7.

USE MODAL VERBS

EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN /
COULD / BE ABLE TO
She could memorize numbers.
They were able to drink a lot.

EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: CAN/ MAY/ MIGHT/ COULD

It may rain later. They might go out tonight.
Could you buy the main course?
EXPRESSING CERTAINTY: CANT / MUST
They cant go on Friday. Nobodys home

EXPRESSING OBLIGATION/ABSENCE OF IT
GIVING OR ASKING ADVICE / PROBABILITY:
MUST / HAVE TO / NEEDNT
SHOULD / OUGHT TO
You ought to help old
I must do the washing up. / You neednt mop the floor / people / Should she leave the keys?
They have to be there at 5.
GIVING OR ASKING FOR PERMISSION: MAY / CAN /
USE WILL / WOULD: REQUESTS AND OFFERS
COULD (may is more polite)

7.1. REWRITE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO THAT BOTH HAVE THE SAME MEANING.

1) You ought to buy a new shirt.

1) You _________________ a new shirt.
2) Possibly she isnt Bobs uncle.
2) He ________________ Bobs uncle.
3) It would be good if a went on a word course.
3) I really ____________ on a word course.
PASSIVE
VOICE
is
used
when
we
FOCUS
ON THE ACTION
its not
4) Its compulsory to carry an ID card.
4) You _______________
carry anand
ID card.
5) Heimportant
was able to read
was two.
He ______________
when hethe
was two.
or when
we he
dont
know WHO or5)WHAT
is performing
action.
6) Do you want a coke?
6) ______________ like a coke?
7) You are not allowed to have a bicycle.
7) You ________________ a bicycle.
In active sentences
(AS): SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT
8) Is it necessary for me to pay my fee now?
8) Do I _______________ my fee now?
9) They managed to win the last match.
9) They _______________ win the last match.
10) It isnt necessary for them to wait.
10) They __________________ wait if you dont
11) Smoking is forbidden in restaurants.
want to.
12) Maybe she is his girlfriend.
11) You ________________ in restaurants.
13) If you want my advice, go to the doctor.
12) She ________________ his girlfriend.
14) Its impossible that her fridge has broken
13) You _______________ to the doctor.
down again.
15) Perhaps he forgot to bring the present.

14) Her fridge _________ broken down again.

15) He ____________ forgotten to bring the

present.
8. ACTIVE PASSIVE / PASSIVE - ACTIVE

TENSE
ACTIVE

PASSIVE

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

Present Simple

I write emails

Emails are written.

P. Continous

I am writing emails

Emails are being

Past Simple

I wrote emails

Past Continous

I was writing emails

written.

written.

Emails were written.

Emails were being

The OBJECT of PS SUBJECT of AC

The OBJECT of AS - SUBJECT of the passive
VERB PS: Put the past participle in the tense of the
sentences (PS).
verb TO BE this is the Verb of the AS.
VERBS PS: TO BE (same tense of the AS) +
The SUBJECT of PS becomes the OBJECT of the AC.
PAST PARTICIPLE (3rd. column)
theisAS.
Theofcar
driven buy Mark Mark drives the car.
WRITE- IS/ARE WRITTEN WROTE WAS /
WERE WRITTEN
SUBJECT of AS becomes the OBJECT of PS or
is dropped.
In PS the action comes first and the ACTOR is
added at the end introduced with the
preposition BY.
Mary wrote a letter. A letter was written by
Mary.
They write letter everyday. Letters are
written everyday.

PASSIVE

ACTIVE

8.1. WRITE SENTENCES IN THE PASSIVE (PRESENT TENSE AND PAST TENSE)
1) DOOR / OPEN ____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2) BOOK / READ ____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3) CAR / REPAIR ____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
8.2. REWRITE
THE SENTENCE IN PASSIVE VOICE.

1) Mary

buys

bed.

_________________________________________________________________.
2) He
opened
the
door

_______________________________________________________________.
3) The
mechanic
repairs
cars

__________________________________________________________.
4) John
eats
bananas

________________________________________________________________.
5) They
dont
wear
pink
jackets.

_______________________________________________________.

9) Marcus learned Romans History. -____________________________________________________.

10) The
fireman
rescued
a cat IN
8.3.
REWRITE
THE
SENTENCE

ACTIVE VOICE.

_________________________________________________________.

1) Coffee is sold there. ___________________________________________________________.

