SOFTVERSKI ALATI U

ELEKTROENERGETICI
UPUTSTVA
Pripremio i sakupio:
jjanko2015@gmail.com
2015

Sadraj
1. ATPDRAW version 5.6 for Windows
9x/NT/2000/XP/Vista Users' Manual
2. ePLAN electric P8 ver. 1.8.5
3. CADdy++ Electrical Engineering
4. Pspice simulacije u energetici dr Slobodan Vukosavi
ETF Beograd
5. Dodaci: 1. Numericke i optimizacione metode u
elektrotehnici Mihailo olaji
2. EMTP Theory Book

ATPDRAW
version 5.6
for Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP/Vista
Users' Manual

Lszl Prikler,
Hans Kristian Hidalen
The manual is made available for distribution via the secure ATP
FTP servers and Web sites, as well as via the regional EMTPATP Users Groups. ATP license is required to obtain the
ATPDraw program and this manual. Conversion of this manual to
other formats and distribution on any kind of media requires
explicit permission from the authors.

ATPDraw
for Windows
Preliminary Release No. 1.0

5.6

November 2009

ATPDraw version 5.6

PREFACE
This Users' Manual documents all main features of ATPDraw version 5.6. The manual is an
extensive update of the previous User Manual prepared by Lszl Prikler at SYSTRAN
Engineering Services Ltd. in Budapest for version 3.5 (SINTEF TR F5680) dated 2002.
Version 5.6 is substantially updated compared to version 3.5; New design, new and
extended components, new handling of Models, Hybrid Transformer, multi-phase nodes,
vector graphics, Output Manager, Line Check, Circuit Texts, Optimization etc.. The
Reference Manual gives a summary of menu items and menu options. The Advanced
Manual covers the features Grouping, Models, electrical machine, line/cable-, and
transformer modeling, and optimization. Finally the Application Manual is extended with
several examples. New ATPDraw users are advised to start with the Installation and
Introductory manuals.
ATPDraw is developed by NTNU and SINTEF Energy Research. Program and development
have been financed by Bonneville Power Administration, USA, version 5 in co-operation
with EEUG and Schneider Electric, France.
For Norwegian University of Technology Trondheim, Norway, November 26th 2009.
Hans Kr. Hidalen
Professor NTNU-Norway

SUMMARY
ATPDraw is a graphical, mouse-driven preprocessor to the ATP version of the
Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) on the MS-Windows platform. The program
is written in CodeGear Delphi 2007 and runs under Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP/Vista. In
ATPDraw the user can construct an electrical circuit using the mouse and selecting
components from menus, then ATPDraw generates the ATP input file in the appropriate
format based on "what you see is what you get". The simulation program ATP and
plotting programs can be integrated with ATPDraw.
ATPDraw supports multiple circuit modeling that makes possible to work on more circuits
simultaneously and copy information between the circuits. All kinds of standard circuit
editing facilities (copy/paste, grouping, rotate, export/import, undo/redo) are available. In
addition, ATPDraw supports the Windows clipboard and metafile export. The circuit is
stored on disk in a single project file, which includes all the simulation objects and options
needed to run the case. The project file is in zip-compressed format that makes the file
sharing with others very simple.
Most of the standard components of ATP as well as TACS are supported, and in addition
the user can create new objects based on MODELS or $Include (Data Base Module).
Line/Cable modeling (KCLee, PI-equivalent, Semlyen, JMarti and Noda) is also included
in ATPDraw where the user specifies the geometry and material data and has the option to
view the cross section graphically and verify the model in the frequency domain. Special
components support the user in machine and transformer modeling based on the powerful
Universal Machine and BCTRAN components in ATP-EMTP. In addition the advanced
Hybrid Transformer model XFMR and Windsyn support is included.
ATPDraw supports hierarchical modeling by replacing selected group of objects with a
single icon in an almost unlimited numbers of layers. Components have an individual icon
in either bitmap or vector graphic style and an optional graphic background. ATPDraw
supports up to 10.000 components each with maximum 64 data and 32 nodes.
2

ATPDraw version 5.6

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.

Introduction . . . ......................................................................................................................7
1.1 What is ATPDraw? ..............................................................................................................9
1.2 What is ATP? .....................................................................................................................10
1.3 Operating priciples and capabilities of ATP......................................................................10
1.3.1 Integrated simulation modules in ATP........................................................................11
1.3.2 Program capabilities ....................................................................................................12
1.3.3 Main characteristics of plotting programs for ATP ....................................................13
1.3.4 Typical EMTP applications.........................................................................................15
1.3.5 Hardware requirements for ATP .................................................................................15
1.4 Contents of this manual .....................................................................................................15
1.5 Manual conventions ...........................................................................................................16

2.

Installation Manual . . ..........................................................................................................17

2.1 ATP licencing policy .........................................................................................................19
2.2 How to download ATPDraw?............................................................................................19
2.3 Hardware requirements for ATPDraw...............................................................................20
2.4 Program installation ...........................................................................................................20
2.5 Files and sub-folders in the ATPDraw system folder ........................................................21
2.5.1 Organizing the files .....................................................................................................22
2.5.2 Configuring ATPDraw ................................................................................................22
2.6 Interfacing ATPDraw with other programs of the ATP-EMTP package ..........................22
2.6.1 Calling Watcom ATP and GNU MingW32 ATP from ATPDraw..............................24
2.6.2 Calling PlotXY , PCPlot or ATP_Analyzer ................................................................25
2.6.3 ATPDraw command line options ................................................................................25
2.6.4 Drag and drop project files..........................................................................................25
2.7 How to get help? ................................................................................................................25
2.7.1 Help from the author of ATPDraw..............................................................................26
2.7.2 Help via electronic mail ..............................................................................................26
2.7.3 Help via the ATP-EMTP-L mailing list ......................................................................26
2.8 Available circuit objects in ATPDraw...............................................................................27

3.

Introductory Manual . . ........................................................................................................29

3.1 Operating windows ............................................................................................................31
3.2 Operating the mouse ..........................................................................................................34
3.3 Edit operations ...................................................................................................................35
3.4 Overview of working with ATPDraw................................................................................35
3.5 Your first circuit (Exa_1.adp)............................................................................................37
3.5.1 Building the circuit......................................................................................................38
3.5.2 Storing the project file on disk ....................................................................................48
3.5.3 Creating the ATP input file .........................................................................................48
3.5.4 Running the simulation ...............................................................................................50
3.6 Multi-phase phase circuits .................................................................................................50

4.

Reference Manual . . . ...........................................................................................................55

4.1 Main window .....................................................................................................................57
4.2 Main menu .........................................................................................................................58
4.2.1 File...............................................................................................................................58

ATPDraw version 5.6

4.2.2 Edit.............................................................................................................................. 60
4.2.3 View............................................................................................................................ 65
4.2.4 Zoom In....................................................................................................................... 67
4.2.5 ATP............................................................................................................................. 69
4.2.6 Library ........................................................................................................................ 82
4.2.7 Tools ........................................................................................................................... 88
4.2.8 Window....................................................................................................................... 95
4.2.9 Help............................................................................................................................. 96
4.3 Shortcut menu.................................................................................................................... 97
4.4 Component selection menu ............................................................................................... 98
4.5 Component dialog box ...................................................................................................... 99
4.6 Connection dialog box..................................................................................................... 102
4.7 Text dialog box................................................................................................................ 103
4.8 Node dialog box .............................................................................................................. 103
4.9 Open Probe dialog box .................................................................................................... 105
4.10
Open Group dialog box................................................................................................ 105
4.11
Circuit objects in ATPDraw......................................................................................... 106
4.11.1
Probes & 3-phase................................................................................................... 108
4.11.2
Branch Linear ........................................................................................................ 110
4.11.3
Branch Nonlinear................................................................................................... 111
4.11.4
Lines/Cables .......................................................................................................... 112
4.11.5
Switches................................................................................................................. 115
4.11.6
Sources .................................................................................................................. 116
4.11.7
Machines................................................................................................................ 117
4.11.8
Transformers.......................................................................................................... 118
4.11.9
MODELS............................................................................................................... 120
4.11.10 TACS..................................................................................................................... 124
4.11.11 User Specified ....................................................................................................... 129
4.11.12 Steady-state............................................................................................................ 130
4.11.13 Standard Component... .......................................................................................... 131
4.11.14 Plugins ................................................................................................................... 132
5.

Advanced Manual . . . ........................................................................................................ 133

5.1 Grouping: an ATPDraw feature for multilevel modeling ............................................... 135
5.1.1 Grouping nonlinear objects....................................................................................... 140
5.2 Non-standard component dialog boxes ........................................................................... 142
5.2.1 Saturable 3-phase transformer .................................................................................. 142
5.2.2 Universal machines................................................................................................... 144
5.2.3 Statistic/systematic switch ........................................................................................ 148
5.2.4 Harmonic source ....................................................................................................... 149
5.2.5 Windsyn component ................................................................................................. 150
5.3 Using the integrated LCC object for line/cable modeling............................................... 152
5.3.1 Model and Data page settings for Overhead Lines................................................... 155
5.3.2 Model and Data page settings for Single Core Cable systems ................................. 158
5.3.3 Model and Data page settings for Enclosing Pipe type cables ................................. 160
5.4 Verification of the Line/Cable model performance......................................................... 162
5.4.1 Internal Line/Cable Verify........................................................................................ 162
5.4.2 External Line Check ................................................................................................. 165
5.5 Using MODELS simulation language............................................................................. 166

ATPDraw version 5.6

5.5.1 The automatic approach ............................................................................................167

5.5.2 The manual approach ................................................................................................169
5.5.3 Recording internal MODELS variables ....................................................................172
5.6 BCTRAN support in ATPDraw.......................................................................................173
5.7 Hybrid Transformer, XFMR ............................................................................................177
5.7.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................177
5.7.2 XFMR dialog box......................................................................................................178
5.8 Creating new circuit objects in ATPDraw .......................................................................181
5.8.1 Creating a 6-phase rectifier bridge ............................................................................181
5.8.2 Creating a user specified, nonlinear transformer model ...........................................187
5.9 Vector graphic editor .......................................................................................................190
5.9.1 Properties...................................................................................................................192
5.9.2 Editing: Selecting, moving, resizing and clipboard ..................................................193
5.9.3 Drawing new elements ..............................................................................................194
5.9.4 Layers and visible......................................................................................................194
5.9.5 Example of complex icons ........................................................................................195
5.10
Bitmap background.......................................................................................................195
5.11
Optimization .................................................................................................................196
5.11.1
Optimization routines.............................................................................................197
5.11.2
Cost function ..........................................................................................................197
5.11.3
Optimization dialog ...............................................................................................198
5.11.4
Example: Resonance grounding (Exa_18.acp) ......................................................199
6.

Application Manual . . .......................................................................................................201

6.1 Switching studies using JMarti LCC objects ...................................................................203
6.1.1 JMarti model of a 750 kV line ..................................................................................203
6.1.2 Line to ground fault and fault tripping transients (Exa_7a.adp)...............................205
6.2 Lightning overvoltage study in a 400 kV substation (Exa_9.adp) ..................................208
6.3 Modeling Rectifiers, zigzag transformers and analysis of Harmonics (Exa_14.adp) .....214
6.4 Modelling of electrical machines and controls ................................................................220
6.4.1 TACS controlled induction machine (Exa_4.adp) ....................................................220
6.4.2 Windsyn machine model ...........................................................................................224
6.4.3 Machine control (Exa_17.acp) ..................................................................................225
6.5 Simulating transformer inrush current transients.............................................................231
6.5.1 Energization of a 400/132/18 kV auto-transformer (Exa_10.adp)............................231
6.5.2 Energization of a 132/15 kV generator step-up transformer (Exa_11.adp)..............237
6.5.3 Using the Hybrid Transformer component (Exa_16.acp)........................................241
6.6 Switching overvoltage studies with statistical approach (Exa_12.adp) ..........................243
6.6.1 Setting program options for the statistical simulation...............................................243
6.6.2 Results of the statistical study ...................................................................................244

7.

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................................................247
7.1 PFC simulations in ATPDraw..........................................................................................249
7.2 Line Check .......................................................................................................................252
7.2.1 Single phase systems .................................................................................................253
7.2.2 3-phase systems.........................................................................................................256
7.3 Hybrid Transformer, XFMR ............................................................................................257
7.3.1 Leakage inductance ...................................................................................................258
7.3.2 Winding resistance ....................................................................................................259
7.3.3 Capacitance ...............................................................................................................260

ATPDraw version 5.6

7.3.4 Core........................................................................................................................... 261

7.4 References ....................................................................................................................... 265
7.5 Index ................................................................................................................................ 266

ATPDraw version 5.6

1. Introduction . . .
................

ATPDraw
for Windows

5.6

ATPDraw version 5.6

Introduction

1.1 What is ATPDraw?

ATPDraw for Windows is a graphical, mouse-driven preprocessor to the ATP version of the
Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). In ATPDraw the user can construct the digital
model of the circuit to be simulated using the mouse and selecting predefined components from
an extensive palette, interactively. Then ATPDraw generates the input file for the ATP simulation
in the appropriate format based on "what you see is what you get". Circuit node naming is
administrated by ATPDraw, thus the user needs to give a name only to nodes having special
interest.
ATPDraw has a standard Windows layout and offers a large Windows help file system. All kinds
of standard circuit editing facilities (copy/paste, grouping, rotate/flip, export/import, undo/redo)
are available. Other facilities in ATPDraw are: built-in editor for ATP-file editing, text viewer for
displaying the output LIS-file of ATP, automatic LIS-file checking with special trigger strings to
detect simulation errors, support of Windows clipboard and metafile export. ATPDraw supports
multiple circuit modeling that makes possible to work on more circuits simultaneously and copy
information between the circuits.
Most of the standard components of ATP (both single and 3-phase), as well as TACS are
supported, and in addition the user can create new objects based on MODELS or $INCLUDE
(Data Base Module). Line/Cable modeling (KCLee, PI-equivalent, Semlyen, JMarti and Noda) is
also included in ATPDraw where the user specifies the geometry and material data and has the
option to view the cross section graphically and verify the model in the frequency domain.
Objects for Harmonic Frequency Scan (HFS) have also been added. Special objects help the user
in machine and transformer modeling including the powerful UNIVERSAL MACHINE and BCTRAN
features of ATP. An advanced Hybrid Transformer model based on Test Report, Design or
Typical values with topologically correct core is also supported. ATPDraw also integrated with
Windsyn for Universal Machine modeling based on manufacturers data.
ATPDraw supports hierarchical modeling to replace a selected group of objects with a single icon
in unlimited numbers of layers. $PARAMETER feature of ATP is also implemented, allowing the
user to specify a text string as input in a components' data field, then assign numerical values to
these texts strings later. The circuit is stored on disk in a single project file, which includes all the
simulation objects and options needed to run the case. The project file is in zip-compressed format
that makes the file sharing with others very simple.
ATPDraw is most valuable to new users of ATP-EMTP and is an excellent tool for educational
purposes. However, the possibility of multi-layer modeling makes ATPDraw a powerful front-end
processor for professionals in analysis of electric power system transients, as well.
Version 3.6 and above of ATPDraw for 9x/NTx/2000/XP Windows platforms are written in
Borland Delphi 6.0. From version 5.3 CodeGear Delphi 2007 is used. This version uses the html
help file system supported in Windows VISTA.
ATPDraw is a trademark and copyrighted by 2005-2009 Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, Norway. Program developer is Dr. Hans Kristian Hidalen in Trondheim,
Norway, with Dahl Data Design in Norway as a programming sub-contractor and SYSTRAN
Engineering Services in Hungary as a sub-contractor for program documentation. Program
development has mainly been financed by Bonneville Power Administration in Portland, Oregon,

ATPDraw version 5.6

Introduction

USA, with Pacific Engineering Corporation as project coordinator. Development in version 5 has
in addition been co-funded by the European EMTP User's Group and Schneider Electric.
The ATPDraw program is royalty free and can be downloaded free of charge from several
Internet sites. The on-line help of ATPDraw and the present program documentation includes
third-party proprietary information of, thus ATP licensing is mandatory prior to get permission to
download the program and documentation from the Internet, or to receive ATP related materials
from others.
1.2 What is ATP?
The Alternative Transients Program (ATP) is considered to be one of the most widely used
universal program system for digital simulation of transient phenomena of electromagnetic as
well as electromechanical nature in electric power systems. With this digital program, complex
networks and control systems of arbitrary structure can be simulated. ATP has extensive modeling
capabilities and additional important features besides the computation of transients.
The Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) was developed in the public domain at the
Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) of Portland, Oregon prior to the commercial initiative in
1984 by the EMTP Development Coordination Group and the Electric Power Research Institute
(EPRI) of Palo Alto, California. The birth of ATP dates to early in 1984, when Drs. Meyer and
Liu did not approve of proposed commercialization of BPA's EMTP and Dr. Meyer, using his
own personal time, started a new program from a copy of BPA's public-domain EMTP. Since then
the ATP program has been continuously developed through international contributions by Drs. W.
Scott Meyer and Tsu-huei Liu, the co-Chairmen of the Canadian/American EMTP User Group.
Several experts around the world have been contributing to EMTP starting in 1975 and later to
ATP in close cooperation with program developers in Portland, USA.
Whereas BPA work on EMTP remains in the public domain by U.S. law, ATP is not in the public
domain and licensing is required before access to proprietary materials is granted. Licensing is,
however, available free of all charge to anyone in the world who has not participated voluntarily
in the sale or attempted sale of any electromagnetic transients program, (hereafter called "EMTP
commerce").
1.3 Operating priciples and capabilities of ATP1
The ATP program predicts variables of interest within electric power networks as functions of
time, typically initiated by some disturbances. Basically, trapezoidal rule of integration is used to
solve the differential equations of system components in the time domain. Non-zero initial
conditions can be determined either automatically by a steady-state phasor solution or they can be
entered by the user for simpler components.
ATP has many models including rotating machines, transformers, surge arresters, transmission
lines and cables. Interfacing capability to the program modules TACS (Transient Analysis of
Control Systems) and MODELS (a simulation language) enables modeling of control systems and
components with nonlinear characteristics such as arcs and corona. Dynamic systems without any
electrical network can also be simulated using TACS and MODELS control system modeling.
1

Source: WWW.EMTP.ORG

10

ATPDraw version 5.6

Introduction

Symmetrical or unsymmetrical disturbances are allowed, such as faults, lightning surges and
several kind of switching operations including commutation of valves. Frequency-domain
harmonic analysis using harmonic current injection method (HARMONIC FREQUENCY SCAN)
and calculation of the frequency response of phasor networks using FREQUENCY SCAN feature
is also supported. The model-library of ATP at present consists of the following components:

Uncoupled and coupled linear, lumped R,L,C elements.

Transmission lines and cables with distributed and frequency-dependent parameters.
Nonlinear resistances and inductances, hysteretic inductor, time-varying resistance,
TACS/MODELS controlled resistance.
Components with nonlinearities: transformers including saturation and hysteresis, surge
arresters (gapless and with gap), arcs.
Ordinary switches, time-dependent and voltage-dependent switches, statistical switching
(Monte-Carlo studies).
Valves (diodes, thyristors, triacs), TACS/MODELS controlled switches.
Analytical sources: step, ramp, sinusoidal, exponential surge functions, TACS/MODELS
defined sources.
Rotating machines: 3-phase synchronous machine, universal machine model.
User-defined electrical components that include MODELS interaction

1.3.1 Integrated simulation modules in ATP

MODELS in ATP is a general-purpose description language supported by an extensive set of
simulation tools for the representation and study of time-variant systems.

The description of each model is enabled using free-format, keyword-driven syntax of

local context and that is largely self-documenting.
MODELS in ATP allows the description of arbitrary user-defined control and circuit
components, providing a simple interface for connecting other programs/models to ATP.
As a general-purpose programmable tool, MODELS can be used for processing simulation
results either in the frequency domain or in the time domain.

TACS is a simulation module for time-domain analysis of control systems. It was originally
developed for the simulation of HVDC converter controls. For TACS, a block diagram
representation of control systems is used. TACS can be used for the simulation of
HVDC converter controls
Excitation systems of synchronous machines
power electronics and drives
electric arcs (circuit breaker and fault arcs).
Interface between electrical network and TACS is established by exchange of signals such as
node voltage, switch current, switch status, time-varying resistance, voltage- and current sources.
Supporting routines are integrated utilities inside the program that support the users in
conversion between manufacturers' data format and the one required by the program, or to
calculate electrical parameters of lines and cables from geometrical and material data. Supporting
modules in ATP are:

Calculation of electrical parameters of overhead lines and cables using program modules
LINE CONSTANTS, CABLE CONSTANTS and CABLE PARAMETERS.

ATPDraw version 5.6

11

Introduction

Generation of frequency-dependent line model input data (Semlyen, J.Marti, Noda line
models).
Calculation of model data for transformers (XFORMER, BCTRAN).
Saturation and hysteresis curve conversion.
Data Base Modularization (for $INCLUDE usage).

Fig. 1.1 - Supporting routines in ATP.

Source: www.emtp.org

1.3.2 Program capabilities

ATP-EMTP tables are dimensioned dynamically at the start of execution to satisfy the needs of
users and their hardware (e.g., RAM). No absolute limits have ever been observed, and the
standard version has limits that average more than 20 times default table sizes. Today, the largest
simulations are being performed using Intel-based PC's. The following table shows maximum
limits for standard program distribution.
Busses
Branches
Switches

12

6000 Sources
10000 Nonlinear elements
1200 Synchronous machines

900
2250
90

ATPDraw version 5.6

Introduction

1.3.3 Main characteristics of plotting programs for ATP

These post-processors are interfaced with ATP via disk files and their main function is to display
the results of a time- or frequency domain simulation. ATP simulation data are stored in a file
having extension .pl4, and it can be processed either off-line, or on-line. The latter (i.e. to
display results while the simulation proceeds) is available only if the operating system provides
concurrent PL4-file access for ATP and the postprocessor program.
ATP-EMTP
(TPBIG.EXE)

.PL4, .PS
file

TPPLOT

WPCPLOT

PlotXY

DisplayNT

PL42mat

GTPPLOT

ATP Analyzer

DspATP32

HFSPlot

PL42mcad

Fig. 1.2 Plotting programs for ATP.

ATP Analyzer is a Windows based program intended for observing and analyzing analog signals
and discrete channel data associated power generation, transmission and distribution systems. The
programis capable of reading and displaying analog signals produced by ATP as type PL4 output
file data, industry standard COMTRADE file and analog and digital data produced from
protective relays and fault recorder equipment, analog signals from table ASCII text data, and
audio wave files. A total of 254 signals can be managed.
Signals can be displayed in time domain in multiple overlay charts. One or more signals can be
displayed as a function of another on an X versus Y chart. Up to three signals can be displayed
simultaneously in the frequency domain as harmonics or as a broad frequency spectrum. Charts
may be printed and copied to the Windows clipborard.
The program can process the data for harmonic content and store processed data in a Windows
Access Data base.
Developer: Bonneville Power Administration, USA.
Licensing: Distributed at no cost to the licensed ATP users.
Distribution: EEUG annual CD distribution, EEUG, JAUG secure Web sites.

GTPPLOT is a plotting program for processing PL4 output of ATP. It is compiled with the GNU
FORTRAN, and makes use of the graphical package DISLIN. The program is available for DOSdjgpp extender, Windows 32, and Linux. GTPPLOT can read widenn, formatted PL4-files
(FMTPL4 = 10Fnn.), C-like binary files, unformatted files, COMTRADE and ASCII data files.
GTPPLOT is able to process graphics files with up to 1000000 points and up to 1000 variables.
The program can plot up to 20 curves end export the graphics in nine different formats: HP-GL,
CGM, WMF, PCX, PostScript, PNG, WMF, JAVA and GNUPLOT. For FS and HFS runs the
plot can be bar charts. The data can be exported as widenn PL4, COMTRADE, Matlab, MathCad
and Mathematica files. Furthermore, the program calculates lot of Power Quality Indexes from
data, can be used for FOURIER analysis, turbine shaft loss of life estimation. Various simple
math operations with variables, as integration, derivation, RMS, power, energy, I2T are also
supported. GTPPLOT can be used to generate KIZILCAY F-DEPENDENT elements from
ATPDraw version 5.6

13

Introduction

FREQUENCY SCAN PL4 output, as well. GTPPLOT has no graphical interface, the user must
use the keyboard for all the input commands.
Developer: Mr. Orlando P. Hevia, heviaop@ciudad.com.ar, Santa-Fe, Argentina.
Licensing: Distributed at no cost to the licensed ATP users.
Distribution: EEUG annual CD distribution, EEUG, JAUG, MTU secure FTP/Web sites.

PlotXY is a WIN32 plotting program originally designed for ATP-EMTP. The program is mainly
designed to make, as easy and fast as possible, line plots in Microsoft Windows environments. It
is also able to perform some post-processing on the plotted curves: algebraic operations,
computation of the Fourier series coefficients. The program has an easy-to use graphical user
interface, and the 32 bit code provides very fast operation. Up to 3 PL4 or ADF files can be
simultaneously held in memory for easy comparison of different data and up to 8 curves per plots
versus time, or X-Y plots are allowed. The program has a clever automatic axis scaling capability
and able to make plots with two independent vertical axes and provides easy tools for factors,
offsets and zoom support, and a graphical cursor to see values in numerical format. Screen plots
can be exported as Windows Metafile via win32 clipboard. The program also comes in a multiwindow edition PlotXwin.exe.
Developer: Dr. Massimo Ceraolo, ceraolo@dsea.unipi.it, University of Pisa, Italy.
Licensing: acknowledgeware. Distributed at no cost to the licensed ATP users. If user keeps it beyond the 30-day
trial period, he/she must send an acknowledgement letter to the developer.
Distribution: EEUG annual CD distribution, EEUG, JAUG and MTU secure FTP sites.

PCPLOT was steadily developed and improved until 1997 using Borland Turbo Pascal under
MS-DOS platforms. The program can read PL4-file types of unformatted, C-like binary and
formatted files. PCPLOT can display maximum 4 curves with 16000 plot points per curve. The
maximum number of plot variables stored in the plot file is limited up to 100. The program
supports three different plot types: time function (results of the simulations), X-Y plot (one
variable against another), frequency-response (results of "FREQUENCY SCAN" cases). The
values of the plotted variables can be displayed by means of a vertical marker line. Different type
of curves (e.g. currents and voltages) can be mixed in the same plot by defining scaling factors
and offset. The curves are drawn using solid lines with different colors and user can mark each
curve with different characters at the desired positions. Visually redundant data points on plots are
eliminated to accelerate the drawing speed. Screen plots can be sent to disk file in HP-GL format.
Developer: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kizilcay (m.kizilcay@fh-osnabrueck.de), Germany.
Licensing: freely available without separate licensing to all ATP users.
Distribution: EEUG annual CD distribution, EEUG, JAUG secure FTP/Web sites.

WPCPlot is a graphical output program for ATP-EMTP running under Microsoft Windows
95/98/NT/2000. The program is capable of processing PL4-files of C-like and formatted types
Maximum 6 variables in the same diagram are allowed. Zooming, redraw features and a readout
facility to obtain instantaneous values of plotted curves are provided. Screen plots can be copied
to clipboard or save as color or monochrome bitmap image file.
Developer: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kizilcay, m.kizilcay@fh-osnabrueck.de, Deniz Celikag, dcelikag@aol.com.
Licensing: available only for EEUG members at present.

Main characteristics of other postprocessors for ATP are summarized in [6].

14

ATPDraw version 5.6

Introduction

1.3.4 Typical EMTP applications

ATP-EMTP is used world-wide for switching and lightning surge analysis, insulation
coordination and shaft torsional oscillation studies, protective relay modeling, harmonic and
power quality studies, HVDC and FACTS modeling. Typical EMTP studies are:

Lightning overvoltage studies

Switching transients and faults
Statistical and systematic overvoltage studies
Very fast transients in GIS and groundings
Machine modeling
Transient stability, motor startup
Shaft torsional oscillations
Transformer and shunt reactor/capacitor switching
Ferroresonance
Power electronic applications
Circuit breaker duty (electric arc), current chopping
FACTS devices: STATCOM, SVC, UPFC, TCSC modeling
Harmonic analysis, network resonances
Protection device testing

1.3.5 Hardware requirements for ATP

ATP is available for most Intel based PC platforms under DOS, Windows 3.1/9x/NT, OS/2, Linux
and for other computers, too (e.g., Digital Unix and VMS, Apple Macs, etc.). Most users,
including program developers, use Intel Pentium-based PCs with MS-Windows 9x/NT. A
standard Pentium PC configuration with min. 128 MB RAM, hard disk (20 MB free space) and
VGA graphics is sufficient to execute ATP under MS-Windows. Most popular program versions
are at present:
MS-Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP/Vista: 32-bit GNU-Mingw32 and Watcom ATP
MS-DOS, MS-Windows 3.x/95/98: 32-bit Salford ATP (requires DBOS/486)
Linux: GNU version of ATP
1.4 Contents of this manual
This Users Manual of ATPDraw for Windows 5.5 contains five parts:
INSTALLATION MANUAL
How to obtain the ATP license
How to download ATPDraw
How to install ATPDraw
Hardware requirements
How to configure your system
How to use ATPDraw as operating shell for other ATP simulations
How to communicate with other users and program developers
INTRODUCTORY MANUAL
How to create a circuit in ATPDraw
Operating windows
Your first circuit
ATPDraw version 5.6

15

Introduction

Three-phase circuits and connections

REFERENCE MANUAL
Reference of main menu items and program options
Reference of the Component, Text, Connection, Node and Group dialog boxes
Reference of ATPDraw circuit objects
ADVANCED MANUAL
How to create new circuit objects in ATPDraw
How to use MODELS and $Include in ATPDraw?
How to use the integrated LCC object for line/cable modeling
How to use the integrated BCTRAN object for transformer modeling
How to use the Hybrid Transformer component
Referencing four non-standard Component dialog boxes:
Saturable 3-phase transformer
Univeral Machines
Statistical switches
Harmonic source
Windsyn
Vector graphics and picture background
Optimization module
APPLICATION MANUAL
Line/cable constant application examples
Single-phase to ground fault and fault tripping transients
Shunt capacitor bank switching
Lightning studies, arrester modeling
Pulse width modulated induction machine
Synchronous machine controls
HVDC station, rectifier/converter modeling
Transformer energization, inrush currents
Line energization studies with statistical approach
1.5 Manual conventions
The following typographical conventions are used in this manual:
Italic: Menus in ATPDraw
E.g.:
Select Edit | Rotate L : Select Rotate L command in the pop-up menu Edit.
Courier 9 - 10: Data files.
E.g.:
Listing of ATP input files, MODELS code, etc.
Description of menu options in component dialog boxes.
Courier 11 - 12: Data code and file names.
E.g.:
Give the file the name HVDC_6.LIB and store it in the \USP directory.
The \USP directory is a directory under the main directory of ATPDraw.
Courier 12 : Commands on the DOS prompt.
E.g.:
C:\TMP>setup: Type the command setup at C:\TMP>.

16

ATPDraw version 5.6

2. Installation Manual . . .
.....................

ATPDraw
for Windows

5.6

ATPDraw version 5.6

17

Installation Manual

18

ATPDraw version 5.6

Installation Manual

2.1 ATP licencing policy

ATPDraw and the present documentation includes ATP proprietary information, thus ATP
licensing is mandatory prior to get permission to download the program from the Internet. ATP
license is free of all charge for all who have not engaged in EMTP commerce, and it can be
obtained from the Canadian/American EMTP User Group, or an authorized regional users group.
In general, organizational licensing is preferred over licensing of individuals. Undergraduate
students are not licensed personally. If ATP usage is to be organizational rather than personal
(i.e., if ATP materials are to be used by, in, for, or on behalf of, a company, university, etc.), the
licensee must certify that the organization has not participated in EMTP commerce -- nor has any
employee, contractor, or other agent who would be granted access to ATP materials. Once one is
licensed, he/she is authorized to download ATP materials from the secure Internet sites or obtain
them from a similarly licensed user, or order these materials from the regional user groups.

Source: www.emtp.org

At present the Canadian/American, European and the Japanese user groups accepts ATP license
applications via the Internet. Interested parties are requested to visit the on-line licensing page at
www.emtp.org, fill-in and submit the appropriate web-form. Potential users of other continents
must follow the licensing procedure of their regional EMTP user group. Geographical location of
ATP-EMTP user groups and contact information details are shown below:

Fig. 2.1 - Location of ATP-EMTP user groups.

Chapter 2.7.3 of the Installation Manual gives further information about the ATP related Internet
resources.
2.2 How to download ATPDraw?
ATP licensing is mandatory prior to receiving any materials. Following the license agreement
approval by an authorized user group, you are eligible to use the ATP program and all ATP
related tools, like ATPDraw and this manual. There are different sources of obtaining ATPDraw
and additional ATP related tools and program manuals:
Order ATP materials from the Canandian/American EMTP User Group
(http://www.emtp.org/canamfl.html#ger) in Oregon, USA, or from the
European EMTP-ATP Users Group Association (http://www.eeug.org).
Download from secure, password-protected web site of the European EMTP-ATP Users
Group Association (http://www.eeug.org/files/secret)

ATPDraw version 5.6

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Installation Manual

Download from secure, password-protected web sites of the Japanese ATP User Group
(http://alpha.kisarazu.ac.jp/~secure, or
http://pels.pwr.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/~atp/restricted)
Download from the password-protected FTP file server at Michigan Technological
University in Houghton (USA) (http://www.ee.mtu.edu/atp/ftp.html).

Please contact the regional user group to acquire passwords to access these sites. Passwords are
changed regularly!
2.3 Hardware requirements for ATPDraw
ATPDraw requires moderate CPU power and memory. It runs even on a slow Pentium 100
MHz/32 MB PC with acceptable speed. A standard Pentium PC configuration with min. 128 MB
RAM (256 MB under Windows 2000 and XP), 100 MB free hard disk space and XVGA graphics
is sufficient to execute ATPDraw and other ATP programs.
2.4 Program installation
The /atpdraw subfolder under the above secure servers contains a zip-compressed archive
atpdraw5x.zip, a short installation guide and the latest patch file (if any). Following a
successful download of the distribution kit, perform the next operations:
1) Copy the atpdraw5x.zip file into a TEMP directory and unzip it.
2) Run the program setup.exe. The installation process will be assisted by a standard
Install Shield Wizard.
3) Specify a destination directory for ATPDraw when prompted. It is wise to avoid using
directory name including "space". E.g. C:\Program Files is not recommended. Install
the program into a root directory, e.g. D:\ATP\ATPDraw5. If you are not allowed to
install programs outside Program Files, let the Wizzard to install ATPDraw into this
folder. Note that in such a case special care is needed when setting environmental variables
for ATP.
4) The installation process will be completed after creating a new shortcut for ATPDraw under
Start | Programs | ATPDraw. When you start ATPDraw5.exe first time it will create the
necessary system sub-folders /ATP, /BCT, /HLP, /LCC, /MOD, /Project under the
main program folder.
5) Download the latest patch file called patchxv5.zip (if exists on the server), then unzip
it and simply overwrite the existing files in the ATPDraw system folder with the newer ones
received in the patch file.
The program installation will create a directory structure as shown next. ATPDraw can be
uninstalled in the standard manner using Windows' uninstaller (Start menu | Settings | Control
Panel | Add/Remove programs).
PROJECT
LCC
ATP
USP
MOD
BCT

20

<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>

10-22-01 9:54p
10-22-01 9:54p
10-22-01 9:58p
04-29-02 8:11a
10-22-01 9:58p
03-22-02 12:42p

Project
lcc
Atp
Usp
Mod
Bct
ATPDraw version 5.6

Installation Manual

ATPDRAW
ATPDRAW
ATPDRAW
_ISREG32
DeIsL1
RUNAF
RUNATP_G
RUNATP_S
RUNATP_W

EXE
CHM
SCL
DLL
ISU
BAT
BAT
BAT
BAT

2,465,792
1,069,056
184,320
24,576
2,863
71
90
108
90

04-12-08
04-12-08
04-10-08
02-07-96
06-08-02
10-22-01
10-22-01
10-22-01
10-22-01

10:58a
3:24p
10:08p
8.07a
10.11a
10:22p
10:56p
10:55p
10:54p

Atpdraw.exe
ATPDraw.chm
ATPDraw.scl
_ISREG32.dll
DeIsL1.isu
runAF.bat
runATP_G.bat
runATP_S.bat
runATP_W.bat

The files _ISREG32.dll and DeIsL1.isu are created by the install shield for uninstall purposes.
2.5 Files and sub-folders in the ATPDraw system folder
To use ATPDraw three files are required: ATPDraw.exe, ATPDraw.scl (standard component
library), and ATPDraw.chm (help file). Besides, the user can create his own library components
(user specified or models) and include files. ATPDraw does not rely on other specific disk files.
Project file: When the user saves a circuit the work is stored in the project file (*.acp = atpdraw
circuit project). This file contains the circuit with all data and graphical representation. The
project file is compressed by a public domain Pkzip 2.0 routine and can in fact be opened with
any version of WinZip. (It may occur that a virus checker inaccurately recognizes the project files
as virus infected and quarantine them when you send or receive such a file in e-mail attachments.
If it happens, the local virus filtering database should be modified to allow the exchange of
project files. Contact IT staff!)
Support file: All components inherit their properties from a support file. This file describes the
type of component, the nodes (phases, position, identity) and data (default value, limits, parameter
flag, number of digits, identity), the default icon (bitmap or vector) and a help text. The support
files for standard components are zipped together in the file ATPDraw.scl (standard component
library) and this file is required together with the project file to open and run a project. The
support files can be edited inside ATPDraw in the Library menu. The default icon can also be
modified by using the built in icon editors. New user specified objects are created by specifying
new support files.
ATP file: This file is produced by ATPDraw and used as input to ATP simulation. The .atp
files with all $Include files are written to the Result Directory with default location is specified as
the \ATP sub-directory under Tools|Options/Files&Folders. The Result Directory can be
changed via ATP|Sup-process|Make ATP file. The ATP can be edited with any text-processors,
including ATPDraws own Text Editor (Atp|Edit ATP file (F4)). It is advised, however only for
experts to modify this file manually.
Include files: User Specified Objects, Line&Cables, and Windsyn components are described in a
library file (.lib). This text file has a pre-defined format (as specified in by the Data Base
Module of ATP) and contains a header describing the positions of the parameters, further the ATP
cards and finally a trailer containing the specification of the parameters. The library file is
included in the ATP input file with $Include. The include files are stored in memory and written
to the Result Directory (same as ATP file) each time the ATP file is created. Some nonlinear
components or saturable transformers might also have an include file for the nonlinear
characteristic.
Data files: The user can export data for special components to a libray for later use. A data file is
introduced because the involved components have too many data to fit in to the standard
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Installation Manual

component library data structure. The data for a component in the circuit is stored internally in
memory. The following file types are used:

A line or cable is described by an .alc file (atpdraw line/cable). This binary file contains the
line-, cable constants or cable parameter data. It should preferably be stored in the \LCC
directory.

A BCTRAN (Transformer) component is described in a .bct file. This binary file contains the
input data required for the supporting routine BCTRAN of ATP-EMTP. It should preferably be
stored in the \BCT directory.

A Hybrid Transformer model is described by a .xfm file. This file contains the winding
resistance, leakage inductance, capacitance, and core data. It should preferably be stored in the
\BCT directory.

A model is described in a model file (.mod). This text file starts with MODEL <name> and
ends with ENDMODEL. The <name> must be equal to the model file name. The model file is
included directly in the final ATP input data file. It is recommended to store the models file in
the \MOD sub-directory.

2.5.1 Organizing the files

When ATPDraw opens a project no file is written to disk. All data are stored in memory. When
the project is stored the disk files are not deleted. Thus, as times goes by the number of files on
disk grows. It is the user's responsibility to tidy up the directories. Remember: All required files
are stored in the project and only the files you export/modify yourself outside a project need to be
kept. Two house-keeping options are available under Tools|Options/View/ATP:
Delete temp-files after simulation: Deletes all temporary BCTRAN/LCC files (.dat, .lis.
pch) and all temporary ATP files *.bin when the simulation is finished. The files required
to run ATP outside of ATPDraw (atp- and lib- files) are left on disk. In case of protected
elements the lib-files are immediately deleted and the atp-file is modified. During
debugging a LCC or BCTRAN model this button should be left unchecked.
Delete result files on exit: Deletes the all temporary and result files (.atp, .lib, .lis, .pl4,
.dat, .pch, .bin, .gnu) from ResultDir (the ATP folder as default) when the circuit is closed.
All data is stored in the project files of ATPDraw anyway.
2.5.2 Configuring ATPDraw
The ATPDraw.ini file contains customizable program options. One such file for each user of
the computer is stored in %APPDATA%\atpdraw\. The environmental variable APPDATA is
system dependent but typical equal to 'c:\Documents and Settings\user\Application Data'.
Generally, default settings meet most of the users requirements. When required, the .ini file
can either be modified via Tools | Options menu of the program, or by using a text editor.
2.6 Interfacing ATPDraw with other programs of the ATP-EMTP package
The ATP-EMTP simulation package consists of various separate programs which are
communicating with each other via disk files: i.e. the output of pre-processors are used as input
for the main program TPBIG.EXE, while the product of the simulation can be used as input for
plotting programs. The main program itself is often used as pre-processor (e.g. for LINE
CONSTANTS, CABLE CONSTANTS, BCTRAN or DATA BASE MODULE runs), and the punch-file
products in that cases can be re-used as input in a subsequent run via $Include. Taking that the
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Installation Manual

structure of the program components is rather difficult, a user shell to supervise the execution of
separate programs and input/output flows has a great advantage.
The Edit Commandsfeature of ATPDraw supports to extend the command set under the ATP
menu by integrating optional user commands, such as Run ATP (file) / Run PlotXY / Run TPPlot /
Run PCPlot / / Run ATP_Analyzer / Run ACC / Run PL42mat, etc. This option makes possible to
use the ATPDraw program as a graphical operating environment and execute the other ATP
programs in a user friendly way as shown in Fig. 2.2.
ASCII text
editor

TPPLOT

PCPLOT

.ADP
project file

.ATP
input file

PlotXY

.ALC
line data
*.PL4

ATPDraw

USP
library

LCC

ATP
Analyzer

*.PS

BCT

GTPPLOT
.PCH
library

*.ATP

PL42mat

ATP
(TPBIG.EXE)

.PL4
.PS

DspATP32

Data
Information

DisplayNT

Fig. 2.2 - Interaction between ATPDraw and the other ATP programs.

Fig. 2.3 - The Edit Commands dialog box.

ATPDraw version 5.6

Fig. 2.4 - User specified commands.

23

Installation Manual

In the Edit Commands dialog box of Fig. 2.3 the user can specify the name of a .bat or an .exe
file and the name of a file, which then will be sent as parameter (e.g. ATP.bat <current
.atp file> or PlotXY.exe <current .pl4 file>) when ATPDraw executes these
external programs. The Name field specifies the name of the command, while the Command and
Parameter fields specify the name of the file to be executed and the optional parameter. Selecting
Current ATP radio button, the full name of the ATPDraw project in the current circuit window
with extension .atp will be sent as parameter. When selecting the File button, the ATPDraw
performs a file open dialog box before executing the command, where the user can select a file,
which is then will be passed as parameter. The commands are inserted in the ATP menu
dynamically, when the user activates the Update button as shown above.

Fig. 2.5 - Default settings to run ATP and Armafit.

The default batch command that is executed when the user selects run ATP or (F2) is specified
under the Tools | Options /Preferences tab as shown in Fig. 2.5. Checking the contents of this
batch file is very important following the program installation, because ATPDraw needs to be
able to execute ATP for several reasons automatically, and this has always performed by
activating this command. It must be noted that ATPDraw has no connection with the main
program of ATP (TPBIG.EXE) at the code level or via DLLs. The run ATP menu item simply
executes the external commands specified by the user. So it is always the users responsibility to
install ATP properly and provide these external .bat files in correct format.
2.6.1 Calling Watcom ATP and GNU MingW32 ATP from ATPDraw
Proper execution of the Watcom and GNU version of ATP requires that environmental variables
WATDIR or GNUDIR be set correctly1, i.e. SET WATDIR=Drive:\Path\WatcomATPdir\
in the AUTOEXEC.BAT if you use Win9x, or set these parameters under My Computer |
Properties dialog if Windows NT/2000 or XP is used. The RunATP_W.BAT and RunATP_G.BAT
commands are created by the install program of ATPDraw. These batch files has a single line:
%watdir%tpbig.exe both %1 * -r
1 The Install Shield wizard of the annual ATP program ditribution for EEUG members makes these settings
automatically.

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ATPDraw version 5.6

Installation Manual

%gnudir%tpbig.exe both %1 s r

If an additional W or G is seen at the end of the ATP executable (TPBIG.EXE) in your

installation, you have to modify the RunATP_*.BAT accordingly. You may find inserting some
additional commands into these batch files, as well. E.g.:
echo off
%gnudir%tpbigg.exe both %1 s -r
pause
-- waits for user interaction before the DOS box of ATP closed (optional)
del dum*.bin
-- delete temporary files created by ATP (optional)
del *.tmp
del ..\*.tmp

As illustrated in Fig. 2.3 it is in some cases possible to run the tpbix.exe program directly
from ATPDraw. The batch file flag %1 must then be replace by $$ in the ATP-command.
2.6.2 Calling PlotXY , PCPlot or ATP_Analyzer
A main plotting command can be set as shown in Fig. 2.5. When selecting this command (short
cut F8) the plotting program starts with the current ATP-file (with extension .PL4) as parameter.
The user can in addition create the Run ATP Analyzer and/or Run WPCPLOT commands using the
ATP | Edit Commands submenu selet Current PL4 as Parameter and Browse to select the name
of the executable disk file of the corresponding application. Update button adds the new
Runcommand to the ATP menu.
2.6.3 ATPDraw command line options
Command lines are rarely used under Windows operating systems, nevertheless ATPDraw
provides an option to load one or more project files at program start. In the example below, the
project file my1st.acp and my2nd.acp will be loaded automatically and displayed in separate
circuit windows.
C:\ATPDRAW>atpdraw c:\atpdraw\cir\my1st.acp c:\cir\my2nd.acp
In MS-Windows environment you can use this property to create a shortcuts on the desktop for
the ATPDraw project files. For instance, click with the right mouse button on an empty space of
the desktop and select New | Shortcut, then browse and select ATPDraw.exe. Click right on the
just created icon and select Properties. Specify the Target: properties of the new shortcut as the
full path of the program including the project file name (e.g. c:\atpdraw\atpdraw.exe
mycir.adp), and the Start in: parameter as the project file directory (e.g.
c:\atpdraw\project).
2.6.4 Drag and drop project files
ATPDraw accepts project files dragged from the Windows File Manager (from v. 5.6). Dropping
the project file (.acp) on the header, main menu of background causes the file to be opened in a
new circuit window. Dropping the file in an existing circuit window causes the file to be imported
into that circuit.
2.7 How to get help?
ATPDraw offers a standard Windows help file system. This file provides help on all windows and
menus in ATPDraw and assists in building up a circuit. Several links between help pages and a
relatively large index register for searching text or phrases are also available. A Help button is
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Installation Manual

attached to all circuit objects, which shows a brief overview of the meaning of each parameter.
Modification and extension of these help files with users own remarks are also possible using the
built in Help Editor in the Tools menu.
2.7.1 Help from the author of ATPDraw
The author of the program is also available for questions from ATPDraw users, but is only
responsible to Bonneville Power Administration and Pacific Engineering Corporation.
Address:

Dr. Hans Kr. Hidalen

Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dept. Electric Power Engineering
7491 Trondheim - NORWAY
http://www.ntnu.no
E-mail:
Hans.Hoidalen@elkraft.ntnu.no
Phone:
+ 47 73594225
Fax:
+ 47 73594279

The ATPDraw Web page is maintained at address:

http://www.elkraft.ntnu.no/atpdraw
2.7.2 Help via electronic mail
Electronic mail is the most known feature of the Internet. By this way, anyone who has an account
on a computer connected to the Internet can send messages to others. For ATP users this service
provides an easy, efficient and very fast way of communication with other users all over the
world, including program developers, regional user group representatives, or the author of
ATPDraw.
2.7.3 Help via the ATP-EMTP-L mailing list
The listserver is an E-mail remailer program, which rebroadcasts incoming messages to all
subscribers to the list. The European EMTP-ATP Users Group Association in cooperation with
the German Research Network (DFN) and the University of Applied Sciences of Osnabrck,
Germany operates a free electronic mailing list using address atp-emtp-l@listserv.dfn.de. This
LISTSERV mailing list is for ATP-related announcements, questions, answers, etc. The ATPEMTP-L list is moderated and only licensed ATP users are entitled to subscribe by means of the
authorized persons of the regional ATP-EMTP user groups, who checks first the license status of
the applicant, then send a subscription request to the list operator. To learn more about the
subscription procedure and the operation rules of this very active mailing list, please visit the
www.emtp.org web site.
After your name has been added to the list, you can post messages. To do this, you simply send
e-mail to atp-emtp-l@listserv.dfn.de. Your message then will be submitted to moderators, who
decide whether or not to accept it. The task of moderators is maintenance of the quality of
communication and discussion. The language of communication is English. Messages written in
any other language are not accepted. The author of each submission must be clearly identified.
This includes name, organizational affiliation, and location. Attachments, especially encoded
files, are not allowed. They can be forwarded later to interested persons by private e-mail. Any
subscriber who sends a message to this mailing list gives up his right to confidentiality. This is
regardless of the message's possible declaration in auto-attached legal disclaimers, which are
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removed by moderators. Subscribers of the ATP-EMTP-L mailing list must fulfill the ATP license
requirements. Specifically, they are forbidden to disclose to non-licensed persons ATP
information that is received from this mail service.
2.8 Available circuit objects in ATPDraw
At the time of writing of this manual ATPDraw's standard component library contains 262 circuit
object support files. These 262 files support more than 170 of ATP's components, i.e. many
components have several versions in ATPDraw.
Standard components
Linear branches:
Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor, RLC
RLC 3-phase, symmetric and non symmetric
Inductor and capacitor with initial condition
Non-linear branches:
1-phase nonlinear R and L components
Current dependent resistor, type 99
Type-93, 96 and 98 nonlinear inductors including initial flux linkage conditions
Time dependent resistor, type 97
Single and 3-phase MOV type 92 exponential resistor
TACS controlled resistor
Line models:
Lumped, PI-equivalents (type 1, 2...) and RL coupled components (type 51, 52...)
RL symmetric, sequence input. 3 and 6-phase
Distributed lines of constant parameters, Transposed (Clarke), untransposed (KCLee)
LCC objects: Bergeron, nominal PI, JMarti, Semlyen and Noda models
Switches:
Time controlled. 1 and 3-phase
Voltage controlled
Diode, thyristor, triac (type 11 switches)
Simple TACS controlled switch of type 13
Measuring switches
Statistic and systematic switches, independent and master-slave
Sources:
DC, type 11
Ramp, type 12
Two-slope ramp, type 13
AC source. 1 and 3 phase, type 14
Double-exponential surge source, type 15
Heidler-type source, type 15
Standler-type source, type 15
CIGR-type source, type 15
TACS source, type 60
Ungrounded DC source, type 11+18
Ungrounded AC source, type 14+18
Machines:
Synchronous machine type 59 with no control, or max. 8 TACS controls
Universal machines. Universal machines (type 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8)
Windsyn (separate program, manufacturer data)
ATPDraw version 5.6

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Installation Manual

Transformers:
Single-phase and 3-phase ideal transformer. Type 18 source
Single-phase saturable transformer
3-phase, 2- or 3 winding saturable transformer (Auto, Delta, Wye, and ZigZag)
BCTRAN. 1-3 phases, 2-3 windings. Auto-transformers, Y-, and D- connections
Hybrid Transformer (XFMR) with topological core; triplex, 3 or 5-legged, shell form. 3phases. 2-3 windings. Auto, Y- and D-coupled windings.
MODELS
Input/output and Data variables of MODELS code are recognized automatically
Corresponding support file for the model is automatically created
Type 94 (Thevenin, Norton, Iterative) objects are supported
WriteMaxMin cost function
TACS
Coupling to circuit object helps in hybrid simulations
Transfer functions: General Laplace transfer function with or without limits
Integral, Derivative, first order Low and High Pass transfer functions
Fortran statements: General Fortran statement (single line expression)
Simplified Math statements or Logical operators
Sources: DC, AC, PULSE, RAMP.
TACS devices (50-66).
Initial condition for TACS objects (type-77)
User specified objects
Users can create new objects using Data Base Modularization and $Include
Steady-state components
Harmonic sources for Harmonic Frequency Scan studies
Single and 3-phase frequency dependent loads in CIGR format
Single phase RLC element with frequency dependent parameters
Load flow components

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3. Introductory Manual . . .
......................

ATPDraw
for Windows

5.6

ATPDraw version 5.6

29

Introductory Manual

This part of the users manual gives the basic information on how to get started with ATPDraw.
The Introductory Manual starts with the explanation of how to operate windows and mouse in
ATPDraw. The manual shows how to build a circuit step by step, starting from scratch. Then
special considerations concerning three phase circuits are outlined.
3.1 Operating windows
ATPDraw has a standard Windows user interface. This chapter explains some of the basic
functionalities of the Main menu and the Component selection menu of the Main window.
Main menu

Tool bar icons

Zoom and Node

size

Header,
project file
name

Circuit
map

Circuit
windows

Scroll
bars

Current action
mode

Status bar with

menu option hints

Component
selection menu

Fig. 3.1 - The Main window and the floating Component selection menu.
The ATPDraw for Windows program is functionally similar to the DOS version [1]. The
Component selection menu is hidden, however, but appears immediately when you click the right
mouse in the open area of the Circuit window.
Fig. 3.1 shows the main window of ATPDraw containing two open circuit windows. ATPDraw
supports multiple documents and offers the user to work on several circuits simultaneously along
with the facility to copy information between the circuits. The size of the circuit window is much
larger than the actual screen, as is indicated by the scroll bars of each circuit window. The Main
window consists of the following parts:
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Header + Frame:
As a standard Windows element, it contains the system menu on the left side, a header text and
minimize, maximize, exit buttons on the right side. The main window is resizable.
System menu:

Contains possible window actions: Close, Resize, Restore, Move, Minimize,

Maximize or Resize and Next. The last one exists only if multiple circuit
windows are open.
Header text:
The header text is the program name in case of the main window and the
current circuit file name in case of the circuit window(s). To move a window,
click in the header text field, hold down and drag.
Minimize button: A click on this button will iconize the main window.
Maximize button: A click on this button will maximize the window. The maximize button will
then be replaced with a resize button. One more click on this button will bring
the window back to its previous size.
Corners:
Click on the corner, hold down and drag to resize the window.
Main menu:
The main menu provides access to all the functions offered by ATPDraw. The menu items are
explained in detail in the Reference part of this Manual:
File:
Edit:
View:
ATP:

Library:
Tools:
Window:
Help:

Load and save circuit files, start a new one, import/export circuit files, create
postscript and metafile/bitmap files, print the current circuit and exit.
Circuit editing: copy/paste/delete/duplicate/flip/rotate, select, move label, copy
graphics to clipboard and undo/redo etc.
Tool bar, status bar and comment line on/off, zoom, refresh and view options.
Run ATP, make and edit ATP-file, view the LIS-file, make node names, ATP-file
settings (miscellaneous, file format, file sorting etc.), assign data to variables for
$PARAMETER. Find Node and Line Check. Output Manager lists all output requests.
Edit support files (default values, min/max limits, icon and help file), create new files
for MODELS and User Specified Objects.
Icon editor, help file editor, text editor, setting of various program options.
Arrange the circuit windows and show/hide the Map window.
About box and Windows help file system.

Zoom and node size:

In these menus you can type in zoom and node size in [%] or select predefined values in the
popup box.
Circuit window:
The circuit is built up in this window. The circuit window is the container of circuit objects. From
the File menu you can load circuit objects from disk or simply create an empty window to start
building a new circuit. Circuit objects include standard ATP components, user specified elements,
MODELS and TACS components, connections and relations. To move around in the circuit, you
can use the window scrollbars, or drag the view rectangle of the Map window to another position.
Component selection menu:
This menu pops-up immediately when you click with the right mouse button in an empty space of
the Circuit window. In this menu you select the circuit objects. After selecting an object in one of
the sub-menus, the object is drawn in the circuit window in marked and moveable mode.
Circuit comments:
A comment line below the circuit window shows a user defined circuit comment text.

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MAP window:
This window gives a bird's eye view of the entire circuit. The size of a circuit is 10000x10000
pixels (screen points); much larger than your screen would normally support. Consequently, the
Circuit window displays only a small portion of the circuit. The actual circuit window is
represented by a rectangle in the Map window.
Press and hold down the left mouse button in the map rectangle to move around in the map. When
you release the mouse button, the circuit window displays the part of the circuit defined by the
new rectangle size and position. The map window is a stay-on-top window, meaning that it will
always be displayed on the top of other windows. You can show or hide the map selecting the
Map Window option in the Window menu, or pressing Ctrl+M character,
Status bar - Action mode field:
The current action mode of the active circuit window is displayed in the status bar at the bottom
of the main window, when the Status Bar option is activated in the View menu. ATPDraw can be
in various action modes. The normal mode of operation is MODE : EDIT , in which new objects
are selected and data are given to objects. Drawing connections brings ATPDraw into
CONN.END mode and so on. ATPDraws possible action modes are:
EDIT
CONN.END

EDIT TEXT

GROUP

INFO.START

INFO.END

The normal mode.

After a click on a node, the action mode turns into CONN.END indicating that
the program is waiting for a left mouse click to set the end-point of a new
connection. To cancel drawing a connection, click the right mouse button or
press the ESC key to return to MODE : EDIT.
Indicates that text editing is preferred. Hold down the Alt key to enter this
mode of operation or select Edit Text from the Edit menu. Click left in an
empty space to add a new text. Click the left mouse button on an existing text
(circuit text, label, node name) to edit it direcly on screen. Click left, hold
down and drag to move it to a new position. If the text is overlapped by a
component icon, this mode of operation is required to access the text.
Indicates region selection. Double clicking the left mouse button in an empty
space of the active circuit window enables you to draw a polygon shaped
region. To end the selection, click the right mouse button. Any objects within
the selected region are marked then for selection. To cancel region selection,
press the Esc key.
Indicates the start of a relation when TACS | Draw relation is activated in the
selection menu. Clicking the left mouse button on a component node or on the
end-point of another relation will initiate the drawing of a new relation.
Relations are used to visualize information flow into FORTRAN statements
and are drawn as blue connections, but do not influence the connections of
components.
Indicates the end of a relation. The program is waiting for a left mouse button
click to set the end-point of the new relation. To cancel drawing relation, click
the right mouse button or press the Esc key.

Status bar - Modified and Hints field:

The middle field of the status bar is used to display the Modified state of the active circuit. As
soon as you alter the circuit (moving a label, deleting a connection, inserting a new component,
etc.), the text Modified appears, indicating that the circuit should be saved before exit. The field
will be empty when you save the circuit or undo all modifications. The rightmost field of the
status bar displays the menu option hints.
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3.2 Operating the mouse

This chapter contains a summary of the various actions taken dependent on mouse operations. The
left mouse button is generally used for selecting objects or connecting nodes; the right mouse
button is used for specification of object or node properties.
Left simple click:
On object: Selects object or connection.
If the Shift key is pressed, the object is added to the current selection group.
On connection: Draw a new connection with the same properties.
On object node: Begins to draw a connection.
Move the mouse to the end node, left click to place, right to cancel.
On text, labels and node names: Edit the text directly on screen. Press Alt to favour the text
selection compared to components and connections.
In open area of the circuit window: Unselects object.
Right simple click:
In open area of the circuit window:
Opens the Component selection menu, or
Cancels the connection made if connection draw mode has been activated earlier.
On object node:
Pops-up the Node data window.
On unselected object: Opens the Component/Connection or Text dialog box.
If Shift key is pressed simultaneously: opens the circuit window Shortcut menu.
On selected object(s): Rotates object(s).
If Shift key is pressed simultaneously: opens the circuit window Shortcut menu.
Left click and hold:
On object: Moves the object or selected group of objects.
On connection: Select connection.
On node: Resizes connection (it is often necessary to select connection first).
In open area of the circuit window: Draws a rectangle for group selection.
Objects inside the rectangle are becoming member of the group when
the mouse button is released.
On text, labels and node names: Move the text. Press Alt to favour the text selection
compared to components and connections.
Left double click:
On object node:
Performs the Node data window.
On selected or unselected single object:
Performs the Component/Connection or Text dialog box.
On selected group of objects:
Performs an Open Group dialog box.
In open area of the circuit window:
Starts the group selection facility. Click left to create an enclosing polygon, click right
to close. Objects inside the polygon become a group.

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3.3 Edit operations

ATPDraw offers the most common edit operations like copy, paste, duplicate, rotate and delete.
The edit options operate on a single object or on a group of objects. Objects must be selected
before any edit operations can be performed. Selected objects can also be exported to a disk file
and any circuit files can be imported into another circuit.
Tool
Shortcut key
UNDO
Ctrl+Z
REDO
Ctrl+Y
Cut/Copy
Ctrl+X/Ctrl+C
Delete
DEL
Paste
Ctrl+V
Duplicate
Ctrl+D
Select/All
Ctrl+A
Select/Inside
Ctrl+I
Select/Properties
Ctrl+P
New/Select text
Ctrl+T
Rotate clockwise
Ctrl+R
Rotate left
Ctrl+L
Flip
Ctrl+F
Rubber Band
Ctrl+B
Edit Group/Circuit Ctrl+G/Ctrl+H
Zoom In/Out
NUM + / Refresh
Ctrl+Q

Equivalent in menus
Edit | Undo
Edit | Redo
Edit | Cut/Copy
Edit | Delete
Edit | Paste
Edit | Duplicate
Edit | Select All
Edit | Select| Inside (or left double click in open space)
Edit | Select| by Properties
Edit | Edit text
Edit | Rotate R (or right click)
Edit | Rotate L
Edit | Flip
Edit | Rubber Bands
Edit | Edit Group/Circuit (one layer down or up)
View | Zoom In / Out
View | Refresh (redraw the circuit)

3.4 Overview of working with ATPDraw

After selecting a component in the Component selection menu the new circuit object appears in
the middle of the circuit window enclosed by a lime-colored rectangle. Click on it with the left
mouse button to move, or the right button to rotate, finally click in the open space to unselect and
place the object.
To select and move an object, simply press and hold down the left mouse button on the object
while moving the mouse. Release the button and click in an empty area to unselect and confirm its
new position. The object is then moved to the nearest grid point (known as gridsnapping). If two
or more components overlap as a consequence of a move operation, you are given a warning
message and can choose to proceed or cancel the operation.
Selecting a group of objects for moving can be done in three ways: Holding down the Shift key
while left clicking on an object. Pressing and holding down the left mouse button in an empty area
enables the user to drag a rectangular outline around the objects he wants to select. And finally,
double-clicking the left mouse button in an empty area enables the definition of a polygon-shaped
region by repeatedly clicking the left mouse button in the circuit window. To close the region,
click the right mouse button. Components with centre point within the indicated region or
rectangle are added to the selected objects group. Connections require both end points within the
region to be selected. Select Edit|Rubber Bands to stretch connections with one end inside and
one end outside. To move the selected group of objects, press and hold down the left mouse
button inside the group while moving the mouse. Unselect and confirm the new position by
clicking in an empty area. Any overlapping components will produce a warning. To move objects
outside of the visible part of the circuit, use the window scrollbars or the view rectangle in the
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map window. Any selected objects will follow the window to its new position. Objects or a group
can be rotated by clicking the right mouse button inside the selected object or group. Other object
manipulation functions, such as undo/redo and clipboard options can be found in the Edit menu.
Additionally, the most frequently used object manipulation functions can be accessed by holding
down the Shift key while clicking with the right mouse button on an object or on a selected group
of objects. This will display and activate the circuit window shortcut menu.
Components and component nodes can be opened for editing by a right-click (or left double-click)
on an unselected component or node. Either the Node data, Component or Open Probe dialog box
will appear, allowing the user to change component or node attributes and characteristics. The
Component dialog box shown in Fig. 3.2 has the same layout for most circuit objects. In this
window the user must specify the required component data. The number of DATA and NODES
menu fields are the only difference between input windows for standard objects. The nonlinear
branch components have a Characteristic page too, in addition to the normal Attributes page,
where the nonlinear characteristics and some include file options can be specified. Some of the
advanced components like LCC, BCTRAN, Hybrid Transformer have special dialog boxes for
input.

Fig. 3.2 Component dialog box, attributes page.

The Component dialog box shown in Fig. 3.2 consists of a Data part and a Node part. In the Data
part the user can specify values using . as the decimal symbol and use 'e' as exponent. A variable
name (6-char text string) can also be specified and given a global value under
ATP|Settings/Variables. Specifying a variable is only possible if the Param property in the
definitions is set to unity (and the data is not used in internal calculations; RLC-lines with
lengths<>1, phase angle of 3-phase AC source etc.). The Copy/Paste buttons allows copying the
entire data set via the Windows clipboard. Node names (6 or 5 characters) can be specified in the
right grid. Node names drawn in a red color are already given a name by the user while black
names are inherited. If the user wants to change a node name the red names/nodes should be
preferred, otherwise name conflict warnings will appear. Node data are also given in the Node
dialog box by clicking on the nodes. Multi-phase nodes can only take a 5 character name, and the
phase sequence extension A..Z is added automatically.
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Order is optionally used for sorting (ATP|Settings/Format; sorting by order (low-high)), Label is
a 12 character text string on screen, and Comment is a line of text written to the ATP file in front
of the components cards. The Output panel varies somewhat between components, but is usually
used for branch output requests. In the lower left corner there is Edit definitions button. This gives
access to all the local properties inherited from the support file, including the icon, local help,
names of nodes and data, node positions, default values, param flags, limits, and units.
Clicking on Help will display the helt text for the component; first comes the global help obtained
from the support files (ATPDraw.scl for standard components), second comes local help specific
to this component, and finally comes global help from the /HLP directory.
Default component attributes are stored in support files. Access to create and customize support
files is provided by the Library menu.
Components are connected if their nodes overlap or attached to the same connection. To draw a
connection, click on a node with the left mouse button. A line is drawn between that node and the
mouse cursor. Click the left mouse button again to place the connection (clicking the right button
cancels the operation). The gridsnap facility helps overlapping the nodes. Connected nodes are
given the same name by the run ATP option in the ATP menu. Nodes can be attached along a
connection as well as at connection end-points. A connection should not unintentionally cross
other nodes (what you see is what you get). A warning for node naming appears during the ATPfile creation if a connection exists between nodes of different names, or if the same name has been
given to unconnected nodes. Connections can be selected as any other objects. To resize a
connection, click on its end-point with the left mouse button, hold down and drag. If several
connections share the same node, the desired connection to resize must be selected first. Selected
connection nodes are marked with squares at both ends of the selection rectangle.
3.5 Your first circuit (Exa_1.adp)
This chapter describes how to use ATPDraw step by step. As an example, composing the circuit
file of a single-phase rectifire bridge (see Fig. 3.3) is presented. Reading this tutorial carefully,
you will be proficient in the use of the most important ATPDraw functions, such as:

How to select and assemble components?

