(Wiki) Battle of Stalingrad

Battle of Stalingrad
For the 1949 Russian lm, see The Battle of Stalingrad

(lm). For the Russian Civil War battle at the same city,
see Battle for Tsaritsyn.
The Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 1942 2 Febru-
On 19 November 1942, the Red Army launched

Operation Uranus, a two-pronged attack targeting the
weaker Romanian and Hungarian forces protecting the
German 6th Armys anks.[14] The Axis forces on the
anks were overrun and the 6th Army was cut o and surrounded in the Stalingrad area. Adolf Hitler ordered that
the army stay in Stalingrad and make no attempt to break
out; instead, attempts were made to supply the army by
air and to break the encirclement from the outside. Heavy
ghting continued for another two months. By the beginning of February 1943, the Axis forces in Stalingrad had
exhausted their ammunition and food. The remaining elements of the 6th Army surrendered.[15]:p.932 The battle
lasted ve months, one week, and three days.
1 Historical background
By the spring of 1942, despite the failure of Operation
Barbarossa to decisively defeat the Soviet Union in a single campaign, the Germans had captured vast expanses
of territory, including Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic
republics. Elsewhere, the war had been progressing well
: the U-Boat oensive in the Atlantic had been very successful and Rommel had just captured Tobruk.[16]:p.522
In the east, they had stabilized their front in a line running from Leningrad in the north to Rostov in the south.
There were a number of salients in the line where Soviet oensives had pushed the Germans back (notably
to the northwest of Moscow and south of Kharkov) but
these were not particularly threatening. Hitler was condent that he could master the Red Army after the winter of 1942, because even though Army Group Centre
(Heeresgruppe Mitte) had suered heavy losses west of
Moscow the previous winter, 65% of Army Group Centre infantry had not been engaged and had been rested
and re-equipped. Neither Army Group North nor Army
Group South had been particularly hard pressed over the
winter.[17]:p.144 Stalin was expecting the main thrust of the
German summer attacks to be directed against Moscow
again.[1]:p.498
Operation Blau: German advances from 7 May 1942 to 18

November 1942
to 7 July 1942
to 22 July 1942
to 1 August 1942
to 18 November 1942
ary 1943)[8][9][10][11] was a major battle of World War II

in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet
Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in Southern Russia, on the eastern boundary of
Europe.
Marked by constant close quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians by air raids, it is often regarded as
the single largest and bloodiest battle in the history of
warfare.[12] The heavy losses inicted on the German
Wehrmacht make it arguably the most strategically decisive battle of the whole war.[13] It was a turning point in
the European theatre of World War IIthe German forces
never regained the initiative in the East and withdrew a
vast military force from the West to replace their losses.[1]
The German oensive to capture Stalingrad began in late
summer 1942 using the 6th Army and elements of the
4th Panzer Army. The attack was supported by intensive
Luftwae bombing that reduced much of the city to rubble. The ghting degenerated into building-to-building
ghting, and both sides poured reinforcements into the
city. By mid-November 1942, the Germans had pushed
the Soviet defenders back at great cost into narrow zones
generally along the west bank of the Volga River.
With the initial operations being very successful, the Germans decided that their summer campaign in 1942 would
be directed at the southern parts of the Soviet Union.
The initial objectives in the region around Stalingrad
were the destruction of the industrial capacity of the city
and the deployment of forces to block the Volga River.
The river was a key route from the Caucasus and the
Caspian Sea to central Russia. Its capture would disrupt
1
2 PRELUDE
commercial river trac. The Germans cut the pipeline

from the oilelds when they captured Rostov on 23 July.
The capture of Stalingrad would make the delivery of
Lend Lease supplies via the Persian Corridor much more
dicult.[15]:909[18] Hitler proclaimed that after Stalingrad
had been captured, all male civilians were to be killed and
all women and children were to be deported because Stalingrad was dangerous with its communist inhabitants.[19]
On 23 July 1942, Hitler personally rewrote the operational objectives for the 1942 campaign, greatly expanding them to include the occupation of the city of Stalingrad. Both sides began to attach propaganda value to
the city based on it bearing the name of the leader of
the Soviet Union. It was assumed that the fall of the city
would also rmly secure the northern and western anks
of the German armies as they advanced on Baku with the
aim of securing these strategic petroleum resources for
Germany.[16]:p.528 The expansion of objectives was a signicant factor in Germanys failure at Stalingrad, caused
by German overcondence and an underestimation of Soviet reserves.[20]
The start of Case Blue had been planned for late May
1942. A number of German and Romanian units that
were to take part in Blau, however, were besieging Sevastopol on the Crimean Peninsula. Delays in ending the
siege pushed back the start date for Blau several times,
and the city did not fall until the end of June. A smaller
action was taken in the meantime, pinching o a Soviet
salient in the Second Battle of Kharkov, which resulted
in the envelopment of a large Soviet force on 22 May.
The Soviets realized that they were under tremendous

constraints of time and resources and ordered that anyone strong enough to hold a rie be sent to ght.[21]:p.94
The German advance to the Don River between 7 May and 23
July.
Prelude
Main article: Case Blue
If I do not get the oil of Maikop and

Grozny then I must nish [liquidieren; kill
o, liquidate"] this war.
Adolf Hitler[16]:p.514
Blau nally opened as Army Group South began its attack into southern Russia on 28 June 1942. The German oensive started well. Soviet forces oered little
resistance in the vast empty steppes and started streaming eastward. Several attempts to re-establish a defensive line failed when German units outanked them. Two
major pockets were formed and destroyed: the rst,
northeast of Kharkov, on 2 July, and a second, around
Millerovo, Rostov Oblast, a week later. Meanwhile, the
Hungarian 2nd Army and the German 4th Panzer Army
had launched an assault on Voronezh, capturing the city
on 5 July.
The initial advance of the 6th Army was so successful

that Hitler intervened and ordered the 4th Panzer Army
to join Army Group South (A) to the south. A massive trac jam resulted when the 4th Panzer and the 1st
Panzer both required the few roads in the area. Both
armies were stopped dead while they attempted to clear
the resulting mess of thousands of vehicles. The delay
was long, and it is thought that it cost the advance at least
Hitler intervened, however, ordering the Army Group to one week. With the advance now slowed, Hitler changed
split in two. Army Group South (A), under the com- his mind and re-assigned the 4th Panzer Army back to
mand of Wilhelm List, was to continue advancing south the attack on Stalingrad.
towards the Caucasus as planned with the 17th Army By the end of July, the Germans had pushed the Soviand First Panzer Army. Army Group South (B), includ- ets across the Don River. At this point, the Don and
ing Friedrich Paulus's 6th Army and Hermann Hoth's Volga Rivers were only 65 km (40 mi) apart, and the Ger4th Panzer Army, was to move east towards the Volga mans left their main supply depots west of the Don, which
and Stalingrad. Army Group B was commanded initially had important implications later in the course of the batby Field Marshal Fedor von Bock and later by General tle. The Germans began using the armies of their Italian,
Maximilian von Weichs.[15]:p.915
Hungarian and Romanian allies to guard their left (northArmy Group South was selected for a sprint forward
through the southern Russian steppes into the Caucasus to
capture the vital Soviet oil elds there. The planned summer oensive was code-named Fall Blau (Case Blue).
It was to include the German 6th, 17th, 4th Panzer and
1st Panzer Armies. Army Group South had overrun the
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1941. Poised in
Eastern Ukraine, it was to spearhead the oensive.
3 Attack on Stalingrad
Infantry and a supporting StuG III assault gun advance towards

the city center.
The German advance to Stalingrad between 24 July and 18

November
On 23 August the 6th Army reached the outskirts of Stalern) ank. The Italians won several accolades in oingrad in pursuit of the 62nd and 64th Armies, which had
cial German communiques.[22][23][24][25] Sometimes they
fallen back into the city. Kleist later said after the war:[30]
were held in little regard by the Germans, and were even
accused of having low morale: in reality, the Italian diThe capture of Stalingrad was subsidiary
visions fought comparatively well, with the 3rd Mounto
the
main aim. It was only of importance as
tain Infantry Division Ravenna and 5th Infantry Divia
convenient
place, in the bottleneck between
sion Cosseria proving to have good morale, according to
[26]
Don
and
the
Volga, where we could block an
a German liaison ocer
and being forced to retreat
attack
on
our
ank by Russian forces coming
only after a massive armoured attack in which German
from
the
east.
At the start, Stalingrad was no
reinforcements had failed to arrive in time, according to
[27]
more
than
a
name
on the map to us.[30]
a German historian.
Indeed the Italians distinguished
themselves in numerous battles, as in the battle of Nikolayevka.
The Soviets had enough warning of the Germans advance
The German 6th Army was only a few dozen kilome- to ship grain, cattle, and railway cars across the Volga
ters from Stalingrad, and 4th Panzer Army, now to their and out of harms way but most civilian residents were
south, turned northwards to help take the city. To the not evacuated. This harvest victory left the city short
of food even before the German attack began. Before the
south, Army Group A was pushing far into the Caucasus, but their advance slowed as supply lines grew overex- Heer reached the city itself, the Luftwae had rendered
the River Volga, vital for bringing supplies into the city,
tended. The two German army groups were not posi32
tioned to support one another due to the great distances unusable to Soviet shipping. Between 25 and 31 July,
Soviet ships were sunk, with another nine crippled.[2]:p.69
involved.
After German intentions became clear in July 1942, The battle began with the heavy bombing of the city
Stalin appointed Marshal Andrey Yeryomenko as com- by Generaloberst Wolfram von Richthofen's Luftotte 4,
mander of the Southeastern Front on 1 August 1942. which in the summer and autumn of 1942 was the most
Yeryomenko and Commissar Nikita Khrushchev were powerful single air formation in the world. Some 1,000
hours, more than in
tasked with planning the defense of Stalingrad.[28]:p.25, 48 tons of bombs were dropped in 48[2]:p.122
London
at
the
height
of
the
Blitz.
Much of the
The eastern border of Stalingrad was the wide River
city
was
quickly
turned
to
rubble,
although
some factoVolga, and over the river, additional Soviet units were
ries
continued
production
while
workers
joined
in the
deployed. These units became the newly formed 62nd
369th
(Croatian)
Reinforced
Infantry
Regghting.
The
Army, which Yeryomenko placed under the command of
[31]
iment
was
the
only
non-German
unit
selected
by
the
Lt. Gen. Vasiliy Chuikov on 11 September 1942. The
Wehrmacht
to
enter
Stalingrad
city
during
assault
operasituation was extremely dire. When asked how he interpreted his task, he responded We will defend the city tions. It fought as part of the 100th Jger Division.
or die in the attempt.[29]:p.127 The 62nd Armys mission
was to defend Stalingrad at all costs. Chuikovs generalship during the battle earned him one of his two Hero of
the Soviet Union awards.
Stalin rushed all available troops to the east bank of