2) The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. __________________________________.
3) My suitcase was packed by Mom. ____________________________________________________.
4) These cars are produced in Germany. _________________________________________________.
5) That building was built in 1985. ______________________________________________________.

8.4. REWRITE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO THAT BOTH HAVE THE SAME MEANING.

6) The house was painted. -

____________________________________________________________.
7) The cake was eaten by the students. _________________________________________________.
8) A special dish is being prepared. _____________________________________________________.
9) English is taught by Susan. __________________________________________________________.
10) The oranges are grown in Valencia. __________________________________________________.

1) SOMEONE TOOK A LOT OF PICTURES AT THE PARTY.

___________________________________________________________________________
2) OUR TELEVISION WAS FIXED YESTERDAY.
__________________________________________
3) THEY BROADCAST THE NEWS IN CHANNEL 3.
___________________________________________________________________________
4) THEY GAVE UP THE SEARCH AFTER FOUR HOURS.
___________________________________________________________________________
5) THE POLICE ARRESTED THE THIEFS.
_______________________________________________

9. CONDITIONAL FIRST AND SECOND CONDITIONAL

CONDITIONALS OR IF CLAUSES: Describe the RESULT of
something that might happen (in the present or future) or
CONDITIONAL I: IF PRESENT SIMPLE ,
CONDITIONAL II: IF PAST SIMPLE,
might
have
happened
but
didnt
in the +past.
WILL + INFIN.
WOULD
INFIN
To talk about things that may happen in the
FUTURE (it has possibilities to happen).
If you come, we will go to the cinema.
We will go to the cinema if you come.

To talk about things in the future

that isnt very probable to happen.
If I met the Queen , I would say
hello
To talk about something in the
present that is not true. If I were
you, I wouldnt go there.

9.1. REWRITE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO THAT BOTH HAVE THE SAME MEANING

1) WHY DONT YOU BORROW THE BOOK FROM YOUR TEACHER?

If I were you, I ____________________________ the book from your teacher.
2) YOU WONT GO TO THE CINEMA UNLESS YOU DO YOUR HOMEWORK.
You will go to ___________________________ you do your homework.
3) MY FRIENDS DONT PLAY WITH ME BECAUSE I ALWAYTS CHEAT.
My friends __________________________ me if I didnt cheat.
4) WHY DONT YOU LEARN A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT?
If I were you, _________________________ a musical instrument.
5) IF YOUR COUSIN DOESNT COME BEFORE EIGHT, SHE WILL MISS THE BUS.
Unless your cousin _____________________, he will miss the bus.
6) IF THE TRAIN ISNT LATE, ILL BE THERE BY NINE.
Ill be there by nine __________________________________ late.
7) IN MY OPINION YOU SHOULD JOIN YOUR FRIENDS.
If I were you, I _______________________________.
8) SCRATCH MY BACK AND ILL SCRATCH YOURS.
If you scratch my back, _______________________________________.
9) JAMES CANT BUY A NEW CAR BECAUSE HE DOESNT HAVE ENOUGH MONEY.
James could buy a new car if _____________________________________.
10)
WHY DONT YOU LEARN ANOTHER LANGUAGE?
If ________________________________, I would learn another language.
11)
IF YOU DONT PRACTICE GYMNASTICS EVERYDAY, YOU WONT IMPROVE.
You wont improve unless ______________________________ everyday.
12)
ID LIKE TO BUY A BIGGER HOUSE BUT I HAVENT GOT ENOUGH MONEY.
If I had more moeny, I _________________________________________.

10. RELATIVE CLAUSES

We use RELATIVE CLAUSES to JOIN two sentences or to give more information
about something by combining them with a RELATIVE CLAUSE.
RELATIVE

USE

EXAMPLE

PRONOUN
SUBJECT (SP) or OBJECT

I told you about the boy who lives is

which

PRONOUN (OP) for people.

SP or OP for ANIMALS and

American.
Do you see the duck which is lying on

whose

THINGS
POSSESSION for people,

the grass?
Whose pencil is it?

whom

animals and things

OP for people (Non defining)

He was invited to the birthday party

SP or OP for people, animals

whom he saved at school.

I like the pictures that have many

who

that

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE: Gives

and things (Defining)
detailed information about which noun we
are talking about.
I know the doctor who lives next door. (if we
dont specify who lives next door we dont
know who I mean.
Are often used in DEFINITIONS (A
teacher is someone who teaches).
We can drop OP: The doctor (who) I saw
yesterday is very good.