How to perform edit operations and give data to components?
How to give node names, draw connections and specify grounding?
How to create the ATP input file and perform the simulation?

Fig. 3.3 Single-phase rectifier bridge.

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POS

UI

UI

U (0)

NEG

Fig. 3.4 Your first circuit (Exa_1.adp).

The circuit is a single-phase rectifier bridge, supplied by a 120 Vrms, 60 Hz source. The source
inductance is 1 mH in parallel with a damping resistor of 300 . The snubber circuits across the
rectifying diodes have a resistance of 33 and a capacitance of 1 F. The smoothing capacitor is
1000 F and the load resistor is 20 . The example has been taken from [2], exercise 1.
The units given in Fig. 3.3 are based on settings of Xopt and Copt equal to zero as will be
explained later. The circuit in Fig. 3.4 has been chosen since its construction involves the most
commonly used edit operations.
3.5.1 Building the circuit
Most parts of the building process will be demonstrated in this chapter, along with the explanation
of correcting possible drawing errors. The normal mode of operation is MODE : EDIT. You must
always be in this mode to be able to select and specify data to objects. To return to EDIT from
other modes, press Esc.
3.5.1.1 Starting to create a new circuit
Selecting the New command in the File menu or pressing the new (empty) page symbol in the
Component Toolbar, a new circuit window will be created.
3.5.1.2 Source
First, an AC source is selected from the Component selection menu, which appears with a right
mouse click on open area of the circuit window. Fig. 3.5 shows how to select a general AC (type
14) source under Sources | AC source (1&3).

Fig. 3.5 - Selecting an AC source.

After you have clicked in the AC source (1&3) field, the selected source appears in the circuit
window in lime color, enclosed by a rectangle. Click on it with the left mouse button, hold down
and drag it to a desired position. Then click with the left mouse button in open space to place it.
The AC object is redrawn in red color as an indication that no data have been given to the object.
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To give data to the AC source component, click on with the right mouse button (or left double
click). You can give data to objects at any time during the building process. If you right click on
the AC source icon, a window as shown in Fig. 3.6 appears. Click the radio button AmplitudeRMS L-G to specify the rms value 120 volts directly. ATPDraw will then multiply with 2
internally (the RMS L-L option will also divide by 3 ). To use a Variable (see p. 73) for the
AmplitideA value the Peak L-G (standard, no scaling) option is required. A negative value for
StartA parameter means that the source is active during steady-state initialization.

Fig. 3.6 - Component dialog box of the single-phase sinusoidal source.

Data values shown in Fig. 3.6 refer to the circuit parameters of Fig. 3.3. The name of the
numerical fields is identical with that of used by the ATP Rule Book [3] for an AC source. This
AC source has 5 input data and one node; AC (ACNEG and Interanl nodes disappear for
grounded voltage sources). Click on the HELP button to learn about the meaning of parameters.
The node names can also be specified in this window. Click OK to close the window and update
the object values. Click on Cancel to just quit the window.
After you have given data to the AC source and closed the window (note how the object layout
changes when you exit the window), proceed to the other objects. Next select the source
inductance as shown in Fig. 3.7:

Fig. 3.7 - Selecting an inductor.

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After you have clicked in the Inductor field, the selected inductor appears in the circuit window
enclosed by a rectangle (an optional, parallel damping resistance is included). Click on it with the
left mouse button, hold down and drag it to a position shown in Fig. 3.8:

Fig. 3.8

Click on the white space with the left mouse button to place the inductor
(the enclosing rectangle disappears). A grid snap facility helps you to
place the inductor in the correct position. The component position is
rounded to the nearest 10th pixel. (The included parallel resistor is shown
in a gray style.)

The inductor in Fig. 3.8 should be placed so that the node of the inductor touches the source.
Objects having overlapping node dots will automatically be connected.
The next figure shows two situations where the inductor has been misplaced and are disconnected.
To correct the lower example, a connection could be drawn between the objects as will be
explained later. In this example you are supposed to place the inductor so that its left node
overlaps the AC source node. To move the inductor, follow the instructions below.
Click on the object with the left mouse button, hold down and drag it to the
proper position, then click on white space. The grid snap feature will help you.
Fig. 3.9 Not connected!
When you have placed the inductor, you can add the damping resistance (possibly directly
included). After you have clicked in the Resistor field of the component selection menu, a resistor
icon appears enclosed by a rectangle. Click on it with the left mouse button, hold down and drag it
to a position shown in Fig. 3.10. Click in open space to place/unselect it.
This resistor is supposed to be parallel with the inductor and connections will be drawn later. The
resistor in Fig. 3.10 would also be recognized as in parallel with the inductor, if it
had been placed in a position completely overlapping the inductor. This tricky
way is not recommended however, since the readability of the drawing is strongly
reduced (also warnings will be issued by the circuit compiler).
Fig. 3.10
We want to measure the source current flowing into the diode bridge. To be able to do so, you can
add a measuring switch. A special multi-phase current probe is available for such measurements
in ATPDraw. When using this object, you are requested to specify the number of phases and in
which phases the current should be measured. Select the probe as shown in Fig. 3.11.

Fig. 3.11 - Selecting a current measuring probe.

After you have clicked in the Probe Curr. field, the selected probe appears in the circuit window
enclosed by a rectangle. Click on it with the left mouse button, hold down and drag it to a position
shown in the figure, then place it.
At this stage of the building process, it is time to draw some connections in the circuit diagram.
To draw a connection you just click the left mouse button on a node, release the button and move
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the mouse. The cursor style now changes to a pointing hand and a line is drawn between the
starting position and the current mouse position (the action mode now is MODE : CONN.END
indicating that the program is waiting for the end point of the connection). Click with the left
mouse button again to place the connection or click with the right button to cancel the starting
point.
Two connection drawings are required to parallel connecting the source inductance and the
damping resistor as shown below. The Connection dialog (color, phase number) automatically
appears for connections drawn between multi- and single phase nodes, but not in this case.

Click left
Release + move

Click left

Click left
Release + move

Click left

The last object we want to introduce in the source part of the circuit is a voltage measuring probe,
which results in an output request for the node voltage in the ATP input file. The voltage sensor
can be selected via the Probe & 3-phase | Probe Volt in the component
selection menu (see Fig. 3.11). The probe is drawn in the circuit window in
marked and moveable mode. Use the left mouse button to drag and place
the probe as shown on the figure to the left.
When you place an object by clicking on open area of the circuit window, you will sometimes
receive a warning message as shown in Feil! Fant ikke referansekilden.. This message appears
if a center of one of the permanent objects is inside the enclosing polygon of a marked object (or
more general; a group of objects). This is to prevent unintentional object overlap if the left mouse
button were pressed while moving the object.
If you click on No, the object is not placed but continues to be selected
and you can move it further. Normally it is OK to click on Yes. If you
change your mind later, the Edit | UNDO option provides an easy way
to return to an earlier version of the circuit. If objects with the same
icon completely overlap the visual unambishiousity is violated (what
you see is not what you get). A warning is thus issued during the
compilation (MakeFile/run ATP).
Fig. 3.12 - Prevent object overlap.
Now, give data to the components placed so far. Click with the right mouse button on the
resistor and inductor icon, respectively. The inductor has a built in damping resistor option, but
turn this off by choosing Kp=0.

Fig. 3.13 - Open probe dialog box.

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The probe objects have different input

window than other objects. To open the
voltage or current probe input window, click
on its icon with the right mouse button. In this
window, you can select the number of phases
of the probe and which phases to monitor. In
this single-phase example, default values (no.
of phases=1, monitored phase=A) of both
voltage and current probes should be selected,
as shown in Fig. 3.13
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3.5.1.3 Diode bridge

In this process, you will learn how to use some editing options like rotate, group, duplicate and
paste. Since the diode bridge consists of four equal branches, you do not need to build all of them
from scratch. First, you select a diode from the selection menu as shown in Fig. 3.14. After you
have clicked on Diode (type 11) the diode appears in the circuit window enclosed by a rectangle.
The diode has to be rotated so click the right
mouse button or select Edit in the main menu
and click on Rotate L. The diode is now rotated
90 deg. counter clock-wise. Click on the diode
with the left mouse button, hold down and drag
to the position shown in Fig. 3.15.
Fig. 3.14 - Selecting a diode.
Click with the left mouse button on empty area to place the diode.
Remember the grid snap facility and the overlap warning.
Next, you select the snubber circuit across the diode. In this example
the snubber circuit is a resistor and a capacitor in series. Select an
Fig. 3.15
RLC object from the component selection menu (Fig. 3.7).
Click on the selected RLC branch with the right mouse button to
rotate, then click with the left button, hold down and drag the RLC branch to be in parallel with
the diode. Click on the left mouse button to place.
The idea is further to copy the diode and the RLC branch, but before doing so, it is wise to give
data to them (since the data are kept when copied). A simple click on the RLC or diode icon with
the right mouse button activates the component dialog box to give data to objects.
Again, an explanation of the input parameters is given in a help file. Click the HELP button to see
this help text. The numerical values of the diode are all zero, meaning that the diode is ideal and is
open during the steady state. The RLC branch in Fig. 3.15 has been given a resistance of 33 and
a capacitance of 1 F. The icon then changes to a resistor in series with a capacitor.
You have now given data to the diode and the RLC branch and instead of repeating the drawing
and data entering process four times, you can use the copy facility. First, you have to select a
group of components. This can be done by selecting Edit | Select| Inside field in the main menu or
with a double click with the left mouse button on an empty space of the Circuit window. Then
cursor style changes to a pointing hand and the action mode is EDIT : GROUP. The process is
then to click with the left mouse button to create a corner in a fence and to click the right button to
enclose the fence (polygon). All components having their center inside the fence are included in
the group.
Alternative way of group selection is to draw a rectangle around the objects by a left mouse click
and hold at the upper-left corner of the desired rectangle, and moving thereafter to the lower-right
corner. Objects inside the rectangle become a group when the mouse button is released.
You can follow the procedure shown in Fig. 3.16.

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Fig. 3.16 - Drawing a polygon: First double click on white space, click the left mouse button at
each corner of the polygon, then click the right button to enclose the polygon.
The group created in Fig. 3.16 can be copied/rotated etc. like a single object. Now we want to
duplicate this group. Click on the main menu Edit field and choose Duplicate or press the Ctrl+D
shortcut key. The selected group is copied to the clipboard and pasted in the same operation. The
old group is redrawn in normal mode and the copy is drawn in the top of the original.

Fig. 3.17 - Move a group.

The enclosing polygon is now a rectangle. The pasted

group is moveable, so you can click on it with the left
mouse button, hold down and drag to a desired position.
Click the left mouse button on open space to put the group
in the position shown in Fig. 3.17.

If you misplaced the group you can reselect it or use the Undo facility found in the Edit main
menu field.
You can now paste a second copy of the diode/RLC group into the circuit. Since the duplicate
facility has already copied the group to the clipboard, you can just select the Paste option from the
Edit menu by using the mouse or pressing Ctrl+V, or selecting the Paste icon from the Toolbar.
The pasted group is drawn on top of the original one enclosed by a rectangle. Click on this group
with the left mouse button, hold down and drag it to a position shown in Fig. 3.18.

Fig. 3.18

Fig. 3.19

As part of the connection between the rectifier bridge and the load a small resistor is included in
Fig. 3.3. The resistor is included to demonstrate the option of using a small resistor for current
measurement purposes.
Select a resistor in the component selection menu, then click on the resistor with the left mouse
button, hold down and drag it to a desired position as shown in Fig. 3.19. You must place the
resistor precisely, because the next step is to connect the top nodes of the diode bridge with the
resistor.
Before doing so first, give data to this resistor opening the component dialog box by a right-click
on the resistor. Specify data value RES= 0.01 and set Output to 1-Current to get the branch

current in the subsequent ATP run. Having closed the component dialog box a small I symbol
appears on the top-left side of the resistor indicating the current output request.
Now you can start to connect the diode bridge and the resistor together. The procedure is to first
click with the left mouse button on a starting node, as shown in Fig. 3.20. The cursor style now
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changes to a pointing hand and the action mode is MODE : CONN.START. Then release the
mouse button and move the mouse (a rubber band is drawn from the starting point to the current
cursor position). To place a connection, click on the left mouse button again. Click on the right
button or press Esc to cancel the connection make operation.
The connection draw in Fig. 3.20 picks up intermediate nodes so all the five nodes will be
connected together. In this way, ATPDraw suits the requirement: What you see is what you get
and the amount of required connections are significantly reduced.

Fig. 3.20 - Click left button. Release + move, then click left button to place the connection.
If you made a mistake in the connection drawing process, you can correct the error easily, because
connections are editable (copy/move/rotate) as any other objects. If you would like to
correct/modify a misplaced connection, click on it and hold with the left mouse button. After this
selection, the connection is enclosed by a rectangle and two squares replace node dots at the end
of the line. To move the connection, click on an internal point of it using the left mouse button,
then hold down and move, and release the mouse at the correct position. To reposition a
connection, click on the node squares with the left button and stretch the connection as illustrated
in Fig. 3.21:

Fig. 3.21 - Edit connection. Click any point of the line then click node squares and stretch.
3.5.1.4 Load
The last part of this example circuit is the load consisting of a smoothing capacitor with initial
condition and a load resistor. First, you can select the capacitor as shown in Fig. 3.22:

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Fig. 3.22 - Select capacitor with initial condition.

After this selection, the capacitor appears in the middle of the circuit window in moveable mode
enclosed by a rectangle. Click on the capacitor with the left mouse button, hold down and drag to
a desired position, then click the right mouse button (or press Ctrl+R) to orient the capacitor as
shown in Fig. 3.23. Finally, click on open space to place the capacitor.

Fig. 3.23 - Placing a capacitor with initial conditions.

Next select the load resistor in the component selection menu Branch linear + Resistor. The
resistor is drawn in moveable mode in the circuit window. Click on it with the right mouse button
to rotate, then click with the left mouse button, hold down and drag it to a desired position and
place as shown in Fig. 3.24.

Fig. 3.24 - Place load resistor.

The time has come to connect the load to the rest of the diode bridge. The process has been
explained before. Click on the component nodes you wish to connect with the left mouse button,
sequentially. A left mouse click on open area while in MODE: CONN.END generates a new node
dot, which can be used as the starting point of any new connections. This way creating a circuit
having only perpendicular connections (recommended for complex circuits, to improve the circuit
readability) is a relatively simple task, as shown in Fig. 3.25.

Fig. 3.25 - Your first circuit is almost ready!

After you have finished connecting the source side and the load side of the circuit, you can
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specify the load data. Click with the right mouse button on the capacitor and specify the
parameters shown in Fig. 3.26.

Fig. 3.26 - Capacitor data with initial condition.

The capacitance is 1000 F (if Copt=0 in ATP | Setting | Simulation). The positive node has an
initial voltage of 75 V and the negative -75 V. Both branch current and voltage will be calculated,
so the Current&Voltage is selected in the Output combo box. Following the branch output
request, the appearance of the object's icon will change if the Show branch output is checked
symbol appears on the top-left side of
under View | Option. If this option is enabled, a small
the capacitor, indicating the branch voltage and the current output requests (see Fig. 3.27).
Next click with the right mouse button on the load resistor to get the input window and specify the
symbol
load resistance of 20 . Branch current and voltages will be calculated so the small
appears again on the top-left side of the resistor after leaving the dialog box. Once all the entries
in the component dialog box are completed, select the OK button to close the window and update
the object values or click Help to obtain an on-line help.
3.5.1.5 Node names and grounding
The final step of building this circuit is to give data to nodes (node names and grounding). All
nodes will automatically receive names from ATPDraw, so the user should normally give name
to nodes of special interest only. It is advised in general to perform the node naming as the last
step in building up a circuit. This is to avoid undesirable multiple node names (which is corrected
by ATPDraw automatically, but results in irritating warning messages).
To give data to a node, you simply have to click on this node once with the right mouse button.
Fig. 3.27-Fig. 3.30 show how to give data to four different nodes.
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Fig. 3.27 - Click on a node with the right mouse button and specify a name in the dialog box.
When you exit the window in Fig. 3.27 by clicking OK, the circuit is updated as shown in Fig.
3.28 and the node dot turns red. All node names are forced left adjusted, and as a general rule in
the ATP simulation, capital letters should be used. ATPDraw does accept lower case characters in
the node data window, however this feature should be avoided, in particular if the node is
connected with electrical sources.

Fig. 3.28 - Click on a node with the right mouse button and specify a name in the node data
window. The name NEG will be assigned to all nodes visually connected.

Fig. 3.29 - Click on a node with the right mouse button and check the Ground box indicating that
the node is connected with the ground reference plane of the circuit. The button right to the
Ground check box can be clicked to choose the ground symbol orientation.
The ground symbol is drawn at the selected node when you exit the window as Fig. 3.30 shows.
The nodes not given a name by the user will automatically be given a name by ATPDraw, starting
with XX for single phase and X for 3-phase nodes followed by a four-digit number. Nodes with a
name specified by the user are drawn in a red color and the disabled check box User Named in
their node dialog box is checked. Fig. 3.30 shows the final step in the drawing process.

Fig. 3.30 - Click on the voltage source with the right mouse button and specify the node name.

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3.5.2 Storing the project file on disk

You can store the project in a disk file whenever you like during the building process. This is
done in the main menu with File | Save (or Ctrl+S). If the current project is new, a Save As dialog
box appears where you can specify the project file name and location on the disk. Two different
styles of the Save As dialog boxes are available, depending on the Open/Save dialog setting in the
Tools | Options | General menu: a Windows 9x standard dialog box and a Windows 3.1 style. The
default extension is .acp in both cases and it is automatically added to the file name you enter.
When the circuit is saved, the name of the disk file appears in the header field of the circuit
window. Then if you hit Ctrl+S or press the Save circuit icon in the Toolbar, the circuit file is
updated immediately on the disk and the Modified flag in the status bar disappears. The File +
Save As option or the Save As Toolbar icon allows you to save the circuit currently in use under a
name other than that already allocated to this project. There are no project file name restrictions.
3.5.3 Creating the ATP input file
The ATP-file describes the circuit according to the ATP RuleBook. You can create this file by
selecting Sub-process|Make ATP File command in the ATP main menu. The ATP-file is
regenerated whenever you execute the run ATP command (or press F2). In the latter case the
process is hidden for the user. By default the ATP file inherits its name from the project file.
However, before you create the ATP input file or run the simulation, you must not forget to
specify the miscellaneous parameters (i.e. parameters, that are printed to the Misc. Data card(s) of
the ATP input file). The default values of these parameters are given in the ATPDraw.ini file.
Changing these default values can either be done in the ATP | Settings | Simulation sub-menu for
the current project, or under the Tools | Options | View/ATP | Edit settings | Simulation for all new
ATPDraw projects created henceforth.
Fig. 3.31 shows an example of the 1st miscellaneous data card settings of an ATP simulation
(specifying time step, time scale of the simulation etc.). This window appears if you select the
Simulation tab of the ATP | Settings dialog.
Select:
Time step delta T in sec.
End time of simulation Tmax in
seconds.
Xopt=0: Inductances in mH.
Copt=0: Capacitances in F.
The main characteristic of the
simulation (time domain or frequency
scan) can also be set on this page.
Press Help to get more information or
OK to close the dialog box.
The simulation settings are stored in the
project file, so you should save the file
after changing these settings.
Fig. 3.31 - Simulation settings.
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Values on the first integer miscellaneous data card of ATP can be changed under the ATP |
Settings / Output page. The next ATP | Settings/ Switch/UM tab is the home of control flags
required by statistical switching or universal machine simulations.
Under the Format page the user can
select precision mode and the ATP-file
sorting criteria. If you select the
Format page, the window shown in
Fig. 3.32 appears:
Select:
; Sorting by cards: First /BRANCH,
then /SWITCH and then /SOURCE.
; Printed Number Width request is
enabled. Width is the total column
width of ATP printed output LISfile, Space is the number of blanks
between columns. This is not a
required choice.
All other check boxes are unselected
Fig. 3.32 - The ATP-file format menu.
To create an ATP-file without starting the simulation you must select the Sub-process|Make ATP
File in the ATP menu. This selection will start the compilation, which examines your circuit and
gives node names to circuit nodes. Then a standard Windows Save As file window appears,
where you can specify the name and path of the ATP-file. The same name as the project with
extension .acp file is suggested default. As the ATP file is sent to the ATP solver, the file name
should not contain space characters. You can edit this file or just display it by selecting the ATP |
Edit ATP-file menu. The ATP-file (Exa_1.atp) you have just created will be as follows:
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C -------------------------------------------------------C Generated by ATPDRAW November, Thursday 5, 2009
C A Bonneville Power Administration program
C by H. K. Hidalen at SEfAS/NTNU - NORWAY 1994-2009
C -------------------------------------------------------PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH, 10, 2,
C Example 1
C Your first circuit
C Rectifier bridge
C dT >< Tmax >< Xopt >< Copt >
5.E-5
.05
500
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
/BRANCH
C < n 1>< n 2><ref1><ref2>< R >< L >< C >
C < n 1>< n 2><ref1><ref2>< R >< A >< B ><Leng><><>0
XX0031
33.
1.
0
NEG
33.
1.
0
XX0031POS
.01
1
POS
NEG
1.E3
3
NEG
POS
20.
3
VS
XX0021
1.
0
VS
XX0021
300.
0

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NEG
VA
33.
1.
0
VA
XX0031
33.
1.
0
/SWITCH
C < n 1>< n 2>< Tclose ><Top/Tde ><
Ie
><Vf/CLOP >< type >
11VA
XX0031
0
11
XX0031
0
11NEG
VA
0
11NEG
0
XX0021VA
MEASURING
1
/SOURCE
C < n 1><>< Ampl. >< Freq. ><Phase/T0><
A1
><
T1
>< TSTART >< TSTOP >
14VS
0
167.7
60.
-90.
-1.
1.
/INITIAL
2POS
75.
2NEG
-75.
3POS
NEG
150.
/OUTPUT
VS
BLANK BRANCH
BLANK SWITCH
BLANK SOURCE
BLANK INITIAL
BLANK OUTPUT
BLANK PLOT
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK

3.5.4 Running the simulation

Starting the ATP simulation is supported in ATPDraw in a user friendly way. The user just has to
press F2 function key to create an ATP input file with the current project file as input and run the
simulation. ATP|run Plot (F8) starts the default plotting program and sends the pl4 file as
parameter. The default commands that is executed when the user selects run ATP or run Plot
under the ATP menu can be specified under the Tools | Options /Preferences tab as it has been
described in section 2.6 of the Installation Manual.
3.6 Multi-phase phase circuits
From ATPDraw version 5 a node can have up to 26 phases (A..Z node name extension). This
applies also to MODELS nodes. A more generalized Connection is introduced with a special
handling between single phase and n-phase nodes. Transpositions will only take place through 3phase connections. In this case the phase sequence will be further inherited throughout the circuit.
Special ABC or DEF reference components found under from Probes&3-phase in the Selection
menu can be placed on the reference node. The actual phase sequence of the node is written at the
top right of the Node dialog box or in the PHASE field in the Component dialog box as shown in
Fig. 3.2 (after ATP|run ATP or ATP|Sub-process|Make node names). A special component
SPLITTER is available for connections between 3-phase and single phase nodes. Some special
restrictions apply to the splitter objects (found under Probes & 3-phase in the component
selection menu):
Connecting splitter objects together on the 3-phase side or with connections on the 1-phase
side is permitted, but transposition/disconnection is not allowed.
If the name NODEA is given to what you know is phase A on the single phase side, ATPDraw
does not accept this and adds its own A at the end, creating the node name NODEAA. The
general rule is that ATPDraw takes care of the phase sequence! The best solution is to specify
a node name on the 3-phase side only.

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Color, label, and phase properties are given to the Connection as well as the possibility to force
node dots on. The connection can also be turned into a Relation (no node connection only
visualization of flow of information drawn as a dotted line) by the Relation check box. Fig. 3.33
shows the Connection dialog that appears after a right click on the connection and automatically
when the user draws a connection between a single phase and a multi-phase node. The Phase
index field is only enabled for single phase connections. 0-@ is used for connections between two
single phase nodes.

Fig. 3.33 - The Connection dialog box.

Fig. 3.34 illustrates the various options for (3-phase in this case) multiphase circuits in ATPDraw.
The flag DEF set at the source node to the left. Consequently, all connections marked with 1 will
carry the phase D and so on. The color of the connections is user selectable as shown in Fig. 3.33,
but as default the color and phase sequence are inherited when the user clicks on one connection
to draw a new one. Connections will inherit the phase number.

Fig. 3.34 - Illustration of various phase options in ATPDraw.

A typical example of connecting a single phase node to a 3-phase node is the case of a single
phase ground fault as shown in Fig. 3.35. Place the switch, then draw the connection between the
three phase node and the single phase node. Select 1-A to ground phase 'A' (regardless of
transpositions involved).

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Fig. 3.35 - Single phase ground fault.

Multi-phase nodes are first of all important for MODELS and GROUPS. An n-phase connection
could also be useful just to clear up the circuit drawing. As an initial example a 6-phase
connection is shown in Fig. 3.36 for communication between a 6-pulse thyristor bridge and its
control circuit. This will make the drawing much easier to read.
5

Freq

x
x
y
y

T
+

Freq
T

180

54

54

54

54

54

54
x

58

Angle
1

Gu

x
y

Fig. 3.36 - Communicating a 6-phase signal between a thyristor bridge and its control circuit.
All n-phase nodes have only 5 characters available in the Node dialog box. ATPDraw adds the
extension A, B and C (etc.) at the end of the node name. By default, the phase sequence is ABC;
the first data card uses A, the second B and the last C. The only way to change the phase sequence
is to use the available transposition objects (Transp1 - Transp4) selectable under Probes &
3-phase in the component selection menu. Only 3-phase nodes can be transposed.

Fig. 3.37/a - Illustrative three-phase circuit.

4
U

ABC1

3
7

Fig. 3.37/b - Equivalent ATPDraw circuit (Exa_2.adp).

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The circuit shown in Fig. 3.37 was built up in the same way as your first circuit. You can note that
connections between the three phase nodes appear to be thick. The circuit contains 3 special
objects, the already mentioned transposition object (in this case from ABC to BCA), a Splitter
object, which splits three phase nodes into three single-phase nodes and an ABC reference object.
Fig. 3.38 shows the Node data dialog for a single phase and a three phase node.

Fig. 3.38 Default node names and phase sequence. Top: single phase node. Bottom: 3-phase.

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....................

ATPDraw
for Windows

5.6

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This part of the manual outlines all menu items and program options, and gives an overview of
the supported ATP components, TACS, and MODELS features.
ATPDraw has a standard Windows user interface. The Main window of the program is shown in
Fig. 4.1. The Main menu, the Circuit window and the Component selection menu are the most
important items of that window. Elements of the Main menu and supported ATP components in
the Component selection menu will be referenced in this part of the manual.
4.1 Main window
Main menu

Tool bar

Circuit window

Map
Window

Current
action mode

Status bar with

menu option hints

Component
selection menu

Fig. 4.1 - Components of ATPDraw's main window.

If you are unfamiliar with the use of ATPDraw, read the Introductory Manual to learn how to
create a circuit or the Advanced Manual to learn how to create a new object in ATPDraw. The
Introductory Manual starts with the explanation of operating windows and the mouse in
ATPDraw, and shows how to build up a circuit and how to create an ATP-file to be used as input
for a subsequent transient simulation.

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4.2 Main menu

4.2.1 File
This field contains actions for input/output of ATPDraw projects. Selecting the
File item in the main menu will result in a popup menu shown in Fig. 4.2.

Fig. 4.2 - File menu.

4.2.1.1 New
Selecting this menu item will open a new empty Circuit window. ATPDraw supports to work on
several circuits simultaneously and copy information between the circuits. The number of
simultaneous open windows is limited only by the available MS-Windows resources. The circuit
window is much larger than the actual screen, as it is indicated by the scroll bars of each circuit
windows.
4.2.1.2 Open
This menu performs a Windows standard Open dialog box. In this window the user can select a
project file and load it into ATPDraw. Short key: Ctrl+O. The default directory is the previously
used directory and the first time the dialog is used the Project Folder set under
Tools|Options/Files&Folders (initially read from ithe ATPDraw.ini file) is suggested.
ATPDraw can read both circuit (.cir) files created by an earlier version of the program and project
files (.acp and .adp). When opening a project file all data are stored in memory and no files are
written to disk. The circuit files and project files are binary data files.
The Open/Save dialog box is used for several different selections in the main menu. An
alternative MS-Windows 3.1 style is also supported. There is a check box in the Tools | Options |
General tab to switch between the two supported alternatives.
4.2.1.3 Save
Activating this menu item will save the project in the active circuit window into a disk file. If the
name Noname.acp is shown in the circuit window a Save As dialog box will be performed,
where the user can specify a new name for the current project file name. Short key: Ctrl+S.
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4.2.1.4 Save As
The project in the active circuit window is saved to disk under a new name. The name of the file
can be specified in the Save As dialog, which is similar to the Open Project. This command allows
the user to save the project under a name other than that is already used. ATPDraw can read
circuit files (.cir) created by earlier program versions, but the Save As command supports only the
newest file format. The default extension of the project files on disk is (.acp).
4.2.1.5 Save All
Saves all modified projects to disk under their own project file names. If one or more open
projects still have not got a name (Noname.adp), it will be requested in a Save As dialog boxes
successively.
4.2.1.6 Close
Close the active circuit window. If any changes to the circuit have not been saved yet, the user
will be warned as shown in Fig. 4.3 to confirm before the circuit is closed. If the project has been
modified, the user is given a chance to save it first.
4.2.1.7 Close All
Close all circuit windows. If a project has been modified since the last save operation, a
confirmation dialog will be prompted giving a chance for the user to save it first.

Fig. 4.3 - Confirmation prevents the

loss of unsaved project data.
4.2.1.8 Import
This command inserts a circuit from disk file into the active circuit window contrary to the Open
command, which loads the circuit into a new circuit window. Selecting this menu will result in an
Import Project dialog box where the user can select the file to load. The imported circuit appears
in the circuit window as a group in marked moveable mode. Existing node names will be kept or
rejected upon the selection of the user.
4.2.1.9 Export
Save the selected objects of the active circuit to a disk file. Same as Save As, but only the selected
objects (marked by a rectangular or polygon area) of the circuit are written to the disk file.
4.2.1.10 Save Metafile
Write the selected objects of the active circuit to a disk file in Windows metafile (.wmf) format. If
no objects are selected, the entire circuit window content is written to disk. This way even
graphics of large circuits can be exported to other applications without loss of resolution seen on
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the screen when the Zoom option is used to fit the circuit to the screen size. Metafiles created by
this command can be imported as picture into other applications (like MS-Word or WordPerfect)
having filter available for this format.
4.2.1.11 Print
Print the graphics on the currently selected printer.
4.2.1.12 Printer Setup
Select and setup the printer.
4.2.1.13 Exit
This command closes all open circuit windows of ATPDraw. User will be asked to save any
modified circuits before the application is terminated.
4.2.2 Edit
This menu contains the various edit facilities of circuit objects in
ATPDraw. The Edit popup menu is shown in Fig. 4.4.
An object or group of objects must be selected before any edit
operation can be performed on them. If the user clicks on an object
with the left mouse button in the circuit window the icon of the
object will be enclosed by a lime colored frame indicating that it is
selected.

Fig. 4.4 - Edit menu.

4.2.2.1 Undo/Redo
The Undo command cancels the last edit operation. The Redo cancels the last undo command.
Short key for Undo/Redo: Ctrl+Z and Ctrl+Y. The number of undo/redo operations depends on
the Undo/redo buffers: setting on the Preferences tab of the Tools | Options menu. Default value
is 10. Almost all object manipulation functions (object create, edit, delete, move, rotate, etc.) can
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be undone (or redone). Changes made to the circuit data in the component dialog box are also
supported by the Undo/redo functions (this included also the extensive data in LCC, BCTRAN,
XFMR). These functions also update the circuit's Modified state in the status bar to indicate that
the circuit has been modified. During an undo operation, the modified state is reset its previous
value. After Save/Save As the Undo/Redo buffer is cleared.
4.2.2.2 Cut
Copies the selected objects to the Windows clipboard and deletes them from the circuit window.
The objects can later be pasted into the same or other circuit windows, or even other instances of
ATPDraw. Short key: Ctrl+X.
4.2.2.3 Copy
The selected objects are copied to the clipboard. Short key: Ctrl+C. A single marked object or a
group of objects can be copied to the clipboard. This command unselects the selected objects.
4.2.2.4 Paste
The contents of the clipboard are pasted into the current circuit when this menu item is selected.
Short key: Ctrl+V. The pasted object or objects appear in the current window in marked moveable
mode. The node names are deleted when pasting components.
4.2.2.5 Duplicate
Copies the selected object or a group of objects to the clipboard and then duplicates them in the
current circuit window. Duplicated objects appear in the current window in marked moveable
mode. Short key: Ctrl+D.
4.2.2.6 Delete
Selected objects are removed the from the circuit window. Short key: Del.
4.2.2.7 Copy Graphics
The selected objects are copied to the clipboard in Windows Metafile format. This way graphics
of selected objects can be exported to other Windows applications. Short key: Ctrl +W.
4.2.2.8 Select
This menu has five sub-menus:
None: To cancels the object selection. Short key: Ctrl +N.
All: Select all objects in the current circuit window. Short key: Ctrl +A.
Inside: Enables object selection by a polygon shaped region. Short key: Ctrl +I (or
double-click with the left button in an empty region of the circuit window).
by Properties: Enables selection by objects' support file name or order number (see
below). Short key: Ctrl +P.
Overlapped: Select component that overlap other components. First ATP|run ATP must
be chosed to identify overlapping component.
A selected object or group of objects can be subject of the most editing operations: Move (click
left button, hold down and drag), Rotate/Copy/Duplicate/Delete or Export (in the File menu). To
unselect a group, select None, or just click with the left mouse button in an empty space of the
circuit window.
In Inside mode, the mouse cursor icon changes its style to a pointing hand and moves to the
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middle of the circuit window. The current action mode also changes to MODE:GROUP in the
status bar. To draw a polygon around a group of objects move the cursor to the starting location
and click the left mouse button. Then release the button and a rubber band line will be drawn
between the starting point and the current mouse cursor location. And so forth: left click to create
corners, right to complete the polygon. All objects with midpoint inside or connections with both
endpoints inside the polygon will be included in the selection.
In the by Properties selection mode the group of components can be selected by their type and/or
Order number. The type here is the name of the support file and the Order number is the identifier
specified in the component dialog box.
The available component Names and Order numbers are listed in two
combo boxes as shown in Fig. 4.5. When you click on OK the
components with the selected order number and/or support file name
become selected. Then all kinds of edit operation can be performed on
the group (copy/paste, copy graphics, rotate, edit, grouping etc.).

Fig. 4.5 - Selecting objects by name or group no.

4.2.2.9 Edit Text

This menu is used to insert a new circuit text. In addition the
selection of texts, component labels or node names is
favoured in this mode. An alternative to this last property is
to press the Alt key. This is beneficial when texts, labels or
node names are drawn overlapped by components. If you
click on existing texts, labels or node names you can edit the
text directly on screen or move them (click and hold). Short
key: Ctrl+T.
Fig. 4.6 The circuit text dialog box. It appears after a right
click (or left double) on a circuit text.
Selecting the Edit Text menu item, the mouse cursor style will change to a pointing hand and
forced to stay within the circuit window. The action mode indicator in the status bar will also
change to MODE: EDIT TEXT. You can leave this mode by pressing the ESC key.
4.2.2.10 Rotate R/L
This command rotates the selected object(s) 90 degrees clockwise (R) counter-clockwise (L). The
operation Rotate R can also be performed by clicking the right mouse button inside the selected
group. Short key: Ctrl + R/L.

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4.2.2.11 Flip
Mirrors the icon left to right. For vector icons the texts are not flipped. This option is useful for
instance for transformers since the primary and secondary node will be swapped. Short cut
Ctrl+F.
4.2.2.12 Copy Graphics
Copy the selected graphical content to the Windows clipboard in MetaFile format.
4.2.2.13 Rubber Bands
If this option is checked, connections with one endpoint inside a selected region and one outside
are treated as a rubber band between the selected group and the rest of the circuit. Short key: Ctrl
+ B. This command does not work for short cut single component selections: e.g. left click on
several components while the Shift key is pressed, because this way no connections are selected.
4.2.2.14 Compress
This command will replace a group of selected objects with a single icon having user selectable
external data and nodes. ATPDraw supports real grouping or single icon replacement of subgroups in unlimited numbers of layers. The process requires a group selection first. The Compress
dialog box (see Fig. 4.7/a) appears where the user designs the new group object. The user can
later modify a compressed group by selecting it and click Compress once more.
In the Compress dialog box the user can specify the external data and nodes of the compressed
circuit. The selected data and nodes appear as input to the group object that replaces the selected
circuit and their values are automatically transferred. A nonlinear characteristic common for up to
3 components can also be selected as external data. Only the members of the group are shown in
the Compress process and moved to the middle of the circuit window.

Fig. 4.7/a - The Compress dialog box.

Under Objects: all the components in the group are listed with their name followed by their label.
When the user clicks on one of the components' name the selected component is drawn in a lime
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color in the circuit window. Its data and nodes also appear under Available: starting with
data/node name and followed by their names and values. Here the user can select a parameter and
click on the >> button to transfer it to the Added to group: list. Data and Nodes in the Available
list that already are members of the Added to lists will be displayed there with a lime colored text.
Selected node in the Available list will be drawn in a lime color. All data and nodes listed in the
Added to group: will be an external attribute of the new group object. The selected external nodes
are drawn enclosed by a red circle. The position of the external nodes are selected in the Position
combo box. Positions 1-12 will be on the traditional border as shown in the graphic below, while
position 0 will enable the user to specify positions in the Pos.x and Pos.y fields. You can change
the Added to group: names by double clicking on them. Data with the same name are treated as a
single data in the component dialog box (Fig. 4.7/b). Selected data and nodes can also be removed
from the Added to group: by clicking on the << button. The Keep icon check box can be used
when Recompressing a group in cases where the user wants to keep its icon.
As all other components, the group object is limited to 64 data and 32 nodes. When you later open
the component dialog box of the group-object, the selected data values and node parameters will
appear as input possibilities. The values will automatically be transferred to the group members as
shown in Fig. 4.7/b. Node that the 8 selected data are represented by two external data in Fig.
4.7/b since the names are duplicated.

Fig. 4.7/b - Component dialog box for a sub-group object.

4.2.2.15 Extract
This is the reverse operation of Compress. The group is extracted on the current circuit layer. To
perform the operation, a compressed group (and only one!) must be selected first.
4.2.2.16 Edit Group
This command shows the group content. Short key: Ctrl+G. The group is shown in a separate
window. To perform the operation a compressed group (and only one!) must be selected first. It is
possible to edit the group in a normal way, except deletion of the reference components. I.e.
components having been referenced in one of the Added to group: lists cannot be deleted. If the
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user tries a "Marked objects are referenced by compressed group..." warning message appears.
4.2.2.17 Edit Circuit
Displays the circuit to which the current group belongs. Short key: Ctrl + H. Actually the
grouping structure can be taken as a multi-layer circuit, where the Edit Group brings the user one
step down in details, while Edit Circuit brings one step back. The group object (single icon
replacement of objects) acts as the connection between the layers and transfers data between
them.
4.2.2.18 Comment...
Opens a comment dialog box, where three text lines can be entered. These comments serve as a
commentary section for the circuit in the header section of the .atp file. Selecting the Comment
Line option checked in the View menu will display these comments at the bottom of the circuit
window, as well. This menu also enables the user to change the circuit comment if it already
exists.
4.2.3 View
This menu provides options for displaying and controlling the visibility of user interface and
circuit window objects. The menu items are shown in Fig. 4.8.

Fig. 4.8 - View menu.

4.2.3.1 Status Bar
Status bar on/off at the bottom of the main window The status bar displays status information
about the active circuit window. The mode field on the left hand side shows which mode of
operation is active at present. Possible modes are:
EDIT

Normal mode. Indicates no special type of operation.

CONN.END

Indicates the end of a connection. The program is waiting for a left mouse
button click to set the end-point of a new connection. To cancel drawing a
connection, click the right mouse button or press the Esc key.

EDIT TEXT

Indicates a text edit mode. Add a new circuit text or favour text selection
(circuit text, labels and node names). Enter this mode also via the Alt key.
Indicates region selection. Double clicking the left mouse button in an
empty space of the active circuit window enables you to draw a polygon
shaped region. To finish the selection click the right mouse button. Any
object within the selected region is then marked for selection. To cancel
region selection, press the Esc key.

GROUP

INFO.START
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selected in the component selection menu. Clicking the left mouse button to
initiate the drawing of a new relation. Relations drawn as blue connections,
but do not influence the connectivity of components.
INFO.END

Indicates the end of a relation. The program is waiting for a left mouse
click to set the end-point of a new relation. To cancel drawing a relation,
click the right mouse button or press the Esc key.

The field to the right of the mode field displays the modified status of the active circuit. As soon
as you alter the circuit (moving a label, deleting a connection, inserting a new component, etc.),
the text Modified will show up to indicate that the circuit needs saving. The field will be empty
when you save the circuit or undo all modifications. Note that the number of available undo
buffers is limited (default value is 10, but can be increased on the Preferences tab of the Tools |
Options menu). In the default case, if more than 10 modifications are done, the field will indicate
a modified status until you save the circuit.
The rightmost field of the status bar displays the menu option hints and Drag-over information.
4.2.3.2 Comment Line
Shows or hides the comment line at the bottom of the active circuit window.
4.2.3.3 Toolbar customize
The toolbar can be customized by the user.
The description of the user defined toolbar
is stored in the file Toolbar.cfg located
together with the ATPDraw.ini file in the
%APPDATA%\atpdraw directory. The
format and handling of the Toolbar.cfg is
managed by Delphi and there might be
problems
(main
menu
items
missing/wrong) when changing ATPDraw
version. Shutting down ATPDraw and
deleting the Toolbar.cfg file will fix this
(but reset the toolbar to the default
content). All main menu items (called
actions) can be member of the toolbar.
From the Customize dialog shown in Fig.
4.9 the user can drag items/actions on/off
the toolbar.
Fig. 4.9 Customize toolbar dialog.
The default toolbar content is:

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From the left the tools are:

Item Menu
New File|New Open
File|Open

Shortcut
-CTRL+O

Save File|Save
Save As File|Save As
Import File|Import
Export File|Export
Undo Edit|Undo
Redo Edit|Redo
Cut Edit|Cut
Copy Edit|Copy
Paste Edit|Paste
Edit|Duplicate
Edit|Edit text

CTRL+S
---CTRL+Z
CTRL+Y
CTRL+X
CTRL+C
CTRL+V
CTRL+D
CTRL+T

Edit|Select|All
Edit|Rotate-R
Edit|Rotate-L
Edit|Flip
View|Refresh
View|Zoom in
View|Zoom
ATP|run ATP

CTRL+A
CTRL+R
CTRL+L
CTRL+F
CTRL+Q
NUM +
NUM
F2

ATP|run Plot

F8

Description
Open an empty circuit file.
Loads a circuit file into a new window. Contains also a dropdown with
the five recent opened projets.
Saves the active circuit window to the current project file.
Saves the active circuit window to a new project file.
Inserts a stored circuit into the current circuit.
Export the selected circuit to an external project file.
Undo the previous operation.
Redo the previous undo operation.
Copy the current selected circuit to the clipboard and then delete it.
Copy the current selected circuit to the clipboard.
Paste the ATPDraw-content from the clipboard into the circuit.
Copy+Paste.
Go into Edit text mode for adding and selecting text. Required to add
new text to the circuit window.
Select the entire circuit.
Rotate 90 deg. clock-wise.
Rotate 90 deg. counter clock-wise.
Flip left-to-right. The nodes changes postion. Vector text is not flipped.
Redraw circuit.
Zoom in 20 %.
Zoom out 20 %.
Make node names + write the ATP file+ run ATP by executing the ATP
command (Tools|Options/Preferences).
Plot Executed the Plot Command (Tools|Options/Preferences) and send
the current PL4 file as parameter.

To the right of the toolbar comes two items for controlling the zoom and the node sizes.
4.2.4 Zoom In
Enlarges the objects in the active circuit window by increasing the current zoom factor by 20
percent. Short key: + (plus sign on the numeric keypad or "=/+" alphanumeric key).
4.2.4.1 Zoom Out
Reduces the icon size in the active circuit window by 20 percent. Short key: - (minus sign on the
numeric keypad or the "-/_" alphanumeric key).
4.2.4.2 Refresh
This command redraws all objects in the active circuit window. Short key: Ctrl+Q. This
command can also be activated by clicking the Toolbar icon:
4.2.4.3 Set Circuit Font
Enables you to select a font type and size for the node names and labels on the screen (and also
for the metafile export). The default font is MS Sans Serif, regular, 8 pt size. This also becomes
the default font for circuit text, but this can be adjusted individually.
4.2.4.4 Options
Selecting this menu item will bring up the View Options dialog box. The View Options dialog can
be used to control the visibility of the objects in the active circuit window.
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Fig. 4.10 - View Options dialog box.

By default, all objects except node names are visible. The meaning of options assumed checked
(;) are listed below:
All standard and user specified components are displayed.
All TACS components are displayed.
All MODELS components are displayed.
All connections (short circuits between nodes) are displayed.
All relations (to visualize connections between Fortran statements and
other objects) are displayed.
Labels
Component labels are displayed on the screen.
Node dots
Node and connection end-points are displayed as filled circles.
Node names
Node names are visible on the screen (overrides the Display attribute of the
Node data window). This option is useful after a Make Names selection in
the ATP menu.
Drag over info
List information about the component (name, number of data and nodes)
under the mouse cursor. No clicking is required. Can slow down the
application in case of large circuits.
Red color default
Components and node dots are drawn with a red color until the component
or node is opened for the first time.
Show branch output Small U/I symbols indicate the selected branch output requests. Branch
output requests can be specified in most of the component dialog boxes.
Lock circuit
Components can not be selected and moved only opened for input.
Components
Tacs
Models
Connections
Relations

To accept the current view options and return from the dialog, select the OK button. To set and
view new options without returning, select the Apply button. If you want the current settings be
applied to all current and future circuit windows, select the Apply All button before you exit the
dialog box (this saves the selections to the ATPDraw.ini file).

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4.2.5 ATP
The ATP menu provides options to create, display and modify the ATP
input files and to set circuit specific ATP options (e.g. T, Tmax)
before running the case by the run ATP command or the F2 function
key. From this menu all output requests can be managed and the ATP
and LIS files edited and inspected. The Find node and Find next node
navigation tool is also available here. The Optimization module works
with a cost function and perform multiple ATP runs. The Line Check
feature calculate sequential parameters of transmission lines and subcircuits. Other components of the ATP-EMTP package (e.g. pre- and
post-processors, supporting programs and utilities) can also be launched
from this menu. Besides the default commands, the user can add
additional commands (e.g. Run PlotXY / Run Analyzer / Run PCPlot /
Run TPPlot, etc.) to the existing program items, which are listed
immediately below the Edit commands...as shown in Fig. 4.11.
Fig. 4.11 - The ATP menu.
4.2.5.1 Settings
In the ATP Settings... dialog box several options for the active circuit window can be specified.
These settings are used when ATPDraw generates the ATP input file. Options are sorted in six
tabs, such as the Simulation and Output for the miscellaneous data card settings, Format for
specification of data-card sorting options and miscellaneous request, Switch/UM for statistical and
Universal Machine studies, and Variables for specification of global $Parameter and Pocket
Calculator options.
Simulation settings
Simulation type: Select between the
simulation methods supported by
ATP:
o Time domain
o Frequency Scan
o Harmonic Frequency Scan (HFS)
Time domain
delta T: Time step of simulation in
seconds.
Tmax: End time of the simulation in
seconds.
Xopt: Inductances in [mH] if zero;
otherwise, inductances in [Ohm]
with Xopt as frequency
Copt: Capacitances in [mF] if zero;
otherwise, capacitances in
[Ohm] with Copt as frequency.
Freq: System frequency in Hz.

Fig. 4.12 - Simulation settings.

Power Frequency: when checked the SYSTEM FREQUENCY request card is written in
the ATP-file. The ideal transformer component uses this frequency.
Frequency scan
If Frequency scan is selected the FREQUENCY SCAN option of ATP is enabled.
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min:
max:
df:
NPD:

Starting frequency for the frequency scan

Ending frequency for the frequency scan
Frequency increment. Leave 0 for logarithmic frequency scale
Number of frequency points per decade in logarithmic scan

Harmonic Frequency Scan (HFS)

Selecting HFS will run the ATP data case so many times as specified in the
Harmonic source component dialog box (see chapter 4.11.12). The frequency of
the harmonic source will for each ATP run be incremented. The power frequency
specification is mandatory for HFS simulations.
If Frequency scan or HFS is selected the user must specify which component of
the solution to print out:
Magnitude only: Default request
Magnitude & Angle: Results are printed in POLAR
Magnitude & Angle & Real/Imag: Both POLAR and RECTANGULAR
Real/Imag: RECTANGULAR output request. Other combinations are illegal and are
prevented by button logic.

Output settings
Output control
Print freq.: Frequency of LUNIT6
output within the time-step loop. For
example, a value of 500 means that
every 500th simulation time step will
be printed to the LIS-file. This
option controls ATP's 1st misc. data
parameter IOUT
Plot freq.: Saving frequency of the
simulation data to the .pl4 output
file. A value of 5 means for example,
that every fifth time step will be
written to the PL4-file. This option
misc.
data
controls
ATP's
1st
parameter IPLOT

Fig. 4.13 - Output request tab.

Plotted output: If checked ATPDraw sets the 1st misc. data parameter ICAT=1 in
the ATP input file which results in a .pl4 output file.
MemSave: Controls the dumping of EMTP memory to disk at the end of simulation
if START AGAIN request is specified. If checked indicates memory saving.
Auto-detect simulation errors: If this option is selected, ATPDraw will
analyze the output LIS-file of ATP following the completion of the simulation.
If the specified Detect string is found, the corresponding section of the file
is displayed in a text editor window. This feature helps the user to recognize
the simulation errors/warnings generated by ATP during the time step loop or
input data interpretation. The string or strings, which makes this function
work, are user selectable and activating at least "Error" and "Kill code" are
highly recommended.
Printout
Network connectivity: If checked connectivity table (description of the
topology of the circuit) is written to the LUNIT6 output file. This option
controls ATP's 1st misc. data parameter IDOUBLE. If unchecked, no such table is
written.

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Steady-state phasors: If checked complete steady state solution (branch flows,

switch flows and source injection) is written to the LUNIT6 output file This
option sets ATP's 1st misc. data parameter KSSOUT=1. If unchecked, no such
output is produced by ATP.
Extremal values: If checked, extrema of each output variables will be printed
at the end of the LIS-file. This option controls ATP's 1st misc. data parameter
MAXOUT. If unchecked, no such output is produced by ATP.
Extra printout control: Additional control for the frequency of LUNIT6 output
within the time-step loop. If checked, the 1st misc. data parameter IPUN is set
to -1 and a 2nd misc. data card will appear in the ATP input file. Parameters
KCHG and MULT control the breakpoints and the new Print freq. value. If
unchecked, IPUN is set to 0 and LUNIT6 printout frequency will be constant
throughout the simulation.

Format settings
The Format settings page contains four buttons for setting of ATP input file data format, a button
for controlling the auto path generation and several other buttons for miscellaneous request cards.
The Additional button supports the user to insert any request card or text strings in the ATP-file
on precise location.

Fig. 4.14 - ATP-file format settings.

Sorting
Sorting by cards: The sequence of ATP
input
data
follows
the
default
sequence of / data sorting cards (i.e.
BRANCH
cards
are
written
first,
followed by SWITCH cards and the
SOURCE cards).
Sorting by order: The Order number
that can be specified in the component
dialog box for each object determines
the sequence of cards. The lowest
Order number comes first.
Sorting by X-pos: The leftmost object
in the circuit window is written
first.
Any combination of the three different
sorting mechanisms can be specified.
Force high resolution: Use $Vintage, 1
(if possible), for high precision data
input.

Miscellaneous request
Insert $Prefix and $Suffix cards: If this option is checked, ATPDraw will
assume that all $Inlude files (User Specified , LCC, external nonlinear
characteristics, and Windsyn components) are located in the Result Directory
and have the extension '.lib'. Two cards $Prefix and $Suffix will the be
inserted into the ATP file and the $Include commands are specified without
path and extension. This should be a preferred choice as this path and
extension generally are used and that increased readability of the ATP file is
obtained this way.
Insert $PL4 Comments: If checked, ATPDraw writes the circuit comments in a
$BEGIN PL4 COMMENTS...$END PL4 COMMENTS block. This may result in an error for
some (older?) ATP versions.
Insert Exact Phasor Equivalent card: If checked, ATPDraw writes an EXACT
PHASOR EQUIVALENT request in the ATP-file. This is recommended for Frequency
Scan simulations including constant and distributed parameter overhead lines.

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Insert TACS HYBRID card: Checking this button forces TACS HYBRID .. BLANK TACS
to be written to the ATP-file. Useful when TACS objects are only present
inside a User Specified Object.
Printed Number width: Enables the PRINTED NUMBER WIDTH request card, which
controls the printout of the LUNIT6 device (output LIS-file). Width: is the
total column width of printed output including blanks separating the columns.
Space: is the number of blanks between columns of printed output.

Switch/UM settings
Switch study
Statistic study: Study with statistic
switches
Systematic study: Study with systematic switches
Num: Number of simulations. This
value influences ATP's 1st misc. data
parameter NENERG. ATPDraw sets the
correct sign of NENERG: i.e. >0 for
statistic or <0 for systematic switch
studies.

Fig. 4.15 - Switch/UM settings.

Switch controls
ISW: If 1, printout of all switch closing/opening time appear in the output
LIS-file. No such printout if the parameter is set to 0.
ITEST:Extra random delay using DEGMIN, DEGMAX and STATFR in STARTUP.
Possible values are:
0: Extra random delay for all switches.
1: No random delay.
2: Extra random time delay added to all closing switches.
3: Extra random time delay added to all opening switches.
IDIST: Select probability distribution function of subsequent switching
operations. Zero means Gaussian distribution and 1 means uniform distribution.
IMAX: If 1, printout of extrema is written to the ATP output LIS-file for
every energization. If 0 (zero), no such printout.
IDICE: Controls use of the random generator. A value of 0 implies computerdependent random generator and a value of 1 means standard random generator.
KSTOUT: If 0, extra printed (LUNIT6) output for each energization. Output of
the time-step loop and variable extrema (if Extremal values is selected on the
Output tab) will be printed. If -1, no such output.
NSEED: Repeatable Monte-Carlo simulations. Possible values are:
0: Every simulation on the same data case will be different.
1: Same result each time the data case is run on the same computer.
Universal machines
Here the user specifies the global data for the Universal electrical machine
models in ATP. The selections here apply to all universal machines in the
circuit.

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Initialization: Manual: Terminal quantities of all machines must be specified.

Automatic: Initial conditions will be calculated by ATP. See section 9D1.5 for
more details in the ATP Rule Book.
Units: Input variables are specified in SI units or Per unit (p.u.)quantities.
Interface:
Compensation: The machine does appear to be a nonlinear element to the
external network. Certain rules regarding connecting machines together must be
followed. Inclusion of stub lines is often required. Preferred method.
Prediction: The machine does not appear to be a nonlinear element to the
external network. This option is not available for single phase machines.

Load flow
Sets the global variables of load flow
according to RuleBook chapt. X.

Fig. 4.16 Global load flow settings.

NNNOUT Additional interactive output

during load flow iteration.
NPRINT Tabular printout for nodes
with power constraints.
NITERA Maximum number of iterations.
Default 500.
NFLOUT Buffer size convergence
monitoring, printout per line.
Default 20.
RALCHK Relative convergence
tolerance. Default 1/100.
CFITEV Acceleration factor ref.
dQ/dU. Default 2/10.
CFITEA Acceleration factor ref.
dP/dTh. Default 2.5.
VSCALE Voltage scaling factor. Use
1.4142 to get rms values
output. Zero=Unity.
KTAPER =0: Constant acceleration
factors. =2 used also in
DC25/DC26 examples.

Variables
The Variables dialog box support the $PARAMETER feature of ATP-EMTP. The user is allowed to
specify a 6-character text string instead of a numerical value in the component dialog boxes as
shown in
Fig. 4.17. A requirement
is that property Param of
the DATA is set to 1.
This can be verified and
set under Edit definitions
in the component dialogs.
In addition the data in
question must not be
involved in subsequent
calculations. This is the
case for the phase angle
of 3-phase AC sources,
the damping resistors of
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inductors and capacitors, the advanced components LCC, BCTRAN, XFMR, Windsyn etc.
Fig. 4.17 - Using text string instead of variables in the RLC component dialog box.
A numerical value can be assigned later to these text strings under Variables. The text strings
(variables) specified by the user appear to the left and the user now has to assign their data values.
This is done in free format in the column to the right as shown by Fig. 4.18. Nested syntax (the
Name is used in subsequent Value specifications) is allowed from version 5.6 as ATPDraw
internally handles the variables as intermediate (a character 'I' is added to the Name and the
request '$$' is added to the Value). The user can also add local variables. Users do not have to
think about the number of characters in the final ATP-file since ATPDraw automatically adds
underscore characters to obtain the maximum resolution. A variable RES used both for high and
low precision resistances will thus be declared twice with 3 and 13 underscore characters added.
This process is hidden, but the result is seen in the final ATP-file after the $Parameter
declaration. Also Models can utilize Variables and the default number of digits is set to 10 in this
case. There is a limit in ATP on the number of internal variables.
The variables RES and CAP are circuit
variables (6 characters) while OMEGA is a
pure local variable. The ATP file becomes:
$PARAMETER
RESI =10.*KNT $$
OMEGAI =TWOPI*50. $$
CAPI =RESI/OMEGAI $$
RES___=RESI
CAP___=CAPI
BLANK $PARAMETER

KNT is the simulation number (1..10 in this

case).
IMPORTANT! Always use a period
after a number in the value field.

'.'

Fig. 4.18 - Setting values to text strings

ATPDraw support some special syntax for loop control (variables as function of the simulation
number KNT). These are:
MyVar=@[a b c n]
First run (KNT=1): MyVar=a
Second run (KNT=2): MyVar=b
...
Last item and beyond (KNT >=n): MyVar=n
The characters '@[' are used to identify this format. Space or comma can be used to separate the
numbers (integer or floating point).
MyVar=@FILE FileName Col
'@FILE' is the keyword, FileName is the name of a text file assumed stored in the ResultDirectory
(same as final ATP file) (enclose the file name within " " if it contains space), and Col is an
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optional parameter identifying which column in the text file to use. The text file can have integer
or floating point values in free format space or comma separated. If Col is not specified the first
column of the file is loaded. The length of the file does not need the match the chosen Number of
Simulations.
First run (KNT=1): MyVar=First value of column Col
Second run (KNT=2): MyVar=Second value of column Col
etc.
Both the '@[' and '@FILE' syntax requires a lot of intermediate variables and ATP puts a limit on
this.
MyVar=@LIN Lo Hi
'@LIN' is the keyword. Creates a linear space. MyVar=a*(KNT-1)+b
MyVar=@LOG Lo Hi
'@LOG' is the keyword. Create a logarithmic space. MyVar=10**(a*(KNT-1)+b)
MyVar=@POW Lo Hi P
'@POW' is the keyword. MyVar = a*(KNT-1)**P+b
MyVar=@EXP Lo Hi P
'@EXP' is the keyword. MyVar = a*P**(KNT-1)+b
If P ='e' this is replaced by exp(1)
a and b are calculated based on Lo and Hi: First run (KNT=1) MyVar=Lo, Last run
(KNT=Number of Simulations) MyVar=Hi. The last four options could easily be managed
directly be the user.
The user should normally not change the name of the variables listed by ATPDraw in the NAME
column, but if you do you will be asked to take an Action regarding the old Variable still defined
in the circuit, as shown in Fig. 4.19. The action can be to reset the parameter to zero or the default
value or to assign a new variable name.

Fig. 4.19 - Actions to take when non-defined parameters are found.

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4.2.5.2 Run ATP

Executing the run ATP command at the top of the ATP menu will create the ATP input file (the
project file name (with extension .atp) and the /ATP system folder are default, but changeable
via Sub-process|Make ATP file). Then ATP is executed basded on the default ATP command
(specified in the ATP field of the Preferences page under Tools | Options). The current ATP-file is
sent as parameter to the ATP-EMTP. Note that users do not need to select Make Names and Make
ATP File before running the simulation. These commands are internally executed before the ATP
run. If the user needs to do manual changes of the ATP-file and run the modified case, use
ATP|Sub-process|run ATP file. After executing ATP, ATPDraw examines the LIS-file and
displays any error or warning messages if exist.
4.2.5.3 Run Plot
Execute the Plot program (defined under Tools|Options/Preferences) with the current ATP file
name and the extension .pl4.
4.2.5.4 Sub-process
This sub-menu contains the individual three parts of the run ATP command.
Run ATP file: Executes ATP and sends the current ATP file as parameters. This choice must
be used if the user has manually modified the ATP file under ATP|Edit ATP file.
Make ATP file: Creates the ATP file from the circuit without executing ATP (but calls Make
node names first). This choice must be used to change the current ATP file name and the
Result Directory.
Make node names: Gives node names to all nodes in the circuit. Overlapping and/or connected
nodes get the same name. Whenever a "same name on different nodes" or "duplicate names on
same node" are found, ATPDraw produces a warning and the user is asked to confirm this
operation. While ATPDraw establishes the node names a Generating node names
message is displayed in the middle of the current circuit window. Following Make Names, the
node name and phase sequence attributes in the Component dialog box and in the Node data
window will be updated. Make ATP file and run ATP perform this sub-process initially.
IMPORTANT! All nodes will automatically receive names from ATPDraw, so the user should
normally only give names to nodes of special interest, e.g. involved in output requests and
displayed in the Output Manager.
4.2.5.5 Output manager
The Output Manager list all requested outputs in the data case in the order that they appear in
the pl4 file. The sorting option of the components is taken into account. The Output Manager even
goes into User Specified, Additional data cards and Windsyn components to find outputs
requested there. There is a limit of 32 output requests per component (voltage&current counts as
one). The sequence of the output is:
-Branch voltages and power
-Switch voltages and power
-Node voltages
-Switch currents and energy
-Branch currents and energy
-SM
-TACS
-MODELS
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-UM
When launching the Output Manager it compiles the circuit to generate the node names and
presents a list of the outputs as shown in Fig. 4.20. The Windows Manager is a stay-on-top
window that lets the user go back to edit the circuit. Two additional features are available; Find
and Edit. Both are linked to the current selected row in the grid. The Find button finds the
involved component and displays it in the middle of the screen in a lime color. If necessary it goes
down into groups to display internal components. The Edit button brings up the involved
components input dialog where the user is allowed to edit the settings. However, the user has to
leave the Output Manager and reopen it to actually refresh its content.
When ATPDraw goes into User Specified components it lists the node names found in the
expected columns. This could however be an argument in the $Include call, and this in not
handled by ATPDraw.

Fig. 4.20- Output Manager from Fig. 4.21 - Output Manager from an extension of
Exa_9.acp
Exa_12.acp as shown in Fig. 4.22.
In the case of a statistical study (chosen under ATP|Settings/Switch) the Output Manager lists
three additional columns as shown in Fig. 4.21. In the fourth columns in Fig. 4.21 the user can
turn available output requests on and off for statistical tabulation. Only node voltages are on as
default. In the sixth column the user can assign a group number to the statistical output request
and in the fifth column assign a scaling factor to this group. There is also a Preview button
available in this mode that lets the user examine how the final statistical tabulation will look like.
This text will appear under /STATISTICS in the final ATP file.
/STATISTICS
234300.MIDA
-4
1.E6ENDA
-4
1.E6BEGC

ATPDraw version 5.6

MIDB

MIDC
ENDB

BEGA

BEGB
ENDC

BEGC

ENDA
BEGA

ENDB

ENDC
BEGB

CONT.

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There is one challenge related to SATURABLE TRANSFORMERS and the request of

magnetizing branch outputs. This would require a very complicated identification of the
transformer that is not handled in ATPDraw. The magnetization output is presented in the Output
Manager (using an alias node name) but it is not possible to add this to a statistical tabulation.
U

STAT

LCC

LCC V LCC

LCC

STAT
MOV

MID

PE

MOV

PE

STAT

Fig. 4.22 - Exa_12.acp requesting additional output (both side node voltages and arrester powers
and energies).
4.2.5.6 Edit ATP-file
This selection calls a text editor, which enables the user to contemplate or edit the ATP-file.
When the Edit File option is selected (or the F4 function key is pressed) a file having the same
name as the active circuit file with extension .atp is searched for, and will be opened in the built
in Text Editor as shown in Fig. 4.23.

Fig. 4.23 - The main window of the built in text editor.