the Volga, some from as far away as Siberia. All the
regular ferries were quickly destroyed by the Luftwae,
which then targeted troop barges being towed slowly
ATTACK ON STALINGRAD
across the river by tugs. Many civilians were evacuated across the Volga.[28] It has been said that Stalin prevented civilians from leaving the city in the belief that
their presence would encourage greater resistance from
the citys defenders.[29]:p.106 Civilians, including women
and children, were put to work building trenchworks and
protective fortications. A massive German strategic
bombing on 23 August caused a restorm, killing thousands and turning Stalingrad into a vast landscape of
rubble and burnt ruins. Ninety percent of the living
space in the Voroshilovskiy area was destroyed. Between 23 and 26 August, Soviet reports indicate 955 people were killed and another 1,181 wounded as a result
of the bombing.[2]:p.73 Casualties of 40,000 were greatly
exaggerated,[5]:p.188189 and after 25 August, the Soviets German soldiers on their way in Stalingrad
did not record any civilian and military casualties as a result of air raids.[Note 4]
anti-aircraft guns were destroyed or overrun. The GerApproaching this place, [Stalingrad], soldiers used to say: man 16th Panzer Division was shocked to nd that, due
"We are entering hell." And after spending one or two days to Soviet manpower shortages, it had been ghting female
here, they say: "No, this isn't hell, this is ten times worse soldiers.[29]:p.108[33] In the early stages of the battle, the
NKVD organized poorly armed Workers militias" comthan hell."[32]
posed of civilians not directly involved in war production
Vasily Chuikov
for immediate use in the battle. The civilians were ofThe Soviet Air Force, the Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily
ten sent into battle without ries.[29]:p.109 Sta and students from the local technical university formed a tank
destroyer unit. They assembled tanks from leftover parts
at the tractor factory. These tanks, unpainted and lacking
gunsights, were driven directly from the factory oor to
the front line. They could only be aimed at point blank
range through the gun barrel.[29]:p.110
October 1942: German ocer with a Russian PPSh-41

submachine gun in Barrikady factory rubble. Many German soldiers took up Russian weapons when found, as they were more
eective than their own in close quarter combat.
(VVS), was swept aside by the Luftwae. The VVS bases

in the immediate area lost 201 aircraft between 23 and 31
August, and despite meager reinforcements of some 100
aircraft in August, it was left with just 192 serviceable aircraft, 57 of which were ghters.[2]:p.74 The Soviets continued to pour aerial reinforcements into the Stalingrad
area in late September, but continued to suer appalling
losses; the Luftwae had complete control of the skies.
The burden of the initial defense of the city fell on the
1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment,[29]:p.106 a unit made up
mainly of young female volunteers who had no training for engaging ground targets. Despite this, and with
no support available from other units, the AA gunners
stayed at their posts and took on the advancing panzers. The German 16th Panzer Division reportedly had
to ght the 1077ths gunners shot for shot until all 37
Soviets preparing to ward o a German assault in Stalingrads

suburbs
By the end of August, Army Group South (B) had nally

reached the Volga, north of Stalingrad. Another advance
to the river south of the city followed. By 1 September,
the Soviets could only reinforce and supply their forces in
Stalingrad by perilous crossings of the Volga under constant bombardment by artillery and aircraft.
On 5 September, the Soviet 24th and 66th Armies organized a massive attack against XIV Panzer Corps. The
Luftwae helped repulse the oensive by heavily attacking Soviet artillery positions and defensive lines. The So-
3.1
Fighting in the city
viets were forced to withdraw at midday after only a few Volga!" were the slogans. The Germans pushing forward
hours. Of the 120 tanks the Soviets had committed, 30 into Stalingrad suered heavy casualties.
were lost to air attack.[2]:p.75
3.1 Fighting in the city

By 12 September, at the time of their retreat into the
city, the Soviet 62nd Army had been reduced to 90 tanks,
700 mortars and just 20,000 personnel.[29] The remaining
tanks were used as immobile strongpoints within the city.
The initial German attack attempted to take the city in a
rush. One infantry division went after the Mamayev Kurgan, one attacked the central rail station and one attacked
toward the central landing stage on the Volga.
A German sniper in Stalingrad
A street ght in Stalingrad
Though initially successful, the German attacks stalled in

the face of Soviet reinforcements brought in from across
the Volga. The 13th Guards Rie Division, assigned to
counterattack at the Mamayev Kurgan and at Railway
Station No. 1 suered particularly heavy losses. Over 30
percent of its soldiers were killed in the rst 24 hours, and
just 320 out of the original 10,000 survived the entire battle. Both objectives were retaken, but only temporarily.
The railway station changed hands 14 times in six hours.
By the following evening, the 13th Guards Rie Division
had ceased to exist. So great were Soviet losses that at
times, the life expectancy of a newly arrived soldier was
less than a day, and the life expectancy of a Soviet ocer
was three days.
Soviet operations were constantly hampered by the Luftwae. On 18 September, the Soviet 1st Guards and 24th
Army launched an oensive against VIII Army Corps at
Kotluban. VIII. Fliegerkorps dispatched wave after wave
of Stuka dive-bombers to prevent a breakthrough. The
oensive was repulsed. The Stukas claimed 41 of the
106 Soviet tanks knocked out that morning, while escorting Bf 109s destroyed 77 Soviet aircraft.[2]:p.80 Amid
the debris of the wrecked city, the Soviet 62nd and 64th
Armies, which included the Soviet 13th Guards Rie Division, anchored their defense lines with strongpoints in
Combat raged for three days at the giant grain elevator
houses and factories.
Fighting within the ruined city was erce and desperate. in the south of the city. About fty Red Army defendLieutenant General Alexander Rodimtsev was in charge ers, cut o from resupply, held the position for ve days
of the 13th Guards Rie Division, and received one of and fought o ten dierent assaults before running out
two Heroes of the Soviet Union awarded during the bat- of ammunition and water. Only forty dead Soviet ghttle for his actions. Stalins Order No. 227 of 27 July 1942 ers were found, though the Germans had thought there
decreed that all commanders who ordered unauthorized were many more due to the intensity of resistance. The
retreat would be subject to a military tribunal.[34] How- Soviets burned large amounts of grain during their retreat
ever, it was the NKVD that ordered the regular army and in order to deny the enemy food. Paulus chose the grain
lectured them, on the need to show some guts. Through elevator and silos as the symbol of Stalingrad for a patch
brutal coercion for self-sacrice, thousands of deserters he was having designed to commemorate the battle after
and presumed malingerers were executed to discipline the a German victory.
troops. At Stalingrad alone, 14,000 soldiers of the Red German military doctrine was based on the principle
Army were executed in order to keep the formation.[35] of combined-arms teams and close cooperation between
"Not a step back!" and There is no land behind the tanks, infantry, engineers, artillery and ground-attack air-
ATTACK ON STALINGRAD
craft. Some Soviet commanders adopted the tactic of

always keeping their front-line positions as close to the
Germans as physically possible; Chuikov called this hugging the Germans. This slowed the German advance
and reduced the eectiveness of the German advantage
in supporting re.[36]
The Red Army gradually adopted a strategy to hold for as
long as possible all the ground in the city. Thus, they converted multi-oored apartment blocks, factories, warehouses, street corner residences and oce buildings into a
series of well defended strongpoints with small 510 man
units.[36] Manpower in the city was constantly refreshed
by bringing additional troops over the Volga. When a po- Pavlovs House (1943)
sition was lost, an immediate attempt was usually made
to re-take it with fresh forces.
maps. Sgt. Pavlov was awarded the Hero of the Soviet
Union for his actions.
Soviet soldiers in the Red October Factory
Bitter ghting raged for every ruin, street, factory, house,

basement, and staircase. Even the sewers were the sites
of reghts. The Germans, calling this unseen urban warfare Rattenkrieg (Rat War),[37] bitterly joked about capturing the kitchen but still ghting for the living room and
the bedroom. Buildings had to be cleared room by room
through the bombed-out debris of residential neighborhoods, oce blocks, basements and apartment high-rises.
Some of the taller buildings, blasted into rooess shells by
earlier German aerial bombardment, saw oor-by-oor,
close quarters combat, with the Germans and Soviets on
alternate levels, ring at each other through holes in the
oors.[36]
Soviet marines landing on the west bank of the Volga River.
The Germans made slow but steady progress through

the city. Positions were taken individually, but the Germans were never able to capture the key crossing points
along the river bank. The Germans used airpower, tanks
and heavy artillery to clear the city with varying degrees
of success. Toward the end of the battle, the gigantic
railroad gun nicknamed Dora was brought into the area.
The Soviets built up a large number of artillery batteries on the east bank of the Volga. This artillery was able
to bombard the German positions or at least to provide
counter-battery re.
Fighting on and around Mamayev Kurgan, a prominent Snipers on both sides used the ruins to inict casualties.
hill above the city, was particularly merciless; indeed, the The most famous Soviet sniper in Stalingrad was Vasily
position changed hands many times.[28]:p?[38]
Zaytsev,[39] with 225 conrmed kills during the battle.
In another part of the city, a Soviet platoon under the Targets were often soldiers bringing up food or water to
command of Sergeant Yakov Pavlov fortied a four- forward positions. Artillery spotters were an especially
story building that oversaw a square 300 meters from the prized target for snipers.
river bank, later called Pavlovs House. The soldiers surrounded it with mineelds, set up machine-gun positions
at the windows and breached the walls in the basement for
better communications.[29] The soldiers found about ten
Soviet civilians hiding in the basement. They were not relieved, and not signicantly reinforced, for two months.
The building was labeled Festung (Fortress) on German
A signicant historical debate concerns the degree of

