
ANTIBIOTIC
ANTIBIOTIC
ANTIFUNGAL
TREATMENT OF ULCER
IMMUNOSUPPRESANT
PLANT GR OWTH REGULATOR
CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
INHIBITOR

FUELING REACTIONS
Glycolysis, Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)
or Krebs cycle, and the Electron Transport
System (ETS)
Products of Fueling Reactions
Precursor metabolites
Metabolic energy (ATP)
Reducing power (NADH)
C 1 units

Target protein in
the cytosol,
membrane, or
appendages

Target
regions
of viral
coat
protein
or tail
region

DNA BASED DETECTION OF

BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
Detect the
genes that
code for the
coat protein
or tail protein

Detect the genes that

code for the target
protein in the
cytosol or the gene
for the membrane
protein or proteins
in the appendages

PCR

Subject to
agarose gel
electrophoresis
after PCR

Observe DNA in
agarose gel under
UV light

Observe gel profile

or amplified PCR
products

PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction is in vitro DNA

replication which is a process of making several copies of the
template DNA in a test tube instead of a living cell
How is PCR is used in a DNA-based detection procedure to
test for the presence of disease causing bacteria or viruses ?
Need to have the following:
a. DNA from unknown sample
b. Polymerase enzyme (usually Taq polymerase)
c. Set of PCR primers (that will anneal to target genes
only present in the bacterium or virus being
detected)
d. dNTPs (nucleotides) necessary for PCR
e. Buffers that goes with the enzyme (Taq)
1. To use PCR for detection, a gene unique and specific
to a bacterial species or a virus to be detected must be
known. The sequence (partial or complete) of that
unique gene must also be known and available.
2. A set of PCR primers that are complimentary to the
ends or even to internal fragments of the target gene
will be designed based on known sequence and then
ordered (from a company that synthesize short pieces
of DNAs called oligonucleotides).
3. Polymerase chain reaction will be performed by
adding all the components enumerated above and
incubating the samples in eppendorf tubes in a
thermal cycler.
4. If in vitro replication occurs, the target gene is
present and therefore the target bacterium or virus is
present
5. No amplification will mean absence of the target
gene or the target organism.

F
U
E
L
I
N
G

Cell inclusion

Lipid
Fatty acid
Lipopolysaccharide

Cell ennvelope
Sugars

R
E
A
C
T
I
O
N
S

Cell membrane

Glycogen

Membranes of
cell
organelles
Flagella

Murein
Amino acid
Pili

Cytoplasm

Protein

Ribosome
Cytosol

RNA

GLYCOLYSIS
TCA OR KREBS
ETS

Polyriibosome

Nucleotides

Chromosomes
DNA

BIOSYNTHETIC

Nucleus

POLYMERIZATION

Nucleoid
ASSEMBLY

TCA CYCLE
TCA
CYCLE

OXALOACETATE

CITRATE

OXOGLUTARATE

GLUTAMIC ACID

GLYCOLYSIS, TCA, AMINO ACID AND SECONDARY METABOLITE

SYNTHESIS