The status bar at the bottom of the window displays the current line and column position of the
text cursor, and the buffer modified status. Basic text editing facilities (Open/Save, Print,
Copy/Paste, Find & Replace) are supported. The default text font can be changed by selecting the
Font option in the Character menu. A detailed description of all the available options can be
found in the menu options help topic. The text buffer of this editor is limited to maximum 2 GB in
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size. The user can specify his own favorite text editor (wordpad.exe, write.exe, notepad.exe) on
the Preferences page of the Tools | Options dialog box. The right-click context menu offers 50
different request card templates via the Insert field..
Text Editor option in the Tools menu provides an alternative way of invoking this editor. In that
case the text buffer will initially be empty.
4.2.5.7 View LIS-file
This selection calls the built-in text editor, which enables the user to contemplate the LUNIT6
output of ATP (often called as LIS-file). This file has extension .lis and can be found in the
Result Directory (default the /ATP system folder) following a successful simulation. In certain
cases when the simulation is halted by an operating system interrupt or a fatal error in the ATP
input file (illegal file name, I/O-xx bad character in input field, etc.) the LIS-file does not exist
and can not be displayed either.
4.2.5.8 Find node and Find next node
The Find node helps the user to find a node with a specific name in the circuit. You type in the
node name in the Find node dialog. For multi-phase node you only type in the root name without
phase extensions 'A'..'Z'. Find next node is used to proceed to the next node with the same name.
Find node goes into groups as well, and (multiple) Edit|Edit circuit (Ctrl+H) may be necessary to
nagigate back into the main circuit.
4.2.5.9 Optimization
To use the optimization module there must be variables declared in the circuit and a cost function
object must have been added to the circuit (MODELS|WriteMaxMin). The optimization module
will change chosen circuit variables to optimize the cost function basen on either a Gradient
Method, a Genetic Algorithm, or a Simplex Annealing method. This is further documented in the
Advanced Manual, chapter 5.11.
LC C

LCC
Y

LC C

LC C

SAT

1
WRITE
max
min

Fig. 4.24 Finding the neutral grounding coil value giving resonance, Exa_18.acp.
4.2.5.10 Line Check
First, the user selects the line he wants to test and then clicks on ATP|LineCheck as shown in Fig.
4.25 . Then the input/output selection dialog box shown in Fig. 4.26 appears.
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The LineCheck feature in ATPDraw supports up to 3 circuits. ATPDraw suggests the default
quantities. The leftmost nodes in the circuit are suggested as the input nodes, while the rightmost
nodes become the output. The circuit number follows the node order of the objects. For all
standard ATPDraw components the upper nodes has the lowest circuit number. The user also has
to specify the power frequency of the line/cable test. Finally, the user can check the Exact phasor
equivalent button which will result in a slightly better results for long line sections.
When the user clicks on OK in Fig. 4.26 an ATP-file (/LCC/LineCheck.dat) is created and
ATP executed. For a 3-phase configuration 4 sequential data cases are created (Z+, Y+, Z0, Y0)
while for a 9-phase configuration 24 cases are created (Z11+, Y11+, Z110, Y110, Z12, Z22,
Z13, Z23, Z33), since symmetry is assumed. Finally the entire LIS-file is scanned. The
calculated values are then presented in the result window shown in Fig. 4.25 . The user can switch
between polar and complex coordinates and create a text-file of the result. The mutual data are
presented on a separate page. The unit of the admittances is given in Farads or Siemens (micro or
nano) and the user can scale all values by a factor or by the length.

Fig. 4.25 Selecting a line.

Fig. 4.26 Selecting the inputs and outputs.

The series impedances are obtained by applying 1 A currents on the terminals while the output
ends are grounded (the other circuits are left open and unenegized). For mutual coupling, 1 A is
applied at both circuits. On the other hand the shunt admittances are obtained by applying a
voltage source of 1 V at one terminal leaving the output end open. For mutual coupling, 1V is
applied at one circuit while a voltage of 1E-20 is applied at the other.
Special attention must be paid to long lines and cables. This applies in particular to PIequivalents. Usage of 'Exact phasor equivalent' is recommended, but is no guarantee of success.
No attempt is made in ATPDraw to obtain a better approximation since the line/cable system to
be tested in general is unknown. The mutual coupling in the positive sequence system is in
symmetrical cases very small and vulnerable to the approximations made. Appendix 7.2
documents the calculation procedure.

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Fig. 4.27 - Presentation of the results.

4.2.5.11 Edit Commands...
This feature enables to specify executable files (*.exe or *.bat) to run from the ATP menu. New
commands will appear as menu items below the Edit Commands... After clicking on the New
button of the dialog box as shown in Fig. 4.28, the user is requested to specify:
the Name of the command displayed under the ATP
menu
name and path of the executable file(*.exe or *.bat),
Parameter is the file to send as parameter when
calling the executable file.
None: No file sent as parameter
File: A file open dialog box is displayed
where the user can select a file
Current ATP: send the current ATP-file
Current PL4: send the current PL4-file
Parameter options can be selected by radio buttons. If
the File is selected, ATPDraw performs an open dialog
box, where the user can select a file name, to be sent as
parameter when executing the command.
Fig. 4.28 - Specifying your own executable commands.
When you completed editing the batch job settings, click on the Update button and the new
commands will be inserted into the ATP menu. This feature can be used for many different
purposes in ATP simulation: e.g. running different ATP versions (Salford, Watcom, GNUMingW32) within ATPDraw; running external post-processors like TPPLOT, PCPlot or PlotXY;
or launching any other data assembler.

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As any other program options, the previous settings can be saved to the ATPDraw.ini file by
using the Tools | Save Options command or by selecting the Save options on exit program
options on the General page of the Tools | Options menu.
4.2.6 Library
This menu contains options for creating and customizing component support files. Support files
contain definitions of data and node values, icon and help text. Circuit components in ATPDraw
can be either:
1. Standard,
2. User specified, or
3. Model
Each component has a unique support file, which includes all information about the input data and
nodes of the object, the default values of the input variables, the graphical representation of the
object and the associated help file. Standard components has their support files stored in
ATPDraw.scl (standard component library). When a component is added to the circuit this
component inherit the properties from its support file and the support file is not used anymore.
Except for the help text of standard components. In order to define and use User Specified
components a support file .sup is required. Models can optionally be managed without a support
file since a default support "file" can be automatically created based on the Models text header.
All components' support files can be edited in the Library menu. The user can create new
MODELS and User Specified components as described in the Advanced Manual.
4.2.6.1 New object
Under this menu the user can create new User Specified and Models Components.
4.2.6.1.1 New User Specified sup-file
User specified objects are either customized standard objects or objects created for the use of
$INCLUDE and Data Base Modularization feature of ATP-EMTP. The Library|New Object|User
Specified menu enables the user to create a new support file for a user specified object or
customize data and node values, the icon and the help text of an existing one.
Support files of USP objects are normally located in the /USP folder. The Edit Definitions dialog
box opens with empty Data and Nodes tabs in this menu. Number of nodes and data must be in
line with the ARG and NUM declarations in the header section of the Data Base Module (DBM)
file. The number of data can be in the range of 0 to 64, and the number of nodes in the range of 0
to 32. Control parameters for the object data can be entered on the Nodes and Data pages of Fig.
4.29.
On the Data page of the Edit Object dialog box, control variables of the support file (one row for
each object data) can be specified.
Name
Default

82

The name of the parameter. Used to identify the parameter in

the Component dialog box. This name often reflects the
name used in the ATP Rule Book.
Initial value of the parameter.

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Units

Min/Max
Param
Digits

Maximum 12 character text string with the unit that appear in the
Component dialog box. The units COPT and XOPT are defined keywords
responding
to
the
users
choice
of
COPT/XOPT
under
the
ATP|Settings/Simulation.
Minimum/Maximum value allowed. Set equal to cancel range checking.
If set equal to 1, a variable text string can be assigned to the
data value. These values are assigned under ATP|Settings/Variables.
Maximum number of digits allowed in the ATP-file. When high
precision is checked, $Vintage, 1 is enabled and Digits is split in
two values for high and low precision.

An error message will appear in the Component dialog box if a parameter value is out of range.
To cancel range checking, set Min=Max (e.g. set both equal to zero).

Fig. 4.29 - Control page of a new user specified object.

On the Node page of the Edit definitions dialog box, the node attributes of the support file (one
row for each component node) can be specified.
Name:
Circuit:

The name of the node. Used to identify the node in the Open Node
and Component dialog boxes.
3-phase circuit number of the object. The number is used to handle
transposition of 3-phase nodes correctly for objects having more
than 3 phases. Kind=1 for all nodes of single phase objects.
3-phase nodes with the same Kind get the same phase sequence.
1: 1st to 3rd phase
2: 4th to 6th phase
3: 7th to 9th phase
4: 10th to 12th phase
The Circuit parameter has a different meaning for MODELS or TACS
component nodes. It is used to specify the type of input/output.
MODELS node values:
0:
Output node.
1:
Current input node.
2:
Voltage input node.
3:
Switch status input node.
4:
Machine variable input node.
5:
TACS variable (tacs)
6:
Imaginary part of steady-state node voltage (imssv)
7:
Imaginary part of steady-state switch current (imssi)

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8:

#Phases:

Pos:

Output from other model. Note that the model, which produces
this output, must be USEd before the current model. This can
be done by specifying a lower Order number for the model and
then select the Sorting by Order number option under
ATP|Settings/Misc.
9:
Global ATP variable input.
TACS node values:
0: Output node.
1: Positive sum input node.
2: Negative sum input node.
3: Disconnected input node.
Number of phases (1..26) for the component node. If #Phases is set
to >1 the length of the node name is limited to 5. The last
character of nodes (in the proper phase sequence according to Kind)
will be appended by ATPDraw.
Specifies the relative node position in steps of 10 pixels (grid).
The standard border positions shown in the picture to the left of
Fig. 4.29 have short cut keys Alt+F1..Alt+F12. The position (x, y)
can in general be in the range -120,-110,..-10,0,10,..,110,120. The
x-axis is oriented to the right while the y-axis is oriented
downwards. The node positions should correspond with icon drawing.

Each circuit object has an icon, which represents the object on the screen. This icon can be of
bitmap type or vector graphic type as selected under Icon type. The conversion from Bitmap to
Vector style is not possible so you should not unintentionally change the icon style. Vector
graphic enables better zooming and graphic export, font handling and editing, but for simplicity
reasons the Bitmap option is shown here. The leftmost of the three speed button on the right hand
side of the Fig. 4.29 invokes the built in pixel editor where icons can be edited. Each icon has
equal width and height of 41x41 pixels on the screen.
Clicking with the left mouse button will draw
the current color selected from a 16 colors
palette at the bottom. Clicking the right button
will draw with the background color. Dark red
colored lines indicate the possible node
positions on the icon border. Menu field items
of the Icon Editor are described in the section
4.2.7.1 of this manual. The user can draw
individual pixels and in additions line,
rectangles, circles, and fills. Text must be
manually put together by pixels. The Vecor
graphic editor has far better text capabilities.

Fig. 4.30 - Icon Editor.

Each component has a pre-defined help file, which can be edited by a built in Help Editor
accessible via the speed button on the middle speed button in the Edit definitions dialog in Fig.
4.29. Using the help editor, users can write optional help file for the objects or add their notes to
the existing help text. Available functions and menu field items of the Help Editor are described
in the 4.2.7.2 section of this manual.
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With the rightmost speed button in Fig. 4.29 the user can add a background bitmap/metafile image
of any size to the icon. This should only be used in special cases since it could heavily occupy
memory and increase the project file dramatically. No down-sampling of the imported image is
performed.
When the user has completed all modifications of the component data and of the icon and help,
the new support file can be saved to disk using Save (existing support file will be overwritten) or
Save As (new file will be created in the \USP folder) buttons.
4.2.6.1.2 New Model sup-file
Usage of MODELS [4] in ATPDraw is described in the Advanced Manual. When the user change
the Model header (input, output or data section) in a circuit in ATPDraw the component and its
icon is automatically updated. So for the usual case of a dynamic Model there is no point in predefining support and model files. These files can anyhow be exported from a finished Model. If
you want a static Model, however, you can specify a support file under this menu item. To use
this feature, you first must write a model file using the built in Model Editor as shown in section
4.2.6.1.3. This file must have a legal MODELS structure (e.g. starting with MODEL name and
ending with ENDMODEL), have an extension .mod and stored in the \MOD system folder.
ATPDraw is capable of reading such a .mod file, examining its input/output and data variables
and suggesting a support file on the correct format (see in section 4.11.9 and 5.5.1). If the user
wants a different icon or other node positions on the icon border, he is free to modify the default
sup-file, or create a new one by selecting the Objects | Model | New sup-file menu. This menu
item will perform the Edit Definitions dialog as shown in Fig. 4.31.

Fig. 4.31 - Control page for a New Model sup-file.

Name:

Identifies the node in the Node and Component dialog boxes. 12

chararacters maximum. Must be equal to the name used in the Model
header.
Kind:
Specifies the input/output type of the node.
#Phases:Number of phases can be from 1 to 26 and must be defined as V1[1..n].
Pos:
Specifies the relative node position in steps of 10 pixels (grid). The
standard border positions shown in the picture to the left of Fig.
4.29 have short cut keys Alt+F1..Alt+F12. The position (x, y) can in
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general be in the range -120,-110,..-10,0,10,..,110,120. The x-axis is

oriented to the right while the y-axis is oriented downwards. on the
icon border. The node positions should correspond with icon drawing.
Supported Kind values for MODELS objects are shown next:
0:
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:

9:

Output node.
Current input node.
Voltage input node.
Switch status input node.
Machine variable input node.
TACS variable (tacs)
Imaginary part of steady-state node voltage (imssv)
Imaginary part of steady-state switch current (imssi)
Output from other model. Note that the model which produces this
output must be USEd before the current model. This can be done by
specifying a lower Order number for the model and then select the
Sorting by Order number option under ATP|Settings/Format.
ATP global variable. MNT is for instance the simulation number and
the Pocket Caculator KNT equivalent.

The number of Nodes is the sum of inputs and outputs to the Model. The number of Data must be
equal to the number of DATA declarations of the actual Model. The Kind parameter can be
changed later in the Model node input window (right click on the node dot). All model nodes are
assumed a single-phase one. The maximum number of nodes is 32 and the maximum number of
data that can be passed into a Model is 64.
The Save or Save As buttons can be used to save the new support file to disk. Default location of
Model support files is the \MOD folder.
4.2.6.1.3 New Model mod-file
In addition to a support file and icon definition, each Model component needs a text file which
contains the actual Model description. This file may be created outside ATPDraw or using the
built in Model Editor. Selecting the Library | New object| Model mod-file menu, the well-known
internal text editor of ATPDraw pops-up.
ATPDraw supports only a simplified usage of MODELS. It is the task of the user to write the
model-file and ATPDraw takes care of the INPUT/OUTPUT section of MODELS along with the
USE of each model. The following restrictions apply:
Only INPUT, OUTPUT and DATA supported in the USE statement.
Not possible to specify expressions, HISTORY of DELAY CELLS under USE
Not possible to call other models under USE.
4.2.6.2 Edit object
Under this menu item the user can edit existing support files for Standard, User Specified and
Models components.
4.2.6.2.1 Edit Standard
The standard component support files stored in the ATPDraw.scl file can be customized here.
Selecting the Edit Standard field will first perform a select file dialog box of Fig. 4.32, where the
support file to be edited can be selected, then a dialog box shown in Fig. 4.33 appears.

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Fig. 4.32 - Specify the support file of the standard component to be edited.

Speed button to
the Icon Editor
Speed button to
the Help Editor

Speed button to
the Picture
background

Fig. 4.33 - Control page of object data.

4.2.6.2.2 Edit User Specified sup-file
An existing user specified object can be edited in the same way as any standard components as
described in session 4.2.6.2.1.
4.2.6.2.3 Edit Model sup-file
A model object can be edited like any other circuit object. If the user clicks on the Library | Edit
object | Model sup-file, the Edit Edfinitions dialog box appears with the model object controls.
Here the user is allowed to customize data and node values, icon and help text of the object.
4.2.6.2.4 Edit Model mod-file
Selecting the Objects | Model | Edit mod-file menu, the well-known internal text editor of
ATPDraw pops-up. Each model object has a .mod file which contains the description of the
model. This file can be edited inside ATPDraw using the built in Model Editor.

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4.2.6.3 Syncronize|Reload Icons

Reads and displays standard component icons from their respective support files. This function is
useful when the user has redesigned one or more support file icons and wants the changes to be
reflected in the circuit window. User Specified and Models components icons are not updated.
4.2.7 Tools
Items under the Tools menu enable you to edit component icons or help
text, view or edit text files, customize several program options and save
them to the ATPDraw.ini file.
Fig. 4.34 shows the available commands of the Tools menu.

Fig. 4.34 - Tools menu.

4.2.7.1 Icon Editor
Brings up an icon editor shown in Fig. 4.35 where the user can edit the icon of the component. It
can be invoked either from the Edit Component dialog box or by selecting the Icon Editor option
in the Tools menu
Depending on how the editor was invoked, the
file menu provides different options. When
called from the Library menu (Edit Standard,
User Specified or Edit Model sup-file), the user
is allowed to import icons from other support
files or cancel the edit operation and close the
editor window. In this case, the Done option in
the main menu is seen to accept and store the
modified icon in the .sup file as shown on
Fig. 4.30.
When the icon editor is called from the Tools
menu, additional options like the Open and
Save appears in the File menu.

Fig. 4.35 - Icon Editor menus.

At the bottom of the editor window there is a color palette with two boxes indicating the current
foreground and background color selections, and the real-size image of the icon at right. In the
color palette, the color marked with a capital letter T is the transparent color.
To select a color from the palette, click either the left or the right mouse button in one of the color
boxes. The selected color will be assigned to the mouse button you clicked until you use the same
mouse button to select another color. The leftmost box displays the color currently assigned to the
left mouse button. The one to the right displays the color assigned to the right mouse button.
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The foreground color is normally used to draw with, and the background color to erase any
mistakes made during the drawing. It is therefore convenient to assign the transparent color
(indicated by T) to the right mouse button, and desired drawing color to the left button. Mistakes
can then easily be corrected by alternating left/right mouse button clicks.
The vertical and horizontal lines of dark red color indicate the icon node positions. These are in
the same position as indicated on the Nodes pages of the Edit Component dialog boxes.
The icon editor has a File menu, an Edit menu and a Tools menu. In addition, a Done option
appears to the right of the Tools menu if the editor has been called from the Edit Component
dialog box. Selecting Done, changes made to the icon will be accepted. Available menu options
are described below:
File options
Open
Save
Import
Merge
Exit/Cancel

Edit options
Undo
Redo
Cut
Copy
Paste

Delete
Tools options
Pen
Fill
Line
Circle
Rectangle

Loads the icon of a support file into the icon buffer.

Stores the contents of the icon buffer to disk.
Reads the icon of a support file and inserts it into the
icon buffer.
Request an external support file and adds its icon to the
current icon.
Closes the icon editor window. If the option Exit is
selected and the icon buffer have been modified, you are
given a chance to save the icon before closing. If the Done
option is visible in the main menu, the name of this menu
item is Cancel, and the icon editor window is closed without
any warning with respect to loss of modified data.
Cancels the last edit operation.
Cancels the undo command.
Copies a bitmap version of the icon to the Clipboard and
clears the icon buffer. This bitmap can be pasted into other
applications (e.g. pbrush.exe).
Places a bitmap version of the icon in the Clipboard.
Inserts the bitmap in the Clipboard into the icon buffer. If
colors are different from those used in the original bitmap,
it is because the icon editor calculates which color in its
own color palette provides the nearest match to any bitmap
color.
Clears the icon buffer.
Selects the pen drawing tool, enabling you to draw single
icon pixels, or lines or shapes by pressing and holding down
the left or right mouse button while you move the mouse.
Selects the flood fill tool. Fills any shape with the
current color.
Selects the line drawing tool, enabling you to draw a rubber
band line by pressing and holding down the left or the right
mouse button while you move the mouse.
Selects the circle drawing tool, enabling you to draw a
dynamically sized circle by pressing and holding down the
left or the right mouse button while you move the mouse.
Selects the box drawing tool, enabling you to draw a rubber
band box by pressing and holding down the left or the right
mouse button while you move the mouse.

4.2.7.2 Help Editor/Viewer

Displays the Help Editor where the current help text assigned to components can be modified.
The Help Editor and the Viewer has actually the same window as the built-in Text Editor, but with
different menu options and capabilities. To edit help file of standard objects, the user must select
the Help Editor speed button in any Edit Component dialog boxes. In this cases a Done option
appears in the main menu and the File menu provides printing options and a Cancel choice. By
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selecting Done you accept any changes made to the help text. To edit help file of a User Specified
or Model object, the user has two choices: to select the Help Editor in the Tools menu or to click
on the Help Editor speed button in any User Specified or Model dialog boxes.
When the editor is called from the Tools menu, the File menu contains an Open and a Save option,
as well. In that case the text buffer is initially empty, so the user must select the File | Open first
to load the help text of a support file. The default font can be changed by selecting the Font option
in the Character menu. This menu will bring up the Windows standard font dialog box where you
can specify a new font name and character style, size or color. Note that ATPDraw does not
remember the current font setting when you terminate the program, so if you don't want to use the
default font, you have to specify a new one each time you start ATPDraw. The Word Wrap option
toggles wrapping of text at the right margin so that it fits in the window.
When the built in editor is used as a viewer of component help text, editing operations are not
allowed and the File menu provides printing options only. Additionally, the Find & Replace
option is missing in the Edit menu.
The status bar at the bottom of the window displays the current line and character position of the
text buffer caret, and the buffer modified status. This status bar is not visible when viewing
component help. A more detailed description of menu options is given in the next sub-section.
4.2.7.3 Text Editor
To invoke the editor you may select the Text Editor option in the Tools menu or the Edit ATP-file
or Edit LIS-file in the ATP menu. In the latter case, the file having the same name as the active
circuit file with extension .atp or .lis are automatically loaded. When the program is called
from the Tools menu, the text buffer will initially be empty.
The status bar at the bottom of the window displays the current line and character position of the
text buffer caret, and the buffer modified status. The text buffer of the built in text editor is limited
to 32kB therefore not be suitable for editing large files. However, any other text processor (e.g.
notepad.exe or wordpad.exe) can be used, if Text editor: setting of the Preferences page in the
Tools | Options menu overrides the default one.
A detailed description of the menu options are given below:
File options
New
Open
Save
Save As
Print
Print Setup
Exit/Cancel

Edit options
Undo

90

Opens an empty text buffer. (Built-in text editor only!)

Loads the help text of a support file or the contents of a
text file into the text buffer.
Stores the contents of the text buffer to disk.
Stores the contents of the text buffer to a specified disk
file. (Built-in text editor only!)
Sends the contents of the text buffer to the default
printer.
Enables you to define default printer characteristics.
Closes the editor or viewer window.
If the option displays Exit and the text buffer has been
modified, you are given a chance to save the text before
closing. If a Done option is available from the main menu,
this option displays Cancel, and the window will close
without any warning with respect to loss of modified data.
Cancels the last edit operation.

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Cut

Copies selected text to the Clipboard and deletes the text

from the buffer.

Copy
Paste

Puts a copy of the selected text in the Clipboard.

Inserts the text in the Clipboard into the text buffer at
the current caret position.
Delete
Deletes any selected text from the text buffer.
Select All
Selects all the text in the buffer.
Find
Searches the text buffer for the first occurrence of a
specified text string and jumps to and selects any matching
text found. This option displays the Windows standard Find
dialog box.
Find Next
Searches for the next occurrence of the text string
previously specified in the Find dialog.
Find&Replace Searches the text buffer for one or all occurrences of a
specified text string and replaces any instance found with a
specified
replacement
string.
This
option
displays
theWindows standard Replace dialog box.
Character options
Word Wrap
Toggles wrapping of text at the right margin so that it fits
in the window.
Font
From the Windows standard Font dialog box you can change the
font and text attributes of the text buffer.

4.2.7.4 Options
In the Tools | Options menu several user customizable program options for a particular ATPDraw
session can be set and saved to the ATPDraw.ini file read by all succeeding sessions. During
the program startup, each option is given a default value. Then, the program searches for an
ATPDraw.ini file in the current directory, the directory of the ATPDraw.exe program, the
Windows installation directory and each of the directories specified in the PATH environment
variable. When an initialization file is found, the search process stops and the file is loaded. Any
option values in this file override the default settings. The ATPDraw.ini file is stored under
%APPDATA%/atpdraw (typically c:\documents and settings\user\program data\atpdraw) and is
unique for each user of the computer. The file is ATPDraw version independent.

Fig. 4.36 - Customizing program options.

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The ATPDraw Options dialog enables you to specify the contents of the ATPDraw.ini file
without having to load and edit the file in a text editor. As shown on Fig. 4.36 this dialog box has
four sub-pages: General, Preferences, Directories and View/ATP.
General
The General tab specifies the project file and ATPDraw main window options. The following list
describes the available options:
Option

Description

Autosave every
? minutes

Saves all modified circuits to a separate disk file every

specified interval of minutes. The file name is the same as
the project file but with extension '.$ad'. Modified state
of the circuit window does not change as a consequence of
autosave operation.
Changes the extension of the original project file to '.~ad'
each time the circuit is saved. This option does not apply
to autosave operations.
Records the current size and position of the main window.
When ATPDraw is started next, it will be displayed with
the same size and in the same position as the previous
instance.
Records the current main window state (maximized or
normalized). The next time ATPDraw is started, it will be
displayed in the same state.
Records the current view state (visible or hidden) of the
main window toolbar, so it can be redisplayed in the same
state next time when ATPDraw is started.
Records the current view state (visible or hidden) of the
main window's status bar, so it can be redisplayed in the
same state next time when ATPDraw is started.
Records the current view state (visible or hidden) of the
circuit window comment line, so it can be redisplayed in the
same state next time when ATPDraw is started.
Causes the Open/Save dialogs to be drawn in the Windows 3.1
style.
Causes program options to be automatically saved to the
initialization file when the program is terminated.

Create backup
files
Save window size
and position

Save window's
current state
Save toolbar
state
Save status bar
state
Save comment
state
Windows 3.1
style
Save options
on exit

Note that the save state options will have no effect unless program options are saved to the
initialization file (ATPDraw.ini) by the Save command at the bottom of the ATPDraw Options
dialog, or by selecting the Save options on exit check box, or by the Tools | Save Options menu.
At the bottom of the ATPDraw Options dialog box the five buttons provide the following
functionality:
Option

Description

OK

Stores current settings into program option variables, updates the

screen and closes the dialog box. Changes made will only affect the
current session.
Saves the current settings to the ATPDraw.ini file.
Loads settings from the ATPDraw.ini file.
Same as OK, but does not close the dialog box.
Displays the help topic related to the options on the current page.

Save
Load
Apply
Help

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Note that, if no initialization file exists, ATPDraw will create a new file in its installation
directory when the user selects the Save button or the Save Options in the Tools menu.
Preferences
On the Preferences page the user can
set the size of undo/redo buffers,
specify the default text editor and
command files to execute ATP-EMTP
(TPBIG*.EXE)
and
Armafit
programs.

Fig. 4.37 - Customizable program

options on the Preferences page.
Option

Description

Undo/redo
buffers:

Specifies the number of undo and redo buffers to allocate for each
circuit window. Changing this option does not affect the currently
open circuit windows; only new windows will make use the specified
value. Almost all object manipulation functions (object create,
delete, move, rotate, etc) can be undone (or redone). These
functions also update the circuit's modified state to indicate
that the circuit needs saving. During an undo operation, the
modified state is reset its previous value, so if you undo the
very first edit operation, the 'Modified' text in the status bar
will disappear. Any operation undone can be redone. Since only a
limited number of buffers are allocated, you are never guaranteed
to undo all modifications. For example, if the number of undo/redo
buffers is set to 10 (default) and eleven successive modifications
to the circuit are made, the first modification can no longer be
undone, and the modified state will not change until you save the
circuit.
Background Selects the background color of circuit windows. The color list
color:
provides available system colors, but you may customize your own
from the Windows standard Color dialog displayed by the Custom
button. The current color selection is shown in the box to the
right of the Custom button.
Text editor Holds the name and path of the text editor program to use for
program:
editing ATP-files (e.g. notepad.exe or wordpad.exe). If no program
is specified (the field is empty), the built-in text editor will
be used. Note that the program specified here must accept a
filename on the command-line; otherwise the ATP-file will not be
automatically loaded by the editor.
ATP:
Holds the ATP program command, which is executed by the run ATP
command (or F2 key) at the top of the ATP menu. A batch file is
suggested as default (runATP_S.bat for the Salford, runATP_W.bat
for the Watcom and runATP_G.bat for the MingW32/GNU versions).
Watcom/GNU versions can also be executed directly as %WATDIR%
TPBIGW.EXE DISK $$ * -r or %GNUDIR%TPBIGG.EXE DISK $$ s -r where
$$ replaces the %1 sign normally used in a batch file.
ARMAFIT:
Holds the name of the Armafit program used for NODA line/cable
models. A batch file runAF.bat is suggested.

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Plot:
Windsyn:

Holds the preferred plotting command. Executed under ATP|run Plot

(F8).
Holds the compatible Windsyn command. WindsynATPDraw.exe.

Files&Folders
The following table describes the available options on the Directories page:
Option

Description

Project folder
ATP folder

The directory where ATPDraw stores the project files (.acp).

Specifies the directory in which .atp files are created.
This is also the default Result Directory.
Model folder
Directory containing support (.sup) and model (.mod) files
for MODELS components.
Help folder
The user can write help text files for instance resistor.txt
(same name as the support file and extension txt) and store
it in this folder. It will then automatically be added after
the standard help text.
User spec. folder Directory containing support (.sup), library (.lib) files
for user specified components.
Line/Cable folder Default folder for the line and cable models. This folder
will
contain
.alc
files
(ATPDraw
line/cable
data),
intermediate .atp and .pch files, and .lib files (include).
If the .alc files are stored in that directory, the
resultant .lib files used in $Include statements in the
final ATP input file are also stored in this directory. The
$Prefix/$Suffix option should in this case be turned off.
The Noda format in ATP does not allow to specify the full
path for $include files. Therefore, Noda lines (.alc files)
must be stored in the same directory as the final ATP-file.
Transformer folder The default folder for BCTRAN multi-phase, multi-winding
linear transformer models. This folder will contain .bct
files (ATPDraw Bctran data), intermediate .atp, .pch and
.lis files. In addition the Hybrid transformer (XFMR) files
could be stored here (.xfm).
Plugins folder
This is a user definedable folder that appears in the bottom
of the Selection menu. The user can add project files (acp)
and sub-folders to this folder structure.

View/ATP
Two groups of options can be specified in the View/ATP page. These are the Default view options
and the Default ATP settings.
The Edit options button opens the View Options dialog, which enables you to specify view
options to apply as default to all new circuit windows. Available options are described in section
4.2.4.4. Note that all circuit windows maintain their own set of view options, and only the new
circuit windows you open will use the options specified here. To change the view options of an
existing circuit window, select the Options item in the View menu (section 4.2.4.4).
The Edit settings button calls the ATP settings dialog described in section 4.2.5.1 of this manual.
ATP settings specified here will be applied as default to all new project files. Note that all circuits
have their own settings; stored together with the objects in the project files. The settings specified
here will only be used by the new circuits you create. To customize ATP settings of an existing
project select the Settings... item in the ATP menu or press F3 function key.

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The prefix tags are text strings added in

front of the $include file name. This is
because User Specified (USP), Line&Cable
(LCC), and Windsyn (WIS) components all
have their $include file dumped to the
Result Directory (same as the ATP-file). In
the case duplicate file names in these
cathegories, file conflicts will occure. The
prefix option can then be used to avoid the
conflict. If two UPS component have the
same name for instance, the $include file is
anyhow forced to be equal.
Fig. 4.38 - Setting default view and ATP options.
The House-keeping options delete temporary files after the simulation or exit. In the case of
debugging a Line&Cable model the Delete temp-files after simulation option should not be
checked.
4.2.7.5 Save Options
Saves program options into the ATPDraw.ini. This file is normally located in the program
installation directory and can be used to store default options and settings.
4.2.8 Window
The Window menu contains options for activating or
rearranging circuit windows and showing or hiding
the Map window.

Fig. 4.39 - Supported options on the Window menu.

Tile
The Tile command arranges the circuit windows horizontally in equal size on the screen. To
activate a circuit, click the title bar of the window. The active circuit window is marked by a
9symbol in front of the circuit file name.
Cascade
The Cascade command rearranges the circuit windows so that they overlap such a way that the
title bar remains visible. To activate a circuit click the title bar of the window.
Arrange Icons
The Arrange Icons command arranges the icons of minimized circuit windows so that they are
evenly spaced and don't overlap.

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4.2.8.1 Map Window

The Map Window command (Shortcut: Ctrl+M) displays or hides the map window. The map
window is a stay-on-top style window, meaning that it will always be displayed on top of all other
windows. You can show or hide the map by pressing the Ctrl+M character of the keyboard to
enable it when you need it, or hide it when it conceals vital circuit window information.
The map window displays the entire contents of the active circuit. The circuit
window itself is represented by a map rectangle and the circuit objects are
drawn as black dots.
Fig. 4.40 - Map window.
When you press and hold down the left mouse button in the map rectangle, you move the display
of the circuit world continuously. If any circuit objects are currently selected when you reposition
the map rectangle, they remain in the same position in the circuit window. This functionality can
be used to quickly move a collection of objects a relatively large distance.
4.2.9 Help
The Help menu contains options for displaying the help of ATPDraw, and the copyright and
version information. The help file ATPDraw.chm is distributed with ATPDraw and it follows
the compressed HTML standard compatible with Windows Vista.

Fig. 4.41 - Help menu.

ATPDraws HTML help is displayed in a standard Windows dialog, which provides indexed and
searchable help on all ATPDraw dialogs and options.
4.2.9.1 Help Topics
The Help Topics command invokes the MS-Windows standard help dialog box. Several links and
a relatively large index register support the users in searching. Selecting the Contents tab you get
a lists of available help functions as shown on Fig. 4.42.
This page allows you to move through the list and select an entry on which you need help. To
display an entry select one from the list by a simple mouse click and press Display, or double
click on the entry with the mouse.
Index and Find tabs can be used to get help by the name of a topic. E.g. if you ask for help on
topics Circuit Window type this phrase into the input field of the Index page and press the
Display button. The ATPDraw help file consists of 136 topics.

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Fig. 4.42 - HTML help of ATPDraw.

4.2.9.2 On Main Window
The menu item On Main Window displays help about the ATPDraw main window.
4.2.9.3 About ATPDraw
Selecting this menu item shows the ATPDraw copyright information and the program version
actually used.

Fig. 4.43 - About window of ATPDraw.

4.3 Shortcut menu
The Shortcut menu provides access to the most frequently used object manipulation functions. To
show and activate the shortcut menu, hold down the Shift key while you click the right mouse
button on an object or a selected group of objects in the circuit window. Most of the items on this
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menu are identical with that of the Edit menu (section 4.2.2). The Open menu item at the top of
the menu is an addition to these normal edit functions. If this command is performed on a single
object, the Component dialog box appears. If you select this command for a group of selected
objects, the Open Group dialog box appears.
Open: Enables the component customization by bringing up
the Component dialog box of the object.
Cut, Copy: Provides access to the standard clipboard
functions
Delete, Duplicate
Flip, Rotate: Rotates and flips the objects icon
Select/Unselect: Select/unselect the object(s)

Fig. 4.44 - Available options in the Shortcut menu.

4.4 Component selection menu

The Component selection menu provides options for
inserting new components into the circuit window. This
menu is normally hidden. To open it you must click on
the right mouse button in an empty area of the circuit
window. The component selection menu collects all the
available circuit objects of ATPDraw in a structured
way as shown in Fig. 4.45. After selecting a component
in one of the floating menus, the selected object is
drawn in the circuit window.

Fig. 4.45 - Component selection menu.

The upper section of the menu provide access to the probe, splitter and transposition and reference
objects, the next seven to many standard ATP components: linear and nonlinear elements, lines
and cables, switches, sources, electrical machines and transformers. The next section is dedicated
for the control systems MODELS and TACS components. User specified objects and Frequency
dependent components for Harmonic Frequency Scan (HFS) studies are accessible in the next
group followed by a list of all the standard supported components (for instance older component
replaced by new versions). The final menu item called Plugins points to a user defined folder
structure for import of project files (sub-circuits).

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4.5 Component dialog box

After selecting a component in the Component selection menu the new circuit object appears in
the middle of the circuit window enclosed by a rectangle. Click on it with the left mouse button to
move, or the right button to rotate, finally click in the open space to unselect and place the object.
The Component dialog box appears when you click the right mouse button on a circuit object (or
double click with the left mouse). Assuming you have clicked on the icon of an RLC element, a
dialog box shown in Fig. 4.46 appears. These dialog boxes have the same layout for all circuit
objects except probes, which can be edited from the Probe dialog box.

Node names
Red=User
defined

Data values

Order
number for
sorting

Reset all data to

default values

Label on
screen

Copy paste all

data via
Windows
clipboard

Comment in
the ATP file
Not written
to the ATP
file

Branch output
request

High, low
precision
ATP input
data

Icon, local help,

background,
node and data
definitions,

Fig. 4.46 - The Component dialog box.

Displays
the help
text of the
object

Component data can be entered in the Value field of the Attributes page. The Node, Phase and
Name fields are initially empty and you can enter node names in the Name field (without phase
extensions 'A'..'Z'). You have to run ATP|Sub-process|Make node names or (ATP|run ATP) to
obtain the ATPDraw specified node names.
Numerical values in the data input fields can be specified as real or integer, with an optional
exponential integer, identified by 'E' or 'e'. A period '.' is used as decimal point. Many data
parameters have a legal range specified. To check this legal range, place the input caret in a data
field and press the Ctrl+F1 keys. If you specify an illegal value, an error message is issued when
you move to another data field, or select the OK button. The legal range can be set under Edit
definitions. Instead of a value you can also assign a 6 (or less) character text string as input data
for most of the standard components. This requires the Param property of the data to be set to
unity (see Edit definitions). Numerical values can later be assigned to these variables under

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ATP|Settings/Variables using the $PARAMETER feature of ATP-EMTP (see in 4.2.5.1).

Just below the node input column, there is a Order input field. It can be used later as optional
sorting criteria (the lowest order number will be written first in the ATP-file) on the ATP |
Settings / Format page.
The content of the Label input text field is written on the screen. The visibility of the component
label is controlled by the Labels option in the View | Options dialog box. The label is movable and
directly editable on the screen. The font of the Label is controlled vie View|Set circuit font. The
component dialog box has a Comment input text field. If you specify a text in this field, it will be
written to the ATP-file as a comment (i.e. as a comment line before the data of the object).
Many standard component such as branches, non-linear, switches and transformers contains an
Output section for setting the branch output request in a combo box. Possible values are Current,
Voltage, Current&Voltage, Power&Energy or none.
Like the Order, Label and Comment fields, the Hide button is common to all components. Hidden
components are not included in the ATP-file and are displayed as light gray icons in the circuit
window. All components where the high precision format is available has a $Vintage, 1 check
button in the component dialog box. It is thus possible to control the precision format for each
individual component. Selecting Force high resolution under the ATP | Settings/Format page will
overrule the individual setting and force $Vintage, 1 for all components if possible. The
components User specified, Models and Groups has also a Protect button for password protection
of the their content.
The OK button will close the dialog box and the object data and all properties are updated in the
data structure. Then the red drawing color of the object icon will be turned off, indicating that the
object now has user specified data. When you click on the Cancel button, the window will be
closed without updating. The Help button calls the Help Viewer to show the help text of the
object. Further help about the Component dialog is also available through the Windows standard
HTML help system of ATPDraw if you press the F1 key.
The non-linear components (non-linear branches, saturable transformers, TSWITCH, and TACS
Device 56) have a Characteristic page too, as shown in Fig. 4.47.
On the Characteristic tab of the dialog box, you define the input characteristic for non-linear
components. Data pairs can be specified in a standard string grid. To add new points after the
cursor position, click on Add. Delete the marked point by clicking on Delete. You can manipulate
the order of points by the Sort button (the characteristic for non-linear components is
automatically sorted after increasing x-values, starting with the lowest number) or the and
arrows. The user can edit the data points directly any time.
It is possible the export the characteristic to an external file or to the Windows clipboard as text.
The whole characteristic is copied (no marking is supported or required). You can also paste a
characteristic from the clipboard. It is thus possible to bring an old .atp file up in a text editor,
mark the characteristic (the flag 9999 is optional) and copy it to the clipboard, then paste it into
the characteristic page. The number of points will automatically be adjusted (the pasted
characteristic could be truncated to ensure that the number of data is less or equal to 64).
Therefore, you do not have to click on Add or Delete buttons before pasting. ATPDraw uses fixed
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format 16 character columns to separate the numbers. Note! Pasting in from a text file with 'C' in
the first column is not possible; Delete leading 'C' characters first.

Fig. 4.47 - The Characteristic page of non-linear components.

Fig. 4.48 - The View nonlinearity window.

The External characteristic section at the bottom of the page contains an Data source field where
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you can specify the name of a standard text file containing nonlinear characteristic. If the 'Include
characteristic' button is checked, this file will be referenced in the $INCLUDE statement in the
ATP-file rather than including each of the value pairs from the points table. ATPDraw reads the
specified file into memory and inserts it directly in the final ATP file.
The nonlinear characteristic specified by the user can be displayed by clicking on the View button.
In the View Nonlinearity window (Fig. 4.48) the min and max axis values are user selectable as
well as the use of logarithmic scale (if min>0). It is possible to left click and drag a rectangle for
zooming. Click right to restore. The Add (0,0) check box will add the origo point, and 1st quad
will display only the first quadrant. It is also possible to copy the graphic to the Windows
clipboard in a metafile format with Copy wmf. Selecting Done will close the nonlinearity display.
The following components deviate somewhat from the above description and will be referenced in
the Advaced part of this Manual:
General 3-phase transformer (SATTRAFO)
Universal machine (UM_1, UM_3, UM_4, UM_6, UM_8)
Statistical switch (SW_STAT)
Systematic switch (SW_SYST)
Harmonic source (HFS_SOUR)
BCTRAN transformer (BCTRAN3)
Line/Cable LCC objects (LCC_x)
Windsyn UM component (WISIND, WISSYN)
Hybrid Transformer (XFMR)
Models&Type 94
Depending on the type of component opened, the group box in lower-left corner of the Attributes
page may display additional options:
a) For Models you can enter the editor for inspecting or changing the Models text. In addition you
can specify a Use As string and defined the output of internal variables RECORD.
b) For the Fortran TACS components ATPDraw provides an extra OUT field here to specify the
Fortran expression.
c) For user specified components you specify the name of the library file in the $Include field. If
Send parameters option is selected, the Internal phase seq. controls how the node names are
passed. i.e. unselect this option if your library file expects 5-character 3-phase node names. If
the library file name does not include a path, the file is expected to exist in the /USP folder.
4.6 Connection dialog box
The Connection dialog box appears if you draw a Connection between a single phase node and a
multi-phase node or double click on a Connection. This dialog allows you to select the number of
phases in the Connection and the phase number of a single phase Connection (Phase index). A
pure single phase connection between two single phase nodes should have the Phase index 0-@.
You can also select the Color of the Connection and a text Label which can be displayed on
screen. In addition you can choose to Hide the connection and transform it to a Relation (not a
connection, only a dashed line). In both these cases the connection do not affect the node names.
A special option is to force the Node dots on regardless of the Node dot size set in the main menu.

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Fig. 4.49 Connection dialog box

4.7 Text dialog box.
The Text dialog box appears if you right click or double click
on a Circuit Text (not a Label or Node Name). In this dialog
you can specify the Font, Size and Colors of the font used in
the Circuit Text. You can edit Circuit Text, Label and Node
Names directly in the Circuit Window by a left, simple click
on them. Circuit Texts can hold multiple lines and the entire
text uses the same font. You can move the Circuit Texts,
Labels, and Node Names by left click and hold. Press the Alt
key to avoid selecting other circuit objects.
Fig. 4.50 Circuit Text dialog box
4.8 Node dialog box
In the Node data dialog box you specify data for a single component node. Input text in this
dialog boxes should contain only ASCII characters, but characters like * - + / $ etc. should not be
used. Avoid using space in the node name and lower case letters, as well. The user does not need
to give names to all nodes, in general. The name of the nodes without special interest are
recommended to be left unspecified and allow ATPDraw to give a unique name to these nodes.
The node dots given a name by the program are drawn in black, while those whose names were
specified by the user are drawn with red color.
There are four different kinds of nodes, each treated slightly different in this dialog box:
1) Standard and user specified nodes
2) MODELS object nodes
3) TACS object nodes
4) TACS controlled machine nodes
Fig. 4.51 - Node dialog box for standard components.
Parameters common to all nodes are:
Name

A six or five (3-phase components) characters long node name. The

parameter caption is read from the support file. If you try to type
in a name on the reserved ATPDraw format (XX1234 for single phase or
X1234 for three-phase nodes) you will be warned. Ignoring this
warning can result in unintentional naming conflicts.

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Display

If checked, the node name is written on screen, regardless of the

current setting of the Node names option in the View | Options
dialog box.

UserNamed

This checkbox shows whether this node name is specified by the user
or ATPDraw. If the user wants to change a user specified node name
he must do this where the UserNamed box is checked. If not,
duplicate node name warnings will appear during the compilation.
Node with UserNamed set are also drawn with a black node dot.

The following list explains the type specific node parameters:

Standard and USP components:
Ground

If checked, the node is grounded. A ground

rotation of the graphical grounding symbol.

symbol

appears

for

MODELS node:
Type

0=Output.
1=Input current (i)
2=Input voltage (v)
3=Input switch status (switch)
4=Input machine variable (mach)
5=TACS variable (tacs)
6=Imaginary part of steady-state node voltage (imssv)
7=Imaginary part of steady-state switch current (imssi)
8=Output from other model. Note that the model that produces this
output must be USEd before the current model. This is done by
specifying a lower Order number for the model and then select the
Sorting by Order number option under ATP | Settings / Format.
9=Global ATP variable.

TACS node:
Type

0=Output.
1=Input signal
2=Input signal
3=Input signal
name is user

positive sum up.

negative sum up.
disconnected. (necessary only if the node
specified)

TACS controlled machine node:

Type

104

0=No control.
1=D-axis armature current. Out.
2=Q-axis armature current. Out.
3=Zero-sequence armature current. Out.
4=Field winding current. Out.
5=D-axis damper current. Out.
6=Current in eddy-current winding. Out.
7=Q-axis damper current. Out.
8=Voltage applied to d-axis. Out.
9=Voltage applied to q-axis. Out.
10=Zero-sequence voltage. Out.
11=Voltage applied to field winding. Out.
12=Total mmf in the machines air-gap. Out.
13=Angle between q- and d-axis component of mmf. Out.
14=Electromagnetic torque of the machine. Out.
15=Not used.
16=d-axis flux linkage. Out.
17=q-axis flux linkage. Out.
18=Angle mass. Out.
19=Angular velocity mass. Out.
20=Shaft torque mass. Out.
21=Field voltage. In.
22=Mechanical power. In.

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4.9 Open Probe dialog box

Probes are components for output of node- or branch voltages, branch current or TACS values,
and are handled differently than other components you open. In the Open Probe dialog you can
specify the number of phases of a probe and which phases to produce output in the PL4-file.
There are five different probes in ATPDraw:
Probe_v:
Probe_b:
Probe_i:
Probe_t:
Probe_m:

Node voltages output request.

Branch voltage output request.
Branch current output request.
TACS variable output request.
Type33.
MODELS output nodes.

Fig. 4.52 - Node dialog box for standard components.

The Steady-state option is only available for Voltage and Current probes. ATPDraw reads the lis
file and identifies the steady state ATP output. For multi-phase nodes only phase A is analyzed.
The current probe also handles power and energy flow. ATPDraw divied the steady-state value
with the Scale factor (816.4966-> line voltages in kV RMS value) befor displaying it on screen or
immediately below. The symbol '<' is used to indicate the phasor angle. Remember that the
number of phases is critical for a current probe and this has to match the circuit.
4.10 Open Group dialog box
If you double-click in a selected group of objects, the Open Group dialog box will appear,
allowing you to change attributes common to all components in that group, such as data values,
Order number and Hide state. The common data parameters are listed in a dialog as of Fig. 4.53
where you can change the data for all the involved components, simultaneously. The data names
from the definition properties are used to classify the data.
An alternative way to change the
data parameter for several
component simultaneously is to
use $PARAMETER feature (see
Fig. 4.17 in section 4.2.5.1).

Fig. 4.53 - Open Group dialog

box for simultaneous data setting
Every component has a an order number. By specifying a value in the Order field, all components
in the selected group of objects are assigned the same number. The order number serves as an
optional sorting criterion for the ATP-file (components with the lowest order number are written
to the .atp file first).

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The Hide state of multiple components can also be specified. Hidden components are not included
in the ATP-file and are displayed as gray icons. You can also choose to reset to the default values
inherited from the support files by clicking on the now button. Selecting the Use default values
check box will cause default values to be loaded automatically next time the dialog box is opened.
4.11 Circuit objects in ATPDraw
The Component selection menu provides options for creating and inserting
new components into the circuit window. This menu is normally hidden.
To show and activate the menu, click the right mouse button in an empty
circuit window space. Following a selection in one of the floating submenus, the selected object will be drawn where you clicked the mouse
button in the active circuit window enclosed by a rectangle. You can move
(left mouse click and drag), rotate (right mouse button) or place the object
(click on open space).
The Component selection menu has several sub-menus; each of them
include circuit object of similar characteristics as briefly described below:

Fig. 4.54 - Component selection menu.

Probes & 3-phase
o Probes for node voltage-, branch voltage, current-, TACS, and Models output monitoring
o Various 3-phase transposition objects
o Splitter (coupling between 3-phase and single phase circuits) and Collector.
o ABC/DEF Reference objects for specifying the master node for phase sequence
Branches
o Branch linear: 1-phase and 3-phase non-coupled components. RLC.
o Branch nonlinear: 1-phase nonlinear R and L components. Single and 3-phase MOV. Type93, 96 and 98 nonlinear inductors including initial conditions for the fluxlinked reactors
o TACS controlled and time dependent resistor
Lines/Cables
o Lumped, PI-equivalents (type 1, 2...) and RL coupled components (type 51, 52...)
o Distributed lines of constant, frequency independent parameters. Transposed (Clarke) up to
9-phases, untransposed 2 or 3-phase (KCLee) line models.
o LCC, the user can select 1-9 phase models of lines/cables. In the input menu of these
components, the user can specify a LINE CONSTANT or CABLE PARAMETER data case.
The resulting include file contains the electrical model and the LIB-file is generated
automatically if the ATP setup is correct. Bergeron (KCLee/Clarke), nominal PI, JMarti,
Semlyen and Noda models are supported.
o Read PCH-file. This is a module in ATPDraw to read the punch-files from Line Constants,
Cable Constants or Cable Parameters and to create an ATPDraw object automatically (supfile and lib-file). ATPDraw recognizes: PI-equivalents, KCLee, Clarke, Semlyen, and
JMarti line formats.

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Switches
o Time and voltage controlled. 3-phase time controlled switch
o Diode, thyristor, triac
o Simple TACS controlled switch
o Measuring switch
o Statistic and systematic switches
Sources
o AC and DC sources, 3-phase AC source. Ungrounded AC and DC sources.
o Ramp sources
o Surge sources
o TACS controlled sources
Machines
o Type 59 synchronous machine
o Universal machines (type 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8)
o Windsyn component
Transformers
o Single phase and 3-phase ideal transformer
o Single phase saturable transformer
o 3-phase, two- or three-winding saturable transformer
o 3-phase, two winding saturable transformer, 3-leg core type of high homopolar reluctance
o BCTRAN. Automatic generation of .pch file. 1-3 phases, 2-3 windings. Auto-transformers,
Y-, and D- connections with all possible phase shifts. External nonlinear magnetizing
inductance(s) supported.
o Hybrid Transformer (XFMR). Advanced topologically correct transformer with Test
Report, Design data or Typical value input.
MODELS
o Under MODELS the user can either select a default model and write/update the Model text
internally, or select an existing external model component by specifying a sup-file or a modfile. If a .mod-file is selected the corresponding sup-file required by ATPDraw is created
automatically (if the model is recognized successfully). A mod-file is a text file in the
MODELS language. The mod-file must have a name equal to the name of the model. The
following restrictions apply when ATPDraw reads a mod-file:
- Names of all input, output and data variables must be less than 12 characters.
Only input, output, data and variables declared in front of TIMESTEP, INTERPOLATION,
DELAY, HISTORY, INIT and EXEC are recognized by ATPDraw when reading the modfile.
o Type 94: General, multi-phase type 94 component. Specify the type; THEV, ITER, NORT,
NORT-TR and the number of phases. Specify a mod-file describing the Type-94 models
component (templates available). The same rules as specified under MODELS apply.
TACS
o Coupling to Circuit. Input to TACS from the circuit must be connected to this object.
o 4 types of TACS sources: DC, AC, Pulse, Ramp.
o Transfer functions: General Laplace transfer function. If the Limits are not specified or
connected, no limits apply. First order dynamic icon with limits. Simple Integral,
Derivative, first order Low and High Pass transfer functions.
o TACS devices. Type 50-66.
o Initial condition for TACS objects (Type-77)
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Fortran statements: General Fortran statement (single line expression). Simplified Math
statements or Logical operators.
Draw relations. Relations are drawn in blue and are used just to visualize connections
between Fortran statements and other objects. Relations will not affect the ATP input file.

User specified
o Library: $Include is used to include the lib-file into the ATP input file. The user must keep
track of internal node names in the include file.
o Additional: Free format user specified text for insert in the ATP file. Selection of location.
o Single and 3-phase reference: These objects are not represented in the ATP input data file
and serve only as visualization of connectivity.
o Files: Select a support file (sup). Import a lib-file (Data Base Module format) via the Edit
menu. $Include is used to include the user specified lib-file into the ATP input file and pass
node names and data variables as parameters.
Steady-state components
o RLC Phasor component only present at steady state
o Harmonic source for Harmonic Frequency Scan studies
o Single and 3-phase frequency dependent loads in CIGR format
o Single phase RLC element with frequency dependent parameters
o Load flow components PQ, UP, TQ
Standard Component..
o Complete list of standard components in alphabetical order sorted by support file names.
Plugins
o User defined folder structure containing project files (.acp) for import.
4.11.1 Probes & 3-phase
The menu Probes & 3-phase appears when the mouse moves over this
item in the Component selection menu or when the user hits the P
character.
Probes are components for monitoring the node or branch voltage, branch
current or TACS values. In the Open Probe dialog you can specify the
number of phases to connect to and select phases to be monitored.

Fig. 4.55 Drawing objects on the Probe & 3-phase menu.

Probe Volt
V

108

Selecting this field draws the voltage probe to specify a node voltage-to-ground output
request in the ATP-file.

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Probe Branch volt.

+

v
-

Selecting this field draws the branch voltage probe to specify a branch voltage output
requests in the ATP-file. ATPDraw inserts a 1E+9 ohm resistance.

Probe Curr
I
Selecting this field inserts a current probe (measuring switch) into the circuit to specify
current output request in column 80 in the ATP-file. The number of monitored phases are
user selectable. Add current node: Two switches in series. Middle node available.
Probe Tacs
T

Selecting this field draws the Tacs probe to specify signal output and inserts TACS Type33 object into the ATP-file.

Probe Model
M

Selecting this field draws the Model probe which can be added to Models output nodes.
Inserts RECORDS cards into ATP-file.

Splitter
The Splitter object is a transformation between a 3-phase node and three 1-phase nodes.
The object has 0 data and 4 nodes. The object can be moved, rotated, selected, deleted,
copied and exported as any other standard components.
ABC

A
B
C

A
B
C

ABC

When a splitter is rotated the phase sequence of the single-phase side

changes as shown left.

If a name is given to the 3-phase node, the letters A B C are added

automatically on the single-phase side of splitters.
Note! Do not give names to nodes at the single-phase side of splitters and do not connect splitters
together on the single-phase side (except all three phases). I.e. next two examples are illegal!
NODE

NODEA
NODEB
NODEC

Disconnection is illegal this way! Transposition is illegal this way! This is leagal, however.
Collector
The Collector object is a component with a single multi-phase node. It is only used in
compress added to, sinse only components can have external nodes, not connections.
Transp 1 ABC-BCA ...Transp 4 ABC-ACB
Transposition objects can be used to change the phase sequence of a 3-phase node. The following
transpositions are supported:
Change the phase sequence from ABC to BCA.
Change the phase sequence from ABC to CAB.
Change the phase sequence from ABC to CBA.
Change the phase sequence from ABC to ACB.
Handling of transpositions for objects with several 3-phase nodes can be accomplished by
specifying a circuit number Kind under Objects | Edit Standard / Nodes (see in 4.2.6.2.1). 3-phase
nodes having the same Kind will receive the same phase sequence.

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ABC reference
ABC
When attached to a 3-phase node in the circuit this node becomes the master node with
phase sequence ABC. The other nodes will adapt this setting.
DEF reference
DEF
When attached to a 3-phase node in the circuit this node becomes the master node with
phase sequence DEF. The other nodes will adapt this setting. A combination of ABC and
DEF references is possible for e.g. in 6-phase circuits.
4.11.2 Branch Linear
This sub-menu contains linear branch components. The name and the icon of linear branch
objects, as well as a brief description of the components are given next in tabulated form. Data
parameters and node names to all components can be specified in the Component dialog box (see
Fig. 4.46), which appears if you click on the icon of the component with the right mouse button in
the circuit window.
The Help button on the Component dialog boxes calls the Help Viewer in which
a short description of parameters and a reference to the corresponding ATP Rule
Book chapter is given. As an example, Fig. 4.57 shows the help information
associated with the ordinary RLC branch.

Fig. 4.56 Supported linear branch elements.

Selection

Object name

Resistor

RESISTOR

Capacitor

CAP_RS

Inductor

ATP card

Description

BRANCH
type 0
BRANCH
type 0

Pure resistance in .

IND_RP

BRANCH
type 0

Inductor with damping resistor.

Inductance in mH if Xopt=0.

RLC

RLC

BRANCH
type 0

R, L and C in series.
Dynamic icon.

RLC 3-ph

RLC3

BRANCH
type 0

RLC-Y 3-ph

RLCY3

BRANCH
type 0

RLC-D 3-ph

RLCD3

BRANCH
type 0

3-phase R, L and C in series.

Independent values in phases.
Dynamic icon.
3-phase R, L and C, Y coupling.
Independent values in phases.
Dynamic icon.
3-phase R, L and C, D coupling.
Independent values in phases.
Dynamic icon.

110

Icon

Capacitor with damping resistor.

C in F if Copt=0.

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CAP_U0

C : U(0)

U(0)
+

IND_I0

L : I(0)

i(0)
+

BRANCH +
initial condition

Capacitor with initial condition.

BRANCH +
initial condition

Inductor with initial condition.

Fig. 4.57 Help information associated with the series RLC object.
4.11.3 Branch Nonlinear
This menu contains the supported nonlinear resistors and inductors. All the objects except the
TACS controlled resistor can also have a nonlinear characteristic. These attributes can be
specified by selecting the Characteristic tab of the Component dialog boxes as shown in Fig.
4.47. The nonlinear characteristic of objects can be entered as piecewise
linear interpolation. The number of data points allowed to enter on the
current/voltage, current/flux or time/resistance characteristics are specified
in the Help file of objects.
U/I characteristics of nonlinear resistances are assumed symmetrical, thus
(0, 0) point should not be entered. If the saturation curve of a nonlinear
inductor is symmetrical start with point (0, 0) and skip the negative points.
The hysteresis loop of Type-96 reactors is assumed symmetrical, so only
the lower loop of the hysteresis must be entered. The last point should be
where the upper and lower curves meet in the first quadrant. If you specify
a metal oxide arrester with MOV Type-92 component, ATPDraw accepts
the current/voltage characteristic and performs an exponential fitting in the
log-log domain to produce the required ATP data format.
Fig. 4.58 Nonlinear branch elements.
Selection

Object name

R(i) Type 99

NLINRES

Icon
R(i)

ATP card

Description

BRANCH

Current dependent resistance.

type 99
R(i) Type 92

ATPDraw version 5.6

NLRES92

R(i)

BRANCH
type 92

Current dependent resistance.

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R(t) Type 97

NLINR_T

R(t) Type 91

NLRES91

L(i) Type 98

NLININD

L(i) Type 93

NLIND93

L(i) Type 96

NLIND96

L(i) Hevia 98-> HEVIA98

96

R(t)

R(t)

MOV Type 92

MOV

MOV

MOV Type 3-ph

MOV_3

MOV

R(TACS) Type 91

TACSRES

L(i) Type 98, init

NLIN98_I

L(i) Type 96, init

NLIN96_I

L(i) Type 93, init

NLIN93_I

BRANCH
type 97
BRANCH
type 91
BRANCH
type 98
BRANCH
type 93
BRANCH
type 96
BRANCH
type 98

Time dependent resistor.

BRANCH
type 92
BRANCH
type 92
BRANCH
type 91
BRANCH
type 98
BRANCH
type 96
BRANCH
type 93

Current dependent resistance

on exponential form.
3-phase current dependent
resistance.
TACS / MODELS controlled
time dependent resistor.
Current-dependent inductor.
With initial flux.
Pseudo-nonlinear hysteretic
inductor with initial flux.
True non-linear inductor with
initial flux.

Time dependent resistor.

Current dependent inductor.
True non-linear current
dependent inductor.
Pseudo-nonlinear hysteretic
inductor.
Pseudo-nonlinear hysteretic
inductor.

4.11.4 Lines/Cables
The Lines/Cables menu has several sub-menus for different types of line models. Available line
models are: Lumped parameter models (RLC , RL coupled), distributed parameter lines with
constant (i.e. frequency independent) parameters, lines and cables with constant or frequency
dependent parameters (Bergeron, PI, Jmarti, Noda or Semlyen), calculated by means of the LINE
CONSTANTS, CABLE CONSTANTS or CABLE PARAMETERS supporting routine of ATP-EMTP.

Fig. 4.59 Line models with lumped

parameters.

4.11.4.1 Lumped parameter line models

RLC Pi-equiv. 1: These line models are simple, lumped, non-symmetric -equivalents of ATP
Type 1, 2, 3 etc. branches of ATP.
RL Coupled 51: These line models are simple, lumped, non-symmetric mutually RL coupled
components of Type-51, 52, 53 etc. branches of ATP.
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RLC Sym. 51:

These line models are symmetric with sequence value input. The line models
are special applications of the RL coupled line models in ATP. The following
selections are available on the three pop-up menus:

Selection

Object name

RLC Pi-equiv. 1..

+1 phase

Icon

ATP card

Description

LINEPI_1

BRANCH
type 1

Single phase RLC -equivalent.

RLC Pi-equiv. 1..

+ 2 phase

LINEPI_2

BRANCH
type 1-2

2-phase RLC -equivalent

Non-symmetric.

RLC Pi-equiv. 1..

+ 3 ph. Seq.

LINEPI_3

BRANCH
type 1-3

3-phase RLC -equivalent

Non-symmetric. 3-phase nodes.

RLC Pi-equiv. 1..

+ 3 ph. Seq.

LINEPI3S

BRANCH
type 1-3

3-phase RLC -equivalent

Symmetrical. 3-phase nodes.

RLC Pi-equiv. 1..

+ 3x1 ph. Cable
RL Coupled 51..
+ 1 phase
RL Coupled 51..
+ 2 phase
RL Coupled 51..
+ 3 phase
RL Coupled 51..
+ 3 ph. Seq.

PI_CAB3S

BRANCH
type 1-3
BRANCH
type 51
BRANCH
type 51-52
BRANCH
type 51-53
BRANCH
type 51-53

RL Coupled 51..
+ 6 phase

LINERL_6

BRANCH
type 51-56

RL Sym. 51
+ 6 ph. Seq.

LINESY_6

BRANCH
type 51-56

3-phase RLC -equivalent

No mutual coupling
Single phase RL coupled line
model.
2-phase RL coupled line model.
Non-symmetric.
3-phase RL coupled line model.
Non-symmetric. 3-phase nodes.
3-phase RL coupled line model
with sequence impedance (0, +)
input. Symmetric.
2x3 phase RL coupled line
model. Non-symmetric. Offdiagonal R is set to zero.
2x3-phase RL coupled line
model with sequence impedance
(0, +) input. Symmetric.

LINERL_1
LINERL_2
LINERL_3
LINESY_3

4.11.4.2 Distributed parameter line models

Selecting Distributed opens a popup menu where two different types of line models can be
selected: Transposed lines or Untransposed lines. Both types are distributed parameters,
frequency independent lines of class Bergeron. Losses are concentrated at the terminals (R/4) and
of the mid-point (R/2). The time step has to be less than half the travel time of the line.

Fig. 4.60 Distributed transmission

line models.
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Transposed lines (Clarke): These components can be characterized as symmetrical, distributed

parameter and lumped resistance models (called as Clarke-type in the ATP Rule-Book). Six
different types are supported:
Selection

Object name

Transposed lines
+ 1 phase

ATP card

Description

LINEZT_1

BRANCH
type -1

Single phase, distributed parameter

line, Clarke model.

Transposed lines
+ 2 phase

LINEZT_2

BRANCH
type -1.. -2

2-phase, distributed parameter,

transposed line, Clarke model.

Transposed lines
+ 3 phase

LINEZT_3

BRANCH
type -1.. -3

3-phase, distributed parameter,

transposed line, Clarke model.

Transposed lines
+ 6 phase

LINEZT6N

LINE
Z-T

BRANCH
type -1.. -6

6-phase, distributed parameter,

transposed line, Clarke model.

Transposed lines LINEZT_6

+ 6 phase mutual

LINE
Z-MT

BRANCH
type -1.. -6

2x3 phase, distributed Clarke line.

With mutual coupling between the
circuits.

Transposed lines
+ 9 phase

LINE
Z-T

BRANCH
type -1.. -9

9-phase, distributed parameter,

transposed line, Clarke model.

LINEZT_9

Icon

Untransposed lines (KCLee): Parameters of these nonsymmetrical lines are usually generated
outside ATPDraw. These components can be characterized as untransposed, distributed parameter
and lumped resistance models with real or complex modal transformation matrix (called as
KCLee-type in the ATP Rule-Book). Double-phase and 3-phase types are supported:
Selection

Object name

Untransposed lines
(KCLee)+ 2 phase

Untransposed lines
(KCLee)+ 3 phase

Icon

ATP card

Description

LINEZU_2

BRANCH

2-phase, distributed parameters,

untransposed (KCLee) line model
with complex transformation
matrix.