terror in the Red Army. The British historian Antony
Beevor noted the sinister message from the Stalingrad
Fronts Political Department on 8 October 1942 that:
The defeatist mood is almost eliminated and the number of treasonous incidents is getting lower as an example of the sort of coercion Red Army soldiers expe-
3.2
Air attacks
rienced under the Special Detachments (later to be renamed SMERSH).[40]:p.154168 On the other hand, Beevor
noted the often extraordinary bravery of the Soviet soldiers in a battle that was only comparable to Verdun,
and argued that terror alone cannot explain such selfsacrice.[29]:p.154168 Richard Overy addresses the question of just how important the Red Armys coercive methods were to the Soviet war eort compared with other
motivational factors such as hatred for the enemy. He
argues that, though it is easy to argue that from the summer of 1942 the Soviet army fought because it was forced
to ght, to concentrate solely on coercion is nonetheless to distort our view of the Soviet war eort.[41] After conducting hundreds of interviews with Soviet veterans on the subject of terror on the Eastern Front and
specically about Order No. 227 (Not a step back!")
at Stalingrad Catherine Merridale notes that, seemingly
paradoxically, their response was frequently relief.[42]
Infantryman Lev Lvovichs explanation, for example, is
typical for these interviews; as he recalls, "[i]t was a necessary and important step. We all knew where we stood
after we had heard it. And we all its true felt better.
Yes, we felt better.[43]
Union while driving tanks at Stalingrad.[51]
Soil after the battle of Stalingrad in the Vladimir Military Museum
Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bomber over the neighborhood west of

the Red October factory; some of the administration buildings are
at lower right; Bayonet Gully is at top right.
Many women fought on the Soviet side, or were under

re. As General Chuikov acknowledged, Remembering
the defence of Stalingrad, I can't overlook the very important question ... about the role of women in war, in the
rear, but also at the front. Equally with men they bore all
the burdens of combat life and together with us men, they
went all the way to Berlin.[44] At the beginning of the
battle there were 75,000 women and girls from the Stalingrad area who had nished military or medical training,
and all of whom were to serve in the battle.[45] Women
staed a great many of the anti-aircraft batteries that
fought not only the Luftwae but German tanks.[46] Soviet nurses not only treated wounded personnel under re
but were involved in the highly dangerous work of bringing wounded soldiers back to the hospitals under enemy
re.[47] Many of the Soviet wireless and telephone operators were women who often suered heavy casualties
when their command posts came under re.[48] Though
women were not usually trained as infantry, many Soviet women fought as machine gunners, mortar operators,
and scouts.[49] Women were also snipers at Stalingrad.[50]
Three air regiments at Stalingrad were entirely female.[49]
At least three women won the title Hero of the Soviet
For both Stalin and Hitler, Stalingrad became a matter of

prestige far beyond its strategic signicance.[52] The Soviet command moved units from the Red Army strategic
reserve in the Moscow area to the lower Volga, and transferred aircraft from the entire country to the Stalingrad
region.
The strain on both military commanders was immense:
Paulus developed an uncontrollable tic in his eye, which
eventually aicted the left side of his face, while Chuikov
experienced an outbreak of eczema that required him to
have his hands completely bandaged. Troops on both
sides faced the constant strain of close-range combat.[53]
3.2 Air attacks
Determined to crush Soviet resistance, Luftotte 4s

Stukawae ew 900 individual sorties against Soviet positions at the Dzerzhinskiy Tractor Factory on 5 October.
Several Soviet regiments were wiped out; the entire sta
of the Soviet 339th Infantry Regiment was killed the following morning during an air raid.[2]:p.83
In mid-October, the Luftwae intensied its eorts
against remaining Red Army positions holding the west
bank. Luftotte 4 ew 2,000 sorties on 14 October and
550 t (610 short tons) of bombs were dropped while
German infantry surrounded the three factories. Stukageschwader 1, 2, and 77 had largely silenced Soviet artillery on the eastern bank of the Volga before turning
their attention to the shipping that was once again trying
to reinforce the narrowing Soviet pockets of resistance.
The 62nd Army had been cut in two, and, due to intensive air attack on its supply ferries, was receiving much
less material support. With the Soviets forced into a 1kilometre (1,000-yard) strip of land on the western bank
of the Volga, over 1,208 Stuka missions were own in an
eort to eliminate them.[2]:p.84
8
The Luftwae retained air superiority into November and
Soviet daytime aerial resistance was nonexistent. However, the combination of constant air support operations
on the German side and the Soviet surrender of the daytime skies began to aect the strategic balance in the air.
After ying 20,000 individual sorties, the Luftwae 's
original strength of 1,600 serviceable aircraft had fallen
to 950. The Kampfwae (bomber force) had been hardest hit, having only 232 out of a force of 480 left.[5]:p.95
The VVS remained qualitatively inferior, but by the time
of the Soviet counter-oensive, the VVS had reached numerical superiority.
SOVIET COUNTER-OFFENSIVES
tugs from supplying the Soviet defenders. Nevertheless,

the ghting, especially on the slopes of Mamayev Kurgan
and inside the factory area in the northern part of the city,
continued.
4 Soviet counter-oensives
Soviet soldiers attack a house, February 1943
Romanian IAR 80 ghter planes.
The Soviet bomber force, the Aviatsiya Dal'nego

Deystviya (Long Range Aviation; ADD), having taken
crippling losses over the past 18 months, was restricted
to ying at night. The Soviets ew 11,317 night sorties
over Stalingrad and the Don-bend sector between 17 July
and 19 November. These raids caused little damage and
were of nuisance value only.[2]:p.82[54]:265
On 8 November, substantial units from Luftotte 4 were
withdrawn to combat the Allied landings in North Africa.
The German air arm found itself spread thinly across Europe, struggling to maintain its strength in the other southern sectors of the Soviet-German front.[Note 5] The Soviets began receiving material assistance from the American government under the Lend-Lease program. During
the last quarter of 1942, the U.S. sent the Soviet Union
45,000 t (50,000 short tons) of explosives and 230,000 t
(250,000 short tons) of aviation gas.[55]:p.404
Recognizing that German troops were ill prepared for offensive operations during the winter of 1942, and that
most of them were redeployed elsewhere on the southern
sector of the Eastern Front, the Stavka decided to conduct
a number of oensive operations between 19 November
1942 and 2 February 1943. These operations opened the
Winter Campaign of 19421943 (19 November 1942 3
March 1943), which involved some 15 Armies operating
on several fronts.
4.1 Weakness on the German anks
During the siege, the German and allied Italian, Hungarian, and Romanian armies protecting Army Group Bs
anks had pressed their headquarters for support. The
Hungarian 2nd Army was given the task of defending a
200 km (120 mi) section of the front north of Stalingrad between the Italian Army and Voronezh. This resulted in a very thin line, with some sectors where 12
km (0.621.24 mi) stretches were being defended by a
single platoon. These forces were also lacking in eecAs historian Chris Bellamy notes, the Germans paid a tive anti-tank weapons.
high strategic price for the aircraft sent into Stalingrad:
the Luftwae was forced to divert much of its air strength Because of the total focus on the city, the Axis forces had
away from the oil-rich Caucasus, which had been Hitlers neglected for months to consolidate their positions along
the natural defensive line of the Don River. The Soviet
original grand-strategic objective.[56]
forces were allowed to retain bridgeheads on the right
bank from which oensive operations could be quickly
launched. These bridgeheads in retrospect presented a
3.3 Germany reaches the Volga
serious threat to Army Group B.[15]:p.915
After three months of slow advance, the Germans nally
reached the river banks, capturing 90% of the ruined city
and splitting the remaining Soviet forces into two narrow
pockets. Ice oes on the Volga now prevented boats and
Similarly, on the southern ank of the Stalingrad sector

the front southwest of Kotelnikovo was held only by the
Romanian 7th Army Corps, and beyond it, a single German division, the 16th Motorized Infantry.
4.2
Operation Uranus: the Soviet oensive sions and one anti-tank brigade. The preparations for
the attack could be heard by the Romanians, who continMain article: Operation Uranus
ued to push for reinforcements, only to be refused again.
In autumn, the Soviet generals Georgy Zhukov and Thinly spread, deployed in exposed positions, outnumbered and poorly equipped, the Romanian 3rd Army,
which held the northern ank of the German 6th Army,
was overrun.
Behind the front lines, no preparations had been made to
defend key points in the rear such as Kalach. The local
response by the Wehrmacht was both chaotic and indecisive. Poor weather prevented eective air action against
the Soviet oensive.
On 20 November, a second Soviet oensive (two armies)
was launched to the south of Stalingrad against points
held by the Romanian 4th Army Corps. The Romanian
forces, made up primarily of infantry, were overrun by
large numbers of tanks. The Soviet forces raced west and
met on 23 November at the town of Kalach, sealing the
ring around Stalingrad.[15]:p.926 The link-up of the Soviet
forces, not lmed at the time, was later re-enacted for a
propaganda lm which was shown worldwide.
The Soviet counter-attack at Stalingrad