NON DEFINING CLAUSE: Gives

buildings.
information that we dont need to
understand the sentence.
My neighbour, who is handsome, has a
red bike. (who is handsome is
information I dont need).
Non defining clauses are put in
COMMAS.
Who / which may not be replaced
with THAT
We have to use OP: My neighbour,
who is handsome, has a red bike.

10.1. COMPLETE THE SENTENES USING RELATIVE CLAUSE WHO /WHICH /WHOSE

1)
2)
3)
4)

HENRY IS A PERSON ________________ LIVES IN MANCHESTER.

THIS IS THE BOOK ________________________ WAS LOST LAST MONTH.
AN APPLE IS A FRUIT _______________________ IS RED OR YELLOW.
THE BOY _______________ BROTHER IS IN MY MATH CLASS WAS IN THE SOCCER

TEAM
5) A DJ IS SOMEONE _________________ PLAYS MUSIC IN A DISCO.
6) A SINGER IS SOMEONE ______________ SINGS PROFESSIONALLY.
7) SHE CAME WITH A FRIEND ____________ IS VERY FUNNY.
8) THE WOMAN, ______________ BAG I HAD, WAS SICK.
9) I MADE THE MEAT WITH THE RECIPE _____________ MY GRANDMA GAVE ME
10)
HE HAD TO DELIVER A LETTER TO A PERSON _____________ NAME WAS IN
THE ENVELOPE.

10.2 REWRITE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO THAT BOTH HAVE THE SAME MEANING.

1) SHE WORKED FOR A COMPANY (THE COMPANY HAS A RED BUILDING)

She worked for a company ____________________________________.
2) HE WORKED FOR A MAN. THE MAN WAS AN ARCHITECT.
He worked for a man _________________________________________.
3) I CALLED THE DOCTOR. THE DOCTOR LIVED NEAR MY HOUSE.
I called the doctor __________________________________________.
4) CANCUN IS A FABULOUS PLACE. WE SPENT OUR LAST HOLIDAY THERE.
Cancun, ______________________, is a fabulous place
5) CANCUN IS IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA. I LEARNED TO DIVE THERE
Cancun, ________________________, is in the Caribbean Sea.
6) MY PARENTS CALLED MY SISTER. SHE LIVES IN BOSTON.
My parents called my sister _____________________________.
7) THEYVE SOLD THE DRESS. I WANTED TO BUY IT.
Theyve sold the dress __________________________________.
8) THIS IS DAVID. HIS JOB IS VERY DANGEROUS.
This is David ___________________________ dangerous.
9) WEVE LOST THE KEYS. THE KEY OPEN THE PUB.
Weve lost the keys _________________________.
10) MY GODFATHER HAS GOT A BROTHER. HIS NAME IS TOMAS.
My godfathers got a brother _______________________________.

11. 1)
REWRITE
THE SECOND
SENTENCE
BOTHBYHAVE
THE SAME MEANING.
I WAS GIVEN
A TEDDY
BEAR FOR SO
MY THAT
BIRTHDAY
MY UNCLE.

(ACTIVE
PASSIVE
CONDITIONAL MODAL VERBSfor
AND
My/ uncle
_______________________________
my RELATIVE
birthday. CLAUSE)
2) THE MUSEUM IS FREE. You ______________________ pay to visit it.
3) YOLANDA IS SMILING IN THE PICTURE. SHE IS MY WORKMATE.
Yolanda, ______________________________, is smiling in the picture.
4) IF THE SUIT DOESNT ARRIVE, I WONT BE ABLE TO GO TO THE WEDDING.
_______________________, I wont be able to go to the wedding (UNLESS).
5) SOMEBODY MADE A VIDEO OF THE PARTY.
A video of the party ________________________.
6) THATS THE BOY. I TOOK HIS BACKPACK HOME BY MISTAKE.
Thats the boy ______________________ I took home by mistake.
7) HE IS NOT STUDYING VERY HARD, SO HE WONT PASS HIS EXAMS
__________________________________ he would pass his exams.
8) THERE WERENT FREE TABLES IN THE RESTAURANT. WE HADNT RESERVED ONE
We ___________________ reserved a table.