LINEZU_3

BRANCH

3-phase, distributed parameters,

untransposed (KCLee) line model
with complex transformation matrix

4.11.4.3 LCC objects

In this part of the program, you specify the geometrical and material data for an overhead line or a
cable and the corresponding electrical data are calculated automatically by the LINE CONSTANTS,
CABLE CONSTANTS or CABLE PARAMETERS supporting routine of ATP-EMTP. The LCC module
supports line/cable modeling up to 21 phases.
To use the LCC module of ATPDraw the user must first select a line/cable component. The
number of phases is selected internally in the LCC dialog box. This will display an object (3phases default) in the circuit window that can be connected to the circuit as any other component.
Clicking on this component with the right mouse button will bring up a special input dialog box

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called Line/Cable Data dialog box with two sub-pages: Model and Data, where the user selects
between the supported System type:
o
o
o

Overhead Line: LINE CONSTANTS

Single Core Cables: CABLE PARAMETERS or CABLE CONSTANTS
Enclosing Pipe: CABLE PARAMETERS or CABLE CONSTANTS

and Model type of the line/cable :

o
Bergeron: Constant parameter KCLee or Clark models
o
PI: Nominal PI-equivalent (short lines)
o
Jmarti: Frequency dependent model with constant transformation matrix
o
Noda: Frequency dependent model
o
Semlyen: Frequency dependent simple fitted model.
The Line/Cable Data dialog box completely differs from the Component dialog box of other
components, therefore it is described in chapter 5.3 of the Advanced Manual.
Selection

Object name

LCC

LCC_1..24

Icon
LC C

LC C

LC C

ATP card

Description

$Include

1..24 phase LCC object.

Overhead line
Single core cables
Enclosing pipe
Bergeron/PI/Jmarti/Semlyen/Noda

4.11.4.4 Read PCH file...

ATPDraw is able to read the .pch output files obtained by external run of ATP-EMTPs LINE
CONSTANTS or CABLE CONTSTANTS supporting routines. Selecting the Read PCH file... menu
item, the program performs an Open Punch File dialog in which the available .pch files are
listed. If you select a file and click Open, ATPDraw attempts to read the file and if succeed in
creates a .lib file and stores it in memory in the Data Base Module format of ATP. When the
.lib file is successfully created the icon of the new LCC component appears in the middle of the
circuit window.
4.11.5 Switches
ATPDraw supports most of the switch type elements in ATP, such as
ordinary time- or voltage-controlled switches, options for modeling
diodes, valves and triacs, as well as measuring and statistical switches.
The Switches sub-menu contains the following switch objects:

Fig. 4.61 Supported switch type ATP components.

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Selection

Object name

Switch time
controlled

TSWITCH

Switch time 3-ph

SWIT_3XT

Switch voltage
contr.

SWITCHVC

Diode (type 11)

DIODE

Valve (type 11)

SW_VALVE

Triac (type 12)

TRIAC

Icon

+ Vf -

TACS
(type 13)
Measuring

switch SW_TACS
SWMEAS

Statistic switch

SW_STAT

Systematic switch

SW_SYST

Nonlinear diode

DIODEN

STAT

ATP card

Description

SWITCH
type 0

Single or 3-phase time controlled

switch. Multiple closing/openings.
Dynamic icon; will open, will close...
Three-phase time controlled switch,
Independent operation of phases.
Voltage controlled switch.

SWITCH
type 0
SWITCH
type 0
SWITCH
type 11
SWITCH
type 11
SWITCH
type 12
SWITCH
type 13
SWITCH
type 0
SWITCH
SWITCH

SY ST

SWITCH
BRANCH

Diode. Switch type 11. Uncontrolled.

Valve/Thyristor. Switch type 11.
TACS/MODELS- controlled. GIFU.
Double TACS/MODELS controlled
switch.
Simple TACS/MODELS controlled
switch. GIFU.
Measuring switch.
Current measurements.
Statistic switch.
See ATP | Settings / Switch/UM.
Systematic switch.
See ATP | Settings / Switch/UM.
Ideal or nonlinear resistance with
forward resistance and snubbers.

4.11.6 Sources
The popup menu under Sources contains the following items:

Fig. 4.62 Electrical sources in ATPDraw.

Selection
AC source (1&3)

Object name
ACSOURCE

Icon

116

ATP card

Description

SOURCE
type 14

AC source. Voltage or current.

Single or 3-phase. Ungrounded or
grounded. Phase voltage and rms

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scaling.
DC type 11

DC1PH

Ramp type 12

RAMP

Slope-Ramp
type 13
Surge type 15

SLOPE_RA

Heidler type 15

HEIDLER

SURGE
H
H

Standler

STANDLER

S
S

CIGRE

Cigre

C
C

TACS source

TACSSOUR

Empirical type1

SOUR_1

AC Ungrounded

AC1PHUG

DC Ungrounded

DC1PHUG

SOURCE
type 11
SOURCE
type 12
SOURCE
type 13
SOURCE
type 15
SOURCE
type 15
SOURCE
type 15
SOURCE
type 15
SOURCE
type 60

DC step source. Voltage or current.

SOURCE
type 1

Source with user defined time

characteristic. Voltage or current.

SOURCE
type 14+18
SOURCE
type 11+18

Ungrounded AC source.
Voltage only.
Ungrounded DC source.
Voltage only.

Ramp source. Voltage or current.

Two-slope ramp source.
Voltage or current.
Double exponential source Type15. Voltage or current.
Heidler type source. Voltage or
current.
Standler type source. Voltage or
current.
Cigre type source. Voltage or
current.
TACS/MODELS controlled
source. Voltage or current.

4.11.7 Machines
Two categories of electrical machines are available in
ATPDraw: Synchronous Machines and Universal Machines.
ATPDraw does not support machines in parallel or back-to
back.

Fig. 4.63 Supported electric machine alternatives.

The Synchronous Machine models in ATPDraw have the following features/limitations:

With and without TACS control.

Manufacturers data.
No saturation.
No eddy-current or damping coils.
Single mass.

The Universal Machine models in ATPDraw have the following features/limitations:

Manual and automatic initialization.
SM, IM and DC type supported.
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Raw coil data (internal parameters). Manufacturers data in Windsyn.

Saturation is supported in d, q, or both axes.
Maximum five excitation coils, sum d and q axis.
Network option for mechanical torque only.
Single torque source.

The Component dialog box of Universal Machines is significantly different than that of the other
objects. A complete description of parameters in this dialog box is given in chapter 5.2.2 of the
Advanced Manual. The Windsyn component depends on a compatible, external program called
WindsynATPDraw.exe developed by Gabor Furst. The component takes manufacturers data as
input and calles the Windsyn program to fit these to electrical universal machine data. Windsyn
supports the following machine types; Synchronous machines with salient or round rotor with
damping options. Induction machines with wound, single cage, double cage, or deep-bar rotors.
The Windsyn component is documented it chapter 5.2.5 in the Advanced Manual.
The popup menu under Machines contains the following items:
Selection
SM 59
+ No control
SM 59
+ 8 control
IM 56

Object name
SM59_NC

Icon

ATP card

Description

MACHINE
type 59
MACHINE
type 59

Synchronous machine. No TACS

control. 3-phase armature.
Synchronous machine. Max. 8
TACS control. 3-phase armature.

MACHINE
Type 56
UM-MACHINE
Type 1, 3, 4

Induction machine with multiple

controls. 3-phase armature.
Universal machine with
manufacturers data input.

SM

UM-MACHINE
type 1

Synchrounous. Set initialization

under ATP | Settings/Switch/UM.

IM

UM-MACHINE
type 3

Induction. Set initialization under

ATP | Settings/Switch/UM.

IM

UM-MACHINE
type 4

Induction. Set initialization under

ATP | Settings/Switch/UM.

SP

UM-MACHINE
type 6

Single phase. Set initialization

under ATP | Settings/Switch/UM.

DC

UM-MACHINE
type 8

DC machine. Set initialization

under ATP | Settings/Switch/UM.

SM

SM59_FC
SM

IM56A

IM
T

Windsyn

WISIND/
WISSYN

Exfd

UM/W
SM-sdq
Torq ue

UM1
Synchronous

UM_1

UM3
Induction

UM_3

UM4
Induction

UM_4

UM6 Single
phase

UM_6

UM8 DC

UM_8

4.11.8 Transformers
ATPDraw supports the transformer components; Ideal transformer,
saturable transformer, BCTRAN and the Hybrid Transformer. The
BCTRAN model is documented in chapters 5.6 and the Hybrid Model in
chapter 5.7 of the Advanced Manual.

Fig. 4.64 Transformer models in ATPDraw.

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The popup menu under Transformers contains the following items:

Selection

Object
name

Icon

Ideal 1 phase

TRAFO_I

Ideal 3 phase

TRAFO_I3

Saturable
1 phase
Saturable
3 phase

TRAFO_S

# Sat. Y/Y 3-leg

TRAYYH_3

BCTRAN

BCTRAN

Hybrid model

XFMR

n: 1
S
n: 1

Y Y

SATTRAFO

SOURCE
type 18
SOURCE
type 18
BRANCH

Single-phase ideal transformer.

BCT
Y

XFM

3-phase ideal transformer.

Single-phase saturable transformer.

TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER

SAT

Description

BRANCH

ATP card

BRANCH
TRANSFORMER
THREE PHASE

BRANCH
Type 1...9
BRANCH

General saturable transformer.

3-phase. 2 or 3 windings.
3-phase saturable transformer. High
homopolar reluct. (3-leg). 3-ph node.
Preprocessing of manufacturer data.
Direct support of BCTRAN transformer
matrix modeling.
Winding resistance, leakage
inductance, topologically correct core,
capacitance. Test report, design data
or typical.

The characteristic of the nonlinear magnetizing branch of the three saturable-type transformers
can be given in the Characteristic tab of the component dialog box. The saturable transformers
have an input window like the one in Fig. 4.47. In this window the magnetizing branch can be
entered in IRMS/URMS or IA/FLUXVs coordinates. The RMS flag on the Attributes page select
between the two input formats. If the Include characteristic check box is selected on the
Attributes page, a disk file referenced in the $Include field will be used in the ATP input file. If
the nonlinear characteristic is given in IRMS/URMS, ATPDraw will calculate the flux/current values
automatically and use them in the final ATP input file.
The BCTRAN transformer component provides direct support of BCTRAN transformer matrix
modeling. The user is requested to specify input data (open circuit and short circuit factory test
data) in BCTRAN supporting routine format, then ATPDraw performs an ATP run to generate a
punch-file that is inserted into the final ATP-file describing the circuit. The user can specify
where the factory test was performed and where to connect the excitation branch. The excitation
branch can be linear or non-linear. In the latter case, the nonlinear inductors must be connected to
the winding closest to the iron core as external elements.
The BCTRAN dialog and the Component dialog box of the Saturable 3-phase SATTRAFO differ
in many ways from the input data window of other objects. A more comprehensive description of
the input parameters is given in chapters 5.6 and 5.2.1 of the Advanced Manual, respectively.
The Hybrid Transformer model is based on development made by Dr. Bruce Mork and his group
at Michigan Technological University. It offers both advanced and simplified usage. The XFMR
dialog box and the implementation is documented in chapter 5.7.2 of the Advanced Manual.

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4.11.9 MODELS
Besides the standard components, the user can create his/her own models using the MODELS
simulation language in ATP [4]. ATPDraw supports only a simplified usage of MODELS. The
user writes a model-file and ATPDraw takes care of the INPUT/OUTPUT section of MODELS
along with the USE of each model. The following restriction applies:

Only INPUT, OUTPUT and DATA supported in the USE statement. Not possible with
expressions, call of other models or specification of HISTORY or DELAY CELLS under
USE

Using this feature requires knowledge about the syntax and general structure of MODELS
language. There are two options for creating a model object in ATPDraw:
Create a support file manually under Object | Model | New sup-file and a corresponding
.mod file.
Create a .mod file externally or a Model text internally and relay on ATPDraw for
automatic identification and layout/icon.

The Advanced part of this Manual Chapter 5.5 gives detailed information about both procedures
and a general overview about the use of MODELS in ATPDraw. In this chapter only the
automatic support file generation is introduced. The process normally consists of two steps:
1. To create a model file (.mod) containing the actual model description.
2. To load this file via the Files (sup/mod)... or Type 94 sub-menus under MODELS

Fig. 4.65 Options under the MODELS sub-menu.

Default model
This will load a simple, default model and display it in the circuit window. Its input dialog box
will look as shown in Fig. 4.66 (no data or nodes). Click on the Edit button to modify the Model
text directly or to import a model text from file or clipboard. In the standard text editor that pops
up you can modify the Model text and import text via File|Import or Edit|Paste. Click on Done in
the main menu of the Text Editor when finished. ATPDraw will then try to identify the model and
create the component definitions, including icon, see Fig. 4.67. Inputs and outputs are placed to
the left and right of the icon, respectively. You can whenever you want go back and modify the
Model text, and if you change the number of input and outputs the icon will be recreated.

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Fig. 4.66 Model component dialog box. And Text Editor

Files (sup/mod)...
Selecting MODELS | Files (sup/mod)... in the component selection menu performs an Open Model
dialog box where the user can choose a model file name or a support file name. These files are
normally stored under the \MOD folder. If a .mod file was selected ATPDraw interprets the file
as shown in Fig. 4.67 and a model component with the corresponding definition and icon appears.
If a support file with the same name as the model file exist in the same folder, this file is used
instead as basis for the model definitions. In this case the new model object appears immediately
in the circuit window, i.e. the Information dialog shown in Fig. 4.67 does not show up.

Fig. 4.67 Interpretation of the model.

The Component dialog box of model objects has a new input section Models below the DATA and
NODES attributes as shown in Fig. 4.68. This new section has two fields: Model which is disabled
(but automatically follows what is defined in the Model text found using the Edit button) and a
Use As field for specification of the model_name in the USE model AS model_name
statement of MODELS. The Record button is used for output of internal model variables. On the
Library page the link to the original support file on disk is given and a Reload option is made
available. Remember that the original support file on disk not necessarily match the present
Model text if the user has changed this.

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Fig. 4.68 The component dialog box of model object FLASH_1.

The input/output to MODELS, the use of the model and interfacing it with the rest of the circuit
are handled by ATPDraw, automatically. Model descriptions are written directly in the ATP file
instead of using $Include. Blank lines are removed when inserting the model file in the ATP-file.
The general structure of the MODELS section in the .atp input file is shown below:
MODELS
/MODELS
INPUT
IX0001 {v(CR30A)}
IX0002 {v(CR20A)}
IX0003 {v(CRZ2A)}
OUTPUT
GAPA
MODEL FLASH_1
-----------------------------------------Description of the model is pasted here
-----------------------------------------ENDMODEL
USE FLASH_1 AS FLASH_1
INPUT
V1:= IX0001
V2:= IX0002
iczn:= IX0003
DATA
Pset:=
1.
Eset:=
9.
Fdel:=
4.
Fdur:=
20.
OUTPUT
GAPA:=trip
ENDUSE
ENDMODELS

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Type 94
Selecting MODELS | Type 94|THEV, ITER, NORT, NORT-TR will load a corresponding default
model component. You can then open the component which will bring up the Type 94 component
dialog box as shown in Fig. 4.69. As for simple models you can then click on the Edit button to
inspect or modify the type 94 models text. When you click on Done in the Text Editor ATPDraw
tries to identify the model and then displays a message box similar to Fig. 4.67. Be aware of that
the name of the models must be six characters or less. The bottom section of the input dialog has
to the right four radio buttons: THEV, ITER , NORT and NORT-TR for specification of the
solution method for ATP when interfacing the Type-94 object with the rest of the electrical
network. The Data, Node fields and the icon will update dependent on the choice of type. You can
also specify the number of phases (#Ph: 1..26) in the component. Branch output and Record of
internal variable are also available.

Fig. 4.69 Component dialog box of Type-94 model objects.

Signal input and data values for a Type-94 object are loaded by ATP and the output of the object
are also used automatically by ATP. Interfacing it with other components of the circuit is handled
by ATPDraw. A Type-94 compatible .mod files must have a fixed structure and the use of such
an object also requires special declarations in the ATP input file as shown next:
Structure of a Type-94 compatible .mod file:
MODEL ind1n
comment ---------------------------------------------------------------| Internal circuit: 1-ground : L1
|
|
|
|
1 o
|
|
|
- ground
|
| Built for use as a 1-phase non-transmission type-94 Norton component |
------------------------------------------------------------- endcomment
comment ---------------------------------------------------------------------| First, declarations required for any type-94 iterated model
|
|
(the values of these data and input are loaded automatically by ATP)
|
|
(the values of these outputs are used automatically by ATP)
|
|
(DO NOT MODIFY THE SEQUENCING OF THE DATA, INPUT, AND VAR IN THIS GROUP) |
|
(the names may be modified, except 'n')

|
|
(when built for n=1, the array notation is not required)
|
------------------------------------------------------------------- endcomment
DATA n
-- number of phases
ng {dflt: n*(n+1)/2} -- number conductances

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INPUT v
-- voltage(t) at terminal 1
v0
-- voltage(t=0) at terminal 1
i0
-- current(t=0) into terminal 1
VAR
i
-- current(t) into terminal 1
is
-- Norton source(t+timestep) at terminal 1
g
-- conductance(t+timestep) at terminal 1
flag
-- set to 1 whenever a conductance value is modified
OUTPUT i, is, g, flag
comment ---------------------------------------------------------------------| Next, declarations of user-defined data for this particular model
|
| (values which must be defined when using this model as a type-94 component) |
------------------------------------------------------------------- endcomment
DATA L1
-- [H] reference value of inductance L
comment ---------------------------------------------------------------------| Next, declarations private to the operation of this model
|
------------------------------------------------------------------- endcomment
VAR
st
-- used for converting Laplace s to time domain
L
-- [H] variable value of inductance L
INIT
st
:= 2/timestep -- trapezoidal rule conversion from Laplace
L := L1
-- initialize variable inductance value
g:= 1/(st*L)
-- conductance converted from Laplace 1/sL
ENDINIT
EXEC
-- L is constant in this example
IF t=0 THEN
flag := 1
-- conductance values have been changed
i
:= i0
-- t=0 current through L
is
:= -i0 -g*v0 -- istory term for next step
ELSE
flag := 0
-- reset flag
i
:= g*v -is
-- pplying trapezoidal rule, calculate from v(t)
is
:= -i -g*v
--history term from trapezoidal rule, for next step
ENDIF
ENDEXEC
ENDMODEL

The use of a Type-94 Norton model in the ATPDraw generated input file is shown next.
C Time varying inductor
94LEFT
IND1N NORT
>DATA L1
0.1
>END

Write Max/Min
This is a special cost function or reporting component using Models. The component extracts a
value from a simulation by communication with the LIS file. As default the minimum or
maximum value of a single input signal is extracted, but the user can add more sophistication to
this. Only the signal after a user selectable time Tlimit are identified. The component supports
multiple run via ATP|Settings/Variables and contains a View module for displaying the result. A
data parameter AsFuncOf can be used to pass a loop variable from the global Variables (if a
number is specified here, the simulation number is used instead). The component is used
extensively in circuit optimization.
4.11.10 TACS
The TACS menu gives access to most type of TACS components of ATP. The TACS sub-menu
on the component selection menu contains the following items:

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Fig. 4.70 - Supporte TACS objects.

4.11.10.1 Coupling to circuit
T

The Coupling to circuit object

provides an interface for TACS HYBRID simulations. This
object must be connected with an electrical node to pass node voltages, or the branch currents /
switch status to TACS. The type of the variable sent to TACS is controlled by the Type settings in
the EMTP_OUT component dialog box. Users are warned that only single-phase electrical
variables can be interfaced with TACS input nodes, this way. In case of 3-phase modeling, a
splitter object is also required, and the coupling to circuit object must be connected at the singlephase side of the splitter as shown in Fig. 4.71.
Selection

Object name

Coupling
to Circuit

EMTP_OUT

Icon
T

ATP card

Description

TACS
type 90-93

Value from the electrical circuit into TACS.

90 - Node voltage
91 - Switch current
92 - internalvariable special EMTP comp.
93 - Switch status.
T

UC

RMS

66

Coupling
to TACS

UB RMS output

RMS

66
T

T
RMS

UA

66
V

LCC

A
BUS

Fig. 4.71 - Coupling a 3-phase electrical node to TACS.

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4.11.10.2 TACS sources

The Sources of TACS menu contains the following items:
Selection
Object name Icon ATP card
Description
DC - 11

DC_01

AC - 14

AC_02

Pulse - 23

PULSE_03

Ramp - 24

RAMP_04

TACS
type 11
TACS
type 14
TACS
type 23
TACS
type 24

TACS step signal source.

TACS AC cosine signal source.
TACS pulse train signal.
TACS saw-tooth train signal.

4.11.10.3 TACS transfer functions

All the older TACS transfer functions of previous ATPDraw versions are supported in version 3,
but some of them has been removed from the component selection menu and replaced by a more
general component: the General transfer function. This object defines a transfer function in the s
domain and it can be specified with or without limits. The Order 1 component offers order 0/1
transfer function with a dynamic icon containing values and optional limits. Four more simple
transfer functions are also supported: Integral, Derivative, first order High and Low pass filters.
Selection

Object name

General

TRANSF

Order 1

TRANSF1

Icon

Integral

INTEGRAL

ATP card

Description

G(s)

TACS

1+s
_______
1+10s

TACS

General transfer function in s domain.

Order 0-7. Named dynamic limits.
Order 0/1 with optional limits.
Dynamic icon with transfer function.

s
_______
1+10s

K
s

TACS

Integral of the input multiplied by K.

Ks

TACS

Simple derivative transfer function.

Derivative

DERIV

Low pass

LO_PASS

K
1+Ts

TACS

First order low pass filter.

High pass

HI_PASS

Ks
1+Ts

TACS

First order high pass filter.

4.11.10.4 TACS devices

The following TACS Devices are supported in ATPDraw:
Selection
Object name Icon
ATP card
Freq sensor - 50

DEVICE50

Relay switch - 51

DEVICE51

Level switch - 52

DEVICE52

Trans delay - 53

DEVICE53

f
50
51

52

53

126

TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS type
88,98 or 99

Description
Frequency sensor.
Relay-operated switch.
Level-triggered switch.
Transport delay.

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Pulse delay - 54

DEVICE54

Digitizer - 55

DEVICE55

54

55

User def nonlin - 56

DEVICE56
56

Multi switch - 57
Cont integ - 58

DEVICE57
DEVICE58

Simple deriv - 59

DEVICE59

Input IF - 60

DEVICE60

57
Gu
58
du
G
dt
59
if

60

Signal select - 61

DEVICE61
61

Sample_track - 62

DEVICE62

Sampl
T rac k

62

Inst min/max - 63

DEVICE63

MIN
MAX

63

Min/max track - 64

DEVICE64

Acc count - 65

DEVICE65

MIN
MAX

64
ACC

65

Rms meter - 66

DEVICE66

RMS

66

TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS
TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS type
88,98 or 99
TACS type
88,98 or 99

Pulse delay.
Digitizer.
Point-by-point non-linearity.
Multiple open/close switch.
Controlled integrator.
Simple derivative.
Input-IF component.
Signal selector.
Sample and track.
Instantaneous
minimum/maximum.
Minimum/maximum tracking.
Accumulator and counter.
RMS value of the sum of input
signals.

4.11.10.5 Initial conditions

The initial condition of a TACS variable can be specified by selecting TACS object (type 77)
TACS

under the TACS | Initial cond. menu. The name of this component is INIT_T and its icon is IN IT .
4.11.10.6 Fortran statements
The component dialog box of the Fortran statements | General object provides a Type field where
the user is allowed to specify the type of the object (input, output, inside) and an OUT field for the
single line Fortran-like expression. These statements are written into the /TACS subsection of the
ATP input file starting at column 12.
The Fortran statements | Math and Logic sub-menus include additional simple objects for the
basic mathematical and logical operations.
General
Selection

Object name

General

FORTRAN1

ATPDraw version 5.6

Icon
F

ATP card

Description

TACS type User specified FORTRAN

88,98 or 99 expression.

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Fortran statements / Math

Selection
x-y

Object name
DIFF2

Icon

ATP card

Description

TACS 98

Subtraction of two input signals.

TACS 98

Addition of two input signals.

TACS 98

Multiplication by a factor of K.

RAD

TACS 98
TACS 98
TACS 98
TACS 98
TACS 98
TACS 98
TACS 98
TACS 98
TACS 98

x+y

SUM2

+
+

x*K

MULTK

x*y
x/y
|x|
-x
sqrt (x)
exp(x)
log(x)
log10(x)
rad(x)

MULT2
DIV2
ABS
NEG
SQRT
EXP
LOG
LOG10
RAD

deg(x)

DEG

DEG

TACS 98

rnd(x)

RND

RND

TACS 98

Multiplication of x by y.
Ratio between two input signals.
Absolute value of the input signal.
Change sign of the input signal.
Square root of the input signal.
Exponent of input signal. e^x
Natural logarithm og input signal.
Logarithm of input signal.
Converts the input signal from
degrees to radians.
Converts the input signal from
radians to degrees.
Random number generator <x.

ATP card

Description

*
x
y

|x|
NEG

exp

log
log10

Fortran statements / Trigonom

Selection

Object name

Icon

sin

SIN

sin

TACS 98

Sinus

cos

COS

cos

TACS 98

Cosinus

tan

TAN

tan

TACS 98

Tangens (sin/cos)

cotan

COTAN

cotan

TACS 98

Cotangens (cos/sin)

asin

ASIN

asin

TACS 98

Inverse sinus

acos

ACOS

acos

TACS 98

Inverse cosinus

atan

ATAN

atan

TACS 98

Inverse tangens

sinh

SINH

sinh

TACS 98

Sinus hyperbolic

cosh

COSH

cosh

TACS 98

Cosinus hyperbolic

tanh

TANH

tanh

TACS 98

Tangenss hyperbolic

ATP card

Description

Fortran statements / Logic

Selection

Object name

NOT

NOT

AND

AND

OR

OR

128

Icon

TACS
type 98
TACS
type 98
TACS
type 98

Logical operator.
OUT = NOT IN.
Logical operator.
OUT = IN_1 AND IN_2.
Logical operator.
OUT = IN_1 OR IN_2.
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NAND

NAND

NOR

NOR

>

GT

x
x y
y

>=

GE

x
x y
y

=?

EQ

x=y

TACS
type 98
TACS
type 98
TACS
type 98
TACS
type 98
TACS
type 98

Logical operator.
OUT = IN_1 NAND IN_2.
Logical operator.
OUT = IN_1 NOR IN_2.
Logical operator.
Output = 1 if x > y, 0 otherwise.
Logical operator.
Output = 1 if x >= y, 0 otherwise.
Logical operator.
Output = 1 if x = y, 0 otherwise.

4.11.10.7 Draw relation

When you select TACS | Draw relation, the mouse cursor will change to a pointing hand and the
program is waiting for a left mouse click on a circuit node to set the starting point of a new
relation. You can then draw multiple relations until you click the right mouse button or press the
Esc key. Relations are used to visualize information flow into Fortran statements. These objects
are drawn as blue, dashed connections, but have no influence on the component connectivity. You
can work with relations exactly the same way as with connections: relations can be selected,
rotated, deleted, or moved to another position.
4.11.11 User Specified
Selecting the Library item will draw the predefined user specified object LIB.
This object has no input data and cannot be connected with other objects because
it has no input or output nodes.
Fig. 4.72 - Supported user specified objects.
Library
Using this object will result in a $Include statement in the ATP-file inserted in the
BRANCH part. No parameters are used in this case. The User specified section at the
bottom contains an Edit button that brings up the Text Editor where the user can edit or
import an external text. The user can type in the name of the component in the $Include field. The
text will be dumped to a file with this name and extension .lib and location in Result Directory
(same as ATP file) when the ATP file is created.
LIB

Additional
Similar to the Library component but in addition it allows the user to choose under which
REQ section in the ATP file to insert the text. The input dialog of this component contains a
larger memo field where the user can write in free format text with a row and column
indication below. The Additional section at the bottom contains an Edit button that brings up a
more advanced Text Editor that allows the user to import a text from file of clipboard. This Text
Editor also has a right-click context menu with an Insert option of 50 predefined request cards.
There is no $Include field in this component because the text will be inserted directly into the
ATP file. Instead the user can select the section; REQUEST, TACS, MODELS, BRANCH,
SWITCH, STATISTICAL, SOURCE, INITIAL, OUTPUT, LOAD FLOW, MACHINE type
59/56, UNIVERSAL MACHINE, FREQUENCY COMP. The Order number can be used for fine
tuning of the location within each section (together with ATP|Settings/Format-Sorting by Order).
The three character text in the icon will adapt to the selected section.

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Ref. 1-ph
Selecting Ref. 1-ph will draw the object LIBREF_1. This object has zero parameters and
two nodes. Reference objects are not represented in the ATP input data file, but serve only
as visualization of connectivity.
Ref. 3-ph
Selecting Ref. 3-ph will draw the object LIBREF_3. This object has zero parameters and
two nodes. Reference objects are not represented in the ATP input data file, but serve
only as visualization of connectivity.
Files...
Besides the standard components, the user is allowed to create User Specified components. The
usage of this feature requires knowledge about ATP's DATA BASE MODULARIZATION technique.
The procedure that is described in the Advanced part of this Manual consists of two steps:
1. Creating a new support file (.sup) using the Library | New object|User Specified menu.
2. Creating a Data Base Module file (.LIB), which describes the object.
Selecting Files... in the component selection menu executes the Open Component dialog and the
existing support files in the \USP directory are listed. If you select a .sup file from the list and
click on the Open button, the icon of the object will appear in the middle of the active circuit
window. In the dialog box of this component type there is a User Specified section with an Edit
button which will bring up the Text Editor where a .lib file can be imported. A checkbox Send
parameters is used if the library file is on the Data Base Module format with external parameters.
A second checkbox Internal phase seq. is used if the phase extension 'A', 'B' is hard coded
inside the Data Base Module and only the five character root node name should be sent.
Henceforth the user specified objects operate similarly than standard objects.
4.11.12 Steady-state
Harmonic frequency scan and load flow

Fig. 4.73 - Supported HFS components.

The Harmonic Frequency Scan (HFS) is one of the options under ATP | Settings / Simulation.
General load flow specification is given under ATP|Settings/Load flow.
Selection

Object name

RLC Phasor

RLC_PHAS
OR

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Icon

ATP card

Description

BRANCH

RLC component only present

during steady-state (t<0)

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SOURCE
type 14
BRANCH
type 0
BRANCH
type 0
BRANCH
type 0
BRANCH
type 0

Harmonic frequency source

PQ
Loadflow

SOURCE
Load flow

Load flow component with active

and reactive power restriction

LF_UP

|U|P
Loadflow

SOURCE
Load flow

Load flow comp. with voltage and

active power restriction

LF_TQ

Q
Loadflow

SOURCE
Load flow

Load flow component with angle

and reactive power restriction

HFS Source

HFS_SOUR

Cigre load 1 ph

CIGRE_1

CIGRE
LOAD

Cigre load 3 ph

CIGRE_3

CIGRE
LOAD

Linear RLC

RLC_F

KizilcayF-dependent

KFD

Load flow PQ

LF_PQ

Load flow UP
Load flow TQ

HFS

RLC

F(s|z)

Single-phase CIGRE load

3-phase CIGRE load
Linear RLC for HFS studies
Frequency dependent branch in s
or z domain.

Selecting HFS under ATP | Settings / Simulation will run

the ATP data case so many times as specified in the
Harmonic source component dialog box. The frequency
of the harmonic source will for each ATP run be
incremented. In the example shown at left, 5 harmonic
components are specified in the F/n column, and the ATP
data case will run 5 times.
Fig. 4.74 - Specification of harmonic source frequencies.
In the first run the source frequency will be 1x50 Hz, the second run 5x50 Hz etc. up to the fifth
run f = 11x50 Hz = 550 Hz. The Freq. value specified by the user under ATP | Settings /
Simulation is used here as base frequency. The source frequency can also be specified directly in
Hz and in such case the first F/n must be greater or equal to the Power Frequency. Specifying the
frequencies F/n like 50, 250, 350, 450, and 550 would be equivalent to what is shown in Fig. 4.74.
4.11.13 Standard Component...
In ATPDraw the standard component support files are stored in a single file called
ATPDraw.scl. The Standard library dialog is the container of supported circuit objects in
alphabetical order. Any component can be selected from this list, then the object's icon appears in
the circuit window exactly the same way as after other selections in the component selection submenus.
Support files of the present and even all retired objects (which once were supported in earlier
program versions, but have been removed from the component selection menu) are included in the
standard library. An old circuit file may of course contain such an older object, which are also
supported internally in ATPDraw and the program will produce correct output.

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4.11.14 Plugins
The Plugins Item points to a user defineable disk structure with project files (.acp) and subfolders. This thus gives an easy access to a user defineable library of sub-circuits for import. This
is similar to File|Import but enables the possibility of direct access. The Plugin directory is
defined under Tools|Options/Files&Folders.

Fig. 4.75 Example of Plugins menu.

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This chapter gives an overview of several more advanced features in ATPDraw: Grouping,
special components, usage of the integrated LINE/CABLE CONSTANTS, BCTRAN and the
UNIVERSAL MACHINE support, including the Hybrid Transformer model and Windsyn. This
chapter also describes how to use MODELS in ATPDraw and how to create new user specified
object by means of ATP's $Include and DATA BASE MODULARIZATION features. You will not be
shown how to create the example circuits, but these project files (Exa_*.acp) are part of the
ATPDraw distribution. To load these example circuits into ATPDraw, use the File | Open
command (or Ctrl + O) and select the file name in the Open Project dialog box.
5.1 Grouping: an ATPDraw feature for multilevel modeling
The grouping feature in ATPDraw allows multilevel modeling by replacing a group of objects
with a single icon in an almost unlimited numbers of layers. The grouping structure can be
imagined as a multi-layer circuit, where the Edit | Edit Group brings you one step down in details,
while the Edit | Edit Circuit menu brings you one step back. This feature increases the readability
of the circuit and the feature is especially useful for TACS blocks or frequently reused circuit
elements. The grouping feature is demonstrated by re-designing the circuit Exa_4.acp in the
ATPDraw distribution. This circuit is an induction machine supplied by a pulse width modulated
(PWM) voltage source. The induction machine is represented by a Universal Machine type 3 with
a typical mechanical load.

Fig. 5.1 - An induction machine supplied by a pulse width modulated voltage source.
The process of creating a group is as follows:
Select a group of components (inside the polygon in Fig. 5.1). Edit|Select|Inside.
Select Edit| Compress in the main menu (or Shift+right mouse click + Compress).

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After selecting a group the Edit |Compress command will replace it with a single icon. First the
selected sub-circuit is redrawn alone in the middle of the circuit window and the Compress dialog
appear as shown in Fig. 5.2.

Fig. 5.2 - The Compress dialog window.

In the Compress dialog box the user can specify the external data and nodes of a group of
components. The selected data and nodes appear as input in the group object that replaces selected
group and their values are automatically transferred.
Under Objects all the components in the group are listed with their name (support file) followed
by '/' and their Label (which is again specified in the Component dialog box). When you click on
one of the components it's available data and nodes appears under Available listed by the
data's/node's name followed by its value. The component is also drawn in a lime color in the
circuit window. The already selected external data/node belonging to this component is also
drawn with a lime color in the Added to groups.
You can then select a parameter and click on the >> button to transfer it to the Added to list.
Selected nodes in the Available node list is also draw in a lime color in the circuit window. If the
data/node is already added the corresponding item in the Added to lists is highlighted, and you are
not allowed to select it twice. Nodes in the Added to list are drawn enclosed by a red ring in the
circuit window as shown for the 3-phase node of the Splitter chosen to the external in Fig. 5.2.
The node position 2 is chosen for this node and this is the middle left standard position.
Vector icon is chosen for this group object. The Group name PWM is used in the icon and
displayed as an indicator in the Component dialog, as shown in Fig. 5.5. The Auto pos option is
available for vector icons only. Later in this example we will change the icon to bitmap style.
All data and nodes listed in the Added to groups will be the external attribute of the new group
object. You can also for each selected node specify it's position relative to the object's. The node
positions different from the default 1-12 must be specified by selecting Position 0 and then give
the relative coordinates of the node in the Pos.x and Pos.y fields. The x-axis is oriented to the
right and the y-axis downwards. The Auto pos button is only available for Vector graphic icons.
Selected data and nodes can also be removed from the Added to groups by clicking on the <<
button. As all other components the group object is limited to 64 data and 32 nodes. When later

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opening the component dialog box for the group object the selected data and node parameters will
appear as input possibilities and the values will automatically be transferred to the sub-group.
It is also possible to change the data/node labels by double-clicking on the texts in Added to lists.
Important! Two or more data labels with the same name are treated as a single data in the
component dialog box.

Fig. 5.3 - Name and position of the external nodes of the group.
The Compress process continues in Fig. 5.3 by selection of the external data all belonging to the
PULSE_03 object. Click on OK when you have finished. If you need to change the group
attributes, you can later selecte the group and once again choose Edit|Compress to reopen the
Compress dialog. In such case a Keep icon checkbox enables you to preserve the the groups icon.
After selecting all the required data and nodes click on
OK, then a object will automatically be created. The
group content disappears and the new group object is
drawn in the circuit window as shown in Fig. 5.4. The
user is then allowed to connect this group object to the
rest of the circuit.
Fig. 5.4 - On return from the Compress the circuit is redrawn.
Group objects operate like any other objects. You can drag and place the new group in the desired
location. The component dialog of the group can be opened by a right or double mouse click and
it appears as shown in Fig. 5.5. The data and node values are as specified under Fig. 5.2 and Fig.
5.3.
When changing the data parameter in this window the value will also be transferred to the
member components. A change in the node name will be transferred in the same way. In this
particular case the Fortran TACS objects are connected to the single-phase side of a splitter. The
name of the 3-phase node V will be transferred as real names VC, VB and VA (from left to right) at
the Fortran objects' output node. The user must follow this phase sequence in the PWM group
object, too.

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Fig. 5.5 - Opening the new group dialog box.

The Compress process for the mechanical load of the induction machine and the component
dialog of the new group can be seen in Fig. 5.6 and Fig. 5.7, respectively.

Fig. 5.6 - Selection of data values and external nodes for the mechanical load group.

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Fig. 5.7- Component dialog box of the mechanical load group-object.

To view/edit a group the user must first select it and then click Edit | Edit Group in the main menu
(or Ctrl+G). The group is then extracted on the current circuit window. Actually, the grouping
structure can be taken as a multi-layer circuit, where the Edit Group brings the user one step down
in details, while the Edit Circuit brings him one step back. The group is editable in normal way,
but the user can't delete components with reference nodes or data in the mother group. I.e.
components having been referenced in one of the Added to group: lists cannot be deleted. If the
user attempts to do so, a "Marked objects are referenced by compressed group..." warning
message reminds him that the operation is not allowed. Selecting the main menu Edit | Edit
Circuit (or short key Ctrl+H) will close the group edit window. It is possible with several levels
of groups in the circuit. The maximum number of group levels is 1000.
To customize the icon, click the Edit definitions speed button in the lower left corner of the
Component dialog box as shown in Fig. 5.5. The icon editor will appear where the user is free to
modify the icon. Fig. 5.8 shows the Exa_4.acp circuit after grouping the PWM-source and the
mechanical load and modifying their icons. Such process is convenient for documentation
purposes, because increases the readability of the circuit.
BUS

IM

Fig. 5.8 - The icon of the PWM source and the load group has been customized.

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Fig. 5.9 - Customizing the icon of the PWM source and TRQ mechanical torque model. The icon
is oriented so that node connections fit with border position 2 (left, middle).
5.1.1 Grouping nonlinear objects
A non-linearity can also be external data in a group object. Up to three objects can share the same
external nonlinearity. As an example, this section shows how to create a 3-phase, Type-96
hysteretic inductor. You can draw a circuit as shown to the left of Fig. 5.10. To create a group
mark the 3 single-phase inductor and the splitter then select Edit | Compress. The data CURR,
FLUX and RESID are set as external parameters for all the three inductors. The non-linearity
button under Added to group is checked and the Add nonlinear button is checked, too for all three
inductors.
When you press OK the group object is created. The group dialog box shown in Fig. 5.11 contains
only one entry for CURR, FLUX, RESID, and FL(0) which are used for all phases, although 3
copies of them are present in the data structure. This results in 26 free data cells available for the
nonlinear characteristic (64-3*4)/2 = 26). Only one characteristic is entered in the group's dialog
box and it is later copied back to all the three inductors. If the 26 data points were insufficient to
describe the characteristic as you wish, select the Include characteristic option and specify the
characteristic in a disk file. The name of that file must be entered in the $Include field.
The new 3-phase Type-96 group object can be stored as a project file in a special library location
and later copied into any circuit using the File | Import command, or place in the Plugins library.

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Fig. 5.10 - Creating a 3-phase hysteretic inductor.

Fig. 5.11 - Nonlinear characteristic of the 3-phase Type-96 group

(notice that only one characteristic is specified, that is used for all phases).
You can customize the group icon as shown in Fig. 5.11 (vector icon illustrated in this case). The
hysteresis loop originates from the original inductor icon. This is done by executing the next
sequence of operations: click on Edit definitions and go into the vector icon editor (leftmost
speed button). The default icon is shown as a box with the text 'GROUP' and 'nl96_3d'. Modify
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the 'GROUP' text to 'GRP' and move it toward the upper left corner of the box. Modify the text
'nl96_3d' to 'D' and choose font 'symbol' (you may also increase the font size and pick a different
color) and move it towards the lower right corner of the box. Now choose File|Append std and
choose the standard icon NLIND96. Adjust the left and right node connections. Click on Done.
5.2 Non-standard component dialog boxes
The component dialog box in which the user is allowed to change the object's attributes shows a
considerable similarity nearly for all components: on the Attributes page the components data and
nodes can be specified, on the optional Characteristic page you specify the input characteristic of
non-linear components.
The following components deviate somewhat from the above description:
Saturable 3-phase transformer (SATTRAFO)
Universal machine (UM_1, UM_3, UM_4, UM_6, UM_8)
Statistical / Systematic switch (SW_STAT, SW_SYST)
Harmonic source (HFS_SOUR)
Windsyn manufacturers data UM component.
In additions comes Models and User Specified component, explained later.

5.2.1 Saturable 3-phase transformer

The component dialog box of this transformer model is shown in Fig. 5.12. This dialog box also
has an Attributes and a Characteristic page, but the former is largely differs from the standard
layout. The function of the Order, Label, Comment and Output fields are the same as on any other
component dialog boxes, the meaning of the other fields are given next. The pair Io, Fo defines the
magnetizing branch inductance at steady state. Rm is the resistance of the magnetizing branch
representing the hysteresis and eddy current losses of the iron core. Io, Fo, Rm may be left blank if
the magnetizing branch is neglected in the simulation. Checking the 3-leg core turns the
transformer into a TRANSFORMER THREE PHASE type with high homopolar reluctance that
can be specified in the appearing R0-field. With the button 3-leg core unchecked, the model is a
saturable transformer with low homopolar reluctance (e.g. a 3-phase transformer with at least one
delta winding).
Checking the RMS button enables specification of the saturation characteristic in rms values for
current and voltage on the Characteristic page. A conversion to flux-current values is performed
internally in ATPDraw. If the button is unchecked, normal flux-current values should be entered.
The tertiary winding can be turned on or off by checking the 3-wind. button. The nominal voltage
of the transformer windings is given in volts. The short circuit inductances may be specified in
[mH] if Xopt. parameter is 0 (default) on the ATP | Settings / Simulation page. Otherwise, the
impedance is given in [] at frequency Xopt.
Windings coupled in wye, delta, auto with all possible phase shifts are supported. In addition
zigzag configuration can be selected with arbitrary phase shift from <-60,0>+<0,60>. In this case
the winding is split in two parts internally and the leakage inductance recalculated.

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Fig. 5.12 - General saturable transformer dialog.

The Saturable 3-phase object is found under Transformers in the component selection menu and
it can be edited and connected to the main circuit as any other components.
The Help button at the lower right corner of the dialog box displays the help file associated with
the SATTRAFO object. This help text briefly describes the meaning of input data values:
Name : SatTrafo - General saturable transformer. 3 phase. 2 or 3 windings.
Wye, Delta with all phase shifts. Auto, and Zigzag.
Card : BRANCH
Data :
Io= Current [A] through magnetizing branch (MB) at steady state.
Fo= Flux [Wb-turn] in MB at steady state.
The pair Io, Fo defines the inductance in MB at steady state.
Rm= Resistance in magnetizing branch in [ohm]. 5-leg core or 3-leg shell.
The magnetizing branch is always connected to the PRIMARY winding and Rm
is referred to this voltage.
R0= Reluctance of zero-sequence air-return path for flux. 3-leg core-type
Vrp= Rated voltage in [V] primary winding (only the voltage ratios matter).
Rp= Resistance in primary winding in [ohm].
Lp= Inductance in primary winding in [mH] if Xopt.=0
Inductance in primary winding in [ohm] if Xopt.=power freq.
Vrs= Rated voltage in [V] secodary winding.
Rs= Resistance in secondary winding in [ohm].
Ls= Inductance in secondary winding in [mH] if Xopt.=0
Inductance in secondary winding in [ohm] if Xopt.=power freq.
Vrt= Rated voltage in [V] tertiary winding.
Rt= Resistance in tertiary winding in [ohm].
Lt= Inductance in tertiary winding in [mH] if Xopt.=0
Inductance in tertiary winding in [ohm] if Xopt.=power freq.
RMS= unchecked: Current/Flux characteristic must be entered.
checked:
Irms/Urms characteristic must be entered.
ATPDRAW performs a SATURATION calculation.
3-leg core = checked: 3-leg core type transformer assumed. TRANSFORMER THREE PHASE
unchecked: 5-leg or 3-leg shell type assumed. TRANSFORMER.
3-wind.= turn on tertiary winding.
Output specified the magnetization branch output (power&energy not supported).
Node :
P= Primary side. 3-phase node.

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S= Secondary side. 3-phase node.

PN= Neutral point primary side.
SN= Neutral point secondary side.
T= Tertiary side. 3-phase node.
TN= Neutral point tertiary side.
Sat= Internal node, connection of the magnetization circuit with saturation.
The coupling is specified for each winding, with four coupling options: Y, D, A, Z
All phase shifts are supported.
Special note on Auto-transformers:
The primary and secondary windings must be of coupling A(uto).
Special note on ZigZag-transformers:
For this type the user can specify a phase shift in the range <-60,0>&<0,60>.
Note that the values -60, 0 and +60 degrees are illegal (as one of the winding parts
degenerates).
The phase shift is given relative to a Y-coupled winding.
If the primary winding is Zigzag-coupled, all other windings will be shifted with it.
If the primary winding is D-coupled, 30 deg. must be added/subtracted to the phase
shifts.
For negative phase shifts the phase A winding starts on leg 1 (called z with voltage
Uz) and continues in the opposite direction on leg 3 (called y with voltage Uy).
For negative phase shifts the phase A starts on leg 1 and continues in the opposite
direction on leg 2.
The normal situation is to specify a phase shift of +/- 30 deg. in which case the two
parts of the winding have the same voltage level and leakage impedance.
In general the ratio between the second part of the winding Uy and the first part Uz
is n=Uy/Uz=sin(a)/sin(60-a) where a is absolute value of the phase shift.
This gives:
Uz=U/(cos(a)+n*cos(60-a)) and Uy=Uz*n
Lz=L/(1+n*n) and Ly=Lz*n*n, Rz=R/(1+n) and Ry=Rz*n
where Lz and Ly are the leakage inductance of each part of the winding (L is the
total leakage inductance) and Rz and Ry are the winding resistance of each winding
part (R is the total).
The parameters Uz, Uy, Zz, and Zy are automatically calculated by ATPDraw based on
the equivalent parameters U and Z and the phase shift, a.
Points: It's possible to enter 23 points on the current/flux characteristic.
The required menu is performed immedeately after the input menu.
The points should be entered as increasingly larger values.
The point (0,0) is not permitted (added internally in ATP).
RuleBook: IV.E.1-2 or 3.

5.2.2 Universal machines

Handling of electrical machines in version 3 of ATPDraw has been updated substantially to
provide a user-friendly interface for most of the electrical machine modeling options in ATP.
Supported Universal Machine (UM) types are:

Synchronous machine (UM type 1)

Induction machines (UM type 3 & 4)
DC machine (UM type 8)
Single-phase machine (UM type 6)

The component dialog box of the Universal Machine object is substantially differs to the standard
dialog box layout, as shown in Fig. 5.13. In the UM component dialog box the user enters the
machine data in five pages: General, Magnet, Stator, Rotor, Init. Several UM models are allowed
with global specification of initialization method and interface. These Global options can be
specified under ATP | Settings / Switch/UM.
On the General page data like stator coupling and the number of d and q axis coils are specified.
On the Magnet. page the flux/inductance data with saturation are specified, while on the Stator
and Rotor pages the coil data are given. Init page is for the initial condition settings.

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Fig. 5.13 - Universal machine input dialog.

The dialog boxes for all the universal machines are similar. The type 4 induction machine does
not have the Rotor coils group, since this is locked to 3. None of the type 3 and 4 induction
machine have the field node of course.
The single-phase machine (type 6) and the DC machine (type 8) do not have the Stator coupling
group. For the type 6 machine the number of d-axis is locked to 1. Even if the number of rotor
coils or excitation coils can be set to maximum 3, only the first d-axis coils will have external
terminals for a type 1, 6, and 8 machine. The other coils will be short circuited. Rotor coils are
short circuited in case of type 3 machine, while the type 4 machine has an external terminal for all
its 3 coils.
Fig. 5.14 shows the various pages for universal machine data input (induction machine, type 3).
The buttons under the Saturation on the Magnet. page turns on/off the various saturation
parameters for the d- and q-axis. This is equivalent to the parameter JSATD and JSATQ in the
ATP data format. Selecting symm is equal to having JSATD=5 and JSATQ=0 (total saturation
option for uniform air gap).
On the Stator page, you specify the Park transformed quantities for resistance and inductance for
the armature winding. The number of coils on the Rotor page and on the Init page for manual
initialization adapts the specification of the number of rotor coils. First the d-axis coils are listed
then comes the q-axis coils.
The function of the Order, Label, Comment fields are the same as on any other component dialog
boxes. The Help button at the lower right corner of the dialog box displays the help file associated
with the UM objects.
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Fig. 5.14 - Data pages of the universal machines dialog box.

The Help text briefly describes the meaning of input data values and node names as the example
shows next for UM type 1 (Synchronous machine):
Data:
General page:
Pole pairs - Number of pole pairs
Tolerance - Rotor-speed iteration-convergence margin.
Frequency - Override steady state frequency.
Stator coupling
Select between Y, Dlead (AC, BA, CB) and Dlag (AB, BC, CA)
Selecting Y turns neutral node Neut on.
Rotor coils
Specify the number of d- and q- axis rotor coils. Maximum total
number is 3. Only terminals for 1st d-axis coil. The other coils
are assumed short circuited.
Global
Visualization of mode of initialization and interface.
Set under the main menu ATP|Settings/Switch/UM for each circuit.
Stator page:

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Specify resistance and inductance in Park transformed

quantities (d- q- and 0- system). All inductances in H or pu.
Rotor page:
The total number of coils are listed and given data on the Rotor
page. First the d-axis coils then the q-axis coils are listed.
Specify resistance and inductance for each coil. All the coils
except the first is short circuited. All inductances in H or pu.
Magnet. page:
LMUD - d-axis magnetization inductance.
LMUQ - q-axis magnetization inductance.
Turn on/off the saturation.
Symm. is equal saturation in both axis, specified only in d.
LMSD - d-axis saturated inductance.
FLXSD - d-axis flux-linkage at the saturation knee point.
FLXRD - d-axis residual flux-linkage (at zero current).
LMSQ - d-axis saturated inductance.
FLXSQ - q-axis flux-linkage at the saturation knee point.
FLXRQ - q-axis residual flux-linkage (at zero current).
NB! All inductances in H or pu.
Initial page:
Initial conditions dependent on manual or automatic
initialization is chosen under ATP|Settings/Switch/UM
Automatic:
AMPLUM - initial stator coil (phase) voltage [V].
ANGLUM - angle of phase A stator voltage [deg].
Manual:
Specify stator current in the d- q- and 0-system
Specify rotor current inn all coils
OMEGM - initial mechanical speed [mech rad/sec or unit]
THETAM - initial pos of the rotor [elec rad]
Output:
TQOUT=1: air gap torque
=2: 1 + d-axis common flux
=3: 2 + d-axis magnetization current
OMOUT=1: rotor shaft speed in [rad/sec]
=2: 1 + q-axis common flux
=3: 2 + q-axis magnetization current
THOUT=checked: rotor position in [mech rad]
CURR =checked: all physical coil currents
Node:
Stator - 3-phase armature output terminal.
M_NODE - air-gap tourque node.
FieldA - Pos. terminal of exitation rotor coil.
(the other coils are grounded)
FieldB - Neg. terminal of exitation rotor coil.
BUSM
- torque-source node for automatic initialization.
BUSF
- field-source node for automatic initialization.
Neut
- Neutral point of Y-coupled stator coils.

The final section of the Help file describes the equivalent electrical network of the mechanical
network for torque representation:
Shaft mass (moment of inertia) Capacitance
(1kg/m2 1 Farad)
Shaft section (spring constant) Inverse inductance. (1 Nm/rad 1/Henry)
Shaft friction (viscous damping) Conductance.
(1 Nm/rad/s 1/ohm)
Angular speed Voltage
(1 rad/s 1 Volt)
Torque Current
(1 Nm 1 Amp)
Angle Charge
(1 rad 1 Coulomb)

L1
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__
__
____ ___oooo_______________
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|J1| K1 |J2| --> T
_|_
<
_|_
<
|
==| |=====| |====
====>
___C1 >R1
___C2 >R2 O I
| |
| |
|
<
|
<
|
|__|
|__|
|
|
|
|
|
D1
D2
C1=J1, C2=J2, R1=1/D1, R2=1/D2, L1=1/K1, I=T

5.2.3 Statistic/systematic switch

Handling of statistic/systematic switches in version 3 of ATPDraw has been made more general
by introducing the independent/master/slave concept. The component dialog boxes of the
statistical switches slightly differs however from the standard switch dialog box layout as shown
in Fig. 5.15.
The user can select the Switch type in a combo box out of the supported options: Independent,
Master or Slave. This will also enable the possible input fields and change the number of nodes
(note that slave switch has 4 nodes). The Distribution for the statistical switch takes into account
the specification of the IDIST parameter on the miscellaneous switch card (ATP | Settings /
Switch/UM). Selecting IDIST=1 will disable the Distribution group and force Uniform
distribution. The Open/Close radio buttons select if the switch closes or opens with Ie as current
margin for opening switches. The number of ATP simulations is set by the miscellaneous switch
parameter Num. on the ATP | Settings / Switch/UM page. This value influences the 1st misc. data
parameter NENERG of ATP. ATPDraw sets the correct sign of NENERG: i.e. > 0 for statistic or
< 0 for systematic switch studies. The function of the Order, Label, Comment and Output fields
are the same as for any other standard components.

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Fig. 5.15 - Dialog box of the statistic switch (top) and data windows of the systematic switch.
The Help button at the lower right corner of the dialog box displays the help file associated with
the object. This text briefly describes the meaning of input data values and node names as shown
below:
SW_STAT - Statistic switch.
Distribution: Select uniform or gaussian distribution.
If IDIST=1 under ATP|Settings/Switch/UM only uniform is possible.
Open/Close: Select if the switch closes or opens.
Current margin available for opening switch.
T
= Average switch opening or closing time in [sec.]
For Slave switches this is the average delay.
Dev.= Standard deviation in [sec.].
For Slave switches this is the deviation of the delay.
Ie = Switch opens at a time T>Tmean and the current through
the switch is less than Ie.
Switch type:
INDEPENDENT: Two nodes
MASTER
: Two nodes. 'TARGET' punched. Only one is allowed.
SLAVE
: Four nodes. Specify node names of MASTER switch.
The icon and nodes of the objects adapt the switch type setting.
Node: SW_F= Start node of switch.
SW_T= End node of switch.
REF_F= Start node of the MASTER switch
REF_T= End node of the MASTER switch
SW_SYST - Systematic switch.
Tbeg = When ITEST=1 (ATP|Settings/Switch/UM)
Tmid = When ITEST=0 (ATP|Settings/Switch/UM)
Tdelay= For SLAVE switches. If ITEST=0 : T=Tmid.
INCT = Size of time increment in [sec.].
NSTEP = Number of time increments.
Switch type:
INDEPENDENT: Two nodes
MASTER
: Two nodes. 'TARGET' punched.
SLAVE
: Four nodes. Specify node names of MASTER switch.
The icon and nodes of the objects adapt the switch type setting.
Node :
SW_F = Start node of switch.
SW_T = End node of switch.
REF_F = Start node of the MASTER switch
REF_T = End node of the MASTER switch

5.2.4 Harmonic source

The component dialog box of the Harmonic source that is used in HFS studies deviates somewhat
from the standard source dialog box layout as shown in Fig. 4.74.

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Selecting HFS under ATP | Settings / Simulation the ATP will

run the case so many times as specified in the Harmonic
source component dialog box. The frequency of the harmonic
source will for each ATP run be incremented. The user
selects the source type by the Voltage or Current radio
button. In the example shown here, the data case will run 5
times because the F/n column has 5 harmonics entered.
Fig. 5.16 - Harmonic source dialog box.
The base frequency here is the Freq. value specified under ATP | Settings / Simulation. The
amplitude and angle of the F/n' th harmonic source is given in columns Ampl. and Angl.
5.2.5 Windsyn component
Windsyn is a program by Gabor Furst in Vancouver-Canada. It takes manufacturers machine data
as input, makes a fitting and produced an electrical universal machine model with startup. This
facilitates the usage of electrical machines in ATP/ATPDraw considerably. Seven electrical
different machine types are supported by Windsyn; Induction machines (wound, single cage,
double cage, and deep-bar rotors), Synchronous machines (salient rotor; d-damping, dq-damping,
round rotor; dq-damping).
The machine number is used in the control process of the machine, but this number is
automatically assigned by ATP as the data file is processed (machine number=sequence in the
file). The ATPDraw compatible version of Windsyn is completely transparent related to the
machine number. In the newer ATP version all UM machines can have the header (INPU (units),
INITUM (initialization method), ICOMP (solution method)) included, but only the settings of the
first machine will be used.
The ATPDraw compatible version of Windsyn is modified to accept an input file on its command
line and automatically update and jump to the input screen. The input file is a simple, free format,
text based file starting with WindSyn Data and ending with End of WIS data. ATPDraw
creates an input file from scratch called atpdraw.wis and dumps it to the same directory as the
windsyn.exe file. The Windsyn is called as Path\Windsyn.exe atpdraw.wis, INITUM, ICOMP.
The Windsyn program is documented separately.
Windsyn just dumps a dat-file, and ATPDraw calls ATP to produce the lib-file in data base
module format. The call to the lib-file is $Include, Name, BUS, ROTM, TORQUE, EXFD,
MachineNumber#.

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Fig. 5.17 - Windsyn dialog box in ATPDraw.

Fig. 5.17 shows the Windsyn input dialog in ATPDraw. It follows the same design as most
components. The input data consists of the standard Data grid to the left and a page control at the
bottom. On the Windsyn page the user can select the type of machine and give the machine model
a name that is used in the final $Inlude call. The current machine number is presented to the user,
but this number could change as the circuit develops. As default an induction machine with
wound rotor is assumed. If the user changes the machine type under Kind the Data grid is
automatically updated. If the Kind is changed from induction to synchronous machine or vice
versa new default values are read in. In the background there are actually two support files;
WisInd.sup and WisSyn.sup, stored in ATPDraw.scl containing icon, help, default
values, and units. On the Run data page the user can set the start-up options for the machine
dependent on the machine type and initialization INITUM set under ATP|Settings/Switch/UM.
In order to use the Windsyn component in a data case the user has to run the Windsyn program
via the Run Windsyn button. Then the input file to Windsyn atpdraw.wis is created and
Windsyn executed. While Windsyn is running the text "Windsyn is running (ESC)" is displayed.
ATPDraw waits for Windsyn to terminate befor reading in the result files. The waiting process
can be interupted by pressing the escape key. This might be needed if Windsyn terminates
incorrectly. In Windsyn the user can change the machine model and in the end create new output
files (Save Data followed by Exit). The output/result files are then automatically loaded by
ATPDraw and a $include file is created as seen when clicking the Edit lib-file button. It is
possible to directly import a lib-file here and thus omitting the Windsyn step. Both the wis-file
and the lib-file are read and stored in memory in the data structure of ATPDraw. The final lib-file
is dumped to disk in the Result Directory with a name specified in the Name field (do not enter
path or '.lib' as this is added automatically). The Result Directory is the same location as the ATPfile. As all lib-files (user specified, lcc and windsyn) are dumped to this directory file name

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conflicts can occur if components of different class have the same name. See the prefix options
under Tools|Options/View/ATP.
Windsyn adds a TACS control module to the machine. In this model there are a number of
predefined names not dummy declared. So watch out for unexpected name sharing. In all cases
the machine number is added at the end of the node names as indicated with the 'n#' character.
This can be a two digit parameter.
Setup of Windsyn in ATPDraw is done under Tools|Options/Preferences, as shown in Fig. 5.18.

Fig. 5.18 - Windsyn (+ATP and Plot program) setup in ATPDraw.

5.3 Using the integrated LCC object for line/cable modeling
The integrated LCC objects in ATPDraw are based on the LINE CONSTANTS, CABLE CONSTANTS
or CABLE PARAMETERS supporting routines of ATP-EMTP. The user must first describe the
geometry of the system and the material constants and ATPDraw then performs an ATP run to
process this data case and converts the output punch-file containing the electrical model of the
line or cable into standard lib-file format. This lib-file will then be included in the final ATP-file
via a $Include call. The idea in ATPDraw is to hide as much as possible of the intermediate
ATP execution and files and let the user work directly with geometrical and material data in the
circuit. Only those cases producing an electrical model of the line or cable are supported in
ATPDraw.
To use the built-in line/cable module of ATPDraw the user must first select a line/cable
component under Lines/Cables | LCC item in the selection menu, as shown in Fig. 5.19. This will
display a component in the circuit window that is connected to the circuit as any other component.
Clicking on the LCC component with the right mouse button will bring up a special input dialog
box called the Line/cable dialog. This window contains two sheets; one for the various model
specifications and one for the data (geometry and materials) as shown in Fig. 5.20. The user
specifies the number of phases (and the number of cables) under the System type group. This
choice will directly influence the grounding conditions in cable systems. The icon adapts setting
of overhead line/single core cable/enclosing pipe and the number of phases.
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Fig. 5.19 - Selecting a line or cable and connecting the LCC object to the rest of the circuit.
When the required data are specified the user can close the dialog by clicking on OK. The user is
also asked if ATP should be executed to produce the required punch-files. If the user answers No
on the this question, ATP is not executed, and the user is prompted again later when creating the
final ATP-file under ATP | run ATP or (ATP | Make File As...). You have to give a name to the
component and if you click on the Run ATP button you will be asked to confirm the name. You do
not have to specify path or extension as all data is stored in the Result Directory (same as the ATP
file). If more than one component share the same name they are forced to be equal and the data is
copied to the duplicates. When you click on OK you are warned about this as shown in Fig. 5.21.
If you click on Yes the data of the current component will be copied to the other component with
the same name. This cannot be undone directly, but you can undo the edit of the current
component. If you then reopen it the old data will be copied to the other duplicates.
It is very important to ensure a correct ATP installation and setup of the run ATP (F2) command
in ATPDraw. This is done under Tools | Options / Preferences. It is recommended to use batch
files. Three such files are distributed with ATPDraw (runATP_S.bat for the Salford version
(DBOS required), runATP_W.bat and runATP_G.bat for the recommended Watcom or
GNU versions of ATP). If the setup of the ATP command is incorrect, the line and cable models
will not be produced.
The punch-file output is transferred to a DATA BASE MODULE file by ATPDraw after the
successful line parameter calculation, so that the node names are handled correctly. The lib-file
required to build the final ATP-file is stored internally in memory and dumped to the Result
Directory on demand. If something goes wrong in the generation of a electrical model an error
message appear as shown in Fig. 5.22. Typical problems are missing or incorrect data. You can
inspect the intermediate files in the Result Directory (c:\atpdraw\atp in this case). File with
extensions .dat (LINE/CABLE CONSTANTS or CABLE PARAMETER file), and .pch
(result that is transformed into a .lib file) and the same name as the line/cable component
should be present.

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Fig. 5.20 - Line/Cable dialog box: Model specification. View- feature.

Fig. 5.21 Duplicate line&cable components.

Fig. 5.22 Model generation messages.

The data is stored internally in memory and the user can choose to export this data to an external
library (typically the /LCC folder) by clicking the Export button. This data file is on a binary
format and have extension .alc. You can click the Import button to load external data from disk.
The Line&Cable component can also be copied between project as all other components. Clicking
on the View button, displays the cross section of the line/cable as shown in Fig. 5.20. The phase
numbers (with zero as ground) can be displayed in a red color via View|Numbering. For cables,
the grounded conductors are drawn with a gray color, while the ungrounded conductors are black.
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The phase number is according to the rule of sequence: first comes the cable with the highest
number of conductors and the lowest cable number. The thick horizontal line is the ground
surface. Zooming and copying to the Windows clipboard is supported in metafile formats. The
Verify button of the LCC dialog box helps the user to get an overview of the performance of the
model in the frequency domain. This feature is described separately in sub-section 5.4.
When creating a Noda line/cable model the Armafit program is executed automatically to create
the required lib-file. The Armafit command is specified under Tools | Options / Preferences. The
batch file runAF.bat is distributed with ATPDraw.
ATPDraw supports all the various electrical models: Bergeron (KCLee and Clarke), PIequivalents, JMarti, Noda, and Semlyen. It is straightforward to switch between different models.
Under System type the user can select between Overhead Line and Single Core Cable or
Enclosing Pipe.
In the Line/Cable dialog the user can select between:
System type:

Model / Type:

Overhead Line: LINE CONSTANTS

Single Core Cables:
CABLE PARAMETERS or
CABLE CONSTANTS
Enclosing Pipe:
CABLE PARAMETERS or
CABLE CONSTANTS

Bergeron: Constant parameter KCLee or Clark

PI: Nominal PI-equivalent (short lines)
JMarti: Frequency dependent model with constant
transformation matrix
Noda: Frequency dependent model (not supported
in CABLE CONSTANTS)
Semlyen: Frequency dependent simple fitted model

The Line/Cable Data dialog of Fig. 5.20 really consists of three pages: Model page, Line or Cable
page and Node page. The parameter names used in the LCC dialog boxes are identical with that of
in Chapter XXI - LINE CONSTANTS and Chapter XXIII - CABLE CONSTANTS parts of the
ATP Rule Book [3]. The Standard data of the Model page is common for all line and cable types
and has the following parameters:
Rho:The ground resistivity in ohmm of the homogeneous earth
(Carson's theory).
Freq. init: Frequency at which the line parameters will be
calculated (Bergeron and PI) or the lower frequency point
(JMarti, Noda and Semlyen) of parameter fitting.
Length:Length of overhead line in [m]/[km] or [miles].
Set length as a text in icon option.