German front, 19 November
German front, 12 December
German front, 24 December
Soviet advance, 1928 November
5 Sixth Army surrounded
Aleksandr Vasilevsky, responsible for strategic planning

in the Stalingrad area, concentrated forces in the steppes
to the north and south of the city. The northern ank
was defended by Hungarian and Romanian units, often
in open positions on the steppes. The natural line of defense, the Don River, had never been properly established
by the German side. The armies in the area were also
poorly equipped in terms of anti-tank weapons. The plan Romanian soldiers near Stalingrad
was to punch through the overstretched and weakly defended German anks and surround the German forces
in the Stalingrad region.
During the preparations for the attack, Marshal Zhukov
personally visited the front and noticing the poor organization, insisted on a one-week delay in the start date of the
planned attack.[29]:p.117 The operation was code-named
Uranus and launched in conjunction with Operation
Mars, which was directed at Army Group Center. The
plan was similar to the one Zhukov had used to achieve
victory at Khalkhin Gol three years before, where he had
sprung a double envelopment and destroyed the 23rd Division of the Japanese army.[57]
On 19 November 1942, the Red Army launched Operation Uranus. The attacking Soviet units under the command of Gen. Nikolay Vatutin consisted of three complete armies, the 1st Guards Army, 5th Tank Army, and
21st Army, including a total of 18 infantry divisions, eight
tank brigades, two motorized brigades, six cavalry divi-
German soldiers as prisoners of war. In the background is the

heavily fought-over Stalingrad grain elevator
About 265,000 German, Romanian, and Italian

soldiers,[58] the 369th (Croatian) Reinforced Infantry
10
German dead in the city
Regiment, and other volunteer subsidiary troops including some 40,000 Soviet volunteers ghting for
the Germans (Beevor states that one quarter of the
sixth armys frontline strength were HIWIs, as collaborationists recruited from the ranks of Soviet POWs
were called)[59] were surrounded. These Soviet HIWIs
remained loyal, knowing the Soviet penalty for helping
the Germans was summary execution. German strength
in the pocket was about 210,000 according to strength
breakdowns of the 20 eld divisions (average size 9,000)
and 100 battalion sized units of the Sixth Army on 19
November 1942. Inside the pocket (German: Kessel,
literally cauldron), there were also around 10,000
Soviet civilians and several thousand Soviet soldiers the
Germans had taken captive during the battle. Not all of
the 6th Army was trapped; 50,000 soldiers were brushed
aside outside the pocket. These belonged mostly to the
other 2 divisions of the 6th Army between the Italian
and Romanian Armies: the 62nd and 298th Infantry
Divisions. Of the 210,000 Germans, 10,000 remained
to ght on, 105,000 surrendered, 35,000 left by air and
the remaining 60,000 died.
The Red Army units immediately formed two defensive fronts: a circumvallation facing inward and a
contravallation facing outward. Field Marshal Erich von
Manstein advised Hitler not to order the 6th Army to
break out, stating that he could break through the Soviet
lines and relieve the besieged 6th Army.[60] The American historians Williamson Murray and Alan Millet wrote
that it was Mansteins message to Hitler on 24 November advising him that the 6th Army should not break out,
along with Grings statements that the Luftwae could
supply Stalingrad that "... sealed the fate of the Sixth
Army.[61] After 1945, Manstein claimed that he told
Hitler that the 6th Army must break out.[62] The American historian Gerhard Weinberg wrote that Manstein distorted his record on the matter.[63] Manstein was tasked
to conduct a relief operation, named Operation Winter
Storm (Unternehmen Wintergewitter) against Stalingrad,
which he thought was feasible if the 6th Army was temporarily supplied through the air.[64][65]
SIXTH ARMY SURROUNDED
Adolf Hitler had declared in a public speech (in the

Berlin Sportpalast) on 30 September 1942 that the German army would never leave the city. At a meeting shortly after the Soviet encirclement, German army
chiefs pushed for an immediate breakout to a new line on
the west of the Don, but Hitler was at his Bavarian retreat of Obersalzberg in Berchtesgaden with the head of
the Luftwae, Hermann Gring. When asked by Hitler,
Gring replied, after being convinced by Hans Jeschonnek,[5]:p.234 that the Luftwae could supply the 6th Army
with an "air bridge. This would allow the Germans in
the city to ght on temporarily while a relief force was
assembled.[15]:926 A similar plan had been used a year
earlier at the Demyansk Pocket, albeit on a much smaller
scale: a corps at Demyansk rather than an entire army.
A Ju 52 approaching Stalingrad
The director of Luftotte 4, Wolfram von Richthofen,

tried to get this decision overturned. The forces under
6th Army were almost twice as large as a regular German
army unit, plus there was also a corps of the 4th Panzer
Army trapped in the pocket. The maximum 107 t (118
short tons) they could deliver a daybased on the number of available aircraft and with only the aireld at Pitomnik to land atwas far less than the minimum 750 t
(830 short tons) needed.[5][Note 6] To supplement the limited number of Junkers Ju 52 transports, the Germans
pressed other aircraft into the role, such as the Heinkel
He 177 bomber (some bombers performed adequately
the Heinkel He 111 proved to be quite capable and was
much faster than the Ju 52). General Richthofen informed Manstein on 27 November of the small transport
capacity of the Luftwae and the impossibility of supplying 300 tons a day by air. Manstein now saw the enormous
technical diculties of a supply by air of these dimensions. The next day he made a six-page situation report
to the general sta. Based on the information of the expert Richthofen, he declared that contrary to the example
of the pocket of Demjansk the permanent supply by air
would be impossible. If only a narrow link could be established to Sixth Army, he proposed that this should be used
to pull it out from the encirclement. He acknowledged the
heavy moral sacrice the giving up of Stalingrad means
but this is made easier to bear by the conservation of the
combat power of Sixth Army and the regaining of the ini-
11
tiative ...[66] He ignored the limited mobility of the army
and the diculties of disengaging the Soviets. Hitler reiterated that Sixth Army would stay at Stalingrad and that
the air bridge would supply it until the encirclement was
broken by a new German oensive.
The Luftwae was able to deliver an average of 85 t (94
short tons) of supplies per day out of an air transport
capacity of 106 t (117 short tons) per day. The most
successful day, 19 December, delivered 262 t (289 short
tons) of supplies in 154 ights.
In the early parts of the operation, fuel was shipped
at a higher priority than food and ammunition because
of a belief that there would be a breakout from the
city.[20]:p.153 Transport aircraft also evacuated technical
specialists and sick or wounded personnel from the besieged enclave. Sources dier on the number own out:
at least 25,000 to at most 35,000. Carell: 42,000, of
which 5000 did not survive.
slightest scraps of bread. General Zeitzler, moved by their

plight, began to limit himself to their slim rations at meal
times. After a few weeks on such a diet, he had lost
12 kg (26 lb) and had become so emaciated that Hitler,
annoyed, personally ordered him to start eating regular
meals again.
The toll on the Transportgruppen was heavy. 160 aircraft were destroyed and 328 were heavily damaged (beyond repair). Some 266 Junkers Ju 52s were destroyed;
one-third of the eets strength on the Eastern Front.
The He 111 gruppen lost 165 aircraft in transport operations. Other losses included 42 Ju 86s, 9 Fw 200 Condors, 5 He 177 bombers and 1 Ju 290. The Luftwae
also lost close to 1,000 highly experienced bomber crew
personnel.[5]:p.310 So heavy were the Luftwae 's losses
that four of Luftotte 4s transport units (KGrzbV 700,
KGrzbV 900, I./KGrzbV 1 and II./KGzbV 1) were formally dissolved.[2]:p.122
6 The end of the battle

6.1 Operation Winter Storm
Main article: Operation Winter Storm
The center of Stalingrad after liberation
Initially, supply ights came in from the eld at

Tatsinskaya, called 'Tazi' by the German pilots. On 23
December, the Soviet 24th Tank Corps, commanded by
Major-General Vasily Mikhaylovich Badanov, reached
nearby Skassirskaya and in the early morning of 24 December, the tanks reached Tatsinskaya. Without any soldiers to defend the aireld, it was abandoned under heavy
re; in a little under an hour, 108 Ju 52s and 16 Ju 86s
took o for Novocherkasskleaving 72 Ju 52s and many
other aircraft burning on the ground. A new base was established some 300 km (190 mi) from Stalingrad at Salsk,
the additional distance another obstacle to the resupply
eorts. Salsk was abandoned in turn by mid-January for
a rough facility at Zverevo, near Shakhty. The eld at
Zverevo was attacked repeatedly on 18 January and a
further 50 Ju 52s were destroyed. Winter weather conditions, technical failures, heavy Soviet anti-aircraft re
and ghter interceptions eventually led to the loss of 488
German aircraft.
In spite of the failure of the German oensive to reach
6th Army, the air supply operation continued under ever
more dicult circumstances. The 6th Army slowly
starved. Pilots were shocked to nd the troops too exhausted and hungry to unload. Germans fought over the
Soviet forces consolidated their positions around Stalingrad, and erce ghting to shrink the pocket began. Operation Winter Storm (Operation Wintergewitter), the German attempt led by Erich von Manstein to relieve the
trapped army from the south, was initially successful. The
cross country ability of German tanks in the snow may
have slowed the relief attempts. By 19 December, the
German Army had pushed to within 48 km (30 mi) of
Sixth Armys positions. The encircled forces at Stalingrad made no attempt to break out or link up with the
Mansteins advance. Some German ocers requested
that Paulus defy Hitlers orders to stand fast and instead
attempt to break out of the Stalingrad pocket. Paulus refused. On 23 December, the attempt to relieve Stalingrad
was abandoned and Mansteins forces switched over to the
defensive to deal with new Soviet oensives.
6.2 Operation Little Saturn

Main article: Operation Little Saturn
On 16 December, the Soviets launched Operation Little
Saturn, which attempted to punch through the Axis army
(mainly Italians) on the Don and take Rostov. The Germans set up a mobile defense of small units that were
to hold towns until supporting armor arrived. From the
Soviet bridgehead at Mamon, 15 divisionssupported
by at least 100 tanksattacked the Italian Cosseria and
Ravenna Divisions, and although outnumbered 9 to 1, the
Italians initially fought well, with the Germans praising
the quality of the Italian defenders,[67] but on 19 Decem-
12
6 THE END OF THE BATTLE
Soviet gains (shown in blue) during Operation Little Saturn
ber, with the Italian lines disintegrating, ARMIR headquarters ordered the battered divisions to withdraw to
new lines.[68]
The ghting forced a total revaluation of the German situation. The attempt to break through to Stalingrad was
abandoned and Army Group A was ordered to pull back
from the Caucasus.
The 6th Army now was beyond all hope of German relief.
While a motorised breakout might have been possible in
the rst few weeks, the 6th Army now had insucient fuel
and the German soldiers would have faced great diculty
breaking through the Soviet lines on foot in harsh winter
conditions. But in its defensive position on the Volga, 6th
Army continued to tie down a disproportionate number
of Soviet Armies.
6.3
Soviet victory
759,560 Soviet personnel were awarded this medal for the defence of Stalingrad from 22 December 1942.
Main article: Operation Koltso