ANSWER KEY:
EXERCISE 7.1
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

SHOULD
MAY NOT BE
OUGHT TO GO
HAVE TO
COULD READ
WOULD YOU
CANT HAVE
HAVE TO PAY

9) WERE ABLE TO
10) DONT HAVE TO
11) MUST NOT SMOKE
12) MIGHT BE
13) SHOULD GO
14) CANT HAVE
15) MAY / MIGHT HAVE

EXERCISE 8.1
1) THE
THE
2) THE
THE
3) THE
THE

WINDOW IS OPENED. THE WINDOW IS BEING OPENED.

WINDOW WAS OPENED. THE WINDOW WAS BEING OPENED.
BOOK IS READ. - THE BOOK IS BEING READ.
BOOK WAS READ. - THE BOOK WAS BEING READ.
CAR IS REPAIRED. THE CAR IS BEING REPAIRED.
CAR WAS REPAIRED. THE CAR WAS BEING REPAIRED.

EXERCISE 8.2

EXERCISE 8.3

1) A BED IS BOUGHT BY MARY.

1) THEY SELL COFFEE
THERE.
2) THE DOOR WAS OPENED. (BY HIM)
2) ALEXANDER G. BELL
INVENTED THE PHONE
3) CARS ARE REPAIRED BY THE MECHANIC.
3) MOM PACKED MY
SUITCASE.
4) BANANAS ARE EATEN BY JOHN.
4) THEY PRODUCE THESE
CARS IN GERMANY.
5) PINK JACKETS ARENT WORN. (BY THEM)
5)SOMEBODY BUILT THAT
BUILDING IN 1985.
6) THE BUS WAS STOPPED. (BY US)
6) SOMEONE /THEY
PAINTED THE HOUSE.
7) MY NECLACE WAS STOLEN BY THE THIEF.
7) THE STUDENTS ATE
THE CAKE.
8) THE MATCH WASNT WON BY THE TEAM.
8) HE IS PREPAIRING A
SPECIAL DISH.
9) ROMANS HISTORY WAS LEARNED BY MARCUS. 9) SUSAN TEACHES
ENGLISH.
10)
A CAT WAS RESCUED BY THE FIREMAN.
10) THEY GROW
ORANGES IN VALENCIA.
EXERCISE 8.4
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

A LOT OF PICTURES WERE TAKEN AT THE PARTY.

SOMEONE / THEY FIXED OUR TELEVISION YESTERDAY.
THE NEWS IS BROADCAST IN CHANNEL 3.
THE SEARCH WAS GIVEN UP AFTER FOUR HOURS.
THE THIEFS WERE ARRESTED BY THE POLICE.
REAL MADRID IS EXPECTED TO GET TO THE FINAL (BY THE FANS).
REBECA WAS ASKED TO TRAVEL.
A LOT OF PEOPLE VISIT EUROPE EVERY YEAR.

EXERCISE 9.1
1) WOULD BORROW
2) THE CINEMA IF
SCRATCH YOURS
3) WOULD PLAY WITH
4) I WOULD LEARN
5) COMES BEFORE EIGHT
6) UNLESS THE TRAIN IS
HOUSE

7) WOULD JOIN MY FRIENDS

8) I WILL SCRATCH YOURS/ ILL
9) HE HAD ENOUGH MONEY
10) I WERE YOU
11) YOU PRACTICE GYMNASTICS
12) WOULD BUY A BIGGER

EXERCISE 10.1
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

WHO
WHICH
WHICH
WHOSE
WHO

6) WHO
7) WHO
8) WHICH
9) WHICH
10) WHOSE

EXERCISE 10.2
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

WHICH HAS A RED BUILDING.

WHO WAS AN ARCHITECT.
WHO LIVED NEAR MY HOUSE .
WHERE WE SPENT OUR LAST HOLIDAY.
WHERE I LEARNED TO DIVE.
WHO LIVES IN BOSTON.
WHICH I WANTED TO BUY / THAT I WANTED TO BUY / I WANTED TO
BUY
8) WHOSE JOB IS VERY.
9) WHICH OPEN THE PUB. / THAT OPEN THE PUB.
10) WHOSE NAME IS TOMAS.
EXERCISE 11
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

GAVE ME A TEDDY BEAR

DONT HAVE TO
WHO IS MY WORKMATE
UNLESS THE SUIT ARRIVES
WAS MADE (BY SOMEONE).
WHOSE BACKPACK
IF HE STUDIED VERY HARD
SHOULD HAVE