Fig. 5.23 - Standard data for all line/cable models.

5.3.1 Model and Data page settings for Overhead Lines
For overhead transmission lines the System type settings are as follows. High accuracy
(FCAR=blank) is used in all cases. Specify the number of phases in the #Ph combo box.
Transposed: The overhead line is assumed to be transposed if the button is
checked. Disabled for PI model type.
Auto bundling: When checked this enables the automatic bundling feature of
LINE CONSTANTS.
Skin effect: If the button is checked skin effect is assumed (IX=4), if
unchecked no skin effect correction. REACT option is set IX=0.
Metric/English: Switching between the Metric and English unit systems.

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Segmented ground: Segmented ground wires. If

button is unchecked then the ground wires are
assumed to be continuously grounded.
Real
trans.
matrix:
If
checked
the
transformation matrix is assumed to be real.
The eigenvectors of the transformation matrix
are rotated closer to the real axis so that
their imaginary part is assumed to become
negligible.
Recommended
for
transient
simulations.
Otherwise
a
full
complex
will
be
used.
transformation
matrix
Recommended for steady state calculations.

Fig. 5.24 - System type options for

overhead lines.

5.3.1.1 Model Type settings

Bergeron: No additional settings are required.
PI: For nominal PI-equivalent (short) lines the following optional settings exist under Data:

Fig. 5.25 - Optional settings for PI line models.

Printed output: If selected the shunt capacitance, series impedance/admittance
matrix of the unreduced system, and/or of the equivalent phase conductor
system (after elimination of ground wires and the bundling of conductors),
and/or of the symmetrical components will be calculated.
[C] print out: Selection between the capacitance matrix and the susceptance
matrix (C).

JMarti: The JMarti line model is fitted in a frequency range beginning from the standard data
parameter Freq. init up to an upper frequency limit specified by the mandatory parameters
number of Decades and the number of sample points per decade (Points/Dec). The model also
requires a frequency (Freq. matrix) where the transformation matrix is calculated and a steady
state frequency (Freq. SS) for calculation of the steady state condition. Freq. matrix parameter
should be selected according to the dominant frequency component of the transient study. The
JMarti model needs in some cases modification of the default fitting data under the optional
Model fitting data field, that can be made visible by unselecting the Use default fitting check box.
For further details please read in the ATP Rule Book [3].

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Fig. 5.26 - Parameter settings for the JMarti line model.

Noda: The Noda line model is fitted in a frequency range beginning from the standard data
parameter Freq. init up to an upper frequency limit specified by the number of Decades with the
resolution of Points/Dec. The model needs a frequency (Freq. veloc.), where the wave velocities
of the natural modes of propagation are calculated. A value higher than the highest frequency of
the frequency scan is usually appropriate. The Noda model needs in some cases modification of
the default fitting data under the optional Model fitting data field, that can be made visible by
unselecting the Use default fitting check box. For further details please read in the ATP Rule
Book [3].

Fig. 5.27 - Parameter settings for the Noda line model.

Semlyen: The Semlyen line model is frequency dependent simple fitted model. Fitting range
begins at the standard data parameter Freq. init and runs up to an upper frequency limit specified
by the parameter number of Decades. The model also requires a frequency (Freq. matrix) where
the transformation matrix is calculated and a steady state frequency (Freq. SS) for calculation of
the steady state condition. Freq. matrix parameter should be selected according to the dominant
frequency component of the transient study. The Semlyen model needs in some cases
modification of the default fitting data under the optional Model fitting data field, that can be
made visible by unselecting the Use default fitting check box. For more details please read in the
ATP Rule Book.

Fig. 5.28 - Parameter settings for the Semlyen line model.

5.3.1.2 Line Data page settings
The data page contains input fields where the user can specify the geometrical or material data.
For overhead lines, the user can specify the phase number, conductor diameters, bundling,
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conductor positions, as shown in Fig. 5.29. The number of conductors is user selectable.
ATPDraw set the grounding automatically or gives warnings if the grounding conditions do not
match the fixed number of phases. You can Delete last row of the table using the gray buttons
below or add a new one by clicking on the Add row command. Rows inside the table can also be
deleted, but it must first be dragged down as last row. To drag a row click on its # identifier in the
first column, hold the button down and drag the selected row to a new location or use the and
arrows at right.

Fig. 5.29 - Line Data dialog box of a 3-phase line. 4 conductors/phase + 2 ground wires.
Ph.no.:phase number. 0=ground wire (eliminated by matrix reduction).
Rin:
Inner radius of the conductor. Only available if Skin effect check box
is selected on the Model page (see in
Fig.

5.24). If unselected, the Rin column is removed and a React column

appears, where the user specifies the AC reactance of the line in

ohm/unit length.
Rout: Outer radius (cm or inch) of the conductor.
RESIS: Conductor resistance (ohm/unit length) at DC (with Skin effect checked)
or AC resistance at Freq. init (if no Skin effect selected).
Horiz: Horizontal distance (m or foot) from the centre of bundle to a user
selectable reference line.
Vtower:vertical bundle height at tower (m or foot).
Vmid: vertical bundle height at mid-span (m or foot). The average conductor
height calculated from the eq. h= 2/3*Vmid + 1/3*Vtower is used in the
calculations.
If System type / Auto bundling is checked on the Model page (
Fig. 5.24):
Separ: Distance between conductors in a bundle (cm or inch)
Alpha: Angular position of one of the conductors in a bundle, measured
counter-clockwise from the horizontal line.
NB:
Number of conductors in a bundle.

5.3.2 Model and Data page settings for Single Core Cable systems
Support of CABLE CONSTANTS and CABLE PARAMETERS has been added to the LCC module of
ATPDraw recently and the user can select between the two supporting programs by a single
button switch. This enables a more flexible grounding scheme, support of Semlyen cable model
instead of Noda and the cascade PI section. On the other hand in CABLE CONSTANTS enabled state
ATPDraw does not support additional shunt capacitance and conductance input and Noda model
selection. The CABLE CONSTANTS and CABLE PARAMETERS support in ATPDraw does not extend
to the special overhead line part and the multi-layer ground model. For Class-A type cable
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systems which consists of single-core (SC) coaxial cables without enclosing conducting pipe the
System type settings are as follows. Specify the number of phases in the #Ph combo box.
Cables in: Select if the cables are in the air, on
the earth surface or in ground.
Number of cables: Specify the number of cables in
the system.
Cable constants: Selects between Cable Constants
and Cable Parameters option. If checked, the
additional conductance and capacitance option will
be switched off and the Ground options on the Cable
Data page will be activated. The Semlyen model is
supported only with Cable Constants and the Noda
model only with Cable Parameters.

Fig. 5.30 - System type options for SC cables.

Matrix output: Check this button to enable printout of impedance and
admittance matrix data (R, L and C).
Snaking: If checked the cables are assumed to be transposed.
Add G: Check this button to allow conductance between conductors.
Not supported for Cable Constants.
Add C: Check this button to allow additional capacitance between conductors.
Not supported for Cable Constants.

5.3.2.1 Model Type settings for SC cables

Bergeron, JMarti, Noda and Semlyen: The Model/Type and Data settings for these SC cable
models are identical with that of the overhead transmission lines as described in section 5.3.1.1.
Users are warned however, that the frequency dependent models may produce unrealistic results,
due to neglecting the frequency dependency of the transformation matrix, which is acceptable in
overhead line modeling but not for cables.
Cascade PI model:
If the Cable Constants option is selected under the System
type field, the PI model supports additional input
parameters to produce cascade PI-equivalents. The
cascade PI model is described in the ATP Rule Book [3].
The Homogenous type can be used with all grounding
schemes.
Fig. 5.31 - SC cable data for cascade PI output.
5.3.2.2 Cable Data page settings for SC cables
The data page contains input fields where the user can specify the geometrical or material data for
cables. The user can turn on sheath/armour by a single button and allowed to copy information
between the cables. The cable number is selected in the top combo box with a maximum number
specified in Number of cables in the Model page.
For CABLE PARAMETERS (Cable Constants unselected) the Ground options are inactive and
number of grounded conductors is calculated internally in ATPDraw based on the total number of
conductors in the system and the number of initially selected phases. For CABLE CONSTANTS
(Cable Constants check box is On) the user must specify which conductor is grounded by
checking the appropriate Ground buttons. A warning will appear if a mismatch between the
number of phases and the number of ungrounded conductors is found. Grounded conductors are

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drawn by gray color under View. Selecting View|Numbering will show the phase number in red
color (0=grounded). The cables will be sorted internally according to the sequence rule of ATP;
the cable with most conductors comes first. To avoid confusion and mismatch between expected
phase number and conductors the user should try to follow this rule also in the Cable/Data dialog.
The Nodes page allows the user to rearrange the phase sequence.

Fig. 5.32 - Cable Data dialog box for a 3-phase SC type cable system.
For each of the conductors Core, Sheath and Armor the user can specify the following data:
Rin: Inner radius of conductor [m].
Rout: Outer radius of conductor [m].
Rho: Resistivity of the conductor material.
mu: Relative permeability of the conductor material.
mu(ins): Relative permeability of the insulating material outside the
conductor.
eps(ins):Relative permittivity of the insulating material outside the
conductor.
Total radius: Total radius of the cable (outer insulator) [m].
Sheath/Armour On: Turn on optional Sheath and Armour conductors.
Position: Vertical and horizontal positions relative to ground surface and to
a user selectable reference line for single core cables.

5.3.3 Model and Data page settings for Enclosing Pipe type cables
This selection specifies a cable system consisting of single-core (SC) coaxial cables, enclosed by
a conducting pipe (referred as Class-B type in the ATP Rule Book [3]). The cable system might
be located underground or in the air. The System type settings are identical with that of the ClassA type cables (see in sub-section 5.3.2). When the button Cable Constants is checked the shunt
conductance and capacitance options are disabled and a new check box Ground controls the
grounding condition of the pipe. Transposition of the cables within the pipe is available via the
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Snaking button. Cascade PI options can be specified similarly to SC cables (see Fig. 5.31). For
cables with enclosing pipe, the following Pipe data are required:

Fig. 5.33 - System type and Pipe data settings for an Enclosing Pipe cable.
Depth: Positive distance in meter between pipe center and ground surface.
Rin: Inner radius of the pipe in meter.
Rout: Outer radius of the pipe in meter.
Rins: Outer radius of outer insulation (total radius) in meter.
Rho: Resistivity of the pipe conductor.
Mu: Relative permeability of the pipe conductor.
Eps(in): Rel. permittivity of the inner insulation (between cables and pipe).
Eps(out): Rel. permittivity of the outer insulation (around pipe).
G and C: Additional shunt conductance and shunt capacitance between the pipe
and the cables.
Infinite thickness: Infinit thick pipe. ISYST=0 and (uniform grounding).

The cable Data page input fields for Enclosing Pipe type cable systems are identical with that of
the SC cables (see sub-section 5.3.2.2). The only difference is the meaning of Position:
Position: Relative position to pipe center in polar coordinates
(distance and angle).

5.3.4 Node page settings

The Node page was introduced in ATPDraw version 5.3. Normally, the user does not need to
specify anything on this page. It gives, however, access to the node names of the LCC component
and offers the user to assign conductor numbers to the nodes. Conductor numbering can be
desirable for cables since ATP requires a special sequence in this case; first comes the cores, then
the sheaths then the armors. The cables with most conductors must be numbered internally in
ATP as the first cable. To avoid too much confusion the user should also try to follow this rule.
For overhead line the user specifies the conductor number directly in the data grid and there
should be no need to alter this.
A cable system consisting of 3 single core cables with sheaths and a fourth ground wire will as
default receive an "unexpected" phase sequence. The core of the three cables will be numbered 12-3, then the ground wire will be numbered 4, and finally the three sheaths will be numbered 5-67. This does not fit well with the 3-phase layout used for this 7-phase system. The core of the
cabes will all be a part of IN1/OUT1-ABC, but then the ground wire will become IN2A/OUT2A,
the cable sheaths 1 and 2 will be IN2B/OUT2B and IN2C/OUT2C and the third cable sheats will
be connected to the single phase nodes IN3/OUT3. To let the ground wire be connected to the
single phase node the conductor sequence 1-2-3-5-6-7-4 can be assign in the grid.
The View module has a Number feature that displays the conductor numbers.

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5.4 Verification of the Line/Cable model performance

A line or cable model can be verified in two different ways. Internally in the Line/Cable dialog
there is a Verify module that supports both a frequency scaning option and a power frequency
calculation. Externally under ATP|Line Check there is a module that enables the user to select
several sequential line section (including transposition) and perform power frequency calculations
of series impedance and shunt admittance. This modele is better for long lines.
5.4.1 Internal Line/Cable Verify
The Verify button of the LCC dialog box helps the user to get an overview of the performance of
the model in the frequency domain. This feature of ATPDraw enables the user to compare the
line/cable model with an exact PI-equivalent as a function of frequency, or verify the power
frequency benchmark data for zero/positive short circuit impedances, reactive open circuit line
charging, and mutual zero sequence coupling. The Verify module supports two types of frequency
tests:
1) LINE MODEL FREQUENCY SCAN (LMFS) as documented in the ATP benchmark files
DC51/52.dat. The LMFS feature of ATP compares the punched electrical model with the
exact frequency dependent PI-equivalent as a function of a specified frequency range.
2) POWER FREQUENCY CALCULATION (PFC) of zero and positive short circuit impedances and
open circuit reactive line charging, and mutual zero sequence impedance for multi circuit lines.
In the Verify dialog box as shown in Fig. 5.34 the user can choose between a LINE MODEL
FREQUENCY SCAN (LMFS) or a POWER FREQUENCY CALCULATION (PFC) case. Under Circuit
specification, each phase conductor is listed for which the user should assign a circuit number.
The phase order for overhead lines is from the lowest phase number and up to the one assigned
under Data in the Line/Cable dialog box. For cables, the cable with the highest number of
conductors and the lowest cable number comes first (rule of sequence, ATP Rule Book - Chapter
XXIII). A circuit number zero means that the conductor is grounded during the frequency test. For
the LMFS test the user must specify the frequency range (Min freq and Max Freq) along with the
number of points per decade for the logarithmic space frequencies. For the PFC test, the input
parameters are the power frequency and the voltage level (used to calculate the reactive line
charging). Note! The LMFS feature of ATP does not work for Noda models.

Fig. 5.34 - Frequency range specification for the LMFS run (left) and selecting
the line voltage and system frequency for the PFC run (right).

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a) Select LMFS: Clicking on OK will result in the generation of a LMFS data case called
xVerify.dat and execution of ATP based on the settings of the default ATP command
(Tools|Options/Preferences). The sources are specified in include files called xVerifyZ.dat,
xVerifyP.dat, and xVerifyM.dat for the zero, positive and mutual sequence respectively.
The individual circuits are tested simultaneously. The receiving ends are all grounded (over 0.1
m) and all sending ends (if Circuit number > 0) attached to AC current sources of 1 Amps. The
phase angle of the applied current source for the ith conductor is -360(i-1)/n where n is the total
number of conductors belonging to that circuit. Phase angle for the zero sequence tests are zero.
The mutual coupling works only for 6-phase lines. For circuit one all phases are supplied with
zero phase angle sources, while the phase conductors of the other circuit at the sending end are
open. The View old case button will skip creation of the LMFS data case and trace the program
directly to the procedure that reads the xVerify.lis file, which contains the input impedances
of the electrical model compared to the exact PI-equivalent as function of frequency under various
conditions. ATPDraw can read this file and interpretation of the results is displayed in the LMFS
results window as shown in Fig. 5.36 for the 4-phase JMarti line-model specified in Fig. 5.35.

Fig. 5.35 - Specification of a 4-phase JMarti line model.

In Fig. 5.36, the user can select the Mode and the Phase number of which the absolute value of
the input impedance is displayed to the left in a log-log plot. It is also possible to copy the curves
to the windows clipboard in metafile format (Copy wmf). The absolute value of the input
impedance of the model and the exact pi-equivalent can be compared for the following cases:
Zero-sequence: AC currents of 1 A with zero phase angle is applied to all phases simultaneously
while the other end of the line/cable is grounded. The zero-sequence impedance is thus equal to
the voltage on the sending end of each phase.
Positive sequence: AC currents of 1 A with a phase angle of -360*(i-1)/n is applied to all phases,
where i is the current phase number in the specific circuit and n is the total number of phases in
the circuit. (A 6-phase line/circuit will result in phase angles 0, -120, -240, 0, -120, -240 while a 4

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phase circuit will result in 0, -90, -180, -270). The user specifies a circuit number for each phase
under Circuit specification of Verify Data dialog. The receiving end is grounded.
Mutual sequence: AC currents of 1 A with zero phase angle is applied to all phases of the first
circuit, while the other circuit is open. The receiving ends of all phases are grounded. Apparently
this works only for 6-phase lines.

Fig. 5.36 - Verifying a JMarti line model 1 Hz to 1MHz. Model is OK for f > 25 Hz.
b) Select PFC: For the PFC test the user must specify the power frequency and the base voltage
level for scaling of the reactive charging. Clicking on OK will result in the generation of a PFC
data case called xVerifyF.dat and execution of ATP based on the settings of the ATPCommand (Tools | Options / Preferences). In this case, each circuit is tested individually (all
other phases are left open while a specific circuit is tested). The library file describing the
electrical model of the line/cable is included in a new ATP case an supplied by unity voltage or
current sources in order to calculate the steady state short circuit impedances and open circuit
reactive line charging. The file xVerifyF.lis is read by ATPDraw and the short circuit
impedances together with the open circuit line charging is calculated in the zero-sequence and
positive-sequence mode. The results of the calculations are displayed in Fig. 5.37 .

Fig. 5.37 - Results of the PFC run.

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If the user clicks on Report the content in the string grids of Fig. 5.37 will be dumped to a user
selectable text file. Further details about the operation of the Verify feature and PFC option can be
found in the Appendix part of the Manual.
5.4.2 External Line Check
First, the user selects the line he wants to test and then clicks on ATP|Line Check as shown in Fig.
5.38. Then the input/output selection dialog box shown in Fig. 5.39 appears.
The LineCheck feature in ATPDraw supports up to 3 circuits. ATPDraw suggests the default
quantities. The leftmost nodes in the circuit are suggested as the input nodes, while the rightmost
nodes become the output. The circuit number follows the node order of the objects. For all
standard ATPDraw components the upper nodes has the lowest circuit number. The user also has
to specify the power frequency where the line/cable is tested. Finally, the user can check the Exact
phasor equivalent button which will result in a slightly better results for long line sections.
When the user clicks on OK in Fig. 5.39 an ATP-file (/LCC/LineCheck.dat) is created and
ATP executed. For a 3-phase configuration 4 sequential data cases are created (Z+, Y+, Z0, Y0)
while for a 9-phase configuration 24 cases are created (Z11+, Y11+, Z110, Y110, Z12, Z22,
Z13, Z23, Z33), since symmetry is assumed. Finally the entire LIS-file is scanned. The
calculated values are then presented in result window as shown in Fig. 5.40. The user can switch
between polar and complex coordinates and create a text-file of the result. The mutual data are
presented on a separate page. The unit of the admittances is given in Farads or Siemens (micro or
nano) and the user can scale all values by a factor or by the length.

Fig. 5.38 Select a line/cable sequence

Fig. 5.39 Specify inputs and outputs

The series impedances are obtained by applying 1 A currents on the terminals and the output ends
are grounded (the other circuits are left open and unenegized). For mutual coupling, 1 A is applied
at both circuits. On the other hand the shunt admittances are obtained by applying a voltage
source of 1 V at one terminal leaving the output end open. For mutual coupling, 1V is applied at
one circuit while a voltage of 1E-20 is applied at the other.

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Special attention must be paid to long lines and cables. This applies in particular to PIequivalents. Usage of Exact phasor equivalent is recommended, but is no guarantee of success.
No attempt is made in ATPDraw to obtain a better approximation since the line/cable system to
be tested in general is unknown. The mutual coupling in the positive sequence system is in
symmetrical cases very small and vulnerable to the approximations made.

Fig. 5.40 Presentation of the results.

5.5 Using MODELS simulation language
MODELS is a general-purpose description language supported by a set of simulation tools for the
representation and study of time-variant systems. This chapter of the Manual is to a large extent
an extract of the MODELS IN ATP -Language Manual, February 1996 [4] reference. Please
consult this manual for more detailed information on the MODELS language.
MODELS language focuses on the description of the structure of a model and on the function of
its elements. There is a clear distinction in MODELS between the description of a model, and the
use of a model. Individual models can be developed separately, grouped in one or more libraries
of models, and used in other models as independent building blocks in the construction of a
system. The description of a model is intended to be self-documenting. A system can be described
in MODELS as an arrangement of inter-related sub models, independent from one another in their
internal description and in their simulation (e.g. individual models can have different simulation
time step). Description of each model uses a free-format, keyword-driven syntax of local context,
and does not require fixed formatting in its representation.
The main description features of the MODELS language are the following:

The syntax of MODELS allows the representation of a system according to the system's
functional structure, supporting the explicit description of composition, sequence,
concurrence, selection, repetition, and replication;

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The description of a model can also be used as the model's documentation;

The interface of a model with the outside world is clearly specified;
The components of a model can be given meaningful names representative of their function
A system can be partitioned into individual sub models, each with a local name space;
The models and functions used for describing the operation of a system can be constructed
in programming languages other than the MODELS language.

The main simulation features supported by the MODELS language are the following:
Distinction between the description of a model and its use, allowing multiple independent
replications of a model with individual simulation management (time step, dimensions,
initial conditions, etc.);
Hierarchical combination of three initialization methods (default, use-dependent, and builtin), each contributing to the description of the pre-simulation history of a model by a direct
representation of the pre-simulation value of its inputs and variables as functions of time;
Dynamically-controlled modification of the values of the inputs and variables of a model
during the course of a simulation;
Dynamically-controlled modification of the structure of a model (both topological
composition and algorithmic flow) during the course of a simulation.

ATPDraw supports only a simplified usage of MODELS. In general, ATPDraw takes care of the
interface between MODELS and the electrical circuit (INPUT and OUTPUT of the MODELS
section) and the execution of each model (USE). There can thus not be any expressions in the
USE section. Creating a new Model in ATPDraw can follow two approaches:
1. The automatic approach. Select the Models|Default model or open an existing .mod file
and let ATPDraw take care the component definitions with icon and node connections. This
is the best approach if the Model is supposed to change during the study.
2. The manual approach. Select Models|Files mod/sup and choose a pre-existing support file
(accompanioned with a compatible .mod file). This is the best choice if the Model will not
change much (inputs/outputs fixed) during the study and the icon and node locations is
crusial.
The new MODELS object created in this chapter is part of the ATPDraw's example file
Exa_14.adp. In this example the harmonic content of the line current on the 132 kV supply
side of an industrial plan using a 24 pulse AC/DC converter is calculated by MODELS.
5.5.1 The automatic approach
Add a new Model to your circuit by selecting MODELS|Default model from the selection menu.
A simple Model will appear with an empty dialog box shown as shown in Fig. 5.41. Now, click
on the Edit button and type in your model description, import a text from file with File|Import or
paste in a text from the Windows clipboard. Anyway, this is the hard part of the process. In the
listing below you will noticed that two indexed outputs are defined absF and angF as [1..26]. This
will result in 26-phase nodes (which is the maximum allowed). The low index has to be 1 and the
upper must be a number less or equal to 26. Indexed data is also allowed and these are then split
in x[1], x[2] etc. The maximum number of data is 64 and the maximum umber of inputs plus
outputs is 32.
Click on Done when the edit process is completed. ATPDraw will then examine the Model
description and identify the Input/Output/Data declarations. If the number of input or outputs have
changed the icon is recreated. Inputs are positioned on the left side and Outputs on the right side
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(from top to bottom). A message box then appears as shown in Fig. 5.42. Typically you should
choose not to edit the file, but if you choose Yes the Edit definitions dialog appears where you can
relocate the nodes and change the icon. This might be a tricky process though. Anyway you can
whenever click on Edit definitions an do this job later on. If yoy click on No, you will return to an
updated Component dialog box as shown in Fig. 5.43.

Fig. 5.41 Component dialog of the Default Model.

Fig. 5.42 Identification of the Model text.

Fig. 5.43 Component dialog of the FOURIER model.

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In the Models section in Fig. 5.43 you must also specify the Use As name for USE model AS
model_name statement of MODELS. Record of local variable is also available in this section.
The actual model file describing the calculation of harmonics is shown below:
MODEL FOURIER
INPUT X
DATA FREQ {DFLT:50}
n {DFLT:26}

--input signal to be transformed

--power frequency
--number of harmonics to calculate

OUTPUT absF[1..26], angF[1..26],F0 --DFT signals

VAR
absF[1..26], angF[1..26],F0,reF[1..26], imF[1..26],i,NSAMPL,OMEGA
D,F1,F2,F3,F4
HISTORY
X {DFLT:0}
DELAY CELLS DFLT: 1/(FREQ*timestep)+1
INIT
OMEGA:= 2*PI*FREQ
NSAMPL:=1/(FREQ*timestep)
F0:=0
FOR i:=1 to 26 DO
reF[i]:=0
imF[i]:=0
absF[i]:=0
angF[i]:=0
ENDFOR
ENDINIT
EXEC
--window X?
f1:=delay(X,(NSAMPL+1)*timestep,1)
f2:=delay(X,NSAMPL*timestep,1)
f3:=delay(X,timestep,1)
f4:=X
F0:=F0+(f4+f3-f2-f1)/(2*NSAMPL)
FOR i:=1 to n DO
D:=1/(i*PI)*((f4-f2)*sin(i*OMEGA*T)-(f3-f1)*sin(i*OMEGA*(T-timestep))
+(f4-f3-f2+f1)/(timestep*i*OMEGA)*
(cos(i*OMEGA*T)-cos(i*OMEGA*(T-timestep))))
reF[i]:=reF[i]+D
D:=1/(i*PI)*(-(f4-f2)*cos(i*OMEGA*T)+(f3-f1)*cos(i*OMEGA*(T-timestep))
+(f4-f3-f2+f1)/(timestep*i*OMEGA)*
(sin(i*OMEGA*T)-sin(i*OMEGA*(T-timestep))))
imF[i]:=imF[i]+D
absF[i]:=sqrt(reF[i]**2+imF[i]**2)
IF imF[i]<1E-10
THEN
angF[i]:=0
ELSE
angF[i]:=atan2(imF[i],reF[i])
ENDIF
ENDFOR
ENDEXEC
ENDMODEL

5.5.2 The manual approach

You can create an external support file in two ways. Either by click on Edit definitions is the
Component dialog box of your Model and then click on Save As (preferable to the /MOD
directory). This will simply give you a copy of your Model component. The other way is to go via
Library|New object|Model sup-file and create a support file from scratch. Both these options use
the Edit definitions dialog. The end result is a support file that you load via MODELS|Files
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(sup/mod).
The manual approach requires that you have the mod file finished, or at least you need to know
the number and name of all input, outputs and data. Enter the Library menu and select the New
objects|Model sup-file. This menu item will perform the Edit definitions
dialog. In the Standard data field, you specify the size of the model: number
of nodes and number of data as shown in Fig. 5.44.
The FOURIER.MOD text has four nodes (1 input + 3 outputs) and two data,
(FREQ, n), so you must enter 4 and 2 in the Num. fields.
Fig. 5.44 - Specify the size of the model.
After you have specified the node and data values go to the tabbed notebook style part of the
dialog box. Select the Data page where you specify the values shown in Fig. 5.45. The Name of
the data must be the same as those used in the DATA declaration part of the .mod file. The
Default value appears initially in the models dialog. The default values are taken from the Use
Model statements in DC68.DAT (you can of course change these values individually for each use
of the model). Min and Max restrict the legal input range. No restriction is applied here to data
values, so Min=Max.

Fig. 5.45 - Specify Data parameters.

Param is set to 0, which means that variable text string can not be assigned to the data value.
Digits is the maximum number of digits allowed in the ATP input file. When high precision is
checked, $Vintage, 1 is enabled and Digits is split in two values for high and low precision.
After you have specified the data values click on the Nodes tab to enter to the node window as
shown in Fig. 5.46. The Name identifies the node in the Node and Component dialog boxes. The
name you enter here must be the same as those used in the INPUT and OUTPUT declaration
sections of the .mod file. The Position field is the node position on the icon border as shown at
the right (Alt+F1..F12 are short
keys), but other positions (120..120) is possible. The Kind
value specifies the input/output
type of the node. Number of
#Phases must be set to match the
array size of the input/outputs.

Fig. 5.46 - Specifying Node attributes.

Supported Kind values for MODELS objects are:
0:

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Output node.

3:

Switch status input node.

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1:
2:
6:
7:
8:

Current input node.

4:
Machine variable input node.
Voltage input node.
5:
TACS variable (tacs).
Imaginary part of steady-state node voltage (imssv).
Imaginary part of steady-state switch current (imssi).
Output from other model. 9:
Global ATP variable.

The Kind parameter of model object nodes can be changed

later in the Node dialog box (input field Type), as shown in
Fig. 5.47. This window appears when the user clicks on a
Model node with the right mouse button.
Fig. 5.47 - Model node dialog box.
Note! If a model output is used as input for another model, the model, which produces the output
must be USEd before the use of the model that is supplied with this output. This can be done by
specifying a lower Order number for the model with output signals and selecting the Sorting by
Order option under ATP | Settings / Format.
Model objects also have an icon, which
represents the object on the screen and an
optional help, which describes the meaning of
parameters. If no user supplied help text was
given, the Help Viewer displays the model
definition file (.mod) automatically. If you
really need a help text, this feature can be
overridden by opening the Help Editor with the
button at the right hand side of the dialog
box.
The Icon Editor appears similarly, by clicking
on the
button. In this case Bitmap icon
style is chosen. Here you can be creative and
draw a suitable icon for the new model object as
shown in Fig. 5.36. When you finished select the
Done menu item.
Fig. 5.48 - The icon of the new model objects.
The Save or Save As buttons can be used to save the new support file to disk. Default location of
Model support files is the \MOD folder. The .sup file does not need to have the same name as
the model file, but it is recommended.
The new model object has now been created is ready for use. You can reload and modify the
support file of the model objects whenever you like.
Selecting MODELS | Files (sup/mod)... in the component selection menu performs an Open Model
dialog box where you can choose a model support file. If you select the file FOURIER.SUP the
icon of the new model appears immediately in the circuit window and it can be connected with
other object in normal way.
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The input and output interface for MODELS objects, the use of the model and interfacing it with
the rest of the circuit are handled automatically by ATPDraw. The model description is written
directly in the ATP input file. Blank lines are removed when inserting the .mod file. The general
structure of the MODELS section in an .atp input file is shown below:
MODELS
INPUT
M0001A {i(HVBUSA)}
OUTPUT
X0027A
X0027B
...
X0027Z
X0028A
X0028B
...
X0028Z
XX0029
-----------------------------------------MODEL FOURIER
...
Description of the model.
Complete copy of the
FOURIER.MOD is pasted here.
...
ENDMODEL
-----------------------------------------USE FOURIER AS FOURIER
INPUT
X:= M0001A
DATA
FREQ:=
50.
N:=
26.
OUTPUT
X0027A:=ABSF[1]
X0027B:=ABSF[2]

X0027Z:=ABSF[26]
X0028A:=ANGF[1]
X0028B:=ANGF[2]

X0028Z:=ANGF[26]
XX0029:=F0
ENDUSE

5.5.3 Recording internal MODELS variables

ATPDraw supports the RECORD feature of MODELS to record any internal variable of a model
object in the .pl4 output. The selection of internal variables is done by clicking the Record
button in Fig. 5.43. This will bring of the Record dialog shown in Fig. 5.49. The available
variables (VAR+OUTPUT) is shown in the list to the left. Select the desired variable and click the
>> button. The Record field to the right is a free format text field that allows you to easily edit the
AS name. In the case of indexed variables you also need to specify the index as well (shown as
reF[5]). Remove the variable from the Record list by the << button. The Outputs from a Model
can alternatively be recoreded with the Model Probe as shown to the right in Fig. 5.49.

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Fig. 5.49 - Record of model variables. Right: Models Probe connected to Output node.
5.6 BCTRAN support in ATPDraw
ATPDraw provides a user-friendly interface for the BCTRAN transformer matrix modeling, to
represent single and three-phase, two and three winding transformers. After the user has entered
the open circuit and short circuit factory test data, the ATPDraw calls ATP and executes a
BCTRAN supporting routine run. Finally, ATPDraw includes the punch-file into the ATP-file. The
windings can be Y, D or Auto coupled with support of all possible phase shifts. The nonlinear
magnetization branch can optionally be added externally.

Fig. 5.50 - The BCTRAN dialog box.

Fig. 5.50 shows the BCTRAN dialog box, which appears when the user selects BCTRAN under
Transformers of the component selection menu. Under Structure, the user specifies the number of
phases, the number of windings, the type of core (not supported yet, except for single phase cores,
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triplex and three-phase shell type), and the test frequency. The dialog box format adapts the
number of windings and phases. The user can also request the inverse L matrix as output by
checking AR output. An Auto-add nonlinearities button appears when an external magnetizing
branch is requested.
Under Ratings the line-voltage, rated power, and type of coupling must be specified. Supported
winding Connections are: A (auto-transformer), Y (wye) and D (delta). The Phase shift menu
adapts these settings with all types of phase shifts supported. If the connection is A or Y, the rated
voltage is automatically divided by 3 to get the winding voltage VRAT.
Under Factory tests, the user can choose either the Open circuit test or the Short circuit test.
Under the Open circuit tab the user can specify where the factory test has been performed and
where to connect the excitation branch. In case of a three winding transformer one can choose
between the HV, LV, and the TV winding. Normally the lowest voltage is preferred, but stability
problems for delta-connected nonlinear inductances could require the lowest Y-connected
winding to be used. Up to 6 points on the magnetizing curve can be specified. The excitation
voltage and current must be specified in % and the losses in kW. With reference to the ATP Rule
Book, the values at 100 % voltage is used directly as IEXPOS=Curr [%] and LEXPOS=Loss
[kW]. One exception is if External Lm is chosen under Positive core magnetization. In this case
only the resistive current is specified resulting in IEXPOS=Loss/(10 SPOS), where SPOS is the
Power [MVA] value specified under Ratings of the winding where the test has been performed. If
zero-sequence open circuit test data are also available, the user can similarly specify them to the
right. The values for other voltages than 100 % can be used to define a nonlinear magnetizing
inductance/resistance. This is set under Positive core magnetization:
a) Specifying Linear internal will result in a linear core representation based on the 100 %
voltage values.
b) Specifying External Lm//Rm the magnetizing branch will be omitted in the BCTRAN
calculation and the program assumes that the user will add these components as external
objects to the model.
c) Specifying External Lm will result in calculation of a nonlinear magnetizing inductance first
as an Irms-Urms characteristic, then automatically transformed to a current-fluxlinked
characteristic (by means of an internal SATURA-like routine). The current in the magnetizing
inductance is calculated as
I rms [ A] = (10 Curr[%] SPOS [ MVA] / 3) 2 ( Loss[kW ] / 3) 2 / Vref [kV ]

where Vref is actual rated voltage specified under Ratings, divided by

connected transformers.

3 for Y- and Auto-

The user can choose to Auto-add nonlinearities under Structure and in this case the magnetizing
inductance is automatically added to the final ATP-file as a Type-98 inductance. ATPDraw
connects the inductances in Y or D dependent on the selected connection for actual winding for a
3-phase transformer. In this case, the user has no control on the initial state of the inductor(s). If
more control is needed (for instance to calculate the fluxlinked or set initial conditions) Auto-add
nonlinearities should not be checked. The user is free to create separate nonlinear inductances,
however. The Copy+ button at the bottom of the dialog box allows the user to copy the calculated
nonlinear characteristic to an external nonlinearity. What to copy is selected under View/Copy. To

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copy the fluxlinked-current characteristic used in Type-93 and Type-98 inductances Lm-flux
should be selected.
The Short circuit data can be specified as shown in Fig.
5.51. With reference to the ATP Rule Book; Imp [%] is
equal to ZPOS, Pow. [MVA] is equal to SPOS, and
Loss [kW] is equal to P. These three values are
specified for all the windings. If zero-sequence short
circuit factory test data are also available, the user can
similarly specify them to the right of the positive
sequence values after selecting the Zero sequence data
available check box.
Fig. 5.51 - Short circuit factory test data.
If Auto-transformer is selected for the primary and
secondary winding (HV-LV) the impedances must be re-calculated according to Eq. 6.45, 6.46,
6.50 of the EMTP Theory Book [5]. This task is performed by ATPDraw and the values Z H* L ,
Z L* T , and Z H* T are written to the BCTRAN-file automatically.
2

*
H L

VH
,
= z H L
V
V

L
H

z L* T = z LT , z H* T = z H L

VH
VL
VH VL
+ z H T
z L T
2
VH VL
VH VL
(VH VL )

where ZL-H, ZL-T, and ZH-T are the short-circuit impedances Imp. [%] referenced to a common
Pow.[MVA] base.
When the user clicks on OK the data structure is stored in a binary disk file with extension .bct
and stored in the /BCT folder. This BCT-file is stored in the ATPDraw project file just like LCCfiles for lines/cables. Then the user is offered to generate a BCTRAN-file and run ATP. This is
really optional, since often a new BCTRAN-file will be required anyway during the final ATP-file
generation. Trying to run ATP is a good practice however, since this will quickly warn the user
about possible problems. The button Run ATP requests an ATP execution without leaving the
dialog box. If the BCTRAN-file is correct, a punch-file will be created. This file is directly
included in the final ATP-file and there is no conversion to a library file as for lines/cables. This
means in practice that a new BCTRAN-file will be created and ATP executed automatically
(when creating the final ATP-file) each times the transformers node names change.
There is also an Import button available to import existing BCT-files. The user can also store the
BCT-file with a different name (Save As), which is useful when copying BCTRAN-objects. The
View+ and Copy+ buttons are for the nonlinear characteristic. Copy+ transfers the selected
characteristic to the Windows clipboard in text format with 16 characters fixed columns (the first
column is the current). View+ displays the nonlinear characteristic in a standard View Nonlin
window. The Help button at the lower right corner of the dialog box displays the help file
associated with the BCTRAN object. This help text briefly describes the meaning of input data
values.
1. Excitation test data
Specified under Factory test/Open circuit.
The data required by BCTRAN are:
FREQ
= Test frequency under Structure
IEXPOS = Curr for the 100% voltage value in Open circuit, Positive sequence.
= Loss for the 100% voltage value divided by 10*SPOS when External Lm
requested.
SPOS
= Power under Ratings for winding specified under Performed at.

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LEXPOS =
IEXZERO=
SZERO =
LEXZERO=

Loss for the 100% voltage value

Curr for the 100% voltage value
Power under Ratings for winding
Loss for the 100% voltage value

in Open circuit, Positive sequence.

in Open circuit, Zero sequence.
specified under Performed at.
in Open circuit, Zero sequence.

The above input values can be derived from the factory test data as shown next:
IEXPOS= Iex*V*100/SPOS for single phase,
IEXPOS= Iex*3*V*100/SPOS for 3-phase
where Iex [kA] = excitation current,
V [kV]
= excitation voltage.
SPOS[MVA]= power base
IEXZERO= 0 for single phase
IEXZERO= 1/3*Iexh*3*V*100/SZERO for 3-phase
where Iexh [kA]= zero-sequence excitation current,
SPOS[MVA]= power base (normally equal to SPOS)
Y-connected windings (typical values):
3-leg core type: IEXZERO= IEXPOS
5-leg core type: IEXZERO= 4*IEXPOS
2. Winding cards
Specified under Ratings. The data required by BCTRAN are:
VRAT
= L-L voltage [kV] for D-connection or single phase transformers
L-L voltage [kV] divided by 3 for A (Auto) and Y connections.
3-phase only.
BUS1= The present node names of the transformer component in ATPDraw
BUS6
taking the connection and Phase shift [deg] into account.
Renaming the nodes will require a new BCTRAN execution performed
automatically upon ATP|Run ATP or Make File.
3. Short circuit test data
Specified under Factory test / Short circuit. The data required by BCTRAN are:
Pij
= Loss (kW) under Short circuit, Positive sequence
ZPOSij = Imp (%) under Short circuit, Positive sequence
SPOS
= Pow (MVA) under Short circuit, Positive sequence
ZZEROij= Imp (%) under Short circuit, Zero sequence
SZERO = Pow (MVA) under Short circuit, Zero sequence

The short circuit input data can be derived from the factory test reports, as shown next:
ZPOSij= Usi/Isi*SPOS/Vri^2*100 for single phase,
ZPOSij= Ush/3*Ish)*SPOS/(Vri2)*100 for 3-phase
where
Usi [kV] = short-circuit voltage at winding i
Isi [kA] = nominal current at winding i
SPOS[MVA]= power base
Vri [kV] = rated line voltage at winding i
ZZEROij= 0 for single phase
ZZEROij= Ush/Ish*SZERO/(Vri2)*300 for 3-phase
where
SZERO[MVA]= power base
Zero-sequence tests must be performed with open Delta-windings.

The BCTRAN component is found under Transformers BCTRAN in the component selection
menu and it can be edited and connected to the main circuit as any other component.
BCT
A

176

The data specified in Fig. 5.50 will result in an icon at left with 3 three-phase terminals
and one single-phase neutral point common to the primary and secondary autotransformer
windings. The label shows the transformer connection.

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5.7 Hybrid Transformer, XFMR

This component called XFMR was added to version 4.2 of ATPDraw in June 2005. The model is
then improved in several steps by extensive debugging. The XFMR component is an
implementation and extension of the work performed by Prof. Bruce Mork at Michigan Tech and
his co-workers Fransisco Gonzalez-Molina and Dmitry Ishchenko. This project called "Parameter
Estimation and Advanced Transformer Models for EMTP Simulations" was sponsored by
Bonneville Power Administration. A series of report documents this work and his here used as
references MTU4, MTU6 and MTU7. The implementation in ATPDraw was also funded by BPA.
5.7.1 Overview
The principle of the modeling is to derive a topologically correct model with the core connected
to an artificial winding on the core surface. Individual magnetizing branches are established for
the yokes and legs dependent on their relative length and area (normally a value within limited
range). A key feature is that magnetization is assumed to follow the Frolich equation which is
fitted to Test Report data (using the Gradient Method optimization). This improves extreme
saturation behavior since linear extrapolation above the Test Report data is avoided. The leakage
inductance is modeled with an inverse inductance matrix (A-matrix), following the BCTRAN
approach as documented in the Theory Book p. 6.21. Shunt capacitances and frequency dependent
winding resistance is also considered.
The transformer model consists of four parts (as shown in Fig. 5.52) :
Inductance. Leakage reactance - > A-matrix
Resistance. Winding resistance -> R(f)
Capacitance. Shunt capacitance - C-matrix
Core. Individual magnetization and losses for legs and yokes.

Fig. 5.52 - Duality model for a 3-phase, two-winding transformer from MTU4.

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The XFMR component support three sources of data:

Design parameters. Winding and core geometry and material properties.
Test report. Standard Test Report data like in BCTRAN. Capacitances and frequency
dependent resistance added.
Typical values. Typical text book values based on transformer ratings. Be careful with this as
both design and material properties have changed a lot the last decades.
The overall node structure of the XFMR component in the final ATP file is shown in Fig. 5.53.

Fig. 5.53 - Node structure in the ATP-file.

This component can be connected as any other component in the circuit with the following
exceptions.In both these cases switches should be used in order to maintain unique node names.
It is not legal to ground nodes directly
It is not correct to connect several components to the same bus.
5.7.2 XFMR dialog box
The advance Hybrid Transformer component, XFMR, is found under Transformers in the
selection menu. The model support 3-phase transformers with two or three windings coupled as
Wye, Delta, or Auto. All possible phase shifts are supported. Triplex (single phase bank), 3- and
5-legged stacked cores and shell form cores are supported. The dialog box is shown in Fig. 5.54.
All the input fields in the dialog box change dynamically with the user's selection of the number
of windings and type of core.

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Fig. 5.54 The XFMR component dialog box

When the user presses OK the electrical model data (A and C matrices, R, and Core) are
calculated and stored internally. The calculation of the core model might take up to one minute
and a progress bar is shown (the user can press ESC to stop the calculation). The data can be
exported (Export button) to an external library file (.xfm) for later import, but also copied
between projects. Using the Import button it is possible to load a priviously created .xfm file.
Twelve radio buttons are available under Structure and Data based on that enables the user to set
the source of data individually for each part of the model. Click the right mouse button to omit the
part completely (inductance can not be omitted). Inductance, Resistance, Capacitance and Core.
Under Type of core the user can select the core configuration. Triplex (single phase bank), 3- and
5- legged stacked, and shell form cores are supported. The type of core will influence the structure
and calculation process of the core model. A 5-legged core will have a saturation characteristic
also for the outer legs, while in the case of a 3-legged core this is replaced by a constant
inductance representing the zero sequence behaviour.
Under Ratings & Connections the user must specify the the line-to-line voltage in [kV], the rated
power of the transformer [MVA] and the type of coupling and phase shift for each winding. These
settings all refere to the Primary (P), Secondary (S), and Tertiary (T) notation. P is on the left side,
S on the right side, and T on the top side of the transformer icon. There is no restrictions on the
voltage levels here.
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The phase-shift refered to the primary winding is specified in the drop down list. Only possible
phase-shifts are listed. Other phase shift would require ZigZag couplings not supported here (use
the Saturable Transformer component).
The sequence of the winding on the core leg is set in the combo box Winding sequence. This is
used establish the artificial winding where the core should be connected. If this sequence is
unknown then remember that the inner winding usually has the lowest voltage. When the Ext.
neutral connections button is checked, all neutral points become 3-phase nodes that the user has
to connect manually.
For design data the user must input the geometry and matrial data of the winding and core. For the
core the user must choose a magnetic material. The list of available material data is very limited
and only relatively new characteristisc are included. This means that a modeling of an old
transformer using this approach would result in too low core losses. Uncertain aspects of the
design data are the core losses and the zero-sequence data especially for 3-legged transformers.
For test report data ATPDraw has an embedded BCTRAN-like routine for calculation of the Amatrix and winding resistance R. The core model is established by fitting the measured excitation
currents and losses. The user can specify 9 points on an excitation characteristic. Some Insert and
Delete buttons are available. ATPDraw will also sort the points by increasing voltage level. If the
current and core loss do not increase with voltage an error message is displayed.
For typical values some estimation is made based on textbook tables using the rated voltage and
power. In the Typical data page there is a button Edit reactances, Edit resistances, Edit
capacitances, or Edit magnetization. When the user check this button, ATPDraw calculates the
typical values based on the rated quantities and display the typical values. The values are then
locked. To update the values based on a new setting of rated values the user must uncheck the
button. There are basically two levels of sophistication available.
The default level requires no user input at all; the inductance, resistance, capacitance and core
data is calculated based on typical values from tables. The user is allowed to specify a few
data to improve the guessing; type of cooling for inductances (unknown=forced air), coupling
factor for capacitances, and rated magnetic field intensity Bmax, loss density Pmax, and basic
insulation level for core modeling. The user can examine the internally calculated data by
checking an Edit button this also enables the second level. Once the button is checked the data
are no longer updated when the rated voltage or power is changed.
At the second level the user can directly specify the data.
Some buttons are available for viewing the winding and core design. If these buttons are checked
a separate on-top window pops up with the information required to specify the input correctly.
The Configuration image changes with the number and type of winding and the core type. The
figures are fixed and are not scaled with the user specified dimensions.
Click on the Settings button on the core page to set some parameters for the core model. This will
bring up the Advanced core settings dialog. An important setting is the #points in saturation; the
internal core model based on the Frolich equation (2 or 3 parameter option) is fitted to the test
report with a fast Gradient optimization method by minimizing the different between the
measured and calculated rms currents. This is then converted to a piecewise linear characteristic
(type 93 or 98 inductors) assuming a certain number of points. Type 96 hysteretic inductors are
also supported, and in this case half the core loss is assumed to be hysteresis losses and the core
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loss is in general assumed to be proportional to the square of the flux density. Initialization is
challenging for the type 96 inductors and ramping up the power supply with a controlled source
might be necessary at lest for a 5-legged core. A very important parameter for inrush studies is the
final slope inductance La. Design parameters are required here and La = 0 N 2 Aleg / lleg .

Fig. 5.55 The Advanced core settings dialog.

5.8 Creating new circuit objects in ATPDraw
The user specified objects (USP) are either customized standard objects or objects created for the
use of $INCLUDE and DATA BASE MODULARIZATION feature of ATP-EMTP. The Objects | User
Specified | New sup-file menu enables the user to create a new support file for such a user
specified object or customize data/node properties and the icon or the help text of an existing one.
The number of nodes and data specified in the Edit Object dialog box for USP objects must be in
line with the ARG and NUM declarations in the header section of the Data Base Module (DBM)
file. The number of data must be in the range of 0 to 36, and the number of nodes in the range of 0
to 12. The USP support files are normally located in the /USP folder.
Two new circuit objects will be created in this section: a 6-pulse controlled thyristor-rectifier
bridge that is used as building block for simulating a 12-pulse HVDC station (Exa_6.adp) in
section 6.3 of the Application Manual, and a generator step-up transformer model with winding
capacitances and hysteretic core magnetism included. The latter object is used in a transformer
inrush current study (Exa_11.adp) in section 6.5.2 of the Application Manual.
5.8.1 Creating a 6-phase rectifier bridge
The Data Base Module (DBM) file shown next describes a 6-pulse thyristor rectifier bridge
(based on exercise 54 in [2]). The process of creating a DBM-file is certainly the most difficult
part of adding new circuit objects to ATPDraw. The input file to the DBM supporting routine of
ATP begins with a header declaration followed by the circuit description. The ATP Rule Book [3]
chapter XIX-F explains in detail how to create such a file. The output punch-file of the DBM
supporting routine can actually be considered as an external library file which is included to the
ATP simulation at run time via a $INCLUDE call.
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE --NOSORT-DATA BASE MODULE

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$ERASE
ARG,U____,POS___,NEG___,REFPOS,REFNEG,ANGLE_,Rsnub_,Csnub_
NUM,ANGLE_,Rsnub_,Csnub_
DUM,PULS1_,PULS2_,PULS3_,PULS4_,PULS5_,PULS6_,MID1__,MID2__,MID3__
DUM,GATE1_,GATE2_,GATE3_,GATE4_,GATE5_,GATE6_,VAC___,RAMP1_,COMP1_
DUM,DCMP1_,DLY60D
/TACS
11DLY60D .002777778
90REFPOS
90REFNEG
98VAC___ =REFPOS-REFNEG
98RAMP1_58+UNITY
120.00
0.0
1.0VAC___
98COMP1_ =(RAMP1_-ANGLE_/180) .AND. UNITY
98DCMP1_54+COMP1_
5.0E-3
98PULS1_ = .NOT. DCMP1_ .AND. COMP1_
98PULS2_54+PULS1_
DLY60D
98PULS3_54+PULS2_
DLY60D
98PULS4_54+PULS3_
DLY60D
98PULS5_54+PULS4_
DLY60D
98PULS6_54+PULS5_
DLY60D
98GATE1_ = PULS1_ .OR. PULS2_
98GATE2_ = PULS2_ .OR. PULS3_
98GATE3_ = PULS3_ .OR. PULS4_
98GATE4_ = PULS4_ .OR. PULS5_
98GATE5_ = PULS5_ .OR. PULS6_
98GATE6_ = PULS6_ .OR. PULS1_
/BRANCH
$VINTAGE,0
POS___U____A
Rsnub_
Csnub_
POS___U____BPOS___U____A
POS___U____CPOS___U____A
U____ANEG___POS___U____A
U____BNEG___POS___U____A
U____CNEG___POS___U____A
/SWITCH
11U____APOS___
GATE1_
11U____BPOS___
GATE3_
11U____CPOS___
GATE5_
11NEG___U____A
GATE4_
11NEG___U____B
GATE6_
11NEG___U____C
GATE2_
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C
<= "C" in the 1st column is mandatory here!
$PUNCH
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK

The header section of the DBM-file starts with an ARG declaration after the special ATP request
card DATA BASE MODULE. It's function is to specify the external variables (numerical + node
names) and the sequence of arguments for the $INCLUDE procedure. The NUM card tells what
arguments are numerical. DUM card lists the dummy or local variables, which are typically internal
node names. ATP gives dummy nodes a unique name and thus let you use the same DBM-file
several times in a data case avoiding node name conflicts. The rest of the DBM-file describes the
rectifier bridge in a normal ATP data structure, except that sorting cards /TACS, /BRANCH,
/SWITCH etc., are used in a special way. Sorting cards are required, but no BLANK TACS,
BLANK BRANCH, etc. indicators are needed.
The 3-phase thyristor bridge has a 3-phase AC input node and two single phase DC output nodes.
The firing angle is taken as input data and the snubber parameters are also practical to consider as
numerical input to the model. The model created here accepts external reference signals for the
zero crossing detector (alternatively the DBM module file could have detected its own AC input),
thus the new USP object will have 5 nodes and 3 data:
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U____ :
POS___:
NEG___:
REFPOS:
REFNEG:
ANGLE_:
Rsnub_:
Csnub_:

The AC 3-phase node

The positive DC node
The negative DC node
Positive reference node.
Negative reference node.
The firing angle of the thyristors.
The resistance in the snubber circuits.
The capacitance in the snubber circuits.

Note the importance of the number of characters used for each parameter. The U____ parameter
has only 5 characters, because it is a 3-phase node and the extensions A, B and C are added inside
the DBM-file. Underscore characters _ has been used to force the variables to occupy the 6
characters space for node names and 6 columns ($VINTAGE, 0) for the snubber data. Running
the DBM-file through ATP will produce a .pch punch file shown below:
KARD

3 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13
14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 24
24 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 31 31
31 32 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36
KARG-20 4 5 4 5-16-16-17 6-17-18-18-19 -1-18-19 -1 -2-20 -2 -3-20 -3 -4-20
-4 -5-20 -5 -6-20 -1 -2-10 -2 -3-11 -3 -4-12 -4 -5-13 -5 -6-14 -1 -6-15 1
2 7 8 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 2
-10 1 2-12 1 2-14 1 3-13 1 3-15 1 3-11
KBEG 3 3 3 12 19 3 69 3 20 13 3 12 3 3 32 19 12 3 69 12 3 69 12 3 69
12 3 69 12 3 69 13 25 3 13 25 3 13 25 3 13 25 3 13 25 3 25 13 3 9
3 27 39 9 21 3 15 9 21 3 15 3 21 15 9 3 21 15 9 3 21 15 9 3 9
65 3 9 65 3 9 65 9 3 65 9 3 65 9 3 65
KEND 8 8 8 17 24 8 74 8 25 18 8 17 8 8 37 24 17 8 74 17 8 74 17 8 74
17 8 74 17 8 74 18 30 8 18 30 8 18 30 8 18 30 8 18 30 8 30 18 8 13
8 32 44 13 25 8 20 13 25 8 20 7 25 20 14 7 25 20 14 7 25 20 14 7 14
70 7 14 70 7 14 70 13 8 70 13 8 70 13 8 70
KTEX 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
$ERASE
/TACS
11DLY60D .002777778
90REFPOS
90REFNEG
98VAC___ =REFPOS-REFNEG
98RAMP1_58+UNITY
120.00
0.0
1.0VAC___
98COMP1_ =(RAMP1_-ANGLE_/180) .AND. UNITY
98DCMP1_54+COMP1_
5.0E-3
98PULS1_ = .NOT. DCMP1_ .AND. COMP1_
98PULS2_54+PULS1_
DLY60D
98PULS3_54+PULS2_
DLY60D
98PULS4_54+PULS3_
DLY60D
98PULS5_54+PULS4_
DLY60D
98PULS6_54+PULS5_
DLY60D
98GATE1_ = PULS1_ .OR. PULS2_
98GATE2_ = PULS2_ .OR. PULS3_
98GATE3_ = PULS3_ .OR. PULS4_
98GATE4_ = PULS4_ .OR. PULS5_
98GATE5_ = PULS5_ .OR. PULS6_
98GATE6_ = PULS6_ .OR. PULS1_
/BRANCH
$VINTAGE,0
POS___U____A
Rsnub_
Csnub_
POS___U____BPOS___U____A
POS___U____CPOS___U____A
U____ANEG___POS___U____A
U____BNEG___POS___U____A
U____CNEG___POS___U____A

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/SWITCH
11U____APOS___
GATE1_
11U____BPOS___
GATE3_
11U____CPOS___
GATE5_
11NEG___U____A
GATE4_
11NEG___U____B
GATE6_
11NEG___U____C
GATE2_
$EOF
User-supplied header cards follow.
31-May-02 15.46.06
ARG,U____,POS___,NEG___,REFPOS,REFNEG,ANGLE_,Rsnub_,Csnub_
NUM,ANGLE_,Rsnub_,Csnub_
DUM,PULS1_,PULS2_,PULS3_,PULS4_,PULS5_,PULS6_,MID1__,MID2__,MID3__
DUM,GATE1_,GATE2_,GATE3_,GATE4_,GATE5_,GATE6_,VAC___,RAMP1_,COMP1_
DUM,DCMP1_,DLY60D

This file is very similar to the DBM input file, but with a different header and with the original
DBM-file header given at the bottom instead. This file is ready to $INCLUDE into an ATP input
file by ATPDraw. The file must be given a name and extension .LIB and stored in the default
\USP directory. The name HVDC_6.LIB is used here as an example.
When the punch-file from the DBM-file has been created, the next step is to create a support file
for the new HVDC_6 object in the the Objects | User Specified menu. The process of creating a
new object consists of two steps: create parameter support and create the icon.
First select the New sup-file in the popup menu. A notebook-style dialog box shown in Fig. 5.56
appears where you specify the number of data and nodes. The number of arguments on the NUM
card(s) of the DBM-file tells you the Number of data, which is 3 in this example. The number of
arguments on the ARG card(s) minus number of arguments on the NUM card(s) specifies the total
Number of nodes, which is 5 in this example.
On the Data tab, you specify the names of the data parameters, number of digits (it must be less or
equal the space used in the DBM-file, which is 6 in this case) a default value, and the Min/Max
values. The name of data need not be equal to the names used in the DBM punch-file, but the
sequence of data must be the same as on the ARG and NUM card(s). After specifying data
properties, click on the Node tab and set the node control parameters as shown in Fig. 5.56. The
Name of nodes, the number of Phases (1/3) and the node position on the icon border (1-12) are to
be given here. Codes for the available node positions are shown in the icon at right. Kind is not
used here. It must be left unity (default) for all nodes. The name of the nodes need not be identical
with the names used in the DBM-file, but the node sequence must be the same as on the ARG card.
ATPDraw writes all three names of a 3-phase node in the $INCLUDE statement. In this example
only the core name of the 3-phase node is expected on the argument list, because the phase
identifiers A-B-C are added internally in the DBM-file. This option requires the Internal phase
seq. checked box be selected in the component dialog box of the HVDC_6 object, as shown in
Fig. 5.59. If it is selected, ATPDraw writes only the 5-character long core names in the
$INCLUDE statement and let the extensions A, B and C be added inside the DBM library file.
Note that ATPDraw does not perform any diagnosis of the include file before sending the node
names. Moreover, the Internal phase seq. option may result in conflict with transposition objects.
As a result, this option should in general not be used in transposed circuits. To avoid the conflict
use three input names for 3-phase nodes in DATA BASE MODULE files.

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Fig. 5.56 - Properties of the new HVDC_6 object.

Each user specified objects might have a unique icon, which represents the object on the screen
and an optional on-line help, which describes the meaning of parameters. These properties can be
edited using the built in Help and Icon Editors. Fig. 5.57 shows an example file that can be
associated with the user specified 6-phase rectifier bridge.

Fig. 5.57 - Help file of the HVDC_6 object.

Fig. 5.58 shows the icon editor window. The red lines in the background indicate the possible
node positions on the icon border. Connecting lines to the external nodes of the object should be
drawn from the symbol in the middle and out to the node positions specified in Fig. 5.56. The
completed icon of the 6-pulse rectifier bridge is shown in Fig. 5.58.

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Fig. 5.58 - The icon associated with the new HVDC_6 object.

Fig. 5.59 - Component dialog box of the new user specified HVDC_6 object.
Finally, the just created support file must be saved to disk using the Save or Save As buttons. User
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specified sup-files are normally located in the \USP folder and their default extension is .sup.
You can reload the support file of any user specified objects whenever you like, using the User
Specified | Edit sup-file option of the Objects menu.
The User Specified | Files in the component selection menu provides access to the user specified
objects. The component dialog box of the HVDC_6 object is very similar to that of the standard
objects, as shown in Fig. 5.59. The name of the DBM-file which is referenced in the final ATP
input file must be specified in the $Include field under User specified. The Send parameters check
box is normally selected, if the USP object has at least one input node or data.
5.8.2 Creating a user specified, nonlinear transformer model
Supporting routine BCTRAN can be used to derive a linear representation of a single or 3-phase
multi-winding transformer, using excitation and short circuit test data. If the frequency range of
interest does not exceed some kHz, the inter-winding capacitances and earth capacitance of the
HV and LV windings can be simulated by adding lumped capacitances connected to the terminals
of the transformer. Although BCTRAN produces only a linear representation of the transformer,
connecting nonlinear inductances to the winding closest to the iron core as external elements,
provides an easy way to take the saturation and/or hysteresis into account. It is noted that the
BCTRAN object is now supported by ATPDraw in a user friendly way (see in section 5.6), but the
procedure described here gives more flexibility in handling of the iron core nonlinearities and
allows incorporation of winding capacitances in the USP object, if needed. Further advantage of
the USP based modeling is that users do not need to run the BCTRAN supporting routine as many
times as such kind of transformers present in the circuit before the execution of the time domain
simulation. Creating such a user specified component however requires some experience in two
ATP supporting routines: DATA BASE MODULE and BCTRAN.
The BCTRAN model requires easily available input data only, like the name-plate data of a
generator step-up transformer shown below:
Voltage rating Vhigh/Vlow
Winding connection:
Power rating:
Excitation losses:
Excitation current:
Short circuit losses:
Short circuit reactance:

132/15 kV
Ynd11
155 MVA
74 kW
0.3% / 2.67 A
461 kW
14 %

The zero sequence excitation current and losses are approximately equal to the positive sequence
measurements because the presence of delta connected secondary winding. Taking that the
nonlinear magnetizing inductance is going to be added to the model as an external element, only
the resistive component of the excitation current (0.05%) must entered in the BCTRAN input file
shown next:
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
ACCESS MODULE BCTRAN
$ERASE
2
50.
0.05
155.
74.
0.05
155.
1
76.21
HVBUSASTRPNTHVBUSBSTRPNTHVBUSCSTRPNT
2
15.0
LVBUSALVBUSCLVBUSBLVBUSALVBUSCLVBUSB
1 2
461.
14.0
155.
14.0
155. 0 1
BLANK
$PUNCH
BLANK
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE

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BLANK
BLANK

Running this file through ATP will produce an output punch-file that can be used as input for the
Data Base Module (DBM) run. The process of creating a DBM-file is certainly the most difficult
part of adding new circuit objects to ATPDraw. The input file to the DBM supporting routine of
ATP begins with a header declaration followed by the circuit description. The ATP Rule Book [3]
chapter XIX-F explains in detail how to create such a file. The output of the DBM supporting
routine is a .lib file, that can actually be considered as an external procedure which is included to
the ATP simulation at run time via a $INCLUDE call.
5.8.2.1 Creating a Data Base Module file for the BCTRAN object
The DBM-file begins with a header declaration followed by the ATP request card DATA BASE
MODULE and ends with a $PUNCH request. The ARG declaration together with the NUM card (if
needed) specifies the external variables (numerical + node names) and the sequence of arguments
for the $INCLUDE procedure. The rest of the file describes the BCTRAN model. Note that data
sorting card /BRANCH is part of the file, but no BLANK BRANCH indicator is required.
The ARG declaration of the DBM-file includes 7 node names in this example:
HVBUSA, HVBUSB, HVBUSC: The 3-phase node of the high voltage terminal
LVBUSA, LVBUSB, LVBUSC: The 3-phase node of the low voltage terminal
STRPNT:
The 1-phase node of the HV neutral

The rest of the DBM-file is the transformer model description as produced by the BCTRAN
supporting routine of ATP. The structure of the DBM input file is shown below:
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE --NOSORT-DATA BASE MODULE
$ERASE
ARG,HVBUSA,HVBUSB,HVBUSC,LVBUSA,LVBUSB,LVBUSC,STRPNT
<<<< The .PCH file generated by the >>>>
<<<< BCTRAN supporting routine must >>>>
<<<< be inserted here
>>>>
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C
!!! This comment line here is mandatory !!!
$PUNCH, MYTRAFO.LIB
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK
BLANK

Running the DBM-file through ATP will produce a file mytrafo.lib that must be stored in the
\USP folder of ATPDraw.
KARD 3 3 4 4 6 6 10 10 11 11 13 13 16 16 20 20 25 25
KARG 4 6 4 5 5 6 1 7 4 6 2 7 4 5 3 7 5 6
KBEG 3 9 9 3 9 3 3 9 3 9 3 9 9 3 3 9 9 3
KEND 8 14 14 8 14 8 8 14 8 14 8 14 14 8 8 14 14 8
KTEX 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
$ERASE
C <++++++> Cards punched by support routine on 28-Jan-02 14.10.13
C ACCESS MODULE BCTRAN
C $ERASE
C 2
50.
0.05
155.
74.
0.05
155.
C
1
76.21
HVBUSASTRPNTHVBUSBSTRPNTHVBUSCSTRPNT
C
2
15.0
LVBUSALVBUSCLVBUSBLVBUSALVBUSCLVBUSB
C 1 2
461.
14.0
155.
14.0
155. 0 1
C BLANK
$VINTAGE, 1,

188

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1LVBUSALVBUSC
2LVBUSBLVBUSA
3LVBUSCLVBUSB
USE AR
1HVBUSASTRPNT
2LVBUSALVBUSC
3HVBUSBSTRPNT
4LVBUSBLVBUSA

5HVBUSCSTRPNT

6LVBUSCLVBUSB

9121.6157726436
0.0
9121.6157726436
0.0
0.0
9121.6157726436
19.966704093183
-101.4441679294
515.41471986794
0.0
0.0
19.966704093183
0.0
0.0
-101.4441679294
515.41471986794
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
19.966704093183
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-101.4441679294
515.41471986794

.16716783247242
0.0
.00647606659729
0.0
0.0
.16716783247242
0.0
0.0
0.0
.00647606659729
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.16716783247242
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.00647606659729

$VINTAGE, 0,
$UNITS, -1.,-1.
USE RL
C ----------------- << case separator >>> ----------$EOF
User-supplied header cards follow.
28-Jan-02
ARG,HVBUSA,HVBUSB,HVBUSC,LVBUSA,LVBUSB,LVBUSC,STRPNT

14.28.28

5.8.2.2 Creating new support file and icon

Next step is to create a new user specified object via the Object | User Specified | New sup file
menu of ATPDraw. The process of creating a new object consists of two steps: creating parameter
support and creating an icon. Since no NUM card exists in the DBM header the number of data is
0, the number of nodes is 3 in this example as shown in Fig. 5.60.
On the Nodes tab, a Name can be assigned to each nodes. The number of phases and the node
position on the icon border must also be specified here. The name of the nodes may differ from
the name used in the .lib file, but the node sequence must be the same as specified on the ARG list.
Each user specified component might have an icon and an optional on-line help, which describes
the meaning of input parameters. The appearance of this icon is up to the users' creativity, but it is
recommended to indicate three phase nodes with thick lines and to locate them according to the
Pos (1..12) setting on the Nodes tab. Finally, the support file of the object must be saved to disk
using the Save button (the default location is the /USP folder), to make the new USP object
accessible via the User Specified | Files option of the component selection menu.