The Germans inside the pocket retreated from the
suburbs of Stalingrad to the city itself. The loss of the two
airelds, at Pitomnik on 16 January 1943 and Gumrak on
the night of 21/22 January,[69] meant an end to air supplies and to the evacuation of the wounded.[70]:p.98 The
third and last serviceable runway was at the Stalingradskaja ight school, which reportedly had the last landings
and takeos on the night of 2223 January.[31] After daybreak on 23 January, there were no more reported landings except for intermittent air drops of ammunition and
food until the end.
The Germans were now not only starving, but running out
of ammunition. Nevertheless, they continued to resist,
in part because they believed the Soviets would execute
any who surrendered. In particular, the so-called HiWis,
Soviet citizens ghting for the Germans, had no illusions
about their fate if captured. The Soviets were initially
surprised by the number of Germans they had trapped,
and had to reinforce their encircling troops. Bloody urban
warfare began again in Stalingrad, but this time it was

the Germans who were pushed back to the banks of the
Volga. The Germans adopted a simple defense of xing wire nets over all windows to protect themselves from
grenades. The Soviets responded by xing sh hooks to
the grenades so they stuck to the nets when thrown.
The Germans had no usable tanks in the city, and those
that still functioned could, at best, be used as makeshift
pillboxes. The Soviets did not bother employing tanks
in areas where the urban destruction restricted their mobility. A low-level Soviet envoy party (comprising Major Aleksandr Smyslov, Captain Nikolay Dyatlenko and
a trumpeter) carried an oer to Paulus: if he surrendered
within 24 hours, he would receive a guarantee of safety
for all prisoners, medical care for the sick and wounded,
prisoners allowed to keep their personal belongings, normal food rations, and repatriation to any country they
wished after the war; but Paulusordered not to surrender by Hitlerdid not respond.[71]:p.283
13
commanded by General Walter Heitz while the southern
pocket was commanded by Paulus.
On 30 January 1943, the 10th anniversary of Hitlers
coming to power, Goebbels read out a proclamation that
included the sentence: The heroic struggle of our soldiers on the Volga should be a warning for everybody to
do the utmost for the struggle for Germanys freedom and
the future of our people, and thus in a wider sense for the
maintenance of our entire continent.[73] Hitler promoted
Paulus to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall. No German
eld marshal had ever surrendered, and the implication
was clear: if Paulus surrendered, he would shame himself and would become the highest ranking German ocer ever to be captured. Hitler believed that Paulus would
either ght to the last man or commit suicide.[74] Paulus,
however, commented, I have no intention of shooting
myself for this Bohemian corporal.[75][Note 7]
Generalfeldmarschall Friedrich Paulus (left), with his chief of

sta, Generalleutnant Arthur Schmidt (centre) and his aide,
Wilhelm Adam (right), after their surrender.
The next day, the southern pocket in Stalingrad collapsed.

Soviet forces reached the entrance to the German headquarters in the ruined GUM department store. General
Schmidt negotiated a surrender of the headquarters while
Paulus waited in another room. When interrogated by the
Soviets, Paulus claimed that he had not surrendered. He
said that he had been taken by surprise. He denied that
he was the commander of the remaining northern pocket
in Stalingrad and refused to issue an order in his name for
them to surrender.[76][77]
Four Soviet armies were deployed against the remaining
northern pocket. At four in the morning on 2 February, General Strecker was informed that one of his own
ocers had gone to the Soviets to negotiate surrender
terms. Seeing no point in continuing, he sent a radio
message saying that his command had done its duty and
fought to the last man. He then surrendered. Around
91,000 exhausted, ill, wounded, and starving prisoners
were taken, including 3,000 Romanians (the survivors of
the 20th Infantry Division, 1st Cavalry Division and Col.
Voicu Detachment).[78] The prisoners included 22 generals. Hitler was furious and conded that Paulus could
have freed himself from all sorrow and ascended into
eternity and national immortality, but he prefers to go to
Moscow.[79]
Soviets defend a position
On 22 January Paulus requested that he be granted permission to surrender. Hitler rejected it on a point of honour. He telegraphed the 6th Army later that day, claiming that it had made a historic contribution to the greatest
struggle in German history and that it should stand fast to
the last soldier and the last bullet. Hitler told Goebbels
that the plight of the 6th Army was a heroic drama of
German history.[72]
On 26 January 1943, the German forces inside Stalingrad were split into two pockets. A northern pocket centered on the tractor factory and a smaller southern pocket
in the city center. The northern pocket was tactically
7 Aftermath
Based on Soviet records, over 10,000 soldiers continued
to resist in isolated groups within the city for the next
month.
The German public was not ocially told of the impending disaster until the end of January 1943, though positive media reports had stopped in the weeks before the
announcement.[80] Stalingrad marked the rst time that
the Nazi government publicly acknowledged a failure in
its war eort; it was not only the rst major setback for
the German military, but a crushing defeat where German
14
7 AFTERMATH
The remaining forces continued to resist, hiding in cellars and sewers, but by early March 1943, the remaining
small and isolated pockets of resistance had surrendered.
According to Soviet intelligence documents shown in the
documentary, a remarkable NKVD report from March
1943 is available showing the tenacity of some of these
German groups:
The aftermath of the Battle of Stalingrad
losses were almost equal to those of the Soviets was unprecedented. Prior losses of the Soviet Union were generally three times as high as the German ones.[80] On 31
January, regular programming on German state radio was
replaced by a broadcast of the somber Adagio movement
from Anton Bruckner's Seventh Symphony, followed by
the announcement of the defeat at Stalingrad.[80]
The mopping-up of counter-revolutionary

elements in the city of Stalingrad proceeded.
The German soldiers - who had hidden themselves in huts and trenches - oered armed
resistance after combat actions had already
ended. This armed resistance continued until
15 February and in a few areas until 20 February. Most of the armed groups were liquidated by March ... During this period of armed
conict with the Germans, the brigades units
killed 2,418 soldiers and ocers and captured
8,646 soldiers and ocers, escorting them to
POW camps and handing them over.
On 18 February, Minister of Propaganda Joseph The operative report of the Don Fronts sta issued on 5
Goebbels gave the famous Sportpalast speech in Berlin, February 1943, 22.00 said:
encouraging the Germans to accept a total war that would
claim all resources and eorts from the entire population.
The 64th Army was putting itself in order,
being in previously occupied regions. Location
of armys units is as it was previously. In the
region of location of the 38 Motorized Rie
Brigade in a basement 18 armed SS-men (sic)
were found, who refused to surrender, the Germans found were destroyed.[82]
Out of the nearly 110,000 German prisoners captured in
Stalingrad, only about 5,000 ever returned.[83] Already
weakened by disease, starvation and lack of medical care
during the encirclement, they were sent on death marches
(75,000 survivors died within 3 months of capture) to
prisoner camps and later to labour camps all over the Soviet Union. Some 35,000 were eventually sent on transA Red Army soldier marches a German soldier into captivity.
ports, of which 17,000 did not survive. Most died of
According to the German documentary lm Stalingrad wounds, disease (particularly typhus), cold, overwork,
(1993), over 11,000 soldiers refused to lay down their mistreatment, and malnutrition. Some were kept in the
arms at the ocial surrender. Some have presumed that city to help rebuild.
they were motivated by a belief that ghting on was better A handful of senior ocers were taken to Moscow and
than a slow death in Soviet captivity. The Israeli historian used for propaganda purposes, and some of them joined
Omer Bartov claims they were motivated by National So- the National Committee for a Free Germany. Some, incialism. He studied 11,237 letters sent by soldiers inside cluding Paulus, signed anti-Hitler statements that were
of Stalingrad between 20 December 1942 and 16 Jan- broadcast to German troops. Paulus testied for the prosuary 1943 to their families in Germany. Almost every ecution during the Nuremberg Trials and assured families
letter expressed belief in Germanys ultimate victory and in Germany that those soldiers taken prisoner at Stalintheir willingness to ght and die at Stalingrad to achieve grad were safe.[28]:p.401 He remained in the Soviet Union
that victory.[81] Bartov reported that a great many of the until 1952, then moved to Dresden in East Germany,
soldiers were well aware that they would not be able to where he spent the remainder of his days defending his
escape from Stalingrad, but in their letters to their fami- actions at Stalingrad, and was quoted as saying that Comlies boasted that they were proud to sacrice themselves munism was the best hope for postwar Europe.[28]:p.280
General Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach oered to raise
for the Fhrer.[81]
15
an anti-Hitler army from the Stalingrad survivors, but the
Soviets did not accept. It was not until 1955 that the last
of the 5-6,000 survivors were repatriated (to West Germany) after a plea to the Politburo by Konrad Adenauer.
Signicance
Stalingrad has been described as the biggest defeat in the

history of the German Army.[84] It is often identied as
the turning point on the Eastern Front, and in the war
against Germany overall, and even the greatest turning
point in the Second World War. Before Stalingrad, Germany had gone from victory to victory, with a limited
setback in the winter of 1941-42. After Stalingrad, they
won no signicant battles, even in summer.[85] The Red
Army had the initiative, and the Wehrmacht was in retreat. A year of German gains during Case Blue had been
wiped out. Germanys Sixth Army had ceased to exist,
and the forces of Germanys European allies, except Finland, had been shattered.[86] In a speech on 9 November
1944, Hitler himself blamed Stalingrad for Germanys
impending doom.[87]
Stalingrads signicance has been downplayed by some
historians, who point either to the Battle of Moscow or
the Battle of Kursk as more strategically decisive. Others maintain that the destruction of an entire army (the
largest killed, captured, wounded gures for Axis soldiers, nearly 1 million, during the war) and the frustration of Germanys grand strategy made the battle a watershed moment.[88] At the time, however, the battle was
perceived as having global strategic consequences. On
1 January 1943, British General Alan Brooke, Chief of
the Imperial General Sta, reected in his diary on the
change in the position from a year before:
I felt Russia could never hold, Caucasus was
bound to be penetrated, and Abadan (our
Achilles heel) would be captured with the consequent collapse of Middle East, India, etc.
After Russias defeat how were we to handle
the German land and air forces liberated? England would be again bombarded, threat of invasion revived... And now! We start 1943 under
conditions I would never have dared to hope.
Russia has held, Egypt for the present is safe.
There is a hope of clearing North Africa of
Germans in the near future... Russia is scoring
wonderful successes in Southern Russia.[88]
At that point, the British had won the Battle of El Alamein
in November 1942. However, there were only about
50,000 German soldiers at El Alamein in Egypt, while
at Stalingrad 200,000 Germans had been lost.[88]
a devastating blow to German morale. On 30 January