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Fig. 5.60 Creating support file for the new BCTRAN object.
The user specified components can be used in combination with the new grouping feature of
ATPDraw as shown in Fig. 5.61. In this example, the linear part of the transformer model has
been completed with winding capacitances as external components and three nonlinear Type-96
hysteretic inductors in delta connection at the 15 kV terminals, which represent the nonlinear
magnetic core.
The Compress feature of ATPDraw supports single icon replacement of these 7 objects. The interwinding and winding-to-earth capacitances are input parameters to the group object. As shown
below, the group object's icon can be customized, as well. An artistic icon may improve the
readability of the circuit and help in understanding of the circuit file for others.
C_hl

C_lg

C_hg

Fig. 5.61- Compressing the transformer model into a single object.

5.9 Vector graphic editor
In ATPDraw all icons of standard components are in vector graphic style. This enables better
zooming and dynamic icon capabilities. A component can have either a bitmap or a vector icon,
but not both. The building block of the vector graphic format is the Element (maximum 93). An
Element has a Visible flag and can belong to a Layer, it is thus possible to easily turn on/off
element as a respons to user settings. Further an element can either be a Shape or a Text. A shape
can be of various standard Windows types (lines, rectangle, ellipses, poly-lines, polygons, arcs,
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pies, and Bezier curves), while a Text is simpler. A Shape can consist of maximum 255 points
which is very beneficial for poly-lines, polygons and Bezier curves. The vector graphic editor has
been developed from scratch utilizing an internal graphic format for fast drawings. The editor is
shown in Fig. 5.62.

Fig. 5.62 Vector graphic editor (400 % zoom).

An element can be selected by clicking in the icon window or by specifying the Edit element spin
edit field to the top right. The selected element is shown with its properties below. In the
Properties grid the pen and brush colors and styles can be selected. The colors are codes with
numbers 0-255. The numbers 240-255 are used for the standard colors and lower values to match
the closest possible color when selecting the full color palette. The present color of the pen
(frame) and brush (fill) is shown by the squares to the right. A shortcut to the standard colors
(240-255) is to click the palette to the right (r\left for pen, right for brush). This is the same is in
the old Bitmap editor. In the Points grid the co-ordinates for the points are shown as well as
rotation angle of rectangles and ellipses and rounding of rectangles.
Fig. 5.62 also shows the components Nodes and the Frame. These are turned on/off via the
checkboxes in the very top right corner. The Frame is the selection area of the icon; mouse clicks
inside this area in the circuit will select or open the component. A too large Frame will result in
overlapping conflicts with other icons. The Frame is not changeable with the mouse; the user has
to specify the coordinates in the Frame string grid. The External point drawn as red is used for
branch output of some of the components. The Nodes are drawn as gray dots with their node
names oriented relative to the Frame. The Node positions and name can be specified in the Nodes
string grid. The nodes can also be moved with the mouse selecting Tool|Move nodes. The nodes
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have to be on the grid so the nodes are only moved in steps. The grid is also drawn in Fig. 5.62
with the red lines indicating the centre. The grid can be turned on/off via Edit|Node grid.
When the editing process is completed the user clicks on Done.
5.9.1 Properties
Fig. 5.63-Fig. 5.64 shows the properties grids. Most of the properties have combo boxes and pupup dialogs attached as shown in Fig. 5.65 for selection of possible values.

Fig. 5.63 Properties grid. Left and centre: Shapes. Right: Texts.

Fig. 5.64 Shape properties alternatives.

Fig. 5.65 Text properties.

The Shape points are given in the co-ordinate system -128..127. The Text point P is specified in
the centre of the text. The Node co-ordinates have to be rounded off to the nearest 10.

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Colors are described by a code 0..255, where 240-255 are the old standard ATPDraw colors used
in the bitmap styles icons. These colors are found in the color grid to the right. For the color
properties there is a button available when pressed shows the basic color palette available in
Delphi as shown in Fig. 5.66. The user can choose a color here which then is mapped to the
closest color. The Custom color palette is the same as the standard ATPDraw colors. True 24 bit
colors are not supported.

Fig. 5.66 The Basic color palette.

Standard ATPDraw colors.

5.9.2 Editing: Selecting, moving, resizing and clipboard

An element is selected by clicking on it in the icon window. If the brush color is clear the user has
to click on the visible border (does not apply to arcs and pies). Extensive code is added to support
clicking on Bezier curves. If an element is already selected it is given priority in the selection
process. Click in open space to unselect the element. Several elements can be selected by holding
down the shift key or by clicking in open space and draw an enclosing rectangle. A single element
or a group of elements can be moved clicking and holding down the left mouse key. Elements can
be resized by clicking on one of the eight black marking squares (the mouse cursor changes style
in this case). Also a group of elements can be resized.
It is possible to move all elements via the Tool|Move all menu, and this is the same as Edit|Select
all + normal move.
The position of elements can be fine tuned by holding down the shift key and use the arrow keys
to move the selected group one pixel. The point position can also be typed directly into the points
grid shown in Fig. 5.63.
The order of elements can be changed via the Edit|Arrange menu where the four choices, send
up/down, send to back/front are available. Elements or groups of elements can also be rotated 90
deg. and flipped left to right or top to bottom via the Edit|Flip&Rotate menu.
It is possible to copy selected elements to the windows clipboard. This can then be pasted into
other icons (or duplicated). To place the graphical content in metafile format on the clipboard
select Edit|Copy Graphics.

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5.9.3 Drawing new elements

A new element is drawn be selecting the proper tool under Tools. The following tools are
available:
After selecting the tool click with the left mouse button to place points and with
the right mouse button to place the final point. Line, rectangles, ellipses, arcs,
and pies take a fixed number of points so the left/right clicking does not really
matter in this case. For polylines, polygons, and (Bezier) curves the number of
points can range up to 255 maximum. When drawing Bezier curves only the
curve points follow the mouse clicks (point 1-4-7-10 etc.) while the
intermediate control points (2-3, 5-6 etc.) are calculated internally.

Fig. 5.67 Available modes and tools

The shape points can be edited later by entering the Tool|Edit points mode. The shape points are
then drawn as green squares which can be moved directly. It is also possible to add or delete
points by clicking the right mouse button and choose from the pop-up menu. Bezier curves are
handled in a special way as shown in Fig. 5.68. The curve points are drawn in a lime color while
the control points are drawn in read with a line to their curve points. The curve points lies on the
curve while the control points sets the curve derivative. (In the drawing tool in Windows office
(Word and Power points) the left and right control points are forced to lie on the same tangent and
this will force a smooth curve). When points are added to or deleted from Bezier curves this
directly affects the curve point while the control points are automatically added/removed. The
Bezier curve can be closed by selecting Brush style solid.

Fig. 5.68 Bezier curve drawn in Edit points mode. Green squares: curve points, red squares:
control points.
5.9.4 Layers and visible
Each element can belong to a specific layer as specified in the properties grid in Fig. 5.63-Fig.
5.64. The layers can be shown individually by changing the Show layer item in Fig. 5.62.
Elements with Layer=0 are always drawn. The practical usage of this for user specified icons is
limited to separation of elements in the drawing process. For standard elements though, the Layer
property is used to turn on/off elements dynamically. This is hard coded in the source code of
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ATPDraw an affects RLC elements, transformers, time controlled and statistical switches, TACs
devices, sources (current/voltage), LCC transmission lines (overhead line, single core cables,
enclosing pipe + length), and universal machines. The Layer information is used to control the
Visible property. Elements with Visible=false are not drawn in the circuit window, but they are
drawn in the icon editor.
5.9.5 Example of complex icons
In the new vector graphics editor quite complex icons can be created. There is however still a
limit of the size of the icon (41x41 bytes inherited from the old bitmap icon). This restricts the
size to 93 elements. The occupied space of the current icon is shown in the status bar at the
bottom shown in fig. 8 (13 % full in this case).
One of the benefits with vector graphic icons is that it is possible to create larger and much more
complex icons. Fig. 5.69 shows an example of a created windmill and transformer icons.

IM

Fig. 5.69 Windmill and transformer icon with connecting universal machine and load in
standard size.
5.10 Bitmap background
It is possible to add a standard graphic background to any component in ATPDraw. This comes in
addition to the icon itself. The graphic is included via the Edit definitions dialog shown in Fig.
5.70. This dialog in shown from the Library menu item in the main menu for support files on disk,
or from the Edit definition button in all components dialog box. A button for adding graphic
background is shown as the rightmost speedbutton. This brings up the Graphic Background dialog
as shown in Fig. 5.71 where a standard bitmap or metafile can be loaded and scaled (Width),
positioned relative to the icon centre and be forced to rotate with the icon (only bitmaps can be
rotated). This option must be used with care, as graphic backgrounds significantly increase the
project file size and the redraw time of circuits.

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Fig. 5.70 Edit definitions dialog.

Fig. 5.71 The graphic background dialog.

5.11 Optimization
This module was added to ATPDraw version 5.6 as part of a co-operation with Schneider Electric.
The user has to add a cost function object found in the selection menu under MODELS|Write
Max/Min. This component will extract a single value from the simulation. In addition variables
must be assigned to data in the circuit. These variables can then be tuned to optimize the cost
function. The optimization problem is defined as the minimization or maximization of the object
max
OF ( x1 , x2 , , xn )
function OF in n dimensions with variables x.
min

The variables x are can be selected by the user among the global variables.
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5.11.1 Optimization routines

Three different optimization routines are supported:

The Gradient Method (GM) is the L-BFGS-B routine [16] (limited memory algorithm for bound
constrained optimization) which is a quasi-Newton method with numerical calculation of the
gradient. The gradient is calculated based on the two-point formula:
f
f ( x + h) f ( x h)

x
2h
where the discretization point h is calculated as h = max( x ,106 ) dx where dx is a
user selectable parameter (delta X).
If n is the number of variables in the optimization problem the cost function thus has to be
evaluated 2n+1 times for each solution point. This is calculated in a single ATP run utilizing
PCVP. The iteration number is somewhat loosely defined in the Gradient Method. If the solution
is poorer than the previous point the algorithm steps backwards along the gradient until an
improved solution is found and only then the iteration number is incremented.
The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is based on the RiverSoft AVG package
(www.RiverSoftAVG.com), but modified to better handle the variable constraints. This
optimization routine might need further improvement and development. The evolvement of the
solution with GA is to more or less randomly select solutions (individuals) and mate these to
obtain new solutions. The selection process can be Random, Roulette (using cumulative
distribution), Tournament (competition between a user selectable number of randomly selected
rivals), Stochastic Tournament (combination of Roulette and Tournament), and Elitism (select
only the user defined best percentage of the population). Tournament with 5-10 rivals is a
reasonable starting point. The user has to select the size of the population (maximum 1000) and
this is a critical parameter which depends on the problem and the number of variables. The user
must also select the resolution with 8, 16 and 32 bits available. This part needs further
development to allow integer values and arbitrary resolutions. Up to twenty cost function
evaluations are performed in parallel using PCVP of ATP.
The Simplex Annealing (SA) method is implemented from Numercal Recipies [17]. It is based
on the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm with an added random behaviour gradually reduced
(simulated annealing). The algorithm also uses a possible larger set of points (called population)
and can support mutation. With all control parameters set to zero the algorithm simply reduces to
the classical Nelder-Mead simplex method. The method relies only on function evaluations and
POCKET CALCULATOR of ATP is thus not used. Since a single case is run through ATP for
each cost function evaluation, the method thus has potential to be extended to include other
variables than those defined within the global variables ($Parameter).
5.11.2 Cost function
A general purpose Cost Function in MODELS called WRITEMAXMIN is introduced in
ATPDraw version 5.6. The idea is to extract a single value from a simulation and write this to the
lis-file and read it back when the simulation is finished. The single value is either the maximum or
minimum of the signal xout from time Tlimit and out to the end time of the simulation. The Model
has one input but this can be expanded. The Model also takes in one DATA parameter AsFuncOf
and if this is assigned to a variable WRITEMAXMIN writes output as function of this data
parameter. If AsFuncOf is a number it is simply replaced by the simulation number.
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WRITEMAXMIN supports multiple run though POCKET CALCULATOR. The selection of the
component and its input dialog is shown in Fig. 5.72.

Fig. 5.72 - Cost Function WRITEMAXMIN.

5.11.3 Optimization dialog

The Optimization dialog is found under ATP|Optimization. The user has to set up the data case
which is not stored with the project. The variables x1..xn are chosen by clicking in the Variables
column and selecting the available variable in the appearing combo box as shown to the left in
Fig. 5.73. The user also has to specify the constraints Minimum and Maximum. The Object
function must be selected among the available WRITEMAXMIN components in the circuit. The
user can then select to minimize or maximize and select a solution method (Genetic Algorithm,
Gradient Method or Simplex Annealing). The Max iter field is the maximum number of iterations
in the solution algorithm.
For the Genetic Algorithm there are several, special selections. The size of the Population is a
critical parameter. A low number will produce a degenerated result, while a too high number will
waste computation time. The maximum allowed number is 1000. The required Resolution
depends on the selected range (Max-Min). Since it anyhow is recommended to switch to the
Gradient Method for fine tuning a 8-bit resolution (255 steps) is normally sufficient. The
Population count and Resolution can not be changed in the optimization process (Continue). The
Crossover probability should be set to a high number (<1) as the alternative is cloning. The
Inversion and Mutation probabilities should be set to low numbers but this depends on the
complexity of the problem. High numbers will slow down the convergence considerably. The
Rival count for Tournaments should be set to a medium value (2-10). A large number here will
approach strong elitism and possible degenerated solutions. The Preserve fittest option will
simply copy the fittest individual to the next generation (weak elitism). The preferred Selection
method is one of the Tournament types. Elitism can be selected towards the end of the
optimization process.
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Fig. 5.73 - Optimization dialogs.

For the Gradient Method the user has to specify a convergence limit eps_x and a dicretization step
in per unit delta X. Intermediate trial steps do not count as part of the Max iter. The user also has
to specify the starting point in the Best fit column (if blank the average of Minimum and
Maximum is assumed).
For the Simplex Annealing method the user has to choose the Population (number of points
evaluated for membership in the simplex) which is internally restricted to Population=max
(Population, n+1). The Mutation probability parameter controls if the new points in the simplex is
found at random or with the classical methods reflection, expansion or contradiction. The Max
Climbs parameter controls how many steps in a negative direction that is accepted by the method.
This should be a moderate value 0-3. The parameter beta (<1) controls annealing schedule
(temperature reduction), and the parameter ratio (controls the annealing schedule when a local
minima is found. For a rough surface with many local minima the beta and ration parameters
needs to be increased. Ftol is the convergence criterion (the downside of this method). The
2 f max f min
iteration stops if Ftol >
. With all the other parameters set to zero the Simplex
f max + f min
Annealing method becomes equal to the Nelder-Mead simplex method.
The user can press ESC to stop the optimization algorithms. When the user clicks on Exit the
result of the optimization are written back to the VALUE field in ATP|Settings/Variables.
5.11.4 Example: Resonance grounding (Exa_18.acp)

Fig. 4 shows a resonance grounding circuit which could be extended to any complexity. The
variable REACT is assigned to the neutral inductor and the unit is set to ohms as XOPT is 50. An
intermediate variable CURR is used in Fig. 5.75 to vary the current linearly between 1 and 20
Amps with the special syntax @LIN 1 20 as this is the standard way of quantifying a resonant
grounding.

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150 kV

150:24

LCC

LCC

LCC

LCC

SAT

LCC
WRITE
max
min

Fig. 5.74 - Resonant grounding circuit.

Fig. 5.75 - $Parameter selections @LIN

The new, special Model component WRITEMAXMIN is used to write the maximum value of the
neutral voltage as function of the neutral current CURR for all the 51 simulations specified in Fig.
5.75. The input dialog of the Model component is shown in Fig. 5.76. It takes one input and writes
the max or min value of this after an onset-time Tlimit to the lis-file. After the simulation the
results are automatically read back from the lis file and a View button is available for charting the
results as shown in Fig. 5.77.
60.0

kNEUT

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0
CURR

0.0
0.0

Fig. 5.76 - Input dialog of the new WRITEMAXMIN

component.

4.0

8.0

12.0

16.0

20.0

Fig. 5.77 Neutral voltage as function

of neutral current.

The exact value of current that corresponds to resonance can be found via the new Optimization
module of ATPDraw. This is obtained under ATP|Optimization with an input dialog as shown in
Fig. 5.73. Fig. 5.73 shows the optimum value found for the GA and GM solution methods. This
case with a single variable involved, and a pure convex object function as shown in Fig. 5.77 is
simple to solve.

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This chapter begins with some simple examples. You will not be shown how to create these
circuits, but the circuits files Exa_*.adp are part of the ATPDraw distribution. To load these
example circuits into the circuit window of ATPDraw, use the File | Open command (or Ctrl + O)
and select the file name in the Open Project dialog. The resulting ATP-files will be given at the
end of each description. Simulation results and/or comparison with measurements are also
presented in some cases. These figures have been obtained by processing the .pl4 output file or
field test records with prost-processors PlotXY or ATP_Analyzer.
6.1 Switching studies using JMarti LCC objects

The LCC modeling features of ATPDraw are described in detail in section 5.3 of the Advanced
Manual. Line modeling by LCC objects means that user specifies the geometrical arrangement
and material constants, then ATPDraw executes ATP's Line/Cable Constants routine and converts
the output punch-file to DBM library format. The resulting LIB-file will then be included in the
final ATP-file via a $Include call. The JMarti option is one out of the five alternatives
supported by ATPDraw's LCC object. Here two switching transient simulation examples are
presented.
6.1.1 JMarti model of a 750 kV line

The JMarti line models introduced in this section will be used in the subsequent single-line-toground fault study on a 750 kV shunt compensated transmission line with total length of 487 km.
Transpositions separate this line into four sections. Each section of the line is represented by 3phase un-transposed LCC object with JMarti option enabled. The ATPDraw project of the SLG
study includes four such objects with name LIN750_x.ALC, where x runs from 1 to 4. The line
configuration is shown in Fig. 6.1.
13.2 m

At tower = 41.05 m
Midspan = 26.15 m

At tower = 27.9 m
Midspan = 13.0 m

17.5 m

Separ=60 cm
Alpha=45
NB=4

Fig. 6.1 - Tower configuration of the 750 kV line.

The line parameters are given in Metric units. The Auto bundling option is enabled to simplify the
data entry for this 4 conductor/phase in rectangular arrangement system. Tubular assumption has
been applied as in the previous example with the following parameters:

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DC resistance = 0.0585 /km

Outside diameter of the conductors = 3.105 cm.
Inner radius of the tube = 0.55 cm
ATPDraw calculates the thickness/diameter value internally (T/D = 0.32).
Sky wires are made from steel reinforced conductors, thus tubular assumption applies here, too:
DC resistance = 0.304 /km
Outside diameter of the sky wire = 1.6 cm
Inner radius of the tube = 0.3 cm
ATPDraw calculates the thickness/diameter value internally (T/D = 0.187).
The resistivity of the soil equals to 20 m. The conductor separation in the bundle is 60 cm.
Entering the geometrical, material data and model options of the line, then executing Run ATP
will produce a LIB-file in the /LCC folder. Since the length of each section is different, four LCC
objects with different name are needed. The Save As button of the LCC dialog box can be used to
save the .ALC file with the new length, thus the line parameters need not be entered from scratch.

Fig. 6.2- LCC Model and Data tab of the 1st section of the 750 kV line.

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BEGIN NEW DATA CASE

JMARTI SETUP
$ERASE
BRANCH IN___AOUT__AIN___BOUT__BIN___COUT__C
LINE CONSTANTS
METRIC
10.323 0.0585 4
3.1
-17.5
27.9
13.
20.323 0.0585 4
3.1
0.0
27.9
13.
30.323 0.0585 4
3.1
17.5
27.9
13.
00.313
0.304 4
1.6
-13.2
41.05
26.15
00.313
0.304 4
1.6
13.2
41.05
26.15
BLANK CARD ENDING CONDUCTOR CARDS
20.
1.E3
84.6
20.
50.
84.6
20.
0.005
84.6
BLANK CARD ENDING FREQUENCY CARDS
BLANK CARD ENDING LINE CONSTANT
DEFAULT
$PUNCH
BLANK CARD ENDING JMARTI SETUP
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK CARD

60.
60.
60.
0.0
0.0

45.
45.
45.
0.0
0.0

4
4
4
0
0

1
1
1

7 10

6.1.2 Line to ground fault and fault tripping transients (Exa_7a.adp)

Single-phase to ground fault transients on a 750 kV interconnection are investigated in this study.
The one-line diagram of the simulated network is shown in Fig. 6.3. At the sending end of the line
shunt reactors are connected with neutral reactors to reduce the secondary arc current during the
dead time of the single phase reclosing. The staged fault has been initiated at the receiving end of
the line.
400 kV
10000
MVA
6000 MVA

750 kV
1100 MVA

Single phase
to ground fault

6000 MVA

750 kV tr. line

478 km

750
3

1100 MVA

Fig. 6.3 - One line diagram of the faulted line.

The layout of the completed ATPDraw circuit is shown in Fig. 6.4. Along the route three
transposition exist, so each LCC object represents a line section between two transpositions with
length 84.6 km, 162.7 km, 155.9 km, 75.7 km, respectively.
ABC

SEND
V

LCC

LCC

LCC

RECV

LCC

N_react

SLG_A
Arc_RES

Fig. 6.4 - Line-to-ground fault study (Exa_7a.acp)

ATPDraw version 5.6

205

Application Manual

The supply network model is rather simple: a Thevenin equivalent 50 Hz source and a parallel
resistor representing the surge impedance of the lines erected from the 400 kV bus. An uncoupled
series reactance simulates the short circuit inductance of the 400/750 kV transformer bank. The
single-phase shunt reactors are represented by linear RLC components. Nononlinearities need not
been considered here, because the predicted amplitude of the reactor voltage is far below the
saturation level of the air gapped core. The impedance of the fault arc is considered as 2 ohm
constant resistance.
The ATPDraw generated ATP-file for this 750 kV example circuit is shown next:
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C -------------------------------------------------------C Generated by ATPDRAW July, Monday 1, 2002
C A Bonneville Power Administration program
C Programmed by H. K. Hidalen at SEfAS - NORWAY 1994-2002
C -------------------------------------------------------$DUMMY, XYZ000
C dT >< Tmax >< Xopt >< Copt >
2.E-5
.5
500
3
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
/BRANCH
C < n 1>< n 2><ref1><ref2>< R >< L >< C >
SLG_A
2.
0
XX0008
1. 300.
0
X0012CX0014C
5. 180.
0
X0012AX0014A
5. 180.
0
X0012BX0014B
5. 180.
0
X0012CX0014C
150.
0
X0012AX0014A
150.
0
X0012BX0014B
150.
0
X0022CX0021C
5. 300.
0
X0022AX0021A
5. 300.
0
X0022BX0021B
5. 300.
0
X0022CX0021C
150.
0
X0022AX0021A
150.
0
X0022BX0021B
150.
0
RECVC
20. 6.E3
0
RECVA
20. 6.E3
0
RECVB
20. 6.E3
0
X0014CX0017C
2. 200.
0
X0014AX0017A
2. 200.
0
X0014BX0017B
2. 200.
0
SENDC XX0008
10. 3.E3
0
SENDA XX0008
10. 3.E3
0
SENDB XX0008
10. 3.E3
0
$INCLUDE, D:\ATPDRAW3\LCC\LIN750_2.LIB, TRAN1B, TRAN1C, TRAN1A, TRAN2B $$
, TRAN2C, TRAN2A
$INCLUDE, D:\ATPDRAW3\LCC\LIN750_1.LIB, LN1C##, LN1A##, LN1B##, TRAN1C $$
, TRAN1A, TRAN1B
$INCLUDE, D:\ATPDRAW3\LCC\LIN750_3.LIB, TRAN2A, TRAN2B, TRAN2C, TRAN3A $$
, TRAN3B, TRAN3C
$INCLUDE, D:\ATPDRAW3\LCC\LIN750_4.LIB, TRAN3C, TRAN3A, TRAN3B, RECVC# $$
, RECVA#, RECVB#
/SWITCH
C < n 1>< n 2>< Tclose ><Top/Tde ><
Ie
><Vf/CLOP >< type >
RECVC SLG_A
.0285
.225
10.
0
X0017CSENDC
-1.
.075
0
X0017ASENDA
-1.
1.
0
X0017BSENDB
-1.
1.
0
SENDC LN1C
MEASURING
1
SENDA LN1A
MEASURING
1
SENDB LN1B
MEASURING
1
RECVC X0022C
-1.
.075
0
RECVA X0022A
-1.
1.
0
RECVB X0022B
-1.
1.
0
/SOURCE
C < n 1><>< Ampl. >< Freq. ><Phase/T0><
A1
><
T1
>< TSTART >< TSTOP >

206

ATPDraw version 5.6

Application Manual

14X0012C 0
612300.
50.
14X0012A 0
612300.
50.
-120.
14X0012B 0
612300.
50.
120.
14X0021C 0
612300.
50.
10.
14X0021A 0
612300.
50.
-110.
14X0021B 0
612300.
50.
130.
/INITIAL
/OUTPUT
SENDC SENDA SENDB RECVC RECVA RECVB
BLANK BRANCH
BLANK SWITCH
BLANK SOURCE
BLANK INITIAL
BLANK OUTPUT
BLANK PLOT
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

Fig. 6.5 shows the results of the simulation. The upper curve is the phase-to-ground voltage at the
receiving end of the line. Following the secondary arc extinction an oscillating trapped charge
appears on the faulty phase, which is the characteristics of the shunt compensated lines. The blue
(lower) curve shows the line current at the faulty phase during the fault and henceforth.
Fig. 6.6 shows the recorded phase voltages and line currents obtained by a high-speed transient
recorder at a staged fault tests of the same 750 kV line.
700
[kV]
350

-3 5 0

-7 0 0
0 .0

0 .1

0 .2

0 .3

0 .4

[s ]

0 .5

0 .1

0 .2

0 .3

0 .4

[s ]

0 .5

2000
[A]
1000
0
-1 0 0 0
-2 0 0 0
-3 0 0 0
0 .0

Fig. 6.5 - SLG fault and fault clearing transients (simulation).

upper curve: phase to ground voltage, lower curve: line current

ATPDraw version 5.6

207

Application Manual

Fig. 6.6 - SLG fault and fault clearing transients. Phase currents and voltages recorded at a staged
fault test by a variable sampling frequency disturbance recorder.
6.2 Lightning overvoltage study in a 400 kV substation (Exa_9.adp)

This example demonstrates the use of ATPDraw in a lightning protection study. The one-line
diagram of the investigated 400 kV substation is drawn in Fig. 6.7. The numbers written on the
top of the bus sections specify the length in meters. The simulated incident is a single-phase backflashover caused by a lightning strike to the tower structure 900 m away from the substation.
Severe lightning parameters were chosen with 120 kA amplitude and 4/50 s front/tail times. In
the investigated cases, only Line1 and Line2 are connected with the transformer bus. The
transformer is protected by conventional SiC arresters.

208

ATPDraw version 5.6

Application Manual

LINE1

LINE2

LINE3

15

15

15

24

24

24

PT1

PT2

PT3

13

13
15

13
22

22

12

12

57

15

22
12

12

57

57
10

10

10

25
5

15

15

15

51

17
7

TR

8
Conventional
gapped arrester

10

10

68

68
5

15

15

5
10

10
57

57

12

12

15

22

13

12

12

22

22

15

13
PT4

24

PT5
24

15

15

LINE4

LINE5

Fig. 6.7 - One-line diagram of the substation

LINE1
H

LINE2

L_imp

TOP
TWR4
LCC

LCC

LCC

LCC

LCC

LCC

PT1

TR400
V

TR

R(i)

R(i)

R(i)

Fig. 6.8 - Example circuit (Exa_9.acp)

The ATPDraw circuit of the complete network (substation+incoming line) is shown in Fig. 6.8.
The Copy&Paste or Grouping (Compress) feature of ATPDraw could be used effectively when
creating such a model because the circuit has many identical blocks. I.e. the user needs to define
the object parameters only once and copy them as many times as needed.
Close to the lightning strike, the line spans are represented by 4-phase JMarti LCC objects (phase
conductors + sky wire). The surge propagation along the tower structure has been taken into

ATPDraw version 5.6

209

Application Manual

account in this model by representing the vertical pylon sections as single-phase constant
parameter transmission lines. The R-L branches below the tower model simulate the tower
grounding impedance. The front of wave flashover characteristic of the line insulators plays a
significant role in such a back-flashover study. It can be simulated quite easily using a MODELS
object - like the Flash of this example-, which controls a TACS/MODELS controlled switch.
The influence of the power frequency voltage on the back-flashover probability can't be neglected
either at this voltage level. In this study case, it was considered by a Thevenin equivalent 3-phase
source connected to the remote end of Line2.
The ATP-file created by ATPDraw is shown below. Note! This case exceeds the storage cell limit
of ATP if the program runs with DEFAULT=3.0 table size (default LISTSIZE.DAT setting). To
run the simulation successfully the user must increase this limit from 3.0 to 6.0.
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C -------------------------------------------------------C Generated by ATPDRAW July, Thursday 4, 2002
C A Bonneville Power Administration program
C Programmed by H. K. Hidalen at SEfAS - NORWAY 1994-2002
C -------------------------------------------------------$DUMMY, XYZ000
C dT >< Tmax >< Xopt >< Copt >
5.E-9 2.5E-5
500
3
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
MODELS
/MODELS
INPUT
IX0001 {v(TWR4A )}
IX0002 {v(XX0016)}
OUTPUT
XX0048
MODEL Flash
comment-------------------------------------| Front of wave flashover characteristic
|
| of the HV insulator.
|
| Input: Voltage accross the insulator.
|
| Output: Close command for the TACS switch |
-----------------------------------endcomment
INPUT UP, UN
OUTPUT CLOSE
DATA UINF {DFLT:650e3}, UO {DFLT: 1650e3}, TAU {DFLT:8.e-7}, UINIT {DFLT:1E5}
VAR CLOSE, TT, U, FLASH
INIT
CLOSE:=0
TT:=0
FLASH:=INF
ENDINIT
EXEC
U:= ABS(UP-UN)
IF (U>UINIT) THEN
TT:=TT+timestep
FLASH:=(UINF + (UO-UINF)*(EXP(-TT/TAU)))
IF (U>FLASH) THEN CLOSE:=1 ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDEXEC
ENDMODEL
USE FLASH AS FLASH
INPUT
UP:= IX0001
UN:= IX0002
DATA
UINF:=
1.4E6
UO:=
3.E6
TAU:=
8.E-7
UINIT:=
3.5E5
OUTPUT
XX0048:=CLOSE
ENDUSE

210

ATPDraw version 5.6

Application Manual

RECORD
FLASH.U AS U
FLASH.CLOSE AS CLOSE
ENDMODELS
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
/BRANCH
C < n 1>< n 2><ref1><ref2>< R >< L >< C >
C < n 1>< n 2><ref1><ref2>< R >< A >< B ><Leng><><>0
-1XX0010XX0167
10. 200. 2.5E5 .008 1 0
0
-1XX0012XX0010
10. 200. 2.5E5 .007 1 0
0
-1XX0014XX0012
10. 200. 2.5E5 .018 1 0
0
-1XX0016TOP
10. 200. 2.5E5 .008 1 0
0
-1
XX0019
20. 600. 2.9E5
.3 1 0
0
-1XX0020XX0016
10. 200. 2.5E5 .007 1 0
0
XX0014
40.
0
XX0014
13. .005
0
-1XX0026XX0171
10. 200. 2.5E5 .008 1 0
0
-1XX0028XX0020
10. 200. 2.5E5 .018 1 0
0
-1X0032AX0033A
20. 650. 2.4E5
3. 1 0
0
-2X0032BX0033B
2. 400. 2.9E5
3. 1 0
0
-3X0032CX0033C
0
XX0028
40.
0
-1XX0036
20. 600. 2.9E5
.3 1 0
0
XX0028
13. .005
0
-1XX0040XX0179
10. 200. 2.5E5 .008 1 0
0
-1XX0042XX0040
10. 200. 2.5E5 .007 1 0
0
-1XX0044XX0042
10. 200. 2.5E5 .018 1 0
0
XX0044
40.
0
XX0044
13. .005
0
-1XX0054XX0183
10. 200. 2.5E5 .008 1 0
0
-1XX0056XX0026
10. 200. 2.5E5 .007 1 0
0
LIGHT
400.
0
-1XX0060XX0054
10. 200. 2.5E5 .007 1 0
0
-1XX0062XX0056
10. 200. 2.5E5 .018 1 0
0
-1XX0064XX0060
10. 200. 2.5E5 .018 1 0
0
XX0064
40.
0
-1XX0069XX0019
10. 200. 2.5E5 .008 1 0
0
XX0064
13. .005
0
-1X0073AX0074A
20. 400. 2.4E5 .008 1 0
0
-2X0073BX0074B
2. 260. 2.9E5 .008 1 0
0
-3X0073CX0074C
0
-1XX0075XX0036
10. 200. 2.5E5 .008 1 0
0
-1X0078AX0211A
20. 400. 2.4E5 .012 1 0
0
-2X0078BX0211B
2. 260. 2.9E5 .012 1 0
0
-3X0078CX0211C
0
-1X0257AX0081A
50. 650. 2.4E5 .015 1 0
0
-2X0257BX0081B
10. 360. 2.9E5 .015 1 0
0
-3X0257CX0081C
0
-1X0082AX0083A
20. 400. 2.4E5 .068 1 0
0
-2X0082BX0083B
2. 260. 2.9E5 .068 1 0
0
-3X0082CX0083C
0
-1X0271ALINE2A
20. 650. 2.4E5 .024 1 0
0
-2X0271BLINE2B
2. 360. 2.9E5 .024 1 0
0
-3X0271CLINE2C
0
-1X0086AX0269A
20. 400. 2.4E5 .012 1 0
0
-2X0086BX0269B
2. 260. 2.9E5 .012 1 0
0
-3X0086CX0269C
0
-1X0088AX0293A
20. 650. 2.4E5 .015 1 0
0
-2X0088BX0293B
2. 360. 2.9E5 .015 1 0
0
-3X0088CX0293C
0
-1X0074AX0090A
20. 400. 2.4E5 .015 1 0
0
-2X0074BX0090B
2. 260. 2.9E5 .015 1 0
0
-3X0074CX0090C
0
-1X0074AX0271A
20. 400. 2.4E5 .085 1 0
0
-2X0074BX0271B
2. 260. 2.9E5 .085 1 0
0
-3X0074CX0271C
0
X0271A
.0005
0
X0271B
.0005
0
X0271C
.0005
0
-1X0269AX0211A
20. 650. 2.4E5 .022 1 0
0
-2X0269BX0211B
2. 360. 2.9E5 .022 1 0
0
-3X0269CX0211C
0
ATPDraw version 5.6

211

Application Manual

-1X0211AX0257A
-2X0211BX0257B
-3X0211CX0257C
99SICC
100.
1.E3
2.E3
4.E3
5.E3
1.E4
2.E4
3.E4
9999
-1X0104AX0105A
-2X0104BX0105B
-3X0104CX0105C
-1X0106AX0257A
-2X0106BX0257B
-3X0106CX0257C
-1X0108ATR400A
-2X0108BTR400B
-3X0108CTR400C
-1X0105AX0110A
-2X0105BX0110B
-3X0105CX0110C
99SICB
100.
1.E3
2.E3
4.E3
5.E3
1.E4
2.E4
3.E4
9999
-1PT1A LINE1A
-2PT1B LINE1B
-3PT1C LINE1C
-1X0118AX0293A
-2X0118BX0293B
-3X0118CX0293C
-1X0083AX0120A
-2X0083BX0120B
-3X0083CX0120C
TR400A
TR400B
TR400C
-1X0105AX0108A
-2X0105BX0108B
-3X0105CX0108C
-1SICA X0108A
-2SICB X0108B
-3SICC X0108C
99SICA
100.
1.E3
2.E3
4.E3
5.E3
1.E4
2.E4
3.E4
9999
X0132AX0133A
X0132BX0133B
X0132CX0133C
-1XX0135XX0075
-1X0083APT1A
-2X0083BPT1B
-3X0083CPT1C
PT1A
PT1B
PT1C

212

20.
2.
1.1E6
6.5E5
7.6E5
8.E5
8.34E5
8.5E5
9.35E5
1.082E6
1.2E6

650. 2.4E5
360. 2.9E5

.022 1 0
.022 1 0

0
0
0
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

1.

20.
2.

400. 2.4E5
260. 2.9E5

.068 1 0
.068 1 0

20.
2.

400. 2.4E5
260. 2.9E5

.012 1 0
.012 1 0

20.
2.

650. 2.4E5
360. 2.9E5

.017 1 0
.017 1 0

20.
2.

400. 2.4E5
260. 2.9E5

.025 1 0
.025 1 0

1.1E6
6.5E5
7.6E5
8.E5
8.34E5
8.5E5
9.35E5
1.082E6
1.2E6

1.

20.
2.

650. 2.4E5
360. 2.9E5

.024 1 0
.024 1 0

20.
2.

400. 2.4E5
260. 2.9E5

.012 1 0
.012 1 0

20.
2.

400. 2.4E5
260. 2.9E5

.015 1 0
.015 1 0

20.
2.

.003
.003
.003
650. 2.4E5
360. 2.9E5

.051 1 0
.051 1 0

20.
2.

400. 2.4E5
260. 2.9E5

.007 1 0
.007 1 0

1.1E6
6.5E5
7.6E5
8.E5
8.34E5
8.5E5
9.35E5
1.082E6
1.2E6
1.
1.
1.
10.
20.
2.

1.

50.
50.
50.
200. 2.5E5
400. 2.4E5
260. 2.9E5
.0005
.0005
.0005

.007 1 0
.085 1 0
.085 1 0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ATPDraw version 5.6

Application Manual

-1X0293AX0269A
20. 650. 2.4E5 .022 1 0
-2X0293BX0269B
2. 360. 2.9E5 .022 1 0
-3X0293CX0269C
-1XX0143XX0135
10. 200. 2.5E5 .018 1 0
XX0062
40.
XX0062
13. .005
-1XX0149XX0069
10. 200. 2.5E5 .007 1 0
-1XX0151XX0149
10. 200. 2.5E5 .018 1 0
XX0151
40.
XX0151
13. .005
XX0143
40.
XX0143
13. .005
-1LINE2AX0132A
20. 650. 2.4E5
3. 1 0
-2LINE2BX0132B
2. 360. 2.9E5
3. 1 0
-3LINE2CX0132C
$INCLUDE, D:\ATPDRAW\LCC\EXA_9.LIB, X0033A, X0033B, X0033C, XX0019, X0166A $$
, X0166B, X0166C, XX0167
$INCLUDE, D:\ATPDRAW\LCC\EXA_9.LIB, X0166A, X0166B, X0166C, XX0167, X0170A $$
, X0170B, X0170C, XX0171
$INCLUDE, D:\ATPDRAW\LCC\EXA_9.LIB, X0170A, X0170B, X0170C, XX0171, TWR4A# $$
, TWR4B#, TWR4C#, TOP###
$INCLUDE, D:\ATPDRAW\LCC\EXA_9.LIB, TWR4A#, TWR4B#, TWR4C#, TOP###, X0178A $$
, X0178B, X0178C, XX0179
$INCLUDE, D:\ATPDRAW\LCC\EXA_9.LIB, X0178A, X0178B, X0178C, XX0179, X0182A $$
, X0182B, X0182C, XX0183
$INCLUDE, D:\ATPDRAW\LCC\EXA_9.LIB, X0182A, X0182B, X0182C, XX0183, LINE1A $$
, LINE1B, LINE1C, XX0036
/SWITCH
C < n 1>< n 2>< Tclose ><Top/Tde ><
Ie
><Vf/CLOP >< type >
LIGHT TOP
MEASURING
X0090AX0086A
-1.
1.001
X0090BX0086B
-1.
1.001
X0090CX0086C
-1.
1.001
X0110AX0106A
-1.
1.001
X0110BX0106B
-1.
1.001
X0110CX0106C
-1.
1.001
X0120AX0118A
-1.
1.001
X0120BX0118B
-1.
1.001
X0120CX0118C
-1.
1.001
13XX0016TWR4A
XX0048
/SOURCE
C < n 1><>< Ampl. >< Freq. ><Phase/T0><
A1
><
T1
>< TSTART >< TSTOP
15LIGHT -1
1.2E5
4.E-6
5.E-5
5.
14X0133A 0
-3.3E5
50.
-1.
14X0133B 0
-3.3E5
50.
-120.
-1.
14X0133C 0
-3.3E5
50.
120.
-1.
/INITIAL
/OUTPUT
LINE1ALINE1BLINE1CTWR4A TWR4B TWR4C TR400ATR400BTR400CPT1A PT1B PT1C
BLANK MODELS
BLANK BRANCH
BLANK SWITCH
BLANK SOURCE
BLANK INITIAL
BLANK OUTPUT
BLANK PLOT
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>
1.
1.
1.
1.

Some results of the simulation are drawn in Fig. 6.9. The blue line is the voltage stress appearing
at the transformer terminal, the red line shows the incoming surge measured at the voltage
transformer of Line1 (node PT1 of the circuit). The discharge current of the gapped arrester is
drawn at the bottom if the figure. As it can be seen, the instantaneous value of the power
frequency voltage was set opposite to the polarity of the lightning surge in the simulation.

ATPDraw version 5.6

213

Application Manual

1.50

16

[M V]

[kA]

1.25

14

1.00

12

0.75

10

0.50

0.25

0.00

-0.25

-0.50
0

10

(file Exa_9.pl4; x-var t) v:PT 1A

v:T R400A

15

20

0
25

[us]

c:SICA -

Fig. 6.9 - ATP simulation results. Red: incoming surge at the substation entrance.
Blue: voltage stress at the transformer terminal. Green: arrester discharge current.
6.3 Modeling Rectifiers, zigzag transformers and analysis of Harmonics (Exa_14.adp)

In section 5.8.1 of the Advanced Manual, it is shown how to create a 6-pulse controlled thyristorrectifier bridge and make it available in ATPDraw as a user specified single object. In this part of
the manual a diode rectifier will be used instead and the focus shifted to harmonics in the
supplying line currents. The case is an industrial plant consiting of AC/DC converters and
consuming 55 MW for aluminium production. The plant is supplied by a 132 kV high voltage AC
system and there are concerns about the harmonics in the current on the high voltage side. This
example shows how to model an equivalent 24 pulse diode rectifier and calculate the harmonics in
currents in Models. The harmonics could alternatively have been calculated as a part of a postprocessing. Fig. 6.10 shows the example circuit.
5 uH

5 mF
UI

MODEL
fourier

Cab le

Y
Y

132/11.3
I

Cab le

Y
Y

Y
SAT

5 uH

5 mF
U(0)

Diode
Zig-zag
bridges
transformers
ZN0d11y0
10.7/0.693 kV

132 kV 22.2 mH

Regulation
transformers
11.3/10.6 kV

SAT

UI

SAT

0.0265

SAT

U(0)

0.0265

Z
SAT

Fig. 6.10 Example circuit (Exa_14.acp).

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The diode bridge is modeled and compressed into a group as shown in Fig. 6.11. Note the need
for small resistors (1 ) to decouple the diodes and added snubber circuits. The R and C data for
all six snubbers are added to the External parameter group, but will appear as only two parameters
in the compressed object. A bitmap icon is created for diode bridge.

Fig. 6.11 Compress a 3-phase diode bridge.

Fig. 6.12 Component dialog of the compressed group ACDC.

The key unit to produce the 24-pulse system are the two supplying transformers phase shifted 15
degrees and with a Y and coupling on the secondary side. This is accomplished by using the
Saturable Transformer component with a zigzag coupling on the primary winding. The input
dialog of the upper transformer is shown in Fig. 6.12. The Saturable Transformer requires direct
input of electrical quantities so recalculation of Test Report data is required. The transformers had
the following test report data:
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Coupling:
Rated power:
Rated primary voltage:
Rated secondary voltage:
Rated tertiary voltage:
Rated frequency:
Open circuit current:
Short circuit impedance 1-2:
Short circuit impedance 1-3:
Short circuit impedance 2-3:
Phase shift Z (ref. 3):

ZN0d11y
24.8 MVA
10.735 kV
693 V
693 V
50 Hz
0.0056 pu
0.0084 + j0.1015 pu
0.0084 + j0.1015 pu
0.0210 + j0.1887 pu
7.5 deg.

This will result in the standard per unit equivalent circuit for the short circuit impedances
1

Z1

Z2

2
Z1 = ( Z12 + Z13 Z 23 ) / 2 = 0.0021 + j 0.00715 [ pu ]

Z3

Z 2 = ( Z12 + Z 23 Z13 ) / 2 = 0.0105 + j 0.0944 [ pu ]

Z 3 = ( Z13 + Z 23 Z12 ) / 2 = 0.0105 + j 0.0944 [ pu ]

Fig. 6.13 Per unit equivalent circuit of the 3-winding transformer.

Note the negative resistance in the primary winding. This could result in a stability problem in the
simulations, but fortunately this didnt seem to be the case in this example. The input dialog of the
Saturable transformer with the electrical parameters is shown in Fig. 6.14.

Fig. 6.14 Component dialog of the Saturable Transformer component.

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The total winding voltage is U A = 10.735 / 3 kV = 6.2 kV

The short circuit impedance is

Z1 = ( 0.0021 + j 0.00715) (10.735 kV ) / 24.8 MVA = 0.00976 + j 0.0332 []

2

sin(7.5 )
= 0.165 .
sin(60 7.5 )
The voltages across each winding part and the individual leakage impedances are automatically
calculated by ATPDraw as:

The zigzag winding 1 is further split in Z and Y parts with n =

10.735 / 3
kV = 5.68 kV
cos(7.5 ) + 0.165 cos(60 7.5 )
= 5.68 kV 0.165 = 0.934 kV

U 1z =
U1 y

1
[] = - 8.4 [m]
1 + 0.165
0.165
R1 y = 0.00976
[] = - 1.4 [m]
1 + 0.165
0.0332
1
L1z =

[H] = 0.103 [mH]

2 50 1 + 0.1652
0.0332 0.1652
L1 y =

[H] = 2.79 [ H]
2 50 1 + 0.1652
R1z = 0.00976

If the HV winding 1 is chosen as the primary winding, the magnetizing branch will be added to
the first winding part (Z) of the zigzag winding. This is probably not a good choice, and
alternatively the magnetizing branch should be added to the low-voltage Y-coupled winding. This
could be done externally or by choosing winding 3 as the primary.
The measured inductance is
1/ 3
2
Lm =
pu = 0.328 pu = 0.328 (10.735 kV ) / 24.8 MVA = 1.52 [H]
2 50 0.0056
and the inductance that should be added to winding 1Z in ATP:
Lm
ATP
Lmz
=
= 1.28 [H]
1 + n + n2
Saturation is of no importance in this example and a single point is set on the characteristic page
(i, )=(1, 1.28).
If a measurement of the zero sequence impedance is missing a reasonable assumption for this
particular transformer is to set it to 2/3 of the positive sequence magnetizing current. Further, the
zero sequence inductance added in ATP is one half of the real value. This gives
U z20
5.682
5.682
R0 =
2
=
= 25.2 []
ATP
1.28
3 L0ATP
2 Lmz
z
The Delta- winding:
The total winding voltage is U A2 = 0.693 kV
The short circuit impedance is
Z 2 = ( 0.0105 + j 0.0944 )

3 0.693 kV

/ 24.8 MVA = 0.61 + j5.48 [m ]

R2=0.61 [m] and L2=17.5 [H]

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The Wye- winding:

The total winding voltage is U A3 = 0.693 / 3 = 0.4 kV
The short circuit impedance is
Z 3 = ( 0.0105 + j 0.0944 )

3 0.4 kV

/ 24.8 MVA = 0.203 + j1.83 [m]

R3=0.203 [m] and L3=5.85 [H]

The ATP file format and connectivity of the transformer specified in is:
TRANSFORMER THREE PHASE TX0001 25.2
TRANSFORMER
T1A
1.E11
1.
1.28
9999
1Z1A
T0002C
-.0084.103215.6797
2
T0002A
-.0014.00279.93446
3D2A
D2C
.00061 .0174 .693
4Y3A
.0002.00585
.4
TRANSFORMER T1A
T1B
1Z1B
T0002A
2
T0002B
3D2B
D2A
4Y3B
TRANSFORMER T1A
T1C
1Z1C
T0002B
2
T0002C
3D2C
D2B
4Y3C

Z1A

D2A
Y3A

Z1B

D2B
Y3B

Z1C

D2C
Y3C

The example shown in Fig. 6.10 also includes a stepdown transformer and regulating transformer
(regulation not modeled) that also are modeled as Saturable Transformer components.
Alternatively the BCTRAN or Hybrid Transformer models could have been used as they have an
internal conversion of test report data. These models do not support Zigzag transformers,
however.
The harmonics are calculated by an algorithm in MODELS. This is shown in chapter 5.5.1 in this
manual. The automatic approach is assumed. A default model is used and the Models text is typed
in under Edit. The output of absolute value and angle are declared s 26-phase (ABSF and ANGF)
while the input X is single phase. The user can selec the type of input (switch current in this case)
by cliakin on the left input node of the model and select Input Current in the Node dialog box.
The Model will output all harmonics 0..N (where N is a data parameter) as a function of time. The
calcualtion is performed by integration of a sliding window of size 1/FREQ [sec]. The selection of
variables to plot is made from a models probe connected to the ABSF node.
The probe is set to 26-phases and the the
phases of special interest 1, 5, 7, 11, 13, 23, 25
are checked under Monitor.

Fig. 6.15 Model probe dialog.

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The line current in phase A at the 132 kV side is selected as input. A connection is drawn from the
left 3-phase side of the switch an to the single phase Model input node. In the Connection dialog
that then pops up phase A is selected. The simulated phase A current is shown in Fig. 6.16 and the
5th 7th, 23rd and 25th harmonics calculated in Models shown in Fig. 6.17.
400
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

(f ile Exa_14.pl4; x-v ar t) c:HVBUSA-T132A

Fig. 6.16 Simulated line current phase A at the 132 kV side.

Fig. 6.17 The harmonics of the current in Fig. 6.16.

The harmonics can also be calculated in for instance PlotXY as shjown in Fig. 6.18, but not as a
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function of time.
MC's PlotXY - Fourier chart(s). Copying date: 28.01.2009
File Exa_14.pl4 Variable c:HVBUSA-T132A [peak]
Initial Time: 0.08 Final Time: 0.1
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0

10

15
harmonic order

20

25

30

Fig. 6.18 Harmonics calculated by FFT in PlotXY.

900

750

600

450

300

150

0
0

(f ile Exa_14.pl4; x-v ar t) v :P1

8
-N1

v :P2

12

16

*10 -3

20

-N2

Fig. 6.19 DC voltages on the LV side.

6.4 Modelling of electrical machines and controls

This section illustrate a few examples of machine and control modeling with emphasis on how to
interphase the various component involved.
6.4.1 TACS controlled induction machine (Exa_4.adp)
This example shows the usage of the Universal Machine type 3, manual initialization along with
usage of TACS. The use of info arrows, whose purpose is to visualize information flow between
the TACS FORTRAN objects are also shown here. The info arrows can be selected under TACS |
Draw relation in the component selection menu and they are handled graphically as normal
connections. They do not affect the ATP-file, however. The example is taken from exercise 46 in
[2]. The ATPDraw constructed circuit is shown in Fig. 6.20/b:
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Fig. 6.20/a - Induction machine + TACS

PULS
T

VDELTA

FS
F

SQPUL
F

F
ACC

AMPL

65

SIGC

SIGA
F

VD
F

BUSI

IM
V

BUSMS

I
UI

U(0)

I
U

BUSMG

Torque

Fig. 6.20/b - ATPDraw scheme of the induction machine example (Exa_4.adp)

The TACS part of the circuit controls three sources producing a pulse width modulated armature
voltage. The TACS objects FORTRAN1 is referenced in the Reference part of this Manual.
The input window of the TACS object at the end of the TACS chain is shown in Fig. 6.21. This
TACS object creates the armature voltage in phase A of the 3-phase node V.

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Fig. 6.21 - TACS Fortran input window

In the TACS statement the user must type in the expression(s). Only single phase TACS Fortran
objects are supported. The two (blue) info arrows into this TACS object serve as visualization of
the SIGA (from node SIGA) and VD signals. The induction machine was given the data shown in
Fig. 6.22:

Fig. 6.22 - Induction machine input window

The numerical values in Fig. 6.22 must be specified by the user as in the case for all object input
windows. The identity text in front of each attribute strictly follows the input variable in the ATP
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Rule Book [3]. The ATP-file created by ATPDraw is shown below:

BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C -------------------------------------------------------C Generated by ATPDRAW July, Tuesday 30, 2002
C A Bonneville Power Administration program
C Programmed by H. K. Hidalen at SEfAS - NORWAY 1994-2002
C -------------------------------------------------------C Induction motor supplied by a
C pulse width modulated source.
C Test example 1.
C dT >< Tmax >< Xopt >< Copt >
1.E-5
.1
500
3
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
TACS HYBRID
/TACS
98FS
=1000
23PULS
2.
.001
.0005
.000252
98AMPL
=4.0*FS
98SQPUL
=AMPL*(UNITY-PULS)
98VDELTA =SQPUL*DELTAT
98VTRI 65
+VDELTA
14VCONTC
.95
60.
-90.
14VCONTB
.95
60.
-210.
14VCONTA
.95
60.
30.
98VB
=(2.0*SIGB-1.0)*VD/2.0
98VC
=(2.0*SIGC-1.0)*VD/2.0
98SIGC
=VCONTC .GT. VTRI
98VA
=(2.0*SIGA-1.0)*VD/2.0
98SIGB
=VCONTB .GT. VTRI
98SIGA
=VCONTA .GT. VTRI
98VD
=791.2
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
/BRANCH
C < n 1>< n 2><ref1><ref2>< R >< L >< C >
C < n 1>< n 2><ref1><ref2>< R >< A >< B ><Leng><><>0
NEUT
1.E6
2
BUSMG
13.33
1
BUSMG
5.E6
3
BUSMG BUSMS
1.E-6
1
BUSA VA
.001
1
BUSB VB
.001
1
BUSC VC
.001
1
BUSA NEUT
1.E4
0
BUSB NEUT
1.E4
0
BUSC NEUT
1.E4
0
/SWITCH
C < n 1>< n 2>< Tclose ><Top/Tde ><
Ie
><Vf/CLOP >< type >
/SOURCE
C < n 1><>< Ampl. >< Freq. ><Phase/T0><
A1
><
T1
>< TSTART >< TSTOP >
14BUSMS -1-374.03889
1.E-5
60VC
0
60VB
0
60VA
0
C Next comes Universal Machines
19 UM
00
0
BLANK general UM specification
3 1 1331BUSMG
2
.1885
60.
C Magnetization inductances
182.840692
.0160
.785398163
.0160
C Stator coils
BUSA NEUT
1
73.5587
.095
.0005BUSB NEUT
1
80.545
.095
.0005BUSC NEUT
1
-154.1034
C Rotor coils
.075
.0004
1
169.6725
.075
.0004
1
19.285
BLANK UM
/INITIAL

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2BUSMG
182.840692
3BUSMG
/OUTPUT
VA
VB
VC
BLANK TACS
BLANK BRANCH
BLANK SWITCH
BLANK SOURCE
BLANK INITIAL
BLANK OUTPUT
BLANK PLOT
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK

182.840692

The new Grouping feature of ATPDraw can be used in a creative

way in this example, too. The pulse width modulated source and the
V

mechanical load might be compressed into a single icon. The

compressed version of this example circuit is also part of the
ATPDraw distribution with the name of Exa_4g.adp.
As shown left an artistic icon may improve the readability of the
circuit and help in understanding the circuit for non-author users.
Fig. 6.23 - PWM source and mechanical load compressed into a single icon.
BUS

IM

6.4.2 Windsyn machine model

A challenge with the above example is to obtain the electrical data for the induction machine. The
program WindsynATPDraw is integrated with ATPDraw and enable manufacturers data to be
used instead of the electrical data. The input dialog of the Windsyn component is shown in Fig.
6.24. You can specify the data in this dialog, but you have to click on Run Windsyn to create the
model.

Fig. 6.24 Windsyn input data. Induction machine, wound rotor.

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Automatic initialization of the machine was chosen as set under ATP|Settings/Switch&UM. The
required manufacturers data for producing the same electrical model as in Exa_4.acp were not
available. The efficiency and starting current parameters were adjusted to reach relatively close to
the data given in Exa_4.acp. Note that the mechanical network is included inside the Windsyn
component and that the stator neutral is assumed directly grounded. This resulted in comparable
stator current in steady state as shown in Fig. 6.25. Installation of WindsynATPDraw.exe is
required to use this component. The link to the installed program is set under
Tools|Options/Preferences-Windsyn. Note that Windsyn in the version used here resets the units
of inertia to kWs/kVA each time. Besides this it was possible to simply click on ContinueContinue-Create files|Save run data-Exit in Windsyn. When you click on Exit in Windsyn the
control goes back to ATPDraw (press ESC if Windsyn does not terminate properly) and the data
files atpdraw.pch and atpdraw.wis are read into memory. The pch file is then run
through ATP to produce the Name.lib used for $Include. This file (w1.lib in this case) is
written to the same loacation as the final ATP file (Result Directory). You can inspect this file
by clicking the Edit lib-file button.
800

300

600
200
400
100
200
0

-200
-100
-400
-200
-600
-800
0.075

0.080

Exa_4g.pl4: v :BUS__A-BUS__B
exa_4gwinsy n.pl4: c:BUS__A-VA

0.085

0.090

0.095

-300
0.100

c:BUS__A-VA

Fig. 6.25 Simulated PWM line voltage and stator current in steady-state.
6.4.3 Machine control (Exa_17.acp)
Machine control is typically of minor importance in an electromagnetic transients program as the
time constants involved are much larger than the electrical time constants. Newertheless is some
situation it might be of interest. The Fig. 6.26 shows a simple example where the Windsyn
synchronous machine model is being controlled by a governor and an exciter. The loads of the
machine doubles at 2 seconds and goes back to the initial 500 kW at 10 seconds. The Windsyn
generator is auto-initialized and this involves two sources hidden inside its lib-file. Initialization
of the control units can thus be a challenge. To control the machine additional external sources
must be adjusted. MODELS is here used for convenience, but TACS components will result in
much master performance. The Windsyn component requires the special request card UM TO
TACS so be able to do calculation performance parameters in TACS. This is added as a User
Specified|Additional component. The parameters used and the type of controls may certainly be
discussed, but the point here is to illustrate the interface between machine and control.

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The speed control takes as input the actual speed of the machine (voltage at the TORQUE node of
the machine) and gives out the torque to an additional current source connected to the same node.
The voltage control takes as input the phase A voltage to ground and gives out the field voltage to
an additional voltage source. The example shows how to get the field current and initial field
voltage into the ST1A exciter model A separate model is used to calculate the rms value.
M
M

REQ

ST1A
MODEL
exciter

MODEL
fmeter

MODEL
rms

Exfd

UM/W
SM-sdq
Torque

HYDRO
MODEL
tur/gov

DC1A
MODEL
exciter

Fig. 6.26 Machine control of Winsyn, autoinitialize synchronous machine (Exa_17.acp).

6.4.3.1 Hydro turbine governor

The gate opening limits must be adjusted to take the steady-state condition into account and
Gmin=-1 is set in this case to allow 1 pu increase and reduction in torque. Also the initial head h0
is set to zero here.
Pilot valve and
servo motor

x1

x5

1
1 + Tp s

Rmax
x2

Ks

Rmin

x3

Gmax
1
s

x4

Gate servo motor

1
1 + Tg s

Gmin

R p + ( R p + Rt ) Tr s

Tp=0.05 s, Tg =0.2 s
Rp =0.05, Rt =0.43
Tr =5 s, Ks =5

1 + Tr s
Permanent and transient
droop control

D
g

1
Tw s

h0
fp
Penstock
head loss

226

Pm

qNL

At

Ap =1/(0.96-0.04)=1.087
D =0.5, fp =3.04210-4
Tw =1.56 s

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Fig. 6.27 Hydro turbine governor

MODEL TUR_GOV
DATA Tw,D, gFL, gNL, fp, Rp,Tr,Rt,Tg,Tp,Ks
Rmaxclose,Rmaxopen,Gmax,Gmin,MW,Wrated, Wref
INPUT W
OUTPUT Torque
VAR x1,x2,x3,x4,Pmech,At,x5,h,q,qNL,h0,s
y1,y2,g,h1,Wrefpu,Wpu,torque
HISTORY
x1 {dflt:0},x2 {dflt:0},x3 {dflt:0},x4 {dflt:0}, x5 {dflt:0},
q {dflt:0},h {dflt:0}, y1 {dflt:0},y2 {dflt:0},g {dflt:0}
INIT
h0:=0 --Initial head. Set to zero in case of auto-initiation of generator.
At:=recip(gFL-gNL)
qNL:=(gNL)*sqrt(h0)
Wrefpu:=(Wref/Wrated)
ENDINIT
EXEC
Wpu:=(W/Wrated)*(30/pi)
--Governor hydraulic turbin
x1:= Wrefpu-Wpu-x5
cLaplace(x2/x1):=(1|s0)/(1|s0+Tp|s1)
x3:=(Ks*x2) {min:Rmaxclose max:Rmaxopen}
--Gate opening/closing rate
cLaplace(x4/x3) {dmin:Gmin dmax:Gmax}:=(1|s0)/(1|s1) --Gate position
cLaplace(g/x4):=(1|s0)/(1|s0+Tg|s1)
--Gate servo motor
cLaplace(x5/x4):=(Rp|s0+((Rp+Rt)*Tr)|s1)/(1|s0+Tr|s1) --Permanent and transient droop
--Hydraulic turbin
cLaplace(q/y1):=(1|s0)/(Tw|s1)
--q=Flow
h:=(q*recip(g))**2
--h=Head
h1:=(q*q)*fp
--Penstock head loss
y1:=(h0-h-h1)
--Change in head
y2:=(q-qNL)*h
--Change in mechanical power
Pmech:=At*y2+(g*D*(Wrefpu-Wpu))
--Pmech:=g
--Uncomment to turn off turbine
Torque:=(Pmech*recip(W))*MW*1e6
ENDEXEC
ENDMODEL

6.4.3.2 Exciter model

The Exciter is of type IEEE ST1A with inputs; terminal voltage VT, field current IFD, reference
voltage Vref and stabilizer signal VS (all signals in pu). The Exciter IEEE DC1A is also
implemented for comparison.
VT VR max KC I FD

VS
VT

1
1 + sTR

-+
+-

Vref

1 + sTC
1 + sTB
sK F
1 + sTF

KA
1 + sTA

min

VOEL
KLR

max

VUEL

EFD
VT VR min

IFD

ILR

Fig. 6.28 IEEE ST1A exciter. Parameters used; TR =0.04, TB =10, TC =1, KA=190, TA =0, TF =1,
KF =0, KLR =0, ILR=5, VRmax=7.8, VRmin=-6.7, KC=0.08.
The exciter model ST1A requires the field current as input. This variable can be obtained directly
from the Windsyn component as it is used there in the TACS section. The name of the TACS
variable is IE1Cn, where n is the machine number (1 in this case). To get the machine number,

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open the Windsyn component and read the machine number field (cannot be set). Then click on
the IFD node of the exciter model and specify the node name IE1C1 and input type TACS as
shown in Fig. 6.29.

Fig. 6.29 How to get the field current into Models, and how to specify the Vs and VT nodes.
Windsyn does not allow field voltage regulation before 1 sec. The field connections are modeled
as shown in Fig. 6.30 with 0.01 separating resistors. The initial field voltage can be found by
setting the the external field voltage to zero and then measure the current through it. This special
trick is illustrated in the ST1A model, but not actually used in this example.
t>1 sec.
EXFD

0.01

EXCFn

EXSFn
0.01
EFD(0)

Windsyn component
Fig. 6.30 Internal field winding connections in Windsyn (n=Machine number)
MODEL EX_ST1A
DATA
Vref,VTpu,Tr,Tc,Tb,Ka,Ta,Vuel,Voel,
Klr,
Ilr,
Kf,
Tf,
VRmax,VRmin,
EFDref,IFDref
INPUT VT, Ifd, Vs, If0
OUTPUT Efd
VAR x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6, Efd,Vc,IFDpu,Efd0
HISTORY
x1 {dflt:0},x2 {dflt:0},x3 {dflt:0},x4 {dflt:0},x5 {dflt:0}, x6 {dflt:0},
Vc {dflt:0}, VT {dflt:0}
INIT
Efd:=0
ENDINIT
EXEC
if T<2*timestep then --Special trick to obtain the initial field voltage
Efd0:=-If0*0.01
else
IFDpu:=-IFD/IFDref
--Vc:=VT/(1+Tr)
cLaplace(Vc/VT):=(1/VTpu|s0)/(1|s0+Tr|s1)
cLaplace(x6/x5):=(Kf|s1)/(1|s0+Tf|s1)
x1:=Vref-Vc-Vs-x6
cLaplace(x2/x1):=(1|s0+Tc|s1)/(1|s0+Tb|s1)
cLaplace(x3/x2):=(Ka|s0)/(1|s0+Ta|s1)
x4:=x3-(IFDpu-Ilr)*Klr
x5:=max(x4,Vuel)
x5:=min(x5,Voel)
Efd:=x5 {min:VT/VTpu*VRmin max:VT/VTpu*VRmax-Kc*IFDpu}
Efd:=Efd*EFDref+0*Efd0
--Efd0 not used here
endif
ENDEXEC
ENDMODEL

228

Kc,

ATPDraw version 5.6

Application Manual

VRmax

VUEL
Vc
+

1 + TC s
1 + TB s

max

KA
1 + TA s
VRmin

1
TE s

EFD

K E u + A exp( B u )

KF s
1 + TF s

Fig. 6.31 IEEE DC1A exciter. Parameters used; TB =0.06, TC =0.173, KA=400, TA =0.89, TE
=1.15, KE =1, A =0.014, B = 1.55, KF =0.058, TF =0.62.
MODEL EX_DC1A
DATA Vref,Tc,Tb,Ka,Ta,VRMAX,VRMIN,Kf,Tf,Te,Ke,Vuel,A,B, Efdbase
INPUT Vc
OUTPUT Efd
VAR x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6, Vfe,Vf,Efd,Vcpu
HISTORY
x1 {dflt:0},x2 {dflt:0},x3 {dflt:0},x4 {dflt:0},x5 {dflt:0}, x6 {dflt:0}, Vfe {dflt:0}
Vf {dflt:0}
INIT
Efd:=0
ENDINIT
EXEC
Vcpu:=(Vc*sqrt(3)/(Vref*1000)) --Phase voltage measured so scale to line voltage
x1:=(1-Vcpu-Vf)
cLaplace(x2/x1):=(Tc|s1+1|s0)/(Tb|s1+1|s0)
x3:=max(x2,Vuel)
cLaplace(x4/x3) {dmin:VRMIN dmax:VRMAX}:=(Ka|s0)/(Ta|s1+1|s0)
x5:=(x4-Vfe)
cLaplace(x6/x5):=(1|s0)/(Te|s1)
Vfe:=x6*Ke+A*exp(B*x6)
cLaplace(Vf/Vfe):=(Kf|s1)/(Tf|s1+1|s0)
Efd:=x6*Efdbase
ENDEXEC
ENDMODEL

6.4.3.3 RMS value calculation

The RMS value is calculated by a standard models provided by Laurant Dube. Since the speed of
the generator changes the frequency is calculated by another model. The MODELS|Default model
option was used and the text simply pasted into the Model component. Edit|Flip was used to
switch the input and outputs. As this model gives its output to another model it must be written
first to the ATP file. This is managed by giving it a lower Order number than the receiving model
and then choose ATP|Settings/Format Sort by Order. In the receiving model the input node
must be set to Input MODEL.
MODEL rms_meter
DATA
freq
xrms_ini
INPUT x
VAR
xrms
x2
ix2
period
OUTPUT xrms

ATPDraw version 5.6

-- base frequency
{dflt:-1} -- initial rms value
-- monitored signal
-- rms value of monitored signal
-- internal, x*x
-- internal, integral of x2
-- 1/freq

229

Application Manual

DELAY CELLS(ix2): 1/freq/timestep +1

INIT
period
:= recip(freq)
histdef(ix2) := 0
integral(x2) := 0
IF xrms_ini <0 THEN xrms:=0 ELSE xrms:=xrms_ini ENDIF
ENDINIT
EXEC
x2 := x*x
ix2 := integral(x2)
IF t>period THEN
xrms:= sqrt((ix2 - delay(ix2, period))/period)
ENDIF
ENDEXEC
ENDMODEL

The frequency is calculated by another model based on zero-crossing detection.

6000

1500

rpm

5600

1400

5200

1300

4800

1200

4400

1100

4000

1000
0

(f ile exa_17.pl4; x-v ar t) m:UC

12

16

sec

20

t:SPED1

Fig. 6.32 Machine response with no regulation

6000

1800

5800

1700

5600

1600

5400

1500

5200

1400

5000

1300
0

(f ile exa_17.pl4; x-v ar t) m:UC

12

16

20

t:SPED1

Fig. 6.33 Machine response with exciter (DC1A) and governor (no hydro turbine).

230

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6.5 Simulating transformer inrush current transients

The magnetic coupling between the windings and the nonlinear characteristic of the magnetizing
reactance are the most important factors in transformer energizing transient studies. The BCTRAN
supporting routine of ATP can be used to derive the R L or (L-1 R) matrix representation of a
single or 3-phase multi-winding transformer. ATPDraw now provides a similar interface to the
BCTRAN supporting routine like the one provided for the LCC objects. The BCTRAN input data
are the excitation and short circuit factory test data, which can easily be obtained from the
transformer manufacturers. Additionally, the user can select between several options for modeling
the nonlinear magnetizing branch.
The first example circuit of this section demonstrates the use of BCTRAN objects for transformer
energization studies. In the second example, readers are familiarized with the application of user
specified objects and the Grouping feature for transformer modeling.
6.5.1 Energization of a 400/132/18 kV auto-transformer (Exa_10.adp)
The study case is the energization of a 3-phase, three-winding Yyd coupled transformer. The wye
connected 132 kV windings and the delta coupled 18 kV windings are unloaded in this study. The
schematic diagram of the simulated case is shown in Fig. 6.34, the corresponding ATPDraw
circuit is depicted in Fig. 6.35.
400/132/18 kV
250 MVA , Yyn0d11

S = 8000 MVA
SC

63.7 mH
200 ohm

420
3

C
4nF

6nF

Fig. 6.34 - One-line scheme of the transformer and the 400 kV source.
V

BCT

V
A

Aa0d11

Fig. 6.35 - ATPDraw circuit (Exa_10.acp).

The nameplate data of the transformer are as follows:
Voltage rating Vhigh/Vlow/Vtertiary:
Power rating:
Positive seq. excitation loss/current:
Positive seq. reactance: High to Low:
High to Tertiary:
Low to Tertiary:
Short circuit loss:
High to Low:
High to Tertiary:
Low to Tertiary:

400/132/18 kV, Yyn0d11

250 MVA (75 MVA tertiary)
140 kW / 0.2 %
15 % (Sbase=250MVA)
15 % (Sbase=250MVA)
12.5 % (Sbase=75MVA) 41.6667 % (Sbase=250MVA)
7.2 % (Sbase=75MVA) 24 % (Sbase=250MVA)
710 kW
188 kW
159 kW

In the BCTRAN dialog box, you specify first the number of phases and the number of windings
per phase under Structure (see Fig. 6.36). Under Ratings, the nominal line-to-line voltage, power
ATPDraw version 5.6

231

Application Manual

ratings, the type of coupling of windings and the phase shift must be entered. For autotransformers, the nominal voltage of the windings (which is the required input for BCTRAN) is
calculated automatically by ATPDraw and the short-circuit impedances are also re-defined
according to the Eq. 6.45, 6.46, 6.50 of the EMTP Theory Book [5]. The zero sequence excitation
and short circuit parameters are approximately equal to the positive sequence values for an autotransformer having tertiary delta winding, so the Zero sequence data available check boxes are
unselected in this example. The External Lm option is chosen under Positive core magnetization
because external Type-96 hysteretic inductors are used to represent the magnetizing inductance.
Accordingly, only the resistive component of the magnetizing current will be entered as IEXPOS
in the BCTRAN input file.

Fig. 6.36 - BCTRAN dialog box of the 400/132/18 kV transformer.

Following data specification the program offers to generate a BCTRAN input file and run ATP. It
can either be performed by a Run ATP requests, (without leaving the dialog box), or selecting OK.
If the BCTRAN-file is correct, a punch-file will be created. This file is directly included in the
final ATP-file and there is no conversion to a library file as for lines/cables. The BCTRAN input
file generated by ATPDraw is shown next. This file is given extension .atp and stored in the
/BCT folder.
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
ACCESS MODULE BCTRAN
$ERASE
C Excitation test data card
C < FREQ >< IEXPOS >< SPOS >< LEXPOS ><IEXZERO >< SZERO ><LEXZERO ><><><><>
3
50. .05600056
250.
140.
0 2 3 0
C Winding data cards
C >< VRAT ><
R
>>< PHASE1 >< PHASE2 >< PHASE3 >

232

ATPDraw version 5.6

Application Manual

1 154.729872
H_BUSAL_BUSAH_BUSBL_BUSBH_BUSCL_BUSC
2 76.2102355
L_BUSA
L_BUSB
L_BUSC
3
18.
T_BUSAT_BUSCT_BUSBT_BUSAT_BUSCT_BUSB
C Short-circuit test data cards
C <>< PIJ
>< ZPOSIJ >< SPOS ><ZZEROIJ >< SZERO ><><>
1 2
710.33.4150145
250.33.4150145
250. 0 1
1 3
188.61.3951637
250.61.3951637
250. 0 1
2 3
159.
24.
250.
24.
250. 0 1
BLANK card ending short-circuit test data
$PUNCH
BLANK card ending BCTRAN data
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK CARD

The nonlinear magnetizing branch of the 400/132/18 kV auto-transformer is represented by delta

coupled Type-96 hysteretic inductors in this study. The flux-current characteristic of these
inductors can be obtained by means of the HYSDAT supporting routine of ATP. Fig. 6.37 shows
the hysteresis loop of the Itype-1 material of ATP and of the magnetic core of the transformer.
1.5
PSI [p.u.]
1

0.5
I [%]
0
-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

-0.5
Hyst+
Hyst-1

Armco

-1.5

Fig. 6.37 - The shape of the hysteresis loop of the transformer magnetic core
compared with the material type 1 of ATP's HYSDAT supporting routine.
The output file generated by the HYSDAT supporting routine is listed below. In this example the
file is given a name HYSTR400.LIB and stored in the /USP folder.
C <++++++> Cards punched by support routine on 21-Jul-02 14.08.23 <++++++>
C HYSTERESIS
C $ERASE
C C ITYPE
LEVEL
{ Request Armco M4 oriented silicon steel -- only 1 availab
C
1
4
{ That was ITYPE=1. As for LEVEL=2, moderate accuracy outp
C
98.2
97.2
{ Current and flux coordinates of positive saturat
-3.68250000E+01 -9.49129412E+01
-2.45500000E+01 -9.43411765E+01
-1.10475000E+01 -9.23400000E+01
-4.91000000E+00 -9.03388235E+01
-1.84125000E+00 -8.86235294E+01
6.13750000E-01 -8.51929412E+01
2.14812500E+00 -8.11905882E+01
3.55975000E+00 -7.43294118E+01
4.29625000E+00 -6.28941176E+01
4.91000000E+00 -4.57411765E+01
6.13750000E+00 3.05894118E+01
6.75125000E+00 4.23105882E+01
8.59250000E+00 5.71764706E+01
1.10475000E+01 6.86117647E+01
1.33797500E+01 7.43294118E+01
ATPDraw version 5.6

233

Application Manual

1.74918750E+01
2.39362500E+01
3.28356250E+01
4.29625000E+01
6.13750000E+01
9.82000000E+01
1.35025000E+02
9999.

8.00470588E+01
8.51929412E+01
8.91952941E+01
9.20541176E+01
9.49129412E+01
9.72000000E+01
9.77717647E+01

Such a nonlinear characteristic can be connected to the Type-96 inductor in two ways: include as
an external file, or enter flux-current data pairs directly in the Characteristic page as shown in
Fig. 6.38. The Copy and Paste buttons of the dialog box provide a powerful way to import the
whole characteristic from an external text file via the Windows clipboard or export it to another
Type96 objects. It is thus possible to bring a HYSDAT punch-file up in a text editor, mark the
characteristic, copy it to the clipboard and paste it into the Characteristic page. The number of
data however must be less or equal to 64. No such limit exists for the included nonlinear
characteristics.

Fig. 6.38 - Importing the nonlinear characteristic from a HYSDAT punch-file.

The complete ATP input file generated by ATPDraw for this study case is listed next:
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C Generated by ATPDRAW July, Sunday 21, 2002
C A Bonneville Power Administration program
C Programmed by H. K. Hidalen at SEfAS - NORWAY 1994-2002
C -------------------------------------------------------$DUMMY, XYZ000
C dT >< Tmax >< Xopt >< Copt >
5.E-6
.15
500
5
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
/BRANCH

234

ATPDraw version 5.6

Application Manual

C < n 1>< n 2><ref1><ref2>< R >< L >< C >

L_BUSA
.004
L_BUSB
.004
L_BUSC
.004
SOURCASUPLA
2. 63.7
SOURCBSUPLB
2. 63.7
SOURCCSUPLC
2. 63.7
SOURCASUPLA
200.
SOURCBSUPLB
200.
SOURCCSUPLC
200.
T_BUSA
.01
T_BUSB
.01
T_BUSC
.01
96T_BUSBT_BUSC
8888.
0.0
-36.825
-94.9129412
-18.4125
-93.7694118
-6.1375
-90.9105882
-1.2275
-88.0517647
2.148125
-81.1905882
4.05075
-68.6117647
7.365
49.1717647
11.66125
70.3270588
16.57125
78.9035294
24.55
85.7647059
36.21125
90.3388235
56.465
93.7694118
98.2
97.2
135.025
97.7717647
9999
96T_BUSAT_BUSB
8888.
0.0
-36.825
-94.9129412
-18.4125
-93.7694118
-6.1375
-90.9105882
-1.2275
-88.0517647
2.148125
-81.1905882
4.05075
-68.6117647
7.365
49.1717647
11.66125
70.3270588
16.57125
78.9035294
24.55
85.7647059
36.21125
90.3388235
56.465
93.7694118
98.2
97.2
135.025
97.7717647
9999
96T_BUSCT_BUSA
8888.
0.0
-36.825
-94.9129412
-18.4125
-93.7694118
-6.1375
-90.9105882
-1.2275
-88.0517647
2.148125
-81.1905882
4.05075
-68.6117647
7.365
49.1717647
11.66125
70.3270588
16.57125
78.9035294
24.55
85.7647059
36.21125
90.3388235
56.465
93.7694118
98.2
97.2
135.025
97.7717647
9999
H_BUSA
.006
H_BUSB
.006
H_BUSC
.006
$VINTAGE, 1,
1T_BUSAT_BUSC
6942.8436268432
2T_BUSBT_BUSA
0.0
6942.8436268432
3T_BUSCT_BUSB
0.0
0.0
6942.8436268432
USE AR
1H_BUSAL_BUSA
3.2888630659697 .42462348721612
ATPDraw version 5.6

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

0
0
0

235

Application Manual

2L_BUSA
3T_BUSAT_BUSC
4H_BUSBL_BUSB

5L_BUSB

6T_BUSBT_BUSA

7H_BUSCL_BUSC

8L_BUSC

9T_BUSCT_BUSB

-7.231251366149
34.681001957452
2.3450004639366
-84.67537379274
338.34949508527
.1936225317E-15
-.677127449E-15
.1202491824E-14
3.2888630659697
-.677127449E-15
.2041578689E-14
-.282318606E-14
-7.231251366149
34.681001957452
.1202491824E-14
-.282318606E-14
-.6542678427E-4
2.3450004639366
-84.67537379274
338.34949508527
.1936225317E-15
-.677127449E-15
.1202491824E-14
.1936225317E-15
-.677127449E-15
.1202491824E-14
3.2888630659697
-.677127449E-15
.2041578689E-14
-.282318606E-14
-.677127449E-15
.2041578689E-14
-.282318606E-14
-7.231251366149
34.681001957452
.1202491824E-14
-.282318606E-14
-.6542678427E-4
.1202491824E-14
-.282318606E-14
-.6542678427E-4
2.3450004639366
-84.67537379274
338.34949508527

0.0
.09492595191772
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.42462348721612
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.09492595191772
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.42462348721612
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.09492595191772
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

$VINTAGE, 0,
$UNITS, -1.,-1.
USE RL
/SWITCH
C < n 1>< n 2>< Tclose ><Top/Tde ><
Ie
><Vf/CLOP >< type >
SUPLA H_BUSA
-1.
.045
1.
1
SUPLB H_BUSB
-1.
.045
1.
1
SUPLC H_BUSC
-1.
.045
1.
1
SUPLA H_BUSA
.0735
1.
1
SUPLB H_BUSB
.0785
1.
1
SUPLC H_BUSC
.0785
1.
1
/SOURCE
C < n 1><>< Ampl. >< Freq. ><Phase/T0><
A1
><
T1
>< TSTART >< TSTOP >
14SOURCA 0
326600.
50.
-1.
1.
14SOURCB 0
326600.
50.
-120.
-1.
1.
14SOURCC 0
326600.
50.
120.
-1.
1.
/INITIAL
/OUTPUT
SUPLA SUPLB SUPLC H_BUSAH_BUSBH_BUSC
BLANK BRANCH
BLANK SWITCH
BLANK SOURCE
BLANK INITIAL
BLANK OUTPUT
BLANK PLOT
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK

236

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Application Manual

Some results of the simulation are shown in Fig. 6.39. In the reported case, the steady state
magnetizing current of the unloaded transformer is interrupted at 45 ms producing high residual
flux in two phases. As a result, a high amplitude inrush current may occur at a subsequent
transformer energization.
1.0
[A]
0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0
0

10

20

(file exa_10.pl4; x-var t) c:SU PLA -H _BU SA

30

40
[m s ]
c:SU PLC -H _BU SC

c:SU PLB -H _BU SB

50

500
[A]
250

-250

-500
0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

(file exa_10.pl4; x-var t) c:SU PLA -H _BU SA

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14 [s ] 0.15
c:SU PLC -H _BU SC

c:SU PLB -H _BU SB

Fig. 6.39 - Steady-state magnetizing current (upper curves) and the

inrush current (lower curves) at a subsequent energization.
6.5.2 Energization of a 132/15 kV generator step-up transformer (Exa_11.adp)
The use of the icon customization and the advantages of the grouping feature of ATPDraw are
demonstrated in this example. The simulated case is again a transformer switching study, in which
a 155 MVA 132/15 kV Y/d coupled step-up and a 4 MVA 15/6.9 kV D/d coupled auxiliary
transformer are energized together. The fast start gas turbine plant is located near to a
400/220/120 kV substation and the transformers are connected with the substation by a 120 kV
single core XLPE cable. During the step-up transformer energization the generator is still
disconnected, so need not be considered in this study. The ATPDraw circuit of the simulation is
shown in Fig. 6.40.
T

LCC
I

TR132

SM

Fig. 6.40 - ATPDraw circuit (Exa_11g.adp)

ATPDraw version 5.6

237

Application Manual

Fig. 6.40 shows several customized ATPDraw objects created by the Edit | Compress command.
If you are not familiar with this grouping feature please read in section 5.1 of this Advanced
Manual. This feature provides a powerful tool in advanced modeling. On Fig. 6.40 the nonlinear,
hysteretic transformer objects, the parallel connected 3-phase breakers and the TACS objects for
flux measurement were compressed into single objects, and the icon of each group has been
customized, as well. The icon of some non-group objects were also customized, e.g. the LCC
object of the XLPE cable. The uncompressed version of this case is also part of the ATPDraw's
example collection and is shown in Fig. 6.41. Therefore, you can see how the grouping feature
makes the circuit more readable.
C_hl

BCT

15/6.9
C_hg

T
T

C_hl

LCC
I

C_hg

SM

G(s)

G(s)

G(s)

TR132

C_lg

C_lg
G(s)

G(s)

G(s)

Fig. 6.41 - ATPDraw circuit without using compress (Exa_11.adp).

The model of the Ynd11 and the Dd0 transformers consists of a linear part (user specified library
object or BCTRAN object) and a nonlinear hysteretic inductor. The capacitances between the
transformer windings and ground have been considered, as well. These capacitances do not
influence the inrush current significantly, but they need to be taken into account especially at delta
coupled transformer terminals to avoid "floating subnetwork found" simulation errors. For more
details about the model parameters please read in section 5.8.2 of the Advanced Manual.
The compress option of ATPDraw can be used effectively to create new probe-type objects, as
well. The 3-phase Flux probe of this example has been constructed by integrators (TACS |
Transfer functions | General) objects, time controlled switches (to set zero initial conditions) and
coupling to TACS objects. The output of the Flux probe (the instantaneous flux linkage of the
transformer windings) can be used to analyze the operation of the model during steady state noload conditions, and during the transformer de-energization/re-energization, as shown in Fig.
6.42.
The circuit breaker of the transformer has a common drive with mechanical phase shift of 60
electrical degrees. The making sequence is A-C-B with 3.33 ms delay between the poles and the
breaking sequence is B-C-A. Some results of the simulation obtained by the elaborated model are
shown next. Fig. 6.43 shows the flux linkage and the phase-to-ground voltages of the step-up
transformer during the no-load breaking process. The residual flux is quite low in all phases, thus
a subsequent energization will not produce high amplitude inrush current even if the making is
done at the voltage zero crossing. When synchronizing the first pole to close with the bus voltage
and energize the transformer close to the voltage peak, the inrush current amplitude will not
exceed the peak value of the nominal load current of the transformer (see in Fig. 6.44).
238

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80
[Vs]

60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-10

-5

Amps

10

(file Exa_11.pl4; x-var c:T R15B -T R15C) t: FLX15C

Fig. 6.42 - Roaming of the operating point on the hysteresis loop in steady-state
and during the subsequent non-sinusoidal oscillations at transformer de-energization.
320
[kV]
240
160
80
0
-80
-160
-240
-320
0.02

0.03

0.04

(file Exa_11.pl4; x-var t) v:TR132A

v:TR132B

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

[s]

0.10

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

[s]

0.10

v:TR132C

80

[Vs]
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
0.02

0.03

0.04

(file Exa_11.pl4; x-var t) t: FLX15A

t: FLX15B

0.05
t: FLX15C

Fig. 6.43 - Non-sinusoidal voltage oscillations appear after de-energizing the step-up transformer
(upper curves). The residual flux is less then 30% in each phases (lower curves).

ATPDraw version 5.6

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5.0
[A]
2.5
0.0
-2.5
-5.0
-7.5
-10.0
10

15

20

25

(file Exa_11.pl4; x-var t) c:BR EKA -C ABLA

30

c:BR EKB -C ABL B

35

40

45

[m s ]

50

c:BR EKC -C ABLC

160
[k V]
120

150
[k V]
100

80

50

40
0

-4 0

-5 0
-8 0

-1 0 0

-1 5 0
0 .1 6

-1 2 0

0 .1 7

0 .1 8

(file E xa _ 1 1 .p l4 ; x-va r t) v:TR 1 3 2 A

0 .1 9

[s ]

0 .2 0

v:TR 1 3 2 B

-1 6 0
0 .1 7

0 .1 8

0 .1 9

(file E xa _ 1 1 .p l4 ; x-va r t) v:TR 1 3 2 A

0 .2 0

[s ]

v:TR 1 3 2 B

3200
[A]
2400
1600
800
0
-800
-1600
-2400
0.16

0.17

0.18

(file Exa_11.pl4; x-var t) c:BR EKA -C ABLA

0.19
c:BR EKB -C ABLB

0.20

0.21

0.22

0.23

[s ]

0.24

0.22

0.23

[s ]

0.24

c:BR EKC -C ABLC

500
[A]
250

-250

-500
0.16

0.17

0.18

(file Exa_11.pl4; x-var t) c:BR EKA -C ABLA

0.19
c:BR EKB -C ABLB

0.20

0.21

c:BREKC -CABLC

Fig. 6.44 - Interrupting the steady state no-load current of the step-up transformer (upper curves)
and the inrush current amplitude (below) when energizing the first pole of the breaker:
a) at the voltage zero crossing, b) close to the voltage peak.

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6.5.3 Using the Hybrid Transformer component (Exa_16.acp)

The Hybrid Transformer component (XFMR) provides a topologically correct core model with
individual saturation characteristics in legs and yokes calculated based on relative core
dimensions. Further the saturation characteristic is based on the Frolich equation with an
additional, optional air-core inductance thus improving the response above the last test report
value. This is of great importance when it comes to over-excitation situations like inrush current
simulations. The XFMR component in version 5.6 offers type 96 inductances even if these are not
recommended for transient studies. This gives on the other hand residual flux in the core after deenergization. In general advance Models controlled hysteretic inductors are needed to give good
inrush current predictions.
Fig. 6.45 shows the XFMR input dialog for the example Exa_16.acp. A 3-legged stacked core
is selected and this requires relative yoke dimensions to be given under Core data. A Triplx core
(single phase units) does not require relative dimensions. Under Inductance and Core the short
and open circuit test report data are given, respectively (Resistance automatically follow
Inductance for Test Report data). The Winding sequence is set with the low-voltage winding as
the inner. The XFMR dialog can work test report data directly. Creation of the saturation
characteristics is automized (for type 96 half of the core losses is assigned to hysteresis losses
with a Steimetz coefficient n=2, and a uniform width of the hysteresis).

Fig. 6.45 XFMR model example Exa_16.acp

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When the user clicks on OK ATPDraw performs an internal calculation of the leakage inductance
in the same way as BCTRAN. The winding resistances are connected outside the A-matrix,
however. The core model is fitted to the Test Report rms values by a Gradient Method
optimization routine.
The user should also click on the Settings button
on the Core page to select the type of nonlinear
inductance (98, 93, or 96) and the number of points
on linearized Frolich equation (maximum 9). A high
number is required to get good inrush current
estimates. The final slope inductance (part of the
air-core inductance) is set to zero in this case.
Design data really required to estimate it. Using the
Estimate check box will estimate La=06/a' where
the factor a=6 is typical for core material M4 and a'
is found from the optimization (with '=0)
Fig. 6.46 Core settings.
Fig. 6.47 shows a simulated inrush currents switching in a 290 MVA transformer from the 16 kV
side with zero residual flux. The same transformer is modeled both in BCTRAN and XFMR and
the comparison shows that the XFMR gives about four times higher inrush currents. This is
because the BCTRAN model incorrectly assumes linear extrapolation of the magnetization
characteristic above the Test Report data. In addition the currents into the XFMR model have
more reasonable waveshapes and attenuation.
2000
[A]
1500

500
[A]
375

1000

250

500

125

-500

-125

-1000

-250

-1500

-375

-2000
0.00

0.02

(f ile Exa_16.pl4; x-var t) c:X0004B-LV _XB

0.04
c:X0004C-LV _XC

0.06
c:X0011B-LV _BB

0.08

[s ]

-500
0.10

c:X0011C-LV _BC

Fig. 6.47 Comparizon of inrush currents (zero residual flux) for a 290 MVA transformer
modeled in BCTRAN and XFMR.

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6.6 Switching overvoltage studies with statistical approach (Exa_12.adp)

The switching impulse withstand level of EHV line insulators are generally lower than the
lightning impulse withstand level. Therefore, some measures are needed to protect the line against
switching overvoltages, especially when the insulation level is rather low, like in case of line
uprating. One or more of the following measures could be applied to reduce these overvoltages:
- mounting surge arresters at the line terminals and along the line
- application of circuit breaker with closing resistors
- synchronizing the breaker operations at line energization and reclosing
- limiting or eliminating the trapped charge at dead time of the 3-phase reclosing
The influence of the latter two measures to the switching overvoltage distribution is analyzed in
this example. The use of the master/slave feature of ATP's statistical switches is also introduced.
The EMTP model shown in Fig. 6.48 has been elaborated for a line upgrading feasibility study to
analyze the switching performance of a 400 kV compact line. The clearances, the location of the
phase- and ground wires, and the length of the composite insulator strings are assumed known in
this example.
U

STAT

MOV

LCC

MID

LCC S V LCC

LCC

MOV

STAT

STAT

Fig. 6.48 - ATPDraw circuit for the statistical switching study (Exa_12.adp).
The investigated line has been divided into four sections, each of them represented by an LCC
JMarti object. To set up the initial conditions of the line easily, a 3-phase voltage source is
connected to the line at right having voltage amplitude equal to the desired trapped charge. This
source is disconnected before the operation of the statistical switches to make the line unloaded. It
is worth to mention that some care is needed when constructing the EMTP model for such a
statistical simulations, because the unnecessary over-complication of the model may increase the
overall simulation time of that many statistical runs significantly.
6.6.1 Setting program options for the statistical simulation
The simulated switching incidence is a 3-phase reclosing in this study. Statistical switches of
Gaussian-type represent the reclosing breaker. The master/slave dependency is now supported by
ATPDraw, thus phase A is specified as master and the remaining two as slave. ATP requires the
master switch be specified earlier in the ATP-file then a slave. ATPDraw ensured automatically
this ordering. This is why the closing of the dialog box of a master switch is somewhat delayed.

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Application Manual

Fig. 6.49 - Input parameters of master and slave statistical switches.

The rest of program options and circuit parameter settings for a
statistical study is very similar to that of any other time domain
simulations. There is one addition however. You need to specify the
Switch study and Switch controls under ATP | Settings / Switch before
generating the ATP-file.
Unless you need special settings, the Switch controls parameters need
not be modified.

Fig. 6.50 - Setting the parameters of the statistical study.

The Output Manager found under ATP|Output Manager (F9) enables the user to select those
output requests to be added to the statistical tabulation. The user can also group and scale the
output requests. Example 12 requests as default only output of the MID voltage, but the terminal
voltages and for instance surge arrester energy can be added. The selection of alternative
statistical tabulation is shown in Fig. 6.52.
6.6.2 Results of the statistical study
As worst-case assumption the fault, which precedes the 3-phase reclosing in one or more phases
has not been considered here. Taking that the inductive voltage transformers play a significant
role in eliminating the trapped charge in the healthy phases during the dead time of reclosing, but
CVTs or CCVT has no such effect, two different cases have been considered:

a1) the trapped charge is equal to the phase to ground voltage peak
a2) the trapped charge is 30% of the phase to ground voltage peak.
The reclosing operations are synchronized to the bus voltage in this simulation. It means that the
master switch is closed when the instantaneous value of the phase-to-ground bus voltage is equal
to zero. The average delay for the slave switches in phase B and C is set 120 and 60 electrical
degrees, respectively. The standard deviation of the operating time of the synchronous controller
and the breaker has been considered as an additional parameter in the study:
244

ATPDraw version 5.6

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b1) accumulated deviation of the breaker and the controller operating time is 1 ms
b2) accumulated deviation of the breaker and the controller operating time is 2 ms.
The statistical tabulation of the overvoltage distribution will be part of the LIS-file, as shown
next:
1 ) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Statistical output of node voltage
0.3430E+06 |0
MIDA MIDB MIDC
Statistical distribution of peak voltage at node "MIDA ".
The base voltage for per unit printout is V-base = 3.43000000E+05
Interval
voltage
voltage in
Frequency
Cumulative
Per cent
number
in per unit
physical units
(density)
frequency
.GE. current value
51
1.2750000
4.37325000E+05
0
0
100.000000
52
1.3000000
4.45900000E+05
2
2
98.000000
..........
87
2.1750000
7.46025000E+05
1
99
1.000000
88
2.2000000
7.54600000E+05
1
100
.000000
Summary of preceding table follows:
Grouped data
Ungrouped data
Mean = 1.66850000E+00
1.66882696E+00
Variance = 3.85116162E-02
3.81739314E-02
Standard deviation = 1.96243767E-01
1.95381502E-01
..........
4 ) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
4 ) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The following is a distribution of peak overvoltages among all output nodes of the last data card that have
the same base voltage.
This distribution is for the maximum of the peaks at all output nodes with V-base = 3.43000000E+05
Interval
voltage
voltage in
Frequency
Cumulative
Per cent
number
in per unit
physical units
(density)
frequency
.GE. current value
51
1.2750000
4.37325000E+05
0
0
100.000000
52
1.3000000
4.45900000E+05
1
1
99.000000
............
91
2.2750000
7.80325000E+05
1
99
1.000000
92
2.3000000
7.88900000E+05
1
100
.000000
Summary of preceding table follows:
Grouped data
Ungrouped data
Mean = 1.77125000E+00
1.77305706E+00
Variance = 5.25173611E-02
5.27332819E-02
Standard deviation = 2.29166667E-01
2.29637283E-01

Finally, a brief summary of the simulation results is given next. Considering the metal-oxide
arresters with 2 p.u. protection level at both ends of the line, the highest overvoltages appear in
the inner points of the line. As an example, Fig. 6.51 shows the probability distribution functions
of the switching overvoltages arising in the middle of the line. The four curves correspond to the
following cases:
a) Three phase reclosing with 30% trapped charge. Standard deviation of the accumulated
operating time of the synchronous controller and the breaker is 1 ms.
b) Three phase reclosing with 100% trapped charge. Standard deviation of the accumulated
operating time of the synchronous controller and the breaker is 1 ms.
c) Three phase reclosing with 30% trapped charge. Standard deviation of the accumulated
operating time of the synchronous controller and the breaker is 2 ms.
d) Three phase reclosing with 100% trapped charge. Standard deviation of the accumulated
operating time of the synchronous controller and the breaker is 2 ms.
As it can be seen, the reclosing overvoltages are quite low even if the trapped charge is close to
the voltage peak, if the reclosing operations are synchronized to the bus-side voltage zero by a
point on wave controller.

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Application Manual

100
d1_t30%

90

d1_t100%
80

d2_t30%

70

d2_t100%

60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.2

2.4

P.U.

Fig. 6.51- Probability distribution function of the 3-phase reclosing overvoltages.

Fig. 6.52 Output Manager and alternative request of Statistical Tabulation.

246

ATPDraw version 5.6

7. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . .
.....................

ATPDraw
for Windows

5.6

ATPDraw version 5.6

247

Appendix

7.1 PFC simulations in ATPDraw

The Verify feature of ATPDraw enables the user to compare the line/cable model with an exact
PI-equivalent as a function of frequency, or verify the power frequency benchmark data for
zero/positive short circuit impedances, reactive open circuit line charging, and mutual zero
sequence coupling. The Verify module supports the POWER FREQUENCY CALCULATION (PFC) of
zero and positive short circuit impedances and open circuit reactive line charging, along with
mutual zero sequence impedance for multi circuit lines.
The supporting programs LINE CONSTANTS and CABLE CONSTANTS calculate the series impedance
and the shunt admittance from geometrical data and material properties. These electrical
parameters are part of the printout file (.lis). The power frequency calculations give in
principle the short circuit impedances and the open circuit reactive power. The line/cable may be
a single circuit component with an arbitrary number of phases or a multi-circuit component where
all circuits normally are three-phase. The following parameters are calculated for a single circuit
in a line/cable with n conductors:
a) Short circuit impedances
All terminals at one end of the line/cable are connected to ground. A positive sequence
symmetrical voltage is applied to the terminals at the other end and the positive sequence
impedance is calculated: Z + = E + / I +
The voltage applied to the terminal i is:
Ei = E + exp( j 2 (i 1) / n) , where n is the number of phases in the circuit.
The positive sequence current is obtained from the terminal currents by the formula:
I+ =

1
[I1 + I 2 exp( j 2 / n) +
n

+ I i exp( j 2(i 1) / n) +

+ I n exp( j 2 / n)]

The zero sequence impedance is calculated in a similar way:

Z 0 = E0 / I 0

The voltage E0 here is applied to all terminals and I0 is the average current supplied by the source.
b) Open-circuit reactive power
All terminals at one end of the component are open (except the conductors which are specified to
be grounded). A positive sequence symmetrical voltage is applied to the terminals at the other end
and the positive sequence current component is calculated by the same formula as for the positive
sequence impedance. The positive sequence open-circuit reactive power is then calculated by the
formula:
Q+ = Im n E + I +* , where E+ is the line to line voltage.

Using the voltage between two adjacent phases for an n-phase circuit gives E + = V /[2 sin( / n)] .
The calculation I+ is based on an ATP calculation with E+ =1.0. Using this value for I+ implies
that
Q+ =

V 2 n
4 sin 2 ( / n)

Im(I + )

ATP also automatically calculates the reactive power supplied by the source (Q1..Qn). The opencircuit reactive power can thus also be calculated by taking the average of these quantities for all
phases and multiply by a factor 2 (since a peak value 1.0 is used in the calculation and the line-toline voltage is specified as rms):

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Appendix
Q+ =

V 2 2
(Q1 + Q2 +
n

+ Qn )

The zero sequence open-circuit reactive power is calculated as well. The same voltage is then
applied to all terminals at one end of the line. The zero sequence current is the average value of
the current injected into the terminals. This current I0 is calculated by ATP with E0 = 1.0. Using
this value for I0 implies that
Q0 =

V 2 n
4 sin 2 ( / n)

Im(I 0 )

In this case ATP automatically calculates the reactive power Q , injected into the circuit from the
source. Similarly to the positive sequence values, the zero sequence open-circuit reactive power is
also equal to
Q0 =

V 2 2
(Q )
n

For a line/cable with several circuits, each circuit is tested separately. For short-circuit calculation
the other circuit(s) is/are is also grounded at one end, while for open-circuit calculations all
terminals are open. The mutual coupling between the circuits is calculated as well and called zero
sequence transfer impedance. This is done by connecting all phases of each individual circuit to a
common node. A current 3I0 is then applied to one of these common nodes circuit and the voltage
on the other node is measured. All terminals at the other end of the component is grounded. The
procedure is repeated for all circuits except the last one. Below is listed the xVerifyF.dat file
for a 6-phase line.
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
1.667E-9
-1.0
1
1
1
$PREFIX, D:\ATPDraw3\lcc\
$INCLUDE, LCC_6.lib, INZO1_, INZO1_, INZO1_, INZO1D,
, OUTO1A, OUTO1B, OUTO1C, OUTO1D, OUTO1E, OUTO1F
$INCLUDE, LCC_6.lib, INZO2A, INZO2B, INZO2C, INZO2_,
, OUTO2A, OUTO2B, OUTO2C, OUTO2D, OUTO2E, OUTO2F
$INCLUDE, LCC_6.lib, INZS1_, INZS1_, INZS1_, INZS1D,
, ######, ######, ######, ######, ######, ######
$INCLUDE, LCC_6.lib, INZS2A, INZS2B, INZS2C, INZS2_,
, ######, ######, ######, ######, ######, ######
$INCLUDE, LCC_6.lib, INPO1A, INPO1B, INPO1C, INPO1D,
, OUPO1A, OUPO1B, OUPO1C, OUPO1D, OUPO1E, OUPO1F
$INCLUDE, LCC_6.lib, INPO2A, INPO2B, INPO2C, INPO2D,
, OUPO2A, OUPO2B, OUPO2C, OUPO2D, OUPO2E, OUPO2F
$INCLUDE, LCC_6.lib, INPS1A, INPS1B, INPS1C, INPS1D,
, ######, ######, ######, ######, ######, ######
$INCLUDE, LCC_6.lib, INPS2A, INPS2B, INPS2C, INPS2D,
, ######, ######, ######, ######, ######, ######
$INCLUDE, LCC_6.lib, INMS11, INMS11, INMS11, INMS12,
, ######, ######, ######, ######, ######, ######
BLANK BRANCH
BLANK SWITCH
14INZO1_+1
1.0
50.
0.0
14INZO2_+1
1.0
50.
0.0
14INPO1A+1
1.0
50.
0.0
14INPO1B+1
1.0
50.
-120.
14INPO1C+1
1.0
50.
-240.
14INPO2D+1
1.0
50.
0.0
14INPO2E+1
1.0
50.
-120.
14INPO2F+1
1.0
50.
-240.
14INZS1_+1
1.0
50.
0.0
14INZS2_+1
1.0
50.
0.0
14INPS1A+1
1.0
50.
0.0
14INPS1B+1
1.0
50.
-120.
14INPS1C+1
1.0
50.
-240.
14INPS2D+1
1.0
50.
0.0
14INPS2E+1
1.0
50.
-120.
14INPS2F+1
1.0
50.
-240.
14INMS11-1
3.
50.
0.0

250

INZO1E, INZO1F $$
INZO2_, INZO2_ $$
INZS1E, INZS1F $$
INZS2_, INZS2_ $$
INPO1E, INPO1F $$
INPO2E, INPO2F $$
INPS1E, INPS1F $$
INPS2E, INPS2F $$
INMS12, INMS12 $$

-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
ATPDraw version 5.6

Appendix

BLANK SOURCE
INMS12
BLANK OUTPUT
BLANK CARD PLOT
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK

The xVerifyF.dat file describes the following 9 cases:

Cir. 1:

2V 2
Q0 =
Q1
3

Q1

Cir. 2:

Q2

1 V
cost

Q0 =

1 V
cost

1
3 I1
1
Cir. 2: Z 0 =
3 I2
Cir. 1:

I1
I2

1 V
cost

2V 2
Q2
3
Z0 =

1 V
cost
E+=1.0 V

I2D
I2E
I2F

+
I1A
I1B
I1C

+
E+=1.0 V

E+=1.0 V

+
Q1A
Q1B
Q1C

3 I0

Cir. 1:
Z+ =

1.0 3
I1A + I1B e

+ j120

+ I1C e j120

Cir. 2:
Z+ =

1.0 3
I1D + I1E e + j120 + I1F e j120

Q2D
Q2E
Q2F

Cir. 1:

Cir. 2:

E+=1.0 V

Q+ =

Q+ =

2V 2
(Q1A + Q1B + Q1C)
3
2V 2
(Q2D + Q2E + Q2F)
3

Cir. 1- Cir. 2:
V12

Z 00 = V12/I0

Zero sequence short circuit impedance: (real and imaginary part). Z0 = R0 + jX0.
Fig. 7.1 LCC-Verify; Power Frequency Calculations.

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Appendix

Each phase of a circuit is connected to a 1 V amplitude voltage source with zero phase angle. The
other end of the line is grounded. Z0 is calculated as the inverse of the injected current divided by
the number of phases in the circuit. All phase conductors of other phases are open.
Positive sequence short circuit impedance: (real and imaginary part). Z+ = R+ + jX+.
The phases of a circuit are connected to a 1 V amplitude voltage source with phase angle
-360*(i-1)/n where i is the phase number (1,2,3..) and n is the number of phases of the tested
circuit. The other end of the line is grounded. Z+ is calculated as the inverse of the positive
sequence current. All phase conductors of other phases are open.
Zero sequence line charging: Q0
Each phase of a circuit is connected to a 1 V amplitude voltage source with zero phase angle. The
other end of the line is open. Q0 is the injected reactive power multiplied by the square of the user
specified base voltage (multiplied with 2/n). All phase conductors of other phases are open.
Positive sequence line charging: Q+
The phases of a circuit are connected to a 1 V amplitude voltage source with phase angle
-360*(i-1)/n where i is the phase number and n is the number of phases of the tested circuit. The
other end of the line is open. Q+ is calculated as the average injected reactive power multiplied by
the square of the user specified base voltage (multiplied with 2/n). All phase conductors of other
phases are open.
Mutual zero sequence impedance: (real and imaginary part). Z00 = R00 + jX00.
Each phase of the ith circuit is connected to a 1 A amplitude current source with zero phase angle.
The receiving end of the circuits i and j is grounded. The jth circuit is short-circuited and open in
the sending end. Z00 is calculated as the voltage at the sending end of the jth circuit. The process is
repeated for all circuits. All phase conductors of phases not belonging to the ith and jth circuit are
open.
7.2 Line Check

When performing transient analysis of power systems, high frequency models of overhead
transmission lines and underground cables must be developed. In this process, parameters like
ground and conductor conductivity, cross-section geometry, and average overhead line height
could be uncertain and questionable. Very often the only reliable benchmark data are sequential
parameters at power frequency. It is thus of great interest to be able to verify the developed
line/cable model at power frequency before simulating and analyzing transients. The present
version of ATPDraw has in the LCC-module a built in option to verify a line segment [1]. This is
done by calculating the short circuit input impedances and the open circuit reactive power
consumption. In addition a frequency scan is supported. However, data for each line segment is
rarely available, and in addition one would prefer to verify an entire line/cable length including
the effect of transpositions. Instead of calculating the short circuit input impedance and the open
circuit reactive power consumption it would be better to obtain the serial impedance and the shunt
admittance along with the average mutual impedance and admittance between circuits in 6-phase
and 9-phase cases. The new module integrated in ATPDraw involves an improved handling of the
equivalent mutual coupling between circuits.

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Appendix

7.2.1 Single phase systems

Initially, consider a single-phase circuit of length l with frequency domain distributed series
impedances and shunt admittances, as shown in Fig. 7.2. The line is spited in segments of length
dx.

x=0 Zdx

Zdx

Ydx

Zdx

Ydx

ix

ix+dx

x+dx

+
ux

Zdx x=l

+
ux+d

Ydx

Ydx

Fig. 7.2 Single phase representation of transmission line. Z = R + jL [/m], Y = G + jC [S/m].

The currents and voltages at the sending and receiving ends will not be equal. The idea is further
to use the measured quantities at both terminals to obtain the series impedance and shunt
capacitance. Current balance at point x results in
x+dx gives

i
= Y u . The voltage drop between x and
x

u
2u
= Z i . These two equations result in the wave equation
= Z Y u with the
x
x 2

solution u ( x) = A e x + B e x , where the constants A and B are determined from the boundary
conditions and = Z Y . The current is i( x) = Z 1

u
= Z 1 A e x B e x
x

1. Short circuit case:

This is the typical configuration for obtaining the series impedance. A sinusoidal voltage or
current is applied at the sending end while the receiving end is grounded.
u ( 0) = U 0
A + B = U0

u ( x) = U 0

and u (l ) = 0 gives
and A e l + B e l = 0 which result in
sinh (l x)
cosh (l x)
and i( x) = U 0 Z 1
sinh l
sinh l

(1)

The currents at the terminals are

i (0) = U 0 Z 1

cosh l
1
1

U 0 ( Z l ) 1 1 + ( l ) 2
( l ) 4 ...
sinh l
3
45

i (l ) = U 0 Z 1

1
7
1

U 0 ( Z l ) 1 1 ( l ) 2 +
( l ) 4 ...
sinh l
360
6

and

(2)
(3)

where the approximation comes from a series expansion of the hyperbolic functions.
The second quadratic term is eliminated in the following combination:
~i = i(0) + 2 i(l ) = U ( Z l ) 1 1 + 1 ( l ) 4 ...
0
3
180

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Appendix

The total series impedance can thus be approximated by the following combination of the
measured inputs and outputs:
Zs =

3 u (0)
i (0) + 2 i (l )

sc

= Z l 1
(l ) 4 ... Z l []

180

(5)

The same result is obtained if a current is applied at the sending end instead of a voltage.

2. Open circuit case:

This is the typical configuration for obtaining the shunt admittance. A sinusoidal voltage or
current is applied at the sending end while the receiving end is left open.
u ( 0) = U 0

and i(l ) = 0 gives

and A e l B e l = 0 which result in

A + B = U0

u ( x) = U 0

cosh (l x)
sinh (l x)
and i( x) = U 0 Z 1
cosh l
cosh l

(6)

The unknown terminal quantities are:

i (0) = U 0 Z 1
u (l ) = U 0

sinh l
2
1

U 0 Y l 1 ( l ) 2 + ( l ) 4 ...
cosh l
15
3

and

(7)

1
5
1

U 0 1 ( l ) 2 +
( l ) 4 ...
cosh l
24
2

(8)

where the approximation again comes from a series expansion of the hyperbolic functions.
Similar to the short circuit case an equivalent voltage is defined as:
u (0) + 2 u (l )
5
1

u~ =
= U 0 1 ( l ) 2 +
( l ) 4 ...
3
36
3

(9)

The total shunt impedance can be approximated by the following combination of the measured
inputs and outputs:
3 i(0)
Ys =
u (0) + 2 u (l )

oc

2
1

Y l 1 (l ) 2 + (l ) 4 ...
3
15

= Y l 1 1 (l ) 4 ... Y l [S]
=

5
180
1

2
4
(l ) ...
1 (l ) +
36
3

(10)

The same result is obtained if a current is applied at the sending end instead of a voltage.
3. Comparison with input impedance/admittance
The short circuit input impedance and the open circuit input admittance (scaled to get reactive
power in ATPDraw) is for comparison
Z in =

254

u (0)
i (0)

sc

2
1

= Z l 1 (l ) 2 + (l ) 4 ...
15
3

and

(11)

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Yin =

i (0)
u ( 0)

oc

2
1

= Y l 1 (l ) 2 + (l ) 4 ...
15
3

(12)

In these expressions there is a quadratic term present, but for short transmission lines the two
approaches will give similar results.
4. PI-circuits implications
So far only a distributed parameter model has been investigated. However, concentrated
parameter models are often used. Besides, the distributed parameter models in ATP are replaced
by PI-equivalents during steady state calculation. This sub-section briefly outlines the
implications of this.
Fig. 7.3 shows a PI-equivalent under short- and open circuit testing.
i(0)
i(0)
i(l) +
Zl
Zl
+
+
u(l)=0
u(0)
u(0)
Yl /2
Yl /2
-

i(l) =0
+
u(l)

Fig. 7.3 Testing a PI-circuit. Left: short circuit; serial impedance. Right: open circuit shunt
admittance.
The procedure for calculation of the series impedance and shunt admittance in (5) and (10) will in
this case result in
Z sPI =
YsPI =

3 u (0)
i (0) + 2 i (l )

3 i (0)
u (0) + 2 u (l )

=
sc

1 ( l ) and

Z
l

6
1 + ( l ) 2 / 6

Z l

=Y l
oc

1 + ( l )

Y
l

12
1 + ( l ) 2 / 6

1 + ( l ) 2 / 4

(13)

Due to the present quadratic term, the result in (13) will be less accurate than for distributed
parameters models. Care must be taken to prevent wrong results for long transmission lines. For
example by splitting the line up in smaller segments. In constant parameter distributed parameter
line models the series resistance (R) is concentrated at each end (R/4) and at the middle of the line
(R/2). This will result in some different formulations than in (13), with accuracy dependent on R.
A solution to this problem is to request 'EXACT PHASOR EQUIVALENT' [2, 3] which prevents
ATP from using lumped resistance. In such case the "exact pi" equivalent is used (as is also the
case for frequency dependent transmission line models in ATP). The exact PI-equivalent is on the
form shown in Fig. 7.4.
i(0)
+
u(0)

i(l)
Z1
Z2

Z2

+
u(l)

Z1 =

Z
sinh(l ) and
Y

Z2 =

Z
sinh(l )

Y cosh(l ) 1

Fig. 7.4 Exact PI-equivalent

With reference to (13) the calculated series impedance and shunt admittance become

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Appendix
Z sExact PI =
YsExact PI =

3 u (0)
i (0) + 2 i (l )

=
sc

3 i (0)
u (0) + 2 u (l )

=
oc

( l ) 4
Z 3 sinh( l )
Z l 1

180
Y 2 + cosh(l )

and

( l ) 4
Y 3 sinh( l )
Y l 1

180
Z 2 + cosh(l )

(14)

We see that the exact-pi equivalent gives the same result as the distributed parameter model.
7.2.2 3-phase systems

1. Positive and zero-sequence

A 3-phase circuit is tested with positive and zero sequence sources applied. In the positive
sequence, phase number i is energized with a sinusoidal source with a phase angle -120(i-1). In
the zero sequence system all phases are energized with a sinusoidal source with zero phase angle.
In cases with several 3-phase circuits in parallel the other circuits are not energized and open. The
series impedance and shunt admittance are calculated for each individual phase as deduced above.
For example in phase a: Z sa = 3 u a (0) /(ia (0) + 2 ia (l )).
2. Self-impedance/admittance
The self-impedance and admittance of the 3-phase circuit j is defined as the average of the values
for each individual phase: Z jj = 1 / 3 (Z sa + Z sb + Z sc ) and Y jj = 1 / 3 (Ysa + Ysb + Ysc ) in either the zeroand positive-sequence system.
3. Mutual couplings
Mutual couplings are the equivalent impedance and admittance between circuits. The deduction of
these quantities is base on an equivalent two-phase representation shown in Fig. 7.5. Each 3-phase
circuit is equated by a single conductor with its self-impedance/admittance and with the average
voltage and current distribution.

iav1(x)

uav1(x
) x

iav2(x)

Y11dx/l
Z11dx/l x+dx
Y12dx/l

+
Uav2(

Z12dx/l

Z22dx/l
Y22dx/l

Fig. 7.5 Two-phase representation

Similar to the single-phase case, matrix expressions are now developed and approximated by
series expansions. The end-result is equal to the single-phase case:
u (0) = Z s ~
i
(15)
i (0) = Ys u~

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with
Y12
Z Z
Y + Y
Z s = 11 12 , Ys = 11 12
,

Z
Z
Y
Y
12
22 + Y12
12 22

u ( 0)
i (0)
u (0) = av1 , i (0) = av1 ,
(
0
)
u
av 2
i av 2 (0)
i 1 i (0) + 2i av1 (l )
u~ 1 u (0) + 2u av1 (l ) ~ ~
,
u~ = ~1 = av1
i = ~1 = av1

u 2 3 u av 2 (0) + 2u av 2 (l )
i2 3 i av 2 (0) + 2i av 2 (l )

(16)
(17)
(18)

The unknown mutual impedance and admittance becomes

u (0)
~
i
Z 11 ~1
Z 12 = av~1
i
i
1
2
i (0)

u~1
Y11
Y12 = av1
~
~ ~
u1
u1 u 2

(19)
(20)

In the positive sequence system the average currents and voltages tend to be very small, and for a
perfectly symmetric and transposed systems exactly zero. In such situations the positive sequence
coupling has no meaning. The typical test condition is to apply 1 pu current at both circuits with
the other ends grounded to obtain the mutual impedance. For mutual admittance the test condition
is to apply 1 pu at one and 0 (or -1) pu at the other circuit and leaving the other ends open.
7.3 Hybrid Transformer, XFMR

The modeling of the transformer is based on the magnetic circuit transformed to its electric dual
[7, 8]. The leakage and main fluxes are then separated into a core model for the main flux and an
inverse inductance matrix for the leakage flux. The copper losses and coil capacitances are added
at the terminals of the transformer. The resulting electrical circuit is shown in Fig. 7.6. Only
standard EMTP elements are used.

Fig. 7.6 Electric model of the Hybrid Transformer [9],

2-windings (H and X), 3-phases, 3-legged core.

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Appendix

Transformer parameters can be based on three different data sources; typical values, test report,
and design information. The three sources can be selected independently for resistance,
inductance, capacitance, and core. Test report input is based on standard open- and short-circuits
tests, with capacitance measurements as an additional option. This is the normal choice of data
source for existing transformers. Design data requires the geometry and material parameters of the
windings and the core. Such data are rarely available so this option is more for research purposes.
The Typical value option uses available text book tabulated values of leakage impedance, copper
and core losses, and magnetizing current to estimate model parameters. This is suitable when the
transformer is not purchased yet, or data is unavailable in an initial study. However, such model
must be used with caution.
7.3.1 Leakage inductance
The leakage inductance is modeled with an inverse inductance matrix (A-matrix). The matrix has
dimension (nw+1)np where nw is the number of physical windings, the core is connected to the
nw +1 winding, and np is the number of phases [7-9]. The coupling (auto, Y, D), turns ratio, and
phase shift are produced directly in the A-matrix. All possible phase shifts are supported. The Amatrix has the following structure for a three-winding, three-phase transformer:
A

a11 a12 a13 a14

0
a
a22 a23 a24
(1)
Aw 0 where Aw = 21
a31 a32 a33 a34
0 Aw

a41 a42 a43 a44

where ABC are the three phases and PSTC stands for primary, secondary, tertiary, and the core (nw+1) winding.
Aw
A = 0
0

The A-matrix is assumed to have no mutual coupling between the phases. The entire zerosequence effect is modeled in the attached core. The Aw-matrix is established according to the
EMTP Theory Book [5] Section 6.4, and Section 5.2.4 p. 31 in [7].
7.3.1.1 Typical values

The leakage reactance is established from [11] using the lowest value in the typical range. In the
case of a three-winding transformer the leakage reactance (in pu) between the inner and outer
winding is approximated as the sum of the other two. In this case it is assumed that the medium
voltage winding is the middle one.
7.3.1.2 Test report

The leakage reactance is calculated from the standard test report short circuit data (positive
sequence).
X [ pu ] = Z [%]2 ( P[kW ] /(10 * S [ MVA])) 2 /100
(2)
In the case of an autotransformer the reactances are scaled according to the Theory Book [5]
Section 6.7.
7.3.1.3 Design data

The leakage reactances are calculated according to classical MMF distribution theory as shown in
[7, 8]. Both cylindrical and pancake windings are supported.

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7.3.1.4 Handling of the core winding

The artificial core winding is related to the leakage channel between the inner physical winding
and the core. A parameter K=a1/a2 is defined in [7, 10] where a1 is the width of the inner leakage
channel and a2 is the width of the leakage channel between the inner and the outer/middle
winding. A fixed value K=0.5 is used in ATPDraw. If the pu leakage reactances XML, XMH, and
XHL (L=inner, M=middle, H=outer) for a three winding transformer are given then the leakage
reactances to the core winding are assumed to be [7, 10]
X LC K X ML , X MC X LC + X ML = ( K + 1) X ML , and
X HC X MC + X HM = ( K + 1) X ML + X HM
(3)
7.3.2 Winding resistance
The winding resistances are added externally at the terminal of the transformer (A-matrix).
Optionally, the resistances can be frequency dependent.
7.3.2.1 Typical values

The typical winding resistances (at power frequency) are in principle based on [12]. A function
(4) is established that takes in the parameter u [kV] and s [MVA] and returns the resistance in %.
Data for a 290 MVA/ 420 kV transformer (Table I) were used to extend the data given in [12]:
u
Rw = 0.7537
15

0.0859

s 0.2759 [%]

(4)

7.3.2.2 Test report

The test report data are given at power frequency. The per unit short circuit resistances are
calculated from short circuit power losses in the test report (positive sequence). The winding
resistance (in pu) is assumed to be equally shared between the windings in the case of a twowinding transformer. In the case of a 3-winding transformer the traditional star-equivalent
approach is used.
In the case of an auto-transformer the short circuit resistances are recalculated according to the
power balance used in [10]. The approach used for reactances (from the Theory Book [5]) did not
work out for the resistances.
7.3.2.3 Design data

The user can specify the winding conductivity , the equivalent cross section A of each turn, the
average length l of each turn, number of turns of the inner winding N. The DC resistance is
normalized to the power frequency. If the resistance is assumed to be frequency dependent the
conductor area must be specified in height and width (which determines the stray losses).
7.3.2.4 Frequency dependency

The frequency dependent resistance is calculated between 0.1 to 10 kHz. The typical values and
test report resistances are assumed to follow RS () = R0 / 0 where R0 is the resistance at the
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angular power frequency 0. This expression results in considerably lower values than suggested
in Fig. 26 in [7]. This needs to be further investigated. The design data resistances are assumed to
follow eq. (37) in [7].
The calculated R() and value pairs are fitted to the function (two-cell Foster equivalent)
R () = R0 +
L() =

R1 2 L12
R12 + 2 L12

L1 R12
R12 + 2 L12

R2 2 L22

(5)

R22 + 2 L22

L2 R22
R22 + 2 L22

with the resistances R1 and R2, and inductances L1 and L2 as unknowns. The fitting routine is
based on a Genetic Algorithm implemented in ATPDraw. The object function is defined as OF=
min (|R()-RS()|+| L()|) contrained to positive unknowns. A negative inductance L0=-L1-L2 is
added in series with the winding resistance to compensate for the inductance of the Foster cells. A
constraint is put on the total inductance |L0| <Lw where Lw is the inverse of the diagonal Aw-matrix
element, [7] section 5.4.2. The constraint is handled simply by setting L1=L2=0.5Lw when the
constraint is violated and then continue to obtain new optimized values for R1 and R2.
7.3.3 Capacitance
The C-matrix is split in two halves and connected to each end of the physical windings. The
capacitance matrix C is based on the following two matrices:
C11 C12
Cw = C21 C22
C31 C32

C13
C23
C33

and

C AA
C p = C BA
CCA

C AB
C BB
CCB

C AC
C BC
CCC

(6)

The Cw matrix contains the capacitances between windings 1-3 equal in all phases. The
capacitance matrix Cw is built up like a nodal admittance matrix. The Cp matrix contains
capacitances that are specific to phase A, B, or C. These are typically connected to the outer
windings. The total C-matrix is then built on these two symmetrical matrices dependent on the
type of winding (pancake/cylindrical). The concept outer winding will be different for pancake
and cylindrical windings.
7.3.3.1 Typical values

A capacitive coupling factor Kc can be specified by the user with a default value of 0.3. The
concept of transient recovery voltage (TRV) is used to calculate the effective capacitance when
the inductance is known [13]. IEEE standard C37, Fig. B2 [14] is used to obtain the typical
frequency of the TRV for a known voltage level and fault current.
Ceff (U , S , X pu , f ) =

f
3 I

2 U ( fTRV (U , I ) )2

with U in [kV], S in [MVA] and I =

[F]

(7)

S
[kA]
3 U X pu

In the case of typical values, the Cp matrix (between phases) is always set to zero for lack of any
better choice. For a two-winding transformer the Cw matrix is calculated as
Cw [1, 2] = CPS = K c Ceff (U S , S , X PS , pu , f )

Cw [1,1] = CPP = Ceff (U P , S , X PS , pu , f ) Cw [1, 2]

(8)

Cw [ 2, 2] = CSS = (1/ K c 1) Cw [1, 2]

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For a three winding transformer the typical capacitance is more complicated with several coupling
factors involved. Here a simple approach is used:
Cw [1,3] = CPT = 0

Cw [ 2,3] = CST = Ceff (U S , S , X ST , pu , f ) Cw [ 2, 2]

(9)

Cw [3,3] = CTT = Ceff (UT , S , X ST , pu , f ) Cw [ 2,3]

This approach could be further discussed and improved.

7.3.3.2 Test report

In the test report the capacitances between each winding and ground and between all windings is
assumed to be directly specified while the Cp matrix is set to zero. All values must be specified
per phase.
7.3.3.3 Design data

The calculation of design data capacitances are based on [7] chapt. 5.3, p. 33-42. The user has to
specify the winding geometry as well as the various equivalent permittivities of insulation system.
Standard formulas for calculating the capacitance between cylinders and for cylinders over planes
are used with end effect and tank effect adjustments.
7.3.4 Core
The core model is connected to the core winding terminals of the A-matrix. Triplex (single
phase cores), stacked cores with three and five legs, and shell form cores are supported. Basically
the inductive and resistive core parts are treated independently, but this is a point that requires
more research particularily for 3- and 5-legged cores where harmonics in the flux creates
additional losses. The core losses are represented by a linear resistor and the nonlinear
inductances are modeled by the Frolich equation (10). Each part of the core is modeled with its
own core loss resistance and nonlinear inductance using information about their relative cross
section and length to scale the values. Fig. 7.7 shows the core model for a 5-legged transformer.

Fig. 7.7 5-legged stacked core model. The terminals are the nw+1 winding.
Left: Practical ATPDraw implementation. Right: Topologically correct model.

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It is assumed that the magnetic material is characterized by five parameters a, b, c , d and e. A list
of typical steel materials is developed based on fitting the manufacturers data from state of the art
catalogues. Older steel materials will have a different characteristic and the losses are typically
higher. The material list is only used for design data and typical values.
The B/H relationship is assumed to follow the Frolich equation where the optional parameter c
(introduced in [15]) improves the fitting to test report data around rated voltage
H
B=
+ 0 H
(10)
a +b H + c H
The specific loss is assumed to follow
1.5

f
P [W / kg ] = d B 2 + e B10
50
where f is the power frequency.

(11)

The specific loss is traditionally (for instance Westinghouse T&D reference book, 1964) assumed
x
with x said to be 3 for modern materials in the year of
to be P = K e ( f t Bmax ) 2 + K e f Bmax
1964. In the above expression t is the thickness of the laminates. The traditional expression was
tested on modern material data with little success.
Fig. 7.8 shows the fit of the specific losses and DC-magnetization curve of ARMCO M4 steel.
The Frolich fitting is not very good, and in Fig. 7.8b fitting around the knee point (nominal flux)
was preferred at the sacrifice of high field fitting (B=1.9 T). Similar fitting is performed for the
other core materials.
10000
4

ARMCO M4
Fit Frolich

1000

60 Hz

p [W/kg] = (f/50)1.5(0.339B2+0.00125B10)

p [W/kg]

H [A/m]

ARMCO M4
Fit

H = 5.284*B/(1-0.542*B)

100

50 Hz

10
1

1
0.4

0.8

1.2

B [T]

Fig. 7.8a) Core loss curves (c=0)

1.6

0
0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

Fig. 7.8b) DC-magnetization curve

7.3.4.1 Inductance modeling:

The basic Frolich equation in (10) is reformulated as a current flux-linkage characteristic by

introducing the flux linkage = B A N and the current i = H l / N where N is the number of turns
of the inner winding, A is the cross section, and l is the length of the involved core section. This
gives

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i A N 2 / l
a + b | i | N / l + c N / l | i |

+ 0 i A N 2 / l

i / lr

=
+ La i / lr
Ar a '+ b ' | i | / lr + c ' | i | / lr

(12)

where the constants a ' = a lL /( N 2 AL ) , b ' = b /( N AL ) and c ' = c lL /( AL2 N 3 ) , based on the absolute
length (lL) and cross section area (AL) of the core leg, are determined in an optimization process;
min OF (a ', b ', c ') = ( I meas ,rms (U i ,rms ) I calc ,rms (U i ,rms , a ', b ', c ') ) for n excitation levels.
n

i =1

lY/2

lO

AL

AY

AO

lL

Fig. 7.9 Core dimensions, 5-legged stacked core. The user must provide AY/AL, AO/AL, lY/lL, lO/lL
The final characteristics are determined by using the relative (to the main leg) dimensions for the
corresponding section, Ar and lr. The nonlinear inductances are implemented as optional type 98,
93, or 96 inductances in ATP.
7.3.4.2 Core loss modeling

The core loss is split in parts associated with individual core sections. It is assumed that the core
loss is proportional to the core volume and to the square of the rms voltage across each section of
the electric dual. The voltage, Uo, in the neutral point in Fig. 7.7 (node IX0001) is the time
derivative of the neutral flux found during the Frolich optimization described above. Is is assumed
that the inductive current components determine the voltage distribution. For a 5-legged core
Ploss = 3Pleg + 2 Pyoke + 2 Pout = p ( 3 + 2 Vry (U y / U ) 2 + 2 Vro (U o / U ) 2 )
(13)
where Vry and Vro are the relative volumes of the yoke and outer legs respectively.
and where Uy and Uo are the rms value of the voltage across the sections.
For a 3-legged core the outer leg volume is zero and for triplex and shell form core the loss
distribution is straight forward and determined only by the main leg voltage.
In the type 96 modelling, half of the loss is included as hysteresiss loss scaled by a Steinmetz
coefficient of 2. The hysteresis has a uniform width.
7.3.4.3 Typical values

The estimation of the magnetizing current (Im) is based on [12]. Some fitting of the data is
performed which results in
BIL
I m = 0.73

350

0.2933

s

20

0.2154

[%]

(14)

when the basic insulation level (BIL) is known and

u
I m = 0.855

150

0.2283

ATPDraw version 5.6

s

20

0.2134

[%]

(15)

263

Appendix

when BIL must be estimated. BIL is in [kV], u is the rated voltage in [kV], and s is the rated
power in [MVA].
For a typical core model the user has to specify the maximum B-field (normally 1.5-1.7 Tesla) and
the maximum core loss density. First a core material has to be guessed and this gives the a and b
values in the Frolich equation (and possibly also the c and d values that would replace p).
The following relationships are then assumed:
max =
H max =

2 U rms
2 U rms
= Bmax A N A N =

Bmax
a Bmax
N
2 irms
1 b Bmax
l

(16)

(17)

a Bmax
N
=
l
(1 b Bmax ) 2 irms

which simplistically assumes a sinusoidal magnetizing current.