1943, the tenth anniversary of his coming to power, Hitler
chose not to speak. Josef Goebbels read the text of his
speech for him on the radio. The speech contained an
oblique reference to the battle, which suggested that Germany was now in a defensive war. The public mood was
sullen, depressed, fearful, and war-weary. Germany was
looking in the face of defeat.[89]
The reverse was the case on the Soviet side. There was
an overwhelming surge in condence and belief in victory. A common saying was: You cannot stop an army
which has done Stalingrad. Stalin was feted as the hero
of the hour and made a Marshal of the Soviet Union.[90]
In recognition of the determination of its defenders, Stalingrad was awarded the title Hero City in 1945. A colossal monument called The Motherland Calls was erected
in 1967 on the Mamayev Kurgan, the hill overlooking
the city where bones and rusty metal splinters can still
be found.[91] The statue forms part of a war memorial
complex which includes the ruins of the Grain Silo and
Pavlovs House.
The news of the battle echoed round the world, with
many people now believing that Hitlers defeat was
inevitable.[92] The Turkish Consul in Moscow predicted
that the lands which the Germans have destined for their
living space will become their dying space.[93] Britains
conservative Daily Telegraph proclaimed that the victory
had saved European civilisation.[93] The country celebrated Red Army Day on 23 February 1943. A ceremonial Sword of Stalingrad was forged by King George
VI. After being put on public display in Britain, this was
presented to Stalin by Winston Churchill at the Tehran
conference later in 1943.[90] Soviet propaganda spared no
eort and wasted no time in capitalising on the triumph,
impressing a global audience. The prestige of Stalin,
the Soviet Union, and the worldwide Communist movement was immense, and their political position greatly
enhanced.[94]
9 Other information
9.1 Orders of battle
Red Army
Main article: Red Army order of battle at the Battle of
Stalingrad
During the defence of Stalingrad, the Red Army deployed

ve armies (28th, 51st, 57th, 62nd and 64th Armies)
in and around the city and an additional nine armies in
the encirclement counter oensive.[29]:435438 The nine
Regardless of the strategic implications, there is little armies amassed for the counteroensive were the 24th
doubt that Stalingrad was a morale watershed. Germanys Army, 65th Army, 66th Army and 16th Air Army from
defeat shattered its reputation for invincibility. It dealt the north as part of the Don Front oensive and 1st
16
OTHER INFORMATION
bombing by Luftotte 4 as the German 4th Panzer and

6th Armies approached the city;[99] The total number of
civilians killed in Stalingrad is unknown.
In all, the battle resulted in an estimated total of 1.72
million Axis and Soviet casualties.
9.2.1 Luftwae losses

Collage.The Eternal Flame in Mamayev Kurgan.Volgograd, Russia
Aircraft losses of the Luftwae for the supply of the 6th

Army at Stalingrad, and the recovery of wounded from
24 November 1942 to 31 January 1943:
Guards Army, 5th Tank, 21st Army, 2nd Air Army and The losses of transport planes were especially serious, as
17th Air Army from the south as part of the Southwestern they destroyed the capacity for resupply of the trapped 6th
Front.
Army. The destruction of 72 aircraft when the aireld at
Tatsinskaya was overrun meant the loss of about 10% of
Axis
the entire Luftwae transport eet.[100]
These losses amounted to about 50% of total aircraft
Main article: Axis order of battle at the Battle of
committed. In addition, the Luftwae training program
Stalingrad
was stopped and sorties in other theaters of war were signicantly reduced to save fuel for use at Stalingrad.
9.2
Casualties
9.3 In popular culture
The calculation of casualties depends on what scope is

given to the battle of Stalingrad. The scope can vary from
just the ghting within the city and suburbs itself to the
inclusion of almost all ghting on the southern wing of the
Soviet-German front from the spring of 1942 to the end
of the ghting in the city in the winter of 1943. Dierent
scholars have produced dierent estimates depending on
their denition of the scope of the battle. The dierence
is comparing the city against the region.
Main article: Battle of Stalingrad in popular culture

The events of the Battle for Stalingrad have been covered in several lms of German, Russian,[101] British, and
American origin.
The struggle is also remembered and reected upon in

numerous books, for its signicance as a turning point in
The Axis suered 850,000 total casualties (wounded, the Second World War and for the loss of life associated
killed, captured) among all branches of the German with the battle.
armed forces and its allies; 400,000 Germans, 200,000 In the 2011 video game Red Orchestra 2: Heroes of StalRomanians, 130,000 Italians, and 120,000 Hungarians ingrad, the single player campaign focuses on the Battle
were killed, wounded or captured.[95]
of Stalingrad, and several maps in the game portray faOn the material side, the Germans losses were 900 mous locations of the battle, such as Pavlovs House, the
aircraft (including 274 transports and 165 bombers Red October Factory and Mamayev Kurgan, among othused as transports), 500 tanks, and 6,000 artillery ers. The Multiplayer also consisted of several famous lopieces.[2]:122123 According to a contemporary Soviet re- cations from the single player so people could experience
for themselves what it was like, to an extent.
port, 5,762 artillery pieces; 1,312 mortars; 12,701 heavy
machine guns; 156,987 ries; 80,438 sub-machine guns; The 2013 game, Company of Heroes 2, portrayed the bat10,722 trucks; 744 aircraft; 1,666 tanks; 261 other ar- tle in certain missions, but was heavily criticized by some
mored vehicles; 571 half-tracks; and 10,679 motorcycles Russian players for being historically inaccurate,[102]
were captured by the Soviets.[96] An unknown amount of and on 7 August DVD sales of the Russian version of
Hungarian, Italian, and Romanian material was lost.
the game were halted in Russia, while the game is still
[103]
The USSR, according to archival gures, suered available for downloading from Steam.
1,129,619 total casualties;[97] 478,741 personnel killed or
missing, and 650,878 wounded or sick. On the material
side, the USSR lost 4,341 tanks destroyed or damaged,
15,728 artillery pieces, and 2,769 combat aircraft.[98]
The Battle of Stalingrad was also portrayed by the

Swedish power metal band Sabaton in their song Stalingrad.
Stalingrad (2013 lm) focused on 5 individuals holding a

Anywhere from 25,000 to 40,000 Soviet civilians died in building along with various units to defend Stalingrad and
Stalingrad and its suburbs during a single week of aerial Volga River from German attacks.
17
10
See also
[6] Bergstrom (2005)
Barmaley Fountain
[7] Glantz (1995), p. 134
Hitler Stalingrad Speech
[8] McDougal Littell, (2006)
Italian participation in the Eastern Front
[9] Roberts (2006: 143)
List of ocers and commanders in the Battle of

Stalingrad
11
References
Footnotes
[1] The Soviet fronts composition and names changed several
times in the battle. The battle started with the South Western Front. It was later renamed Stalingrad Front, then had
the Don Front split o from it.
[2] The Front was reformed from reserve armies on 22 October 1942.
[3] This force grew to 1,600 in early September by withdrawing forces from the Kuban region and South Caucasus:
Hayward (1998), p. 195.
[4] Bergstrm quotes: Soviet Reports on the eects of air
raids between 2326 August 1942. This indicates 955
people were killed and another 1,181 wounded
[5] 8,314 German aircraft were produced from July
December 1942, but this could not keep pace with a threefront aerial war of attrition
[6] Shirer p. 926 says that Paulus radioed that they would
need a minimum of 750 tons of supplies day own in,
while Craig pp. 206207 quotes Zeitzler as pressing Goering about his boast that the Luftwae could airlift the
needed supplies: Are you aware ... how many daily sorties the army in Stalingrad will need? ... Seven hundred
tons! Every day!"
[7] Fr so einen Schweinehund wie den bhmischen Gefreiten
erschiee ich mich nicht! (I am not going to shoot myself
for such a swine as this Bohemian corporal!), quoted in:
Ich bitte erschossen zu werden, Der Spiegel, 1949-01-29.
Citations
[1] Bellamy, (2007)
[2] Bergstrm (2007)
[3] Glantz (1995), p. 346
[4] Anthony Tihamer Komjathy (1982). A Thousand Years
of the Hungarian Art of War. Toronto: Rakoczi Foundation. pp. 14445. ASIN B001PHB3N0. ISBN 978-08191-6524-4. ASIN is for the version cited. ISBN is for
a dierent printing from a dierent publisher.
[5] Hayward, (1998)
[10] Biesinger (2006: 699): On August 23, 1942, the Germans began their attack.
[11] Battle of Stalingrad. Encyclopdia Britannica. By the
end of August, ... Gen. Friedrich Paulus, with 330,000
of the German Army's nest troops ... approached Stalingrad. On 23 August a German spearhead penetrated
the citys northern suburbs, and the Luftwae rained incendiary bombs that destroyed most of the citys wooden
housing.
[12] Luhn (8 June 2014). Stalingrad name may return to city
in wave of second world war patriotism. theguardian.com
(The Guardian). The Guardian. Retrieved 16 February
2015.
[13] Taylor (1998) Vol IV, p. 142
[14] Beevor (1998: 239)
[15] Shirer (1990)
[16] Kershaw, (2000)
[17] Taylor and Clark, (1974)
[18] P.M.H. Bell, Twelve Turning Points of the Second World
War, Yale University Press, New Haven and London,
2011, p 96
[19] Michael Burleigh (2001). The Third Reich: A New History. Pan. p. 503. ISBN 978-0-330-48757-3.
[20] Walsh, Stephen. (2000). Stalingrad 19421943 The Infernal Cauldron. London, New York: Simon & Schuster.
ISBN 0-7432-0916-8.
[21] McDonald (1986)
[22] German High Command (communique) (27 October
1941). Text of the Days War Communiques. New York
Times (28 October 1941). Retrieved 27 April 2009.
[23] German High Command (communique) (10 November
1942). Text of the Days War Communiques on Fighting
in Various Zones. New York Times (10 November 1942).
Retrieved 27 April 2009.
[24] German High Command (communique) (26 August
1942). Text of the Days War Communiques on Fighting
in Various Zones. New York Times (26 August 1942).
Retrieved 27 April 2009.
[25] German High Command (communique) (12 December
1942). Text of the Days War Communiques. New York
Times (12 December 1942). Retrieved 27 April 2009.
18
[26] In spite of the unfavourable balance of forces - the 'Cosseria' and the 'Ravenna' faced eight to nine Russian divisions
and an unknown number of tanks - the atmosphere among
Italian stas and troops was certainly not pessimistic.... The
Italians, especially the ocers of the 'Cosseria', had condence in what they thought were well built defensive positions. All or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust 194143, Jonathan Steinberg, p. ?, Routledge, 2003
[27] The attack at dawn failed to penetrate fully at rst and
developed into a grim struggle with Italian strongpoints,
lasting for hours. The Ravenna Division was the rst to
be overrun. A gap emerged that was hard to close, and
there was no holding back the Red Army when it deployed
the mass of its tank forces the following day. German
reinforcements came too late in the breakthrough battle.
The Unknown Eastern Front: The Wehrmacht and Hitlers
Foreign Soldiers, Rolf-Dieter Mller, p. 84, I.B.Tauris,
28 Feb 2014
11
REFERENCES
[49] Pennington, p. 197.

[50] Pennington, pp. 201204.
[52] Alexander Werth, The Year of Stalingrad (London:
1946), 193-194.
[53] Beevor (1998), 141-142.
[54] Golovanov, (2004)
[55] Goodwin (1994)
[56] Bellamy (2007), 516.
[57] Maps of the conict. Leavenworth Papers No. 2 Nomonhan: Japanese-Soviet Tactical Combat, 1939; MAPS. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
[58] Manstein (2004)
[28] Craig, (1973)
[30] Clark, Lloyd, Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front

1943, 2011, page 157
[59] Beevor, Antony (1999). Stalingrad. London: Penguin. p.

184. ISBN 0-14-024985-0. Beevor states that one quarter
of the sixth armys frontline strength were HIWIs. Note:
this reference still does not directly support the claim that
there were 40,000 HIWIs
[31] Poji, Milan. Hrvatska pukovnija 369. na Istonom bojitu

1941. 1943.. Croatian State Archives. Zagreb, 2007.
[60] Weinberg, Gerhard A World In Arms, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 page 451
[32] Clark, Lloyd, Kursk: The greatest battle: Eastern Front

1943, 2011, page 164165
[61] Murray, Williamson & Millet, Alan War To Be Won,

Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000 page 288.
[33] Stalingrad 1942. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
[62] Weinberg A World In Arms, 2005 451.
[34] Beevor (1998), 84-5, 97, 144.
[63] Weinberg, 2005 A World In Arms, page 1045.
[35] Krivosheev, G. I. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat

Losses in the Twentieth Century. Greenhill Books. pp.
5197. ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4.
[64] Weinberg, Gerhard A World At Arms, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 408; 449; 451.
[29] Beevor (1998), 198.
[36] TV Novosti.
Crucial WW2 battle remembered.
Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved
19 February 2009.
[37] Bellamy (2007), 514-517.
[38] Beevor (1998), 135-137.
[39] Beevor (1998), 203-206.
[40] Beevor (2004)
[41] Overy, Richard. Russias War (New York: 1997), 201.
[42] Merridale, Catherine. Ivans War (New York: 2006), 156.
[65] Manstein 2004, pp. 315; 334.

[66] Kehrig, Manfred Stalingrad, Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags
Anstalt, 1974 pages 279,311-312,575.
[67] During this phase, the Germans praised the steadfastness
of Italian infantry, who held out tenaciously even in isolated strongpoints, but eventually reached their breakingpoint under this constant pressure. " The Unknown Eastern Front: The Wehrmacht and Hitlers Foreign Soldiers,
Rolf-Dieter Mller, p. 83-84, I.B.Tauris, 28 Feb 2014
[68] Paoletti, Ciro (2008). A Military History of Italy. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International. p. 177. ISBN
0-275-98505-9. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
[44] Bellamy (2007), 520-521.
[69] Deiml, Michael (1999). Meine Stalingradeinstze (My

Stalingrad Sorties). Einstze des Bordmechanikers Gefr.
Michael Deiml (Sorties of Aviation Mechanic Private
Michael Deiml). Retrieved 4 December 2009.
[70] MacDonald, (1986)
[46] Pennington, p. 178.
[71] Clark (1995)
[72] Kershaw (2000), p. 549.
[73] Kershaw (2000), p. 550.
[43] quoted in Merridale, Catherine. Ivans War (New York:

2006), 156.
19
[74] Bellamy (2007), 549.

[75] Beevor, p. 381
[76] Beevor, p. 390
[92] Georey Roberts, Stalins Wars: From World War to Cold

War, 19391953, Yale University Press, New Haven and
London, 2006, pp 154155.
[77] Bellamy (2007), 550.

2011, p 95
[78] Pusca, Dragos; Nitu, Victor. The Battle of Stalingrad

1942 Romanian Armed Forces in the Second World War
(worldwar2.ro). Retrieved 4 December 2009.

2011, p 108.
[79] Victor, George (2000). Hitler: Pathology of Evil. Washington, DC: Brasseys Inc. p. 208. ISBN 1-57488-228-7.
Retrieved 23 August 2008.
[95] Craig, William (1973). Enemy at the Gates: the Battle

for Stalingrad. New York: Penguin Books (ISBN 0-14200000-0 & ISBN 1-56852-368-8).
[80] Sandlin, Lee (1997). Losing the War. Originally published in Chicago Reader, 7 and 14 March 1997. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
[96] ". """.
[81] Bartov, Omer Hitlers Army Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 1991 pages 166167
[98] :
,
: . . / . . , . .
, . . . .: , 1993.
. 178182, 369370. ISBN 5-203-01400-0
[97] (Russian). Retrieved 4 December

2009.
[82] Google Video: Stalingrad OSA III Stalingradin

taistelu pttyy (Stalingrad, Part 3: Battle of Stalingrad
ends) (ADOBE FLASH) (Television documentary. German original: Stalingrad Episode 3: Der Untergang, [99]
53 min, Sebastian Dehnhardt, Manfred Oldenburg (directors) IMDB) (in Finnish; interviews in German & Russian
and with Finnish subtitles). broadview.tv GmbH, Ger[100]
many 2003. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
Georey Roberts (2002). Victory at Stalingrad: the battle

that changed history. Pearson Education. p.77. ISBN 0582-77185-4
Beevor, 1999. p. 301
[101] The Great Battle on the Volga (1962)".

[83] How three million Germans died after VE Day. Nigel
Video.google.com. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
Jones reviews After the Reich: From the Liberation of Vienna to the Berlin Airlift by Giles MacDonogh. The Tele- [102] Why gamings latest take on war is so oensive to Rusgraph, 18 Apr 2007.
sians. Polygon (2013-07-25). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.
[84] P.M.H. Bell, Twelve Turning Points of the Second World [103] Company of Heroes 2 sales stopped in Russia.
PCGamesN (2013-08-06).
Retrieved on 2013-092011, p 104
18.
2011, pp 95, 108.
[86] Georey Roberts, Stalins Wars: From World War to Cold
War, 19391953, Yale University Press, New Haven and
London, 2006, pp 154155.
[87] Antony Beevor, Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Penguin
Books, London, 2007, p xxxiii.
2011, p 107.
2011, pp 104-105, 107.
2011, p 106
[91] Historical Memorial Complex To the Heroes of the Stalingrad Battle at Mamayev Hill. Ocial web site. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
Bibliography
Baird, Jay W (1969). The Myth of Stalingrad, Journal of Contemporary History, Sage Publications,
Ltd.
Bartov, Omer Hitlers Army: Soldiers, Nazis and
War in the Third Reich, Oxford: Oxford University
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Beevor, Antony (1998). Stalingrad. Viking, London. ISBN 978-0-14-103240-5.
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War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of
John Erickson edited by Ljubica and Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004, ISBN
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REFERENCES
Bernig,Jorg (1997). Eingekesselt: Die Schlacht um

Stalingrad im deutschsprachigen Roman nach 1945:
(German Life and Civilization Journal No 23), : Peter Lang publishers.
Hayward, Joel S. A. (1998). Stopped at Stalingrad:

The Luftwae and Hitlers Defeat in the East 1942
1943. Lawrence, KS, University Press of Kansas.
ISBN 978-0-7006-0876-8.
Bergstrm, Christer. Dikov, Andrey and Antipov

Vladimir (2006). Black Cross Red Star: Air War
Over the Eastern Front: Everything For Stalingrad,
Volume 3. Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-97610344-8.
Kehrig, Manfred (1974). Stalingrad. Stuttgart,

Deutsche Verlags Anstalt. ISBN 3-421-01653-4.
Clark, Alan (1965). Barbarossa: the RussianGerman Conict, 1941-45. OCLC 154155228
Craig, William (1973). Enemy at the Gates: The
Battle for Stalingrad New York: Penguin Books (paperback, ISBN 0-14-200000-0)
Einsiedel, Heinrich Graf von; Wieder, Joachim.
Stalingrad: Memories and Reassessments. New
York: Sterling Publishing, 1998 (paperback, ISBN
1-85409-460-2); London: Cassell, 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-304-36338-3).
Erickson, John. The Road to Stalingrad: Stalins
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(hardcover, ISBN 0-586-06408-7); New Haven,
CT; London: Yale University Press, 1999 (paperback, ISBN 0-300-07812-9); London: Cassell,
2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-304-36541-6).
Glantz, David M. & House, Jonathan (1995), When
Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler,
Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas,
ISBN 0-7006-0899-0
Glantz, David M. & House, Jonathan (2009), 'To the
Gates of Stalingrad - Soviet-German combat operations April to August 1942', Kansas, Kansas University Press, ISBN 978-0-7006-1630-5
Glantz, David M. & House, Jonathan (2009), 'Armageddon in Stalingrad - September to November
1942', Kansas, Kansas University Press, ISBN 9780-7006-1664-0
Glantz, David (2011), 'After Stalingrad: The Red
Armys Winter Oensive 19421943', Helion and
Company, ISBN 978-1-907677-05-2
Goldman, Stuart D. Nomonhan, 1939; The Red
Armys Victory That Shaped World War II. 2012,
Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-61251-098-9.
Golovanov,
A.Ye.(2004)
Dalnyaya
bardirovochnaya. Delta NB, Moscow.
bom-
Goodwin, Doris Kearns (1994). No Ordinary Time:

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Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler: 19361945: Nemesis.

London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-0272390.
MacDonald, John. (1986) Great Battles of World
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Modern world history : patterns of interaction.
Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. 2006. ISBN 0618-55715-6.
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Trans.); Liddell Hart, B. H. (Preface); Blumenson,
Martin (Introduction) (2004). Lost Victories: The
War Memoirs of Hitlers Most Brilliant General. St.
Paul, MN: Zenith Press. ISBN 0-7603-2054-3.
Mark, Jason D (2002). Death of the Leaping
Horseman:24 Panzer Division in Stalingrad. Leaping Horseman Books. ISBN 0-646-41034-2.
Mark, Jason D (2006). Island of Fire:The Battle
for the Barrikady Gun Factory in Stalingrad November 1942 - February 1943. Leaping Horseman
Books. ISBN 0-9751076-4-X.
Mark, Jason D (2008). "Angriff:The German Attack on Stalingrad in Photos. Leaping Horseman
Books. ISBN 978-0-9751076-7-6.
Mark, Jason D & Amir Obhodas (2010). Croatian
Legion: The 369th Reinforced (Croatian) Infantry
Regiment on The Eastern Front 19411943. Leaping Horseman Books. ISBN 978-0-9751076-8-3.
Pennington, Reina Women and the Battle of Stalingrad pages 169211 from Russia War, Peace and
Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson edited
by Ljubica and Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004, ISBN 0-297-84913-1.
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its Aftermath. Folio Society (Vol 4 of 4).**
21
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12
Further reading
Antill, Peter (2007). Stalingrad 1942, Osprey Publishing, London. ISBN 1-84603-028-5
Biesinger, Joseph A. (2006). Germany: a reference
guide from the Renaissance to the present. Infobase
Publishing, New York City. ISBN 978-0-81604521-1
Corum, James S. (2008). Wolfram von Richthofen:
Master of the German Air War. Lawrence, KS, University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1598-8.
Dibold, Hans (2001) Doctor at Stalingrad. Littleton,
CO: Aberdeen, (hardcover, ISBN 0-9713852-1-1).
Grossman, Vasili Semenovich; Beevor, Antony;
Vinogradova, Luba (2007). A Writer at War:A Soviet Journalist with the Red Army, 19411945. New
York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-27533-2.
Hellbeck, Jochen. (2015) Stalingrad: The City That
Defeated The Third Reich. New York, NY: PublicAairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-496-3.
Holl, Adelbert. (2005) An Infantryman In Stalingrad: From 24 September 1942 to 2 February
1943. Pymble, NSW, Australia: Leaping Horseman
Books (hardcover, ISBN 0-9751076-1-5).
Hoyt, Edwin Palmer. (1999) 199 Days: The Battle
for Stalingrad. New York: A Forge Book, (paperback, ISBN 0-312-86853-7).
Jones, Michael K. (2007) Stalingrad: How the Red
Army Survived the German Onslaught. Drexel Hill,
PA: Casemate, (hardcover, ISBN 978-1-93203372-4)
Mayer, SL & Taylor, AJP (1974). History of World
War II. London: Octopus Books. ISBN 0-70640399-1 & ISBN 978-0-7064-0399-2
Raus, Erhard. Panzer Operations: The Eastern Front
Memoir of General Raus, 19411945, compiled
and translated by Steven H. Newton. Cambridge,
MA: Da Capo Press, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-30681247-9); 2005 (paperback, ISBN 0-306-81409-9).
Roberts, Georey. (2002) Victory at Stalingrad:
The Battle that Changed History. New York: Longman, (paperback, ISBN 0-582-77185-4).
(2006) Stalins wars: from World War to Cold
War, 19391953. Yale University Press, ISBN 0300-11204-1
Samsonov A.M., (1989) Stalingrad Battle, 4th ed.

re-edited and added-to, Moscow, Science publishing. Russian: ..
, 4- ., . . .: , 1989.
(in Russian)
Snyder, David R. (2005). Review in The Journal of
Military History Volume 69 (1).
Zhukov, Georgi Konstantinovich & Harrison E.,
Salisbury (1969). Marshal Zhukovs Greatest Battles.
New York: Harper & Row.
OCLC
563797912.
Joly, Anton (2013) Stalingrad: Battle Atlas, StalData
Publications (paperback, ISBN 979-10-93222-035).
13 External links
Detailed summary of campaign
Story of the Stalingrad battle with pictures, maps,
video and other primary and secondary sources
Volgograd State Panoramic Museum ocial homepage
The Battle of Stalingrad in Film and History Written
with strong Socialist/Communist political under and
overtones.
Roberts, Georey. Victory on the Volga, The
Guardian, 28 February 2003
Stalingrad-info.com, Russian archival docs translated into English,original battle maps,aerial photos,pictures taken at the battleelds,relics collection
H-Museum:
Memory
Stalingrad/Volgograd 19432003.
Battle of Stalingrad Pictures

View footage from the Battle of Stalingrad in January 1943
The photo album of Wehrmacht NCO named
Nemela of 9. Machine-Gewehr Bataillon (mot)
There are several unique photos of parade and award
ceremony for Wehrmacht personnel who survived
the Battle of Stalingrad.
22
14
14
14.1
TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text
Battle of Stalingrad Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad?oldid=671416561 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Kpjas, David

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Mrg3105, Wiki1609, Chiswick Chap, Adamdaley, Bellham, NewEnglandYankee, SJP, Ko Soi IX, Boothferry, Cozappz, MisterBee1966,
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ADirtySock and Anonymous: 2017
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14.2
Images
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27,_Russland-Sd,_rumnische_Soldaten.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0501-27%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_rum%C3%A4nische_Soldaten.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches
Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals
(negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Lechner
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Soldat_mit_MPi.jpg
Source:
https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-168-618%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Soldat_
mit_MPi.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive
(Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using
the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist:
Unknown
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526,_Russland,_Scharfschtze_in_Stellung.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/3/31/Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0526%2C_Russland%2C_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_in_Stellung.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de
Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a
cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Infanterie.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Infanterie.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv)
as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative
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File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-001,_Russland,_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/2/22/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-001%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg License: CC
and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011,_Russland,_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-011%2C_Russland%2C_deutscher_Kriegsgefangener.jpg License: CC
and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005,_Russland,_Paulus_in_Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg
Source:
https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0316-0204-005%2C_Russland%2C_Paulus_in_
Kriegsgefangenschaft.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the
German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic
representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image
Archive. Original artist: unknown / probably Georgi Lipskerow (english transcription Lipskerov), 1896-1977
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20510,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Luftangriff_crop.jpg
Source:
https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J20510%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_
Luftangriff_crop.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German
Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic
representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image
Archive. Original artist: Opitz
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0506-316,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Siegesflagge.jpg
Source:
https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0506-316%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_
Siegesflagge.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal
Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation
only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive.
Original artist: Georgii Zelma [1]
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Eastern_Front_
1942-05_to_1942-11.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Gdr
File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(19351945).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_German_
Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fornax
File:Flag_of_Hungary_(19201946).svg
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Hungary_
%281920%E2%80%931946%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9] Original artist:
User:Zscout370, colour correction: User:R-41, current version: Thommy
File:Flag_of_Independent_State_of_Croatia.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_
Independent_State_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Zakonska odredba o dravnom grbu, dravnoj zastavi,
Poglavnikovoj zastavi, dravnom peatu, peatima dravnih i samoupravnih ureda, 28. travnja 1941, Nr.XXXVII-53-Z.p.1941 30.
travnja 1941. Original artist: public domain by User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg Source:
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%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors:
http://www.prassi.cnr.it/prassi/content.html?id=1669
Original artist: F l a n k e r
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(Wiki) Battle of Stalingrad

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Battle of Stalingrad

For the 1949 Russian lm, see The Battle of Stalingrad

On 19 November 1942, the Red Army launched

Operation Blau: German advances from 7 May 1942 to 18

ary 1943)[8][9][10][11] was a major battle of World War II

commercial river trac. The Germans cut the pipeline

The Soviets realized that they were under tremendous

Main article: Case Blue

If I do not get the oil of Maikop and

The initial advance of the 6th Army was so successful

Infantry and a supporting StuG III assault gun advance towards

The German advance to Stalingrad between 24 July and 18

Stalin rushed all available troops to the east bank of

October 1942: German ocer with a Russian PPSh-41

(VVS), was swept aside by the Luftwae. The VVS bases

Soviets preparing to ward o a German assault in Stalingrads

By the end of August, Army Group South (B) had nally

Fighting in the city

3.1 Fighting in the city

A German sniper in Stalingrad

A street ght in Stalingrad

Though initially successful, the German attacks stalled in

craft. Some Soviet commanders adopted the tactic of

Soviet soldiers in the Red October Factory

Bitter ghting raged for every ruin, street, factory, house,

Soviet marines landing on the west bank of the Volga River.

The Germans made slow but steady progress through

A signicant historical debate concerns the degree of

Union while driving tanks at Stalingrad.[51]

Soil after the battle of Stalingrad in the Vladimir Military Museum

Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bomber over the neighborhood west of

Many women fought on the Soviet side, or were under

For both Stalin and Hitler, Stalingrad became a matter of

3.2 Air attacks

Determined to crush Soviet resistance, Luftotte 4s

tugs from supplying the Soviet defenders. Nevertheless,

Soviet soldiers attack a house, February 1943

Romanian IAR 80 ghter planes.

The Soviet bomber force, the Aviatsiya Dal'nego

4.1 Weakness on the German anks

Similarly, on the southern ank of the Stalingrad sector

The Soviet counter-attack at Stalingrad

5 Sixth Army surrounded

Aleksandr Vasilevsky, responsible for strategic planning

German soldiers as prisoners of war. In the background is the

About 265,000 German, Romanian, and Italian

German dead in the city

SIXTH ARMY SURROUNDED

Adolf Hitler had declared in a public speech (in the

The director of Luftotte 4, Wolfram von Richthofen,

slightest scraps of bread. General Zeitzler, moved by their

6 The end of the battle

The center of Stalingrad after liberation

Initially, supply ights came in from the eld at

6.2 Operation Little Saturn

6 THE END OF THE BATTLE

Soviet gains (shown in blue) during Operation Little Saturn

Main article: Operation Koltso

warfare began again in Stalingrad, but this time it was

Generalfeldmarschall Friedrich Paulus (left), with his chief of

The next day, the southern pocket in Stalingrad collapsed.

Soviets defend a position

The aftermath of the Battle of Stalingrad