This gives the parameter of the fluxlinkage-current characteristic:
a' = a

l
2

(1 b B max )

A N
B max
1
b' = b
b
A N
2 u rms

i rms
u rms

and

(18)

c' = 0
We see that the expressions for a and b are independent of the magnetic material property a. The
typical value of b seems to be fairly constant for standard core materials and a value of 0.5 is
assumed in ATPDraw.

The core loss is estimated as

Ploss = p A l = p

(1 b B max ) 2 u rms i rms

2
a B max

(19)

where p [W/kg] and [kg/m3] are given and the volume Al is estimated from (16) and (17).
7.3.4.4 Test report

The user specifies the excitation voltage in [%], the current in [%] and the core loss in [kW]. The
core loss is used directly as explained above to obtain the core resistances. For now the core
resistances are assumed to be linear and the core loss value at 100 % excitation is used.
The inductive magnetizing current for each point is calculated as
P[kW ]
I rms = I 0 [%]2

10 S [ MVA]

[%]

(20)

This results in a sequence of excitation points (Urms and Irms). The magnetic circuit in Fig. 7.7
assuming sinusoidal fluxes is solved and the rms values of the line currents are calculated and
compared to measured ones. Optimized values of a, b and c (optional) in (12) are found by a
Gradient Method implemented in ATPDraw. If a single point is specified the core model is linear.

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7.3.4.5 Design data

For design data the user directly specifies the core material with its B-H relationship (a and b
values in (10)). The absolute core dimensions and the number of inner-winding turns N are
known, so the inductances can be found directly from (12). Based on manufacturer data the core
losses can be established from (11) with B =

2 U rms
A N

and known values of the core weight

(volume and density) the core loss can be estimated.

7.4 References

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]

ATPDRAW version 3, User Manual, TR A4389, EFI, Norway, 1996

Ned Mohan, Computer Exercises for Power Electronic Education, 1990, Department of
Electrical Engineering, University of Minnesota.
ATP-EMTP Rule Book, Canadian-American EMTP Users Group, 1997
Lauren Dube, MODELS in ATP, Language manual, February 1996
H.W. Dommel, Electromagnetic Transients Program. Reference Manual (EMTP Theory
Book), Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, 1986.
L. Prikler, Main Characteristics of Plotting Programs for ATP, EEUG News Vol. 6,
No. 3-4, August-November 2000, pp. 28-33
B. A. Mork, F. Gonzalez, and D. Ishchenko: Parameter estimation and advancements in
transformer models for EMTP simulations. Task MTU-7: Model performance and
sensitivity analysis, Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR, 2004.
B.A. Mork, F. Gonzalez, D. Ishchenko, D. L. Stuehm, J. Mitra. Hybrid Transformer Model
for Transient Simulation-Part I: Development and Parameters, IEEE Trans. Power
Delivery, Vol. 22, pp. 248-255, 2007.
B.A. Mork, F. Gonzalez, D. Ishchenko, D. L. Stuehm, J. Mitra, Hybrid Transformer Model
for Transient Simulation-Part II: Laboratory Measurements and Benchmarking, IEEE
Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 22, pp. 256-262, Jan. 2007
B. A. Mork, F. Gonzalez, D. Ichshenko, Leakage inductance model for Autotransformer
transient simulation, in Proc. Int. Conf. on Power System Transients, paper 248, 2005.
J. J. Graininger and W. D. Stevenson: Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill 1994.
A. Greenwood: Electrical Transients in Power Systems, Wiley, 1991.
IEEE Working Group 15.08.09, Editors: A. M. Gole, J. Martinez-Velasco, A. J. F Keri,
Modeling and analysis of power system transients using digital programs, IEEE 99TP1330, pp. 4.12-4.13, 1998.
IEEE Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated
on a Symmetrical Current Basis, ANSI/IEEE Standard C37.011-1994.
N. Chiesa, Power Transformer Modelling: Advanced Core Model, M. SC. Thesis,
Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 2005.
C. Zhu, R.H. Byrd and J. Nocedal : L-BFGS-B: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B, FORTRAN
routines for large scale bound constrained optimization, ACM Transactions on
Mathematical Software, Vol 23, Num. 4, 1997 Page(s): 550 560.
W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, B. P, Flannery: Numerical recipes, 2nd Ed.
1992, Cambridge University Press.

ATPDraw version 5.6

265

Appendix

7.5 Index
$

$Include ................................................... 103

$PARAMETER ......................................... 73
$Vintage................................................... 102
A

action mode................................................ 43
ADF files.................................................... 14
Alternative Transients Program ................. 10
licencing ................................................ 19
on-line licensing..................................... 19
Armafit command .................................... 157
ATP
ATP file.................................................. 21
DBM-file.............................................. 183
GNU version .......................................... 25
input file................................................. 48
lib-file................................................... 154
punch-file ............................................. 154
Rule Book .............................................. 41
run ATP............................................ 25; 50
simulation............................................... 48
Watcom version ..................................... 25
ATP menu ............................................ 24; 69
ATP settings............................................... 69
ATPDraw ..................................................... 9
ATPDraw.ini ..................................... 23
configuration ........................................ 23
download ............................................... 20
examples .............................................. 205
hardware requirements ....................... 20
include files............................................ 22
installation ............................................ 20
interface .......................................... 23; 31
on-line help ............................................ 26
options ................................................... 91
project file .............................................. 21
support file ............................................. 21
ATP-EMTP-L mailing list....................... 26
attributes..................................................... 36
Auto-detect errors ...................................... 70
auto-transformer....................................... 234
B

BCTRAN ...................................... 23; 122; 189

BCTRAN dialog .............................. 175; 234

266

BCTRAN file ........................................... 177

Bonneville Power Administration................ 9
C

CABLE CONSTANTS ............................. 23; 117

cable data page ......................................... 161
CABLE PARAMETERS................................. 117
Canadian/American EMTP User Group
Tsu-huei Liu........................................... 10
W. Scott Meyer ...................................... 10
Characteristic tab ..................................... 102
circuit comments ........................................ 32
circuit files ................................................. 58
circuit font .................................................. 67
Circuit Text .............................................. 105
circuit window............................................ 33
Circuit window..................................... 31; 32
C-like.......................................................... 13
command line options .............................. 25
comment dialog.......................................... 65
comment line.............................................. 66
Component dialog 16; 36; 41; 42; 51; 64; 76;
82; 83; 86; 88; 89; 90; 100; 101; 102; 112;
113; 117; 120; 122; 124; 125; 132; 138;
141; 170; 171; 172; 188; 217; 218
Component selection menu....31; 32; 35; 100
compress..................................... 63; 138; 192
Connection dialog ...................... 51; 105; 221
connections................................................. 37
copy............................................................ 61
copy graphics ............................................. 61
creating ATP-file ...................................... 48
customizing objects.................................. 183
cut............................................................... 61
D

Dahl Data Design ......................................... 9

DATA BASE MODULE .................................. 23
DBM-file.................................................. 184
DC machine.............................................. 146
default table size ........................................ 12
Default view options .................................. 95
delta T ........................................................ 49
Directories page ......................................... 94
distributed line ......................................... 116
download ................................................... 20
draw relation ...................................... 33; 131

ATPDraw version 5.5

Appendix

duplicate ...............................................43; 61

Hidalen .................................................9; 26

edit ATP-file.........................................49; 78
Edit circuit ..................................65; 100; 141
Edit commands .........................................81
edit component ...........................................87
Edit group ...........................................64; 141
Edit LIS-file ..............................................79
Edit menu ...................................................36
edit operations ..........................................35
edit options .................................................95
edit settings.................................................95
Electromagnetic Transients Program ...........9
EMTP .........................................................10
applications ...........................................15
Rule Book.............................................269
TPBIG.EXE............................................23
user group ...............................................19
enclosing pipe...........................................157
environmental variables
ATPDIR, WATDIR, GNUDIR ..............25
export circuit ..............................................59
external programs .......................................24
extract .........................................................64

Icon editor.............................................84; 88
Import button ............................................177
import circuit ..............................................59
Include characteristic................................122
induction machine ....................................146
initial conditions .................................10; 129

LCC object ......................................154; 205

library object.............................................131
LINE CONSTANTS ................................23; 117
line data settings .......................................160
LINE MODEL FREQUENCY SCAN ................164
line/cable dialog................................117; 155
linear branch .............................................112
lines/cables .......................................109; 115
Linux...........................................................13
LIS-file .......................................................49
load flow .............................................73; 132

flux probe .................................................240

Format page................................................49
Fortran ......................................................129

machines ...................................................109
Main menu............................................32; 58
Main window........................................32; 57
Make File As ..............................................48
Map window .........................................33; 96
master/slave ..............................................246
metafile ...............................................59; 165
miscellaneous parameters ...........................48
model file....................................................22
MODELS..................... 10; 11; 110; 122; 168
input file structure.................................124
model file..............................................171
mod-file ..................................................86
new object ............................................171
record....................................................174
sup-file ...................................................87
MODELS language ..................................168
Modified flag ..............................................48
mouse operations ........................................34
move label ..................................................33
multi-layer circuit .....................................137
multilevel modeling..................................137

gridsnap ......................................................35
ground symbol............................................47
group customization .................................143
Group dialog ...........................................107
group folder ..............................................139
Group no. field .........................................102
group selection ...........................................43
grouping ..................................137; 192; 226
GTPPLOT .................................................13
H

HARMONIC FREQUENCY SCAN ....................28

Harmonic source ....................................152
Help editor............................................85; 90
Help menu ..................................................96
Help topics..................................................97
Hide button ...............................................102
hierarchical modeling...................................9
ATPDraw version 5.6

JMarti line.................................................159
L

267

Appendix

N
new circuit .......................................... 38; 58
Noda line.................................................. 159
Node attribute .......................................... 172
Node data window ..................................... 34
Node dialog.............................................. 105
nonlinear branch ...................................... 113
nonlinear characteristic ............................ 103
O

Objects menu ............................................. 37

Open group dialog ..................................... 34
Open probe dialog...................................... 36
open project................................................ 58
Optimization ......79; 198; 199; 200; 201; 202
Output combo box ..................................... 46
Output Manager ............. 76; 77; 78; 247; 249
Output request.......................................... 102
Output settings ........................................... 70
P

Pacific Engineering Corporation ............... 10

paste ........................................................... 61
PCPLOT..................................................... 14
phase sequence........................................... 53
plotting programs .................................... 13
PlotXY ....................................................... 14
polygon selection ....................................... 61
postprocessor ............................................. 13
POWER FREQUENCY CALCULATION .. 164; 253
Power Quality Indexes............................... 13
Preferences page ........................................ 93
Probe Curr.................................................. 40
Probe dialog ............................................ 107
Probe Volt .................................................. 40
probes & 3-phase ..................................... 111
project file ............................................ 48; 58
public domain ............................................ 10
R

redo ...................................................... 43; 60

reference object.......................... 53; 112; 132
refresh ........................................................ 67
reload icon.................................................. 88
rubber band .......................................... 62; 63
run ATP................................................ 48; 75
running simulation ..................................... 50
S

save project ................................................ 58

selec group ................................................. 35
select group ................................................ 43
select object................................................ 61
Semlyen line............................................. 159
Shortcut menu ............................................ 99
simulation settings ............................... 49; 69
Simulation sub-menu ................................. 48
single core cable....................................... 157
sorting cards ......................................... 49; 71
sources...................................................... 109
splitter ...................................................... 111
splitter object.............................................. 51
standard components............................ 27; 82
standard library ........................................ 133
statistical switch ............................... 150; 245
Status bar.............................................. 33; 65
support file ................................................. 82
supporting routine .............................. 11; 175
switches.................................................... 109
synchronous machine............................... 146
SYSTRAN Engineering............................... 9
T

TACS ........................................... 10; 11; 110

coup...................................................... 127
devices.................................................. 128
transfer functions.................................. 128
TACS menu.............................................. 126
Text editor ............................................ 79; 90
toolbar ........................................................ 43
Tools menu................................................. 88
transformer inrush .................................... 233
Transformers .................................... 109; 121
Saturable transformer......144;182;217-220
Selection menu..................................... 121
transposition ..................................... 112; 116
transposition object .................................... 53
trapezoidal rule........................................... 10
U

undo...................................................... 43; 60
universal machine .................... 120; 146; 222
untransposed............................................. 116
User specified
create new objects .............................. 183
nonlinear transformer ....................... 189
Selection menu............................. 110; 131
sup-file ................................................... 82

save circuit ................................................. 48

268

ATPDraw version 5.5

Appendix

variables .....................................................74
Verify button ............................................157
View options ..............................................68

WWW
www.eeug.org.........................................20
www.emtp.org ........................................19
X

XFMR .............................. 122; 179; 243; 261

widenn PL4.................................................13
Windsyn............. 95; 121; 152; 226; 227; 230

ATPDraw version 5.6

zoom ...........................................................67

269

Appendix

270

ATPDraw version 5.5

EXOR d.o.o.
Informatiki inenjering
za istraivanje, razvoj, proizvodnju i trgovinu
elektronikih sistema, ureaja i programa
MB: 3686914

B a n i 7 3 a , HR -1 0 0 1 0 B uz in , HRV AT SK A
Tel.:+385 (1) 66 51 872, Fax.:+385 (1) 66 78 888, e-mail: eplan@exor.hr, web: www.exor.hr

Na znak:
Autor:
Datum:
Verzija:

10-08-0269-0001
Dario Novak
15. veljaa 2008
BETA

Upute za rad za
ver. 1.8.5

SADRAJ:

1.

INSTALACIJA......................................................................................................4

2.

PODEENJE SUELJA..........................................................................................6
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.

3.

RAD S PROJEKTOM........................................................................................... 12
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.

4.

OTVARANJE POSTOJEE STRANICE ...................................................................... 22

OTVARANJE NOVE STRANICE.............................................................................. 23
ZATVARANJE STRANICE .................................................................................... 25
PODEENJE STRANICE PRIJE CRTANJA .................................................................. 25
GRID .......................................................................................................... 25

SIMBOLI .......................................................................................................... 27
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.

6.

OTVARANJE POSTOJEEG PROJEKTA..................................................................... 12

OTVARANJE NOVOG PROJEKTA ........................................................................... 13
ZATVARANJE PROJEKTA .................................................................................... 21

RAD SA STRANICAMA ....................................................................................... 22

4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.4.1.

5.

RADNO OKRUJE (WORKSPACE)........................................................................6

TRAKA S ALATIMA (TOOLBAR)...........................................................................7
KRATICE (SHORTCUT) .................................................................................. 10

BAZE SIMBOLA .............................................................................................. 27

F ILTERI ....................................................................................................... 28
INSERTIRANJE SIMBOLA ................................................................................... 32

RAD SA SHEMOM.............................................................................................. 35
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.3.1.
6.3.2.
6.4.
6.4.1.
6.5.
6.6.
6.7.
6.7.1.
6.7.2.
6.7.3.
6.7.4.
6.7.5.
6.8.
6.9.

LOKACIJE ..................................................................................................... 35
OPENITI UREAJI (BLACK BOX) ..................................................................... 40
STEZALJKE (TERMINALS).................................................................................. 48
INSERTIRANJE STEZALJKI.................................................................................. 48
P ODEENJE STEZALJKI ..................................................................................... 49
RELEJI/SKLOPNICI.......................................................................................... 58
KORITENJE SLOBODNIH KONTAKATA DEFINIRANOG RELEJA .................................... 63
MOTORSKA ZATITNA SKLOPKA .......................................................................... 65
INSERTIRANJE UREAJA ................................................................................ 66
PLC ........................................................................................................... 68
PLC MAKROI ............................................................................................. 68
PREDEFINIRANJE PLC OVERVIEW-A ................................................................. 73
PREDEFINIRANJE PLC CONNECTION POINTA (DI) U NAVIGATORU ............................ 74
KORITENJE I/O SIGNALA POMOU MAKROA....................................................... 76
KORITENJE PREDEFINIRANIH I/O SIGNALA IZ NAVIGATORA.................................... 77
POTENCIJALI................................................................................................. 81
SIMBOLI SPAJANJA.......................................................................................... 86
2 / 205

6.10. KABELI ........................................................................................................ 89

6.10.1. KABEL SA SHIELDOM.................................................................................... 95
6.11. ICE/VODII................................................................................................. 97
6.12. KATALOG (PARTS MANAGEMENT)...................................................................... 100
6.12.1. DEFINIRANJE NOVOG UREAJA U KATALOGU ..................................................... 100
6.12.2. DEFINIRANJE NOVOG RELEJA U KATALOGU ....................................................... 108
6.12.3. DEFINIRANJE NOVE MOTORSKE ZATITNE SKLOPKE U KATALOGU ............................. 111
6.12.4. DEFINIRANJE NOVOG KABELA U KATALOGU ....................................................... 113
7.

IZVJETAJI (REPORTI) ................................................................................... 116

7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.

IZVJETAJI UZ POMO OPCIJE REPORTS ........................................................... 116

IZVJETAJI UZ POMO OPCIJE TEMPLATE.......................................................... 123
F ILTRIRANJE PODATAKA ................................................................................. 124
SORTIRANJE PODATAKA ................................................................................. 126

8.

IZVJETAJI U MS EXCEL FORMATU .............................................................. 128

9.

IZVOZ / UREIVANJE / PONOVNI UVOZ PODATAKA ......................................... 134

10.

BACKUP ...................................................................................................... 138

11.

PRINT......................................................................................................... 141

12.

GRAFIKA..................................................................................................... 143

13.

SIMBOLI ..................................................................................................... 153

13.1. NOVA BAZA SIMBOLA..................................................................................... 153

13.2. NOVI SIMBOL .............................................................................................. 154
14.

FORME ....................................................................................................... 165

14.1. UREIVANJE SASTAVNICE ............................................................................... 165

14.2. UREIVANJE FORMI ...................................................................................... 175
14.2.1. LISTA MATERIJALA .................................................................................... 175
14.2.2. PRIKLJUNI PLAN ...................................................................................... 180
15.

RAD S 1-POLNIM SHEMAMA......................................................................... 186

15.1.
15.2.
15.3.
15.4.
15.5.
15.6.
15.7.

1-POLNA BAZA SIMBOLA ................................................................................. 186

KREIRANJE 1-POLNE LINIJE .......................................................................... 187
RAD S PLACEHOLDER OBJECTOM.................................................................... 197
RENUMERIRANJE ELEMENATA ........................................................................... 199
UREIVANJE PODATKA ELEMENAT ..................................................................... 200
DEFINIRANJE KATALOKIH BROJEVA STRUJNOG KRUGA............................................ 202
RAD S ACAD PODLOGAMA .............................................................................. 203

3 / 205

1. Instalacija
Umetne se instalacijski CD EPLAN Electric P8 1.8 International u CD-ROM te se instalira
na eljeni disk na raunalu. Instalacija se moe obaviti u bilo koji folder na bilo koji disk
na raunalu ili na intranet.

4 / 205

NAPOMENA!

Podaci za projekt mogu biti pozicionirani na bilo kojemu mjestu na hard disku ili
mrenom disku no radi organizacije podataka i upravljanja podacima predlae se da se
koristi instalacijska struktura kao prema slici gore.

Pozicija direktorija se moe definirati u parametrima:

Options Settings User Management Direktories

5 / 205

2. Podeenje suelja
2.1.

Radno okruje (WORKSPACE)

Radno okruje koje e se koristiti u projektu se izabire preko opcije u izborniku

View Workspace

Radno okruje sadri odreene kombinacije/izbor toolbara koji moe ubrzati proces
izrade shema ili ureivanje podataka.
Ukoliko se eli kreirati vlastito radno okruje, potrebno je prvo podesiti raspored
toolbara i navigatora a zatim pritiskom na gumb
kreira se novo vlastito radno
okruje.
Svaka izmjena na radnom okruju mora biti snimljena pritiskom na gumb
.
Inae, prilikom novog pokretanja programa EPLAN nee prepoznati izmjene.
Izborom odreenog radnog okruja u odreenom trenutku moe znaajno ubrzati rad
(npr. Prilikom slobodnog grafikog crtanja koristi se radno okruje Mechanical
design ili prilikom ureivanja formi/simbola poziva se radno okruje Master dana
editor).
Svako radno okruje moe se exportirati na jednoj radnoj stanici pritiskom na gumb
te na drugoj radnoj stanici importirati pritiskom na gumb
.
Na taj nain jednostavno prenosimo podeenja s raunala na raunalo.

6 / 205

2.2.

Traka s alatima (TOOLBAR)

Traku s alatima moe svatko kreirati prema svojim potrebama i zahtjevima. Princip rada
je kao u MS Office .
Pokrene se ureivanje alatne trake na Options Toolbars Customize

Klikne se na gumb NEW te se kreira novi alatna traka (npr. Personal) pa OK.

Pojavi se prazna alatna traka koja se popunjava

7 / 205

Popunjavanje alatne trake se odvija tako to se izabere kartica Commands

Izabere se kategorija Default te se s opcijom drag & drop prenesu opcije Edit
properties i Edit fuction dana in table (vidi oznaene opcije na slici gore).
Zatim se izabere kategorija Menu te se s opcijom drag & drop prenese opcija
Edit:Text:Move properties text. Prilikom ove akcije pojavi se sljedei prozor

8 / 205

Pod opcijom Image file se klikne na [] gumb te se izabere odreena ikonica za ovu
funkciju.
Ikonica je u JPG formatu veliine 16x16 koju se moe kreirati pomou raznih
programa za izradu ikonica ( besplatni program za izradu ikonica moete pronai na
sljedeoj web stranici: http://www.icofx.xhost.ro/ )
Ukoliko se ne izabere niti jedna ikonica, nego se samo pritisne opcija OK, tada se pojavi
slika .
Nakon toga se alatna traka pozicionira na eljeno mjesto unutar radnog okruja.

NAPOMENA!

Prilikom redizajna alatne trake potrebno je kliknuti na opciju SAVE kako bi alatna
traka bila usnimljena u postojee radno okruje. Ukoliko to nije napravljeno alatna
traka nee biti snimljena/vidljiva kod sljedeeg pokretanja programa EPLAN.
Bilo koja opcija iz izbornika ili komanda moe biti postavljena na alatnu
traku!

9 / 205

2.3.

Kratice (SHORTCUT)

ele li se kreirati kratice za odreene komande, koje e znaajno ubrzati rad, potrebno
je pokrenuti opciju za kreiranje kratica: Options Keyboard shortcuts

Pritiskom na opciju Create pojavi se kartica za kreiranje kratica.

Definira se kratica te se izabere opcija OK.

Za svaku komandu moe se definirati i vie od jedne kratice.
eli li se odreena kratica izbrisati, potrebno je u prozoru Assigned shortcut keys
oznaiti kraticu te kliknutu gumb Remove.

10 / 205

Kratice se definiraju (i spremaju) za razinu korisnika u OptionsSettingsUser

ManagementKeyboard shortcuts te se na jednostavan nain prenose s raunala
na raunalo pomou opcije Export/import

11 / 205

3. Rad s projektom
3.1.

Otvaranje postojeeg projekta

eli li se otvoriti postojei projekt potrebno je odabrati na izborniku Project Open

Izabere se projekt, te se otvori s opcijom Open.

U bilo kojemu trenutku je mogue otvoriti 2 ili vie projekta u jednom trenutku te
izmeu njih izmjenjivati podatke.

12 / 205

Projekt se moe otvoriti i preko izbornika Project Management (ukoliko ste kupci
licenci EPLAN 5 ili EPLAN Electric P8 Professionala).

Izabere se projekt, te se otvori s opcijom Open.

3.2.

Otvaranje novog projekta

Novi projekt se otvara na osnovu predloka (TEMPLATEA). Predloak moete sami

kreirati ili moete koristiti postojei.
Postoje 2 tipa predloka:
1. Project template Predloak koji sadri kompletno sva podeenja
programa/parametara (sastavnice,forme, simboli, numeriranja,) i koji moe biti
personaliziran za svaku firmu posebno
2. Basic project - Predloak koji sadri kompletno sva podeenja
programa/parametara (sastavnice,forme, simboli, numeriranja,) ali i kompletno
sve stranice odreenog projekta i koji takoer moe biti personaliziran za svaku
firmu posebno
Predloci se mogu kreirati na ProjectOrganizeCreate basic project ili Create
project template.
13 / 205

Prethodno, prije kreiranja predloaka, je potrebno podesiti parametre

(OptionsSettingsProject<Ime projekta>) kako bi podeenja bila ukljuena
u predloak.
Novi projekt se otvara preko opcije ProjectNew ili New (Wizard)

NAPOMENA!

Project template se uvijek koristi uz opciju New (Wizard) a Basic project uz

opciju New.
Prilikom izbora opcija, EPLAN automatski izabire jedan od predloaka!
Ukoliko se izabere opcija New(Wizard) pojavi se sljedea kartica

Pod Project name se upie <Ime projekta> dok se kod Template klikne na [] te se
se izabere novo kreirani personalizirani predloak.
Nakon toga se klikne na opciju Next

14 / 205

Pod strukturom se izabire struktura projekta i adresiranje komponenata po IEC

standardu. Klikne li se na [] pojavi se sljedea kartica na kojoj e se dati detaljnija
pojanjenja

15 / 205

Po IEC/DIN za 2007 godinu pojavljuju se sljedee oznake:

==
=
++
+

Functional assignment
Higher-level function
Installation site
Mounting location

to znai ukoliko se izabere opcija koja je gore navedena (Higher-level function and
Mounting location) da e adresa svake grupe elementa biti npr. =ST1+RO1-F1
(Osigura F1 u polju ST1 i ormaru RO1). Na taj nain jednostavno se raspoznaju
elementi, filtriraju, komuniciraju
U svakom trenutku projekta se moe promijeniti struktura oznaavanja elementa.
Izmjena dovodi samo do promjene adrese (npr. Izabere li se opcija Sequential
numbering tada je adresa osiguraa samo F1).

NAPOMENA!

Svakako treba biti oprezan s izmjenama jer se moe desiti da pri promjeni na
Sequential numbering umjesto =ST1+RO1-F1 i =ST1+RO2-F1 imamo dva puta
F1 to dovodi do greke i dupliciranja oznake
Nakon to se podesila struktura za elemente i stranice klikne se ponovno na Next te se
pojavi kartica Numbering.

16 / 205

Standard plot frame izabere se eljena sastavnica za projekt.

DT numbering odredi se nain numeriranja elemenata prilikom postavljanja na
stranicu strujne sheme (npr. Identifier + counter znai za osigura je identifier F a 1 je
redni broj)
PLC numbering odreuje se nain numeriranja PLC signala (I/O ili E/A ili
ABRADLEY)
Ponovno se klikne na opciju Next te se pojavi kartica Properties

U polja Value se upisuju podaci o projektu a koji e se vidjeti na svakoj stranici

sastavnice ili na naslovnici.
Ukoliko se eli dodati novo polje za upis podataka klikne se na gumb New (
izabere eljeni Property (npr.stupanj zatite ormara).

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) te se

Klikne se OK te se pojavi u Project property izabrano polje Degree of

protection u koje se upie eljeni podatak a koji e biti vidljiv na svim stranicama
projekta, ukoliko je postavljen u sastavnicu.

ele li se trajno udaljiti odreen Property iz Project property potrebno je prvo

oznaiti red, zatim izbrisati podatak iz polja Value pritiskom na desni klik mia pa
DELETE te nakon toga pritisnuti gumb
projekta.

kako bi udaljili polje/red iz Property

Ukoliko brisanje nije raeno na ovaj nain, tada e se polje ponovno pojaviti kod
sljedeeg otvaranja projekta.
Takoer je mogue odreena polja prilagoditi svojim potrebama i zahtjevima. Postoje
polje User supplementary fild 1-20 koje je mogue prilagoditi prema svojim
eljama.
Slobodna polja za upis (User supplementary fild) se nalaze na
OptionsSettingsProject<Ime projekta>Management
Supplementary fields

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Npr. u polje User supplementary fild 1 se upie podatak Broj knjige koji e se
pozvati u Project property prema gore navedenom primjeru

NAPOMENA!

Ovi podaci su na razini projekta te ulaze u Project template ili Basic project,
to znai da svaka firma moe kreirati 20 slobodnih polja za razinu projekta te 20 polja
za razinu stranice za upis vlastitih podataka.
Kada se upiu svi podaci klikne se na gumb Finish i otvaranje novog projekta je
dovreno.

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Ukoliko je potrebno bilo koji podatak izmijeniti, mogu je ponovno vratiti se na polje
Project property pomou opcije ProjectManagement, kartica Property te
pritisnuti gumb Edit. Nakon to se izmjene podaci potrebno je kliknuti na gumb Save.
No, ova opcija vrijedi samo ukoliko ste kupci licenci EPLAN 5 ili EPLAN Electric P8
Professionala.
U suprotnom do Project property je mogue doi tako da se postavi na <Projekt>
u Page navigatoru pa desni klik mia ProjectProperties

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3.3.

Zatvaranje projekta

Projekt je mogue zatvoriti samo pomou opcije u izborniku Project Close ili tako da
se postavi na <Projekt> u Page navigatoru pa desni klik mia ProjectClose

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4. Rad sa stranicama
4.1.

Otvaranje postojee stranice

Ukljui se Page navigator preko opcije u izborniku PageNavigator (F12

shortcut), odabere se eljena stranica u navigatoru te se izabere opcija u izborniku
PageOpen ili desni klik mia u navigatoru, na stranici pa opcija Open ili jednostavno
dvoklik na eljenu stranicu.
eli li se otvoriti 2 ili vie stranica istovremeno, tada se postavi u navigator na eljenu
stranicu te se izabere opcija Open in new window.
Ukoliko je ukljuena opcija u izborniku ViewWorkbook tada je mogue jednostavno
kretati se po otvorenim stranicama preko Sheeta kao u MS Excelu

Kretanje po stranicama projekta jednostavno je putem opcije Page up i Page

down na tipkovnici ili preko izbornika PagePrevious page ili Next page

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4.2.

Otvaranje nove stranice

Postavi se u Page navigator na <Projekt> ili stranicu (ukoliko ve postoji) pa ili desni
klik mia pa opcija New ili u izborniku PageNew (Ctrl+N shortcut kao u MS
Windows) te se pojavi sljedei prozor za upis podataka

Full page name upisuje se smjetaj stranice unutar polja/lokacije. Ova stranica je
usmjetena u polju =ST1 i ormaru +RO1 i svaki element na toj stranici e zaprimiti
dotinu adresu.
Page type izabire se tip stranice na kojoj se crta shema (Multi-line ili Single line za
sheme, Graphics za grafiku,)
Page description upisuje se ime stranice koju crtamo. eli li se dvojezino (ili
viejezino) pisati opis, klikne se na polje Value pa desni klik mia i Multilingual
input te se pojavi prozor u kojemu je mogue istovremeno pisati vie jezika.

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Polje Properties
Scale oznaava trenutno mjerilo
Grid trenutanu mreu za crtanje
Plot frame ovdje se izabire sastavnica za razinu ove stranice a koja je drukija nego
ona iz predloka koju smo prethodno definirali i vrijedi za sve stranice projekta
Contact image margin (in Path) ovdje se upisuje udaljenost kontakata
releja/sklopnika za razinu stranice udaljene od dna stranice
moe se pozvati bilo koji dodatni Property iz popisa za razinu ove
Pomou opcije
stranice.
Nakon to se unesu eljeni podaci, klikne se OK i stranica je kreirana.
eli li se u bilo kojemu trenutku neto izmijeniti u Property stranice, postavi se na
stranicu u Page navigatoru, pa desni klik mia i izabere se opcija Properties ili se
oznai stranica pa preko izbornika EditProperties ponovno otvori kartica za
ureivanje podataka stranice.

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4.3.

Zatvaranje stranice

Stranica se zatvara na nain da se postavi na stranicu u Page navigatoru pa desni klik

mia i izabere se opcija Close ili preko izbornika PageClose ili samo u desni ugao
stranice pa kliknemo na
i zatvori se stranica.

4.4.

Podeenje stranice prije crtanja

Prije nego to se krene s crtanjem strujnih shema mogue je podesiti nekoliko stvari koji
e olakati sami proces crtanja.
4.4.1. Grid
Vidjeli smo da je GRID mogue promijeniti na propertisu stranice, no to je takoer
mogue raditi na vrlo jednostavan nain pritiskom na jedan od sljedeih gumbova:
Pritiskom na slovo (A, B, C, D, E) izabire se jedan od gridova koji se prethodno podesi u
parametrima na: OptionsSettingsUserGraphical editingGeneral
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Trenutno stanje ukljuenog grida mogue je vidjeti u Status baru u desnom donjem
uglu
(ON znai da je grid ukljuen i da je 2mm).
Predlaemo da se OBAVEZNO ukljui grid pomou opcije u izborniku Options Snap
to grid ili ikonica na toolbaru

eli li se ona i vizualno vidjeti tada se ukljui opcija ViewGrid ili ikonica na toolbaru
.
Predlaemo da standardni grid za elektriku bude 2mm ili 4mm.

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5. Simboli
5.1.

Baze simbola

Prije nego to se krene s crtanjem strujnih shema, potrebno je podesiti/provjeriti baze

simbola koje se koriste u projektu.
Podeenje baza simbola se nalazi na OptionsSettingsProject<Ime
projekta>ManagementSymbol libraries

Klikne se na polje Symbol libraries na [] te se izabere eljena baza simbola <baza

simbola>.slk.
Na EXOR FTP serveru je mogue pronai baze simbola za instalacije, vatrodojavu i
zatitu te 1-polnu bazu simbola za EPLAN Electric P8 Comapct.
Definirane baze simbola su takoer dio Project templatea i Basic projecta.
Kasnije e biti objanjeno kako je mogue kreirati vlastitu bazu simbola i simbole u njoj.

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5.2.

Filteri

Filteri omoguavaju da se u odreenom trenutku vidi odreena baza simbola i na taj

nain si smanjite vrijeme pronalaenja odreenih simbola.
Filtera je mogu imati vie od jednog i prema preporuci ih je zgodno koristiti u
odreenom trenutku.
Npr. Kada se crta 3-polna shema, tada se koristi filter koji ukljuuje samo 3-polne
simbole, kada se crtaju 1-polne sheme prema analogiji se ukljuuje filtar za 1-polne
simbole ili kada se crtaju sheme za instalacije tada se ukljuuje filtar koji poziva bazu
simbola za instalacije.
Kako kreirati vlastiti filter? Ukljui se simbol navigator pomou Project dataSymbols

Klikne se na [] pokraj opcije filter pa se pojavi novi prozor:

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Na prozoru filter klikne se na gumb

kojemu se definira <Ime filtera>

pokraj opcije Scheme te se pojavi prozor u

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Klikne se OK te se ponovno pojavi prozor u kojemu se mora definirati koja baza e biti
ukljuena s dotinim filterom

Klikne se na [] u polju Value te se oznai baza simbola INSTALACIJE i klikne na

opciju OK.

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I na taj nain uz filer Instalacije je pridruena baza simbola INSTALACIJE

Da bi filter Instalacije aktivirali potrebno je oznaiti

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5.3.

Insertiranje simbola

Da bi pozvali simbol i postavili ga na stranice sheme potrebno je odraditi jedan od

sljedeih nain:
Pomou funkcije u izborniku InsertSymbol
Pomou ikonice na menu-iju
Desni klik mia pa Insert simbol
Pomou tipke Insert na tipkovnici
Nakon to se izabere i pozove simbol, prije nego to se postavi na stranicu (prije lijevog
klika mia ili Enter na tipkovnici), mogue ga je rotirati pomou tipke TAB na tipkovnici
ili pritiska (i drite) tipke CTRL + rotacija mia za 360C.
Naravno, prilikom izbora simbola mogue je odmah izabrati rotirani simbol.
U standardnoj bazi simbola ima 703 simbola i svaki simbol je prikazan s 8 varijanti (090-180-270 te mirror svake od 4 varijante)

Da bi vidjeli varijante simbola ukljui se opcija u izborniku ViewGraphical preview

Nakon to se postavi simbol na eljeno mjesto u strujnoj shemi pojavi se kartica za
definiranje podataka simbola a koja e biti kasnije objanjena za svaki pojedinani tip.

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Prilikom postavljanja simbola on automatski zaprimi ime prema podeenjima u

parametrima (Prilikom otvaranja projekta smo definirali Identifier + Counter).
U ovome sluaju F1, sljedei element e imati F2 Fn.
eli li se postaviti npr. 5 osiguraa, postavi se prvi i njegovo ime je F1. Nakon toga se
klikne desni klik mia i izabere se opcija Duplicate, selekcionira se element F1, odredi
se udaljenost izmeu elemenata te se klikne lijevom tipkom mia ili opcija Enter na
tipkovnici te se pojavi prozor u kojemu se upisuje koliki broj elemenata jo elimo

Klikne se OK te se pojavi sljedei prozor u kojemu se izabere opcija Number da

automatski nastavlja numerirati elemente.

Kao rezultat imamo:

Udaljenost izmeu prva 2 elementa je prenesena na sve ostale elemente a usput su i

automatski numerirani.

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Nain na koji e se odvijati numeriranje elemenata mogue je prethodno podesiti u

parametrima na OptionsSettingsProject<Ime projekta>Devices
Numbering(offline)

Ukoliko se eli izmijeniti nain numeriranja (npr. Page+Identifier+counter), tada se u

Scheme izabere neki drugi standardni nain ili se kreira vlastiti. Kreiranje novog
formata je na ovoj kartici.
Da bi ispred elementa imali oznaku - potrebno je takoer prethodno podesiti
parametre na OptionsSettingsProject<Ime projekta>Devices
General

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Ukoliko se oznai element, znai da e imati oznaku - a ako nije oznaen element ,
znai da je nema ispred.

NAPOMENA!

Numeriranje/renumeriranje se moe obaviti u bilo kojemu trenutku projekta, dok

parametri vrijede tek od trenutka kad su postavljeni, to znai da se ne odnose na
prethodno postavljene elemente.

6. Rad sa shemom
6.1.

Lokacije

Lokacije ili tzv.Location box predstavlja, unutar EPLAN-a, podruje koje ne pripada
dotinoj stranici ali se zbog razumijevanja ili jednostavnosti prikaza crta na dotinoj
stranici. Do opcija za crtanje Location box-a se dolazi preko
InsertBox/Connection point/Mounting panelLocation box (Shortcut
CTRL+F11) ili pomou ikonice na alatnoj traci

Predlaemo da se pravokutnik crta s lijeva na desno i odozgo prema dolje jer EPLAN tim
redoslijedom ita podatke na stranici.

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Prema slici, Motor M1 se nalazi u lokaciji +ST10 a nacrtan je na stranici +ST1

Prilikom crtanja lokacije pojavljuju se kartica Identifier na kojoj se definiraju podaci o
lokaciji.

Displayed DT

Function text
Technical
characteristic
Engraving text

Upisuje se oznaka lokacije s obavezom upisa znaka +

Istu oznaku (ali bez znaka +) mogue je upisati i u polje
mounting location
Moe se koristiti za opis lokacije
Upisuju se eljeni tehniki podaci o lokaciji
Upisuju se podaci za natpisne ploice ormara

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Na kartici Display se definiraju fontovi, poravnanja, boje, layeri

Property arrangment
Text size
Colour
Aligment
Angle
Layer

Font

Font style

Pomou ove opcije se definira pozicija teksta u odnosu na

objekt, u ovome sluaju lokacijski box
Definira se veliina fonta
Definira se boja fonta
Poravnanje teksta u odnosu na insertion point
Kut teksta, moe se izabrati jedan od ponuenih ili upisati
runo, npr.37,44C
Svaki tekst ( u ovome sluaju oznaeni Device tag
(visible) je EPLAN layer EPLAN400, layer se moe
zamijeniti kreirati novi ili predfinirati za sve elemente u
Layer managementu (OptionsLayer Management)
Izabire se jedan od predefiniranih fontova koji se nalaze na:
OptionsSettingsCompanyGraphical
editingFonts
Definira se format fonta za oznaeni propertis elementa

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Na kartici Symbol/Function data se odabire/mijenja fiziki izgled dotinog elementa

U kasnijim primjerima e biti vie panje posveeno navedenoj kartici.

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Na kartici Format se definiraju fizika podeenja linije location boxa

Line thickness
Color
Line type
Pattern lenght
Line end stile
Layer

Rounded

Definira se debljina linije location boxa

Definira se boja linije
Definira se tip linije
Kod isprekidane linije, definira se koliki je razmak izmeu 2
crtice i kolika je duina crtica
Definira se tip zavretka linije
Linije je definirana kao EPLAN layer EPLAN307, layer se
moe zamijeniti, kreirati novi ili predfinirati za location box
u Layer managementu (OptionsLayer Management)
Definiraju se kutovi pravokutnika location boxa, ukoliko je
opcija oznaena definira se radijus zaobljenosti
pravokutnika

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6.2.

Openiti ureaji (BLACK BOX)

Black box se koristi u sluajevima gdje nije mogue drugaije prikazati odreeni
element, ve se prikazuje na ovaj nain. Za svaki ovakav element je mogue definirati
ime, kataloki broj, prikljuke to ga svrstava u red punopravnog i funkcionalnog EPLAN
elementa.
Black box se najee koristi kao prikaz kompleksnog elementa kao to su energetski
prekidai i releji, frekventni pretvarai
Black box ima mogunost distributivnog prikaza kroz stranice po principu glavnog i
pomonog elementa to e kasnije biti detaljno objanjeno.
Ovaj element pozivamo preko izbornika InsertBox/Connection pint/Mounting
panelBlack box ili pomou ikonice na alatnoj traci
.
Kao i kod lokacijskog boxa predlaemo da je smjer povlaenja pravokutnika s lijeva na
desno odozgo prema dolje.
Nakon to smo povukli pravokutnik black boxa pojavljuje se sljedea kartica za
definiranje podataka.

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Princip popunjavanja kartice je slian kao i kod location boxa

Displayed DT
Full DT
Technical
characteristics
Function text
Engraving text
Remark
Supplementary field 1

Program automatski predlae ime po principu prvog

sljedeeg slobodnog broja. Manualni upis je uvijek mogu.
Adresa koju EPLAN vidi u punom obliku
Definiraju se tehniki podaci elementa ili se automatski
prepisuju iz kataloga ukoliko je kataloki broj izabran i
ukoliko je navedena karakteristika ispunjena u katalogu.
Inteligentan tekst koji opisuje element i koji automatski
dolazi u sve izlazne liste (popis opreme, prikljuni plan,)
Podatak za natpisne ploice
Slobodan dodatni podatak koji moe biti traen u izlaznim
listama
Slobodan dodatni podatak koji moe biti traen u izlaznim
listama

eli li se ubaciti neki novi dodatni property potrebno je kliknuti na opciju New
pozvati dodatni eljeni podatak.

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Na kartici Display se definiraju fontovi, poravnanja, boje, layeri

Property arrangment
Text size
Colour
Aligment
Angle
Layer

Pomou ove opcije se definira pozicija teksta u odnosu na

objekt, u ovome sluaju lokacijski box
Definira se veliina fonta
Definira se boja fonta
Poravnanje teksta u odnosu na insertion point
Kut teksta, moe se izabrati jedan od ponuenih ili upisati
runo, npr.37,44C
Svaki tekst ( u ovome sluaju oznaeni Device tag
(visible) je EPLAN layer EPLAN400, layer se moe
zamijeniti kreirati novi ili predfinirati za sve elemente u
Layer managementu (OptionsLayer Management)

Font

Izabire se jedan od predefiniranih fontova koji se nalaze na:

OptionsSettingsCompanyGraphical
editingFonts

Font style

Definira se format fonta za oznaeni propertis elementa

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Kartica DISPLAY je po funkcionalnosti ista za sve elemente pa nee biti naknadno

spominjana osim u dodatnim napomenama ili potrebama.

NAPOMENA!

Kartica DISPLAY je po funkcionalnosti ista za sve elemente pa nee biti naknadno

spominjana osim u dodatnim napomenama ili potrebama!
Na kartici Symbol/function data biti e djelomino objanjene odreene postavke,
detaljnije e biti objanjeno u kompleksnijim ureajima.

Vidljivo je da Black box dolazi iz baze simbola Special i da je pod rednim brojem 0
te da je definiran po funkciji kao Black box.
Bitno je napomenuti da je nuno da element bude definiran kao Main function koji
sadrava karticu Parts i kataloke brojeve. Ukoliko je element prikazan na vie
stranica/lokacija tada e svaki sljedei element biti definiran kao Auxiliary element to
u ovome sluaju znai da NEE biti oznaena opcija Main function.

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Element e funkcionirati po principu glavnog i pomonog elementa i biti e meusobno

povezan sa tzv. Cross-referencama (vidi sliku)

Prvi na stranici 1 e bit definirani kao GLAVNI element:

Drugi na stranici 2 e biti definiran kao POMONI element:

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Kartica Parts je vidljiva samo kod Main function i na njoj se definira kataloki broj
elementa.

Pritiskom na polje Part number pristupa se direktno u EPLAN parts management

(KATALOG)

Kako bi se brzo i efikasno pronaao traeni element, ukljui se filter koji pretrauje
bazu po tipu elementa i na taj nain skrati vrijeme pronalaenja kljunog elementa.

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NAPOMENA!

Svaki element moe imati i vie katalokih brojeva ukoliko su potrebiti za popis
opreme. Mogue je dodati na isti nain i svu potrebnu dodatnu opremu koja e biti
sadrana u popisu opreme (npr. DIN letvu, graninike, pomone blokove,)

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Na kartici Format se definiraju fizika podeenja linije black boxa

Line thickness
Color
Line type
Pattern lenght
Line end stile
Layer

Rounded

Definira se debljina linije black boxa

Definira se boja linije
Definira se tip linije
Kod isprekidane linije, definira se koliki je razmak izmeu 2
crtice i kolika je duina crtica
Definira se tip zavretka linije
Linije je definirana kao EPLAN layer EPLAN305, layer se
moe zamijeniti, kreirati novi ili predfinirati za black box u
Layer managementu (OptionsLayer Management)
Definiraju se kutovi pravokutnika black boxa, ukoliko je
opcija oznaena definira se radijus zaobljenosti
pravokutnika

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6.3.

Stezaljke (Terminals)

6.3.1. Insertiranje stezaljki

Stezaljke se pozivaju iz baze simbola (InsertSymbols ili preko navigatora Project
danaSymbols ili ikonice preko alatne trake ili desni klik mia pa Insert symbol),
nalaze se pod rednim brojem 30 u bazi simbola IEC_Symbol te pod X oznakom po
IEC standardu.
Ukoliko se eli u jednom trenutku postaviti vie od jedne stezaljki mogue je koristiti
jedno od predloenih rjeenja.
Postavi se stezaljke s lijeve strane iznad U1:L1, klikne se lijeva tipka mia i dri
se pritisnuta te se povlai udesno prema U1:PE, ukoliko elimo da je linija ravna
prilikom povlaenja stezaljke s lijeva udesno klikne se na tipkovnici X (ne smije
biti ukljuen Caps Lock), nakon to se povuklo svih 5 stezaljki, pusti se lijeva
tipka mia i proces je dovren

Postavi se stezaljke s lijeve strane iznad U1:L1, klikne lijeva tipka ili ENTER za
potvrdu imena X1:1. Nakon toga se klikne desna tipka mia i izabere opcija
Duplicate, zaokrui se stezaljka X1:1 te se odredi razmak izmeu stezaljki (u
ovom sluaju se postavi iznad U1:L2), nakon toga se upie koliina (koliko
stezaljki e biti jo postavljeno) pa se na kartici Insert mode odabere Number
kako bi program nastavio numerirati stezaljke i klikne se OK te se pojavi isti
rezultat kao u prethodnom primjeru

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Isti nain dupliciranja je mogu i kod svih ostalih elemenata!

Naravno, uvijek je mogu nain i da se postavlja 1 po 1 stezaljka a program
automatski numerira sve stezaljke koje su na istoj horizontalnoj ravnini.
Prilikom ovoga naina postavljanja stezaljki, mogue je koristit STEP
(OptionsIncrement ili shortcut S na tipkovnici) u kojemu se odreuje razmak
izmeu pojedinanih elemenata. Step u ovome sluaju ne znai koliko mm ve
koliko gridova skae (npr. ako je step 4 a grid 2mm onda je razmak izmeu 2
stezaljke 4 x 2 = 8mm).
6.3.2. Podeenje stezaljki
Ukoliko se ele podesiti podaci, potrebno je napraviti dvostruki klik na stezaljku pri emu
se otvara prozor : Properties (components): Terminals

Na krtici Insert mogue je podesiti sljedee podatke:

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Displayed DT
Full DT
Designation
Connection point
designation
Level
Function text
Technical
characteristics
Engraving text
Remark
Supplementary field 1
Search direction for
transferring the
device tag
Multiple entries
allowed

Sorting (graphical)

Program automatski predlae ime po principu prvog

sljedeeg slobodnog broja. Manualni upis je uvijek mogu.
Adresa koju EPLAN vidi u punom obliku
Redni broj stezaljke. Program predlae prvu sljedeu
slobodnu stezaljku. Manualni upis je takoer mogu.
Predstavlja opis stezaljke po principu da je ovo stezaljka
broj 1 ali je na nju prikljuen potencijal L1
Ukoliko su stezaljke viekatne tada se ovdje upisuje broj
kata a koji je vidljiv u prikljunim planovima.
Inteligentan tekst koji opisuje element i koji automatski
dolazi u sve izlazne liste (prikljuni plan,)
Definiraju se tehniki podaci elementa ili se automatski
prepisuju iz kataloga ukoliko je kataloki broj izabran i
ukoliko je navedena karakteristika ispunjena u katalogu.
Podatak za natpisne ploice
Slobodan dodatni podatak koji moe biti traen u izlaznim
listama
Slobodan dodatni podatak koji moe biti traen u izlaznim
listama
According to orientation of plot frame je podeenje za
stezaljke koje se postavljaju horizontalno.
As an alternative to orientation of plot frame je
podeenje za stezaljke koje se postavljaju vertikalno.
Program ne dozvoljava duplikate. Ukoliko se pojavi potreba
za koritenjem jedno te istog imena vie puta (npr.
stezaljka PE ili N ili + ili-) tad je potrebno oznaiti dotini
parametar
Ukoliko se oznai ovaj parametar tada je poredak stezaljki u
prikljunom planu jednak onome u shemi. S time to je ovaj
parametar potrebno podesiti samo na iznimke (npr. N ili PE)
jer se stezaljke po defaultu u prikljunom planu poredane
alfanumeriki.

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Function definition predstavlja funkcijsku definiciju odreene stezaljke. Po defaultu je

svaka insertirana stezaljka terminal meutim u odreenim trenutcima je mogue ili ak
preporuljivo koristiti drugaiju funkciju. Ukoliko se klikne na [] pojavi se kartica za
reizbor funkcijske definicije stezaljke.

Pomou funkcijske definicije stezaljci dodajemo odreenu karakteristiku (ukoliko imamo

PE stezaljku tada se koristi npr. PE terminal, 4 targets, za N stezaljku se koristi npr.
N fees through terminal, 4 targets, with saddle jumper a za obinu sivu
stezaljku se moe koristiti npr. Feed through terminal, 4 targets with saddle
jumper) koja sa sobom povlai da ukoliko definiramo kabel, tada kabel prepoznaje
funkcijsku definiciju i prema njoj se ponaa (npr. na funkcijsku definiciju stezaljke PE
terminal, 4 targets program automatski postavlja ilu uto-zelenu). Takoer s
ovom definicijom se definiralo da stezaljka moe primit 4 ice (2 ulaza i 2 izlaza) te
ukoliko se pokua dodati jo jedna ica program javlja greko to dovodi do toga da se
prema funkcijskoj definiciji podeava i Messages management za greke.
Kao zadnje, prema funkcijskoj definiciji, takoer imamo odreene rezultate u
prikljunom planu.

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Definiraju li se stezaljke letve prema sljedeem primjeru:

Tada se prilikom definicije kabela pojavljuju sljedei rezultati:

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U prikljunom planu dobivamo rezultat:

Kartica Display nee vie biti pojanjavana jer je u prethodnim primjerima to ve

uinjeno (vidi Location box i Black box).

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Kartica Symbol/Function data e u ovome primjeru biti detaljno pojanjena pa na

daljnjim primjerima vie nee biti objanjenja

Prema ovoj kartici mogua su vidjeti odreena podeenja te odreena podenje je i

mogue napraviti direktno s ove kartice.
Vidljivo je da je simbol iz baze simbola IEC_symbol, da se simbol nalazi u bazi simbola
pod rednim broj 30 te da se koristi pod imenom X po IEC-u. Ukoliko se eli promijeniti
simbol, nije nuno da ga se mora izbrisati te ponovno postaviti ve je dovoljno kliknuti
samo na gumb [] pokraj Number / name. Otvori se ponovno baza simbola.

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Na kartici je mogue ponovno napraviti reizbor simbola iz simbol propertisa to dodatna

ubrzava ureivanje strujnih shema.
Na Function definition (logic) mogue je takoer mijenjati funkcijsku definiciju kao i
na kartici Terminal.
Pomou opcije Reperesentation type mogue je odrediti sljedee podeenje:
Multi-line stezaljka je namijenjena za prikaz u 3-polnoj shemi, tip stranice Multi-line
Single-line - stezaljka je namijenjena za prikaz u 1-polnoj shemi, tip stranice Singleline
Pair-cross reference ukoliko se eli da stezaljka bude cross-referencirana
Overview stezaljka se nalazi na tipu stranice overview i nije ju mogu spajati ve
preddtavlja samo poziciju na odreenom mjestu
External stezaljka se nalazi u naem projektu ali nije dio naega projekta, prepoznaje
se kao spojni element (target) ali za nju nije mogue dobiti prikljuni plan.
Graphics stezaljka je definirana samo kao grafiki element, nema nikakvu
funkcionalnu vrijednost, niti je vidljiva kao spojni element (target) niti ju je mogue
dobiti u prikljunom planu.
Opcijski gumb Logic predstavlja mogunost promjene logike definicije stezaljke

Transfer potential to znai da li e se potencijal transferirati kroz stezaljki, tj.

Da li e potencijal biti jednak prije stezaljke i nakon stezaljke to moe biti
izuzetno bitno kod postupka oiavanja i izrade lista unutarnjih veza.
Internal/External mogue je u bilo kojemu trenutku za dolaznu vezu (kolona
1) ili odlaznu vezu (kolona 2) rei da je ica ili kabel to takoer ima veliki utjecaj
na prikljune planove i listu unutarnjih veza.

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NAPOMENA!

Po defaultu kod stezaljki 1 je uvijek ica ili INTERNAL a 2 je uvijek kabel

EXTERNAL!

Mala crtica prema gore kod 1 je vizualni znak da s te strane dolazi INTERNAL veza.

Na kartici Connection je mogue vidjeti to je spojeno na INTERNAL stranu (interna

oznaka za ice/veze sa internal strane je B i D) a to ne EXTERNAL stranu (interna
oznaka za ice/veze sa external strane je A i C). Na ovoj kartici je takoer mogue
promijeniti logiku spajanja bez obzira na fiziki izgled i znaenje stezaljke/elementa.

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Na kartici Parts je mogue (kao i u primjeru kod Black boxa) definirati kataloki broj
same stezaljke i/ili dodatne opreme.

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6.4.

Releji/Sklopnici

Ukoliko se eli insertirati relej/stezaljka na stranice strujne sheme mogu ga je pozvati

pomou opcije InsertSymbol ili desni klik mia pa Insert symbol ili ikonica na
alatnoj traci ili pomou simbola direktno iz navigatora Project dataSymbols pod
rednim brojem 20 i imenom simbola K.
Nain uzimanja simbola je isti za veliki broj elemenata pa kod sljedeeg pozivanja
simbola vie nee biti opisane mogunosti pozivanja simbola.
Nakon to se postavi simbol pojavi se kartica Coil na kojoj se upisuju podaci kao i
prema prethodnim primjerima (vidi Black box).

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Na kartici Display je kod releja/sklopnika bitna opcija Contact image koji odreuje da
li e pomoni kontakti biti vidljivi i gdje e se nalaziti.
Ovu opciju je mogue podeavati i na niz drugih elemenata!

None pomoni kontakti nee biti vidljivi

In path pomoni kontakti se nalaze ispod elemenata na odreenoj visini
On componenth pomoni kontakti e biti prikazani pokraj elementa
Kartica Symbol/Function data funkcionira na isti nain kao i kod prethodno
objanjenih elemenata (vidi stezaljke).
Na kartici Parts definiranje tipa/katalokog broja elementa se ne odvija na uobiajen
nain kao u prethodnim primjerima (vidi Black box i stezaljke) ve se bazi
releja/sklopnika pristupa na inteligentan nain pritiskom na gumb Device selection.

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Nakon to se pozove dotina opcija pojavi se sljedea kartica koja u prozoru Parts
prikazuje sve raspoloive releje/sklopnike prema uvjetima iz sheme.
Uvjeti iz sheme su vidljivi na kartici Selected parts: Function/template. Uvjeti tj.
definirani elementi koji ve postoje u shemi pod odreenim imenom (K1 u ovome
sluaju).

U shemi je definiran samo pula K A1:A2. Da postoje definirani kontakti snage ili
pomoni kontakti oni bi bili vidljivi u ovome prozoru kao prema primjeru dolje. To je
primjer u kojemu su prethodno, prije definiranja tipa, postavljeni u shemu kontakti
snage i pula sklopnika. Opcija Device selection radi na taj nain da usporeuju
shemu i kompletnu bazu i prikau samo elemente koji zadovoljavaju kriterije prema
predefiniranima elementima. Oni elementi koji ne zadovoljavaju kriterije nisu prikazani u
kompletnom prikazu.

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Nakon to se izabere traena komponenta na shemi e biti vidljiva slika prema primjeru
ele li se pomaknuti kontakti s dna stranice, tada se mogu
podeavati na jedan od sljedea 3 primjera:
1. Prilikom ureivanja sastavnice u Master data
editoru postoji opcija Contact image margin (in
path) u kojemu se upisuje udaljenost kontakata
(image) od dna stranice
2. U propertisu stranice u Page navigatoru se postavi
na stranicu pa desni klik mia pa Properties te se
pronae opcija Contact image margin (in path) u
kojemu se upisuje udaljenost kontakata (image) od
dna stranice
3. Postavi se na pulu pa desni klik mia i TextMove
property text pa se runo postavi pozicija kontakata
Opcija 3. je najjaa i ima prioritet u odnosu na prethodno
dvoje.

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Na kartici Contact image settings se podeavaju raspored i izgled pomonih

kontakata (images), pozicija teksta tipa elemenata (npr. 3RT1015-1AP01) i mnoga
druga podeenja koje je najbolje osobno isprobati jedan po jedan ili jednostavno
pritiskom na F1 (HELP) program Vam daje informaciju za karticu na kojoj se nalazite.

Ova podeenja su na lokalnoj razni, dakle samo za ovaj element.

Ukoliko se eli napraviti ista podeenja za razinu projekta, tj. za sve releje/sklopnike u
projektu tada je potrebno otii u openite parametre koji se nalaze na
OptionsSettingsProject<Ime projekta>Cross-references/contact
imageContact image in path

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6.4.1. Koritenje slobodnih kontakata definiranog releja

Nakon to se puli releja/sklopnika pridijeli kataloki broj preko Device selection
pojave se slobodni kontakti ispod releja. Postoji nekoliko mogunosti koritenja
slobodnih kontakata predefiniranih releja.
Jedna od mogunosti je runo definiranje slobodnog kontakta. Ukoliko se eli
pozvati slobodni NO kontakt 13:14 tada se iz baze simbola pozove simbol pod
rednim brojem 1 i imenom S (NC kontakt je pod rednim brojem 2 i imenom
O) te se postavi na stranicu gdje se pojavi kartica za definiranje podataka
elemenata.

Klikne se na [] kod opcije Displayed DT te se pojavi kartica na kojoj se na

jednostavan nain odabere ime iz izbornika pomou navigatora koji prikazuje ve
prethodno definirani element.

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Izabere se kontakt K1/13:14 te se pokraj kontakta i kontaktima ispod pule

automatski pojavi cross-referenca.

NAPOMENA!

Podaci na shemi se osvjeavaju pomou opcije ViewRedraw (shortcut F5) ili

ikonica na alatnoj traci

Veze na tekuoj stranici se osvjeavaju pomou opcije Project

dataConnectionUpdate ili ikonica na alatnoj traci
Veze za cijeli projekt se osvjeavaju pomou opcije SHIFT +
U desnom donjem kutu (status bar) se pojavljuju znakovi * i/ili # koji informiraju da
projekt ili stranicu treba osvjeiti.
Drugi mnogo jednostavniji i sigurniji nain je koritenje navigatora. Navigator za
ureaje se nalazi na Project dataDeviceNavigator

U navigatoru se otvori element K1 na kojemu su vidljivi potroeni i slobodni

kontakti. Oznai se slobodni kontakt (npr. K1/ 21:22) te s opcijom drag&drop
se odvue na eljeno mjesto na strujnoj shemi. Automatski se pojavi crossreferenca to znai da je kontakt iskoriten. Ovaj nain spreava mogunost
pogreke i znaajno ubrzava crtanje strujne sheme.

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6.5.

Motorska zatitna sklopka

Tropolna zatitna motorska sklopka se nalazi u bazi simbola pod rednim brojem 97 i
imenom QL3_1. Simbol se pozove iz baze simbola i postavi se na strujnu shemu.

Pomoni kontakti nisu vidljivi jer nisu jo postavljeni u strujnu shemu. Ukoliko se pozove
NC ili NO kontakt (NO redni broj 1 oznaka S a NC redni broj 2 i imenom O) te
se postavi na stranicu strujne sheme, pomoni kontakt e biti automatski vidljiv pokraj
zatitne motorske sklopke.

Najjednostavniji nain pridruivanja imena NO kontaktu je kliknuti na [] na kartici

propertisa pokraj Displayed DT te se iz navigatora izabere ime koje pripada glavnom
elementu, u ovome sluaju zatitnoj motorskoj sklopci (vidi primjer kod releja/sklopnik).

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Ukoliko cross-referenca nije vidljiva tada treba kliknuti na opciju Refresh (opcija u
ViewRedraw).
Pomoni kontakt je automatski vidljiv samo zahvaljujui propertisu na kartici Display,
koji je predefiniran kod simbola prilikom izrade simbola, a to je Contact image ili
pozicija pomonih kontakata u odnosu na element.

6.6.

Insertiranje ureaja

Do sada je iskljuivo bilo pokazano crtanje shema po principu insertiranje elementa iz

baze simbola te postavljanje na stranicu. Nakon toga je simbolu bilo pridodan kataloki
broj direktno s kartice Parts.
Novi, moderniji i svakako znaajno bri i jednostavniji pristup je insertiranje ureaja ili
direktan rad s katalokim brojevima.
Preko opcije u meniju se pozove InsertDevice prilikom ega se automatski otvara
katalog sa svim katalokim brojevima u EPLAN bazi.
eli li se pozvati zatitna motorska sklopka ode se na dio Components>Safety device
te se izabere odgovarajua zatitna motorska sklopka s eljenim pomonim kontaktima.

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Svaki element je predfeiniran po funkciji (kasnije e biti objanjeno kako se definira novi
ili ureuje postojei kataloki broj) pa program automatski kataloki simbol zamjenjuje s
njegovom funkcijskom definicijom tj.simbolom. Pozove li se kataloki broj prema gore
navedenom primjeru (ABB.GJM2550001R0029) na shemi e automatski vidljiva sljedea
slika.

Dakle, odmah su vidljivi i svi pomoni kontakti. Na taj nain je vrlo jednostavno
kontrolirati koje sve pomone kontakte ima odreeni element (bilo da je relej/sklopnik ili
zatitna motorska sklopka) i da li su potroeni i gdje.
Naravno u Device navigatoru (Project dataDeviceNavigator) je vidljiv pozvani
element sa svim sastavnim elementima (glavni dio + 1NC + 1NO).

Ukoliko se eli pomoni kontakt iskoristiti u shemi, tada s funkcijom drag&drop

povuemo pomoni kontakt iz navigatora u shemu i pomoni kontakt je iskoriten
(vidi detaljnije kod releja/sklopnika).
Naravno, mogu je i uobiajeni princip rada (vidi releje/sklopnike) da se u kartici Parts
klikne na gumb Device selection te se izabere kataloki element koji zadovoljava
zadane kriterije iz sheme.

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6.7.

PLC

PLC u EPLAN-u su najee definirani od strane proizvoaa (Siemens, ABradley,

Schneider, Omron, Mitsubishi,) u obliku makroa te na taj nain na vrlo jednostavan
nain omoguuju rad s njima.
Proizvoai dobavljaju makroe u obliku tzv. Overview-a te I/O kartice u obliku byte-a.
U sljedeim primjerima e biti objanjeno kako koristiti predefinirane makroe a kako
kreirati svoje vlastite.
6.7.1. PLC makroi
Postavi se u Page navigator (shortcut F12) te se otvorni nova stranica (PageNew)
tipa Overview.
Nakon toga se pozove makro (InsertMacro ili tipka M na tipkovnici) koji je mogue
nai ili na EPLAN stranicama ili na stranicama proizvoaa ili na EXOR EPLAN FTP
serveru (ftp.exor.hr/EPLAN).

Makro se postavi na stranicama Overview-a. Stranica slui kao preglednik I/O signala iz
sheme. Na jednom mjestu je mogue kontrolirati i pronai cross-reference, TAG adrese i
opise svih I/O signala.

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NAPOMENA!

eli li se makro postaviti tona na poziciju na kojoj je snimljen klikne se istovremeno

na tipku X i tipku Y te program automatski postavi element na definiranu
koordinatu.
eli li se odreeni element pomicati samo po X-osi tada se klikne samo tipka X.
eli li se odreeni element pomicati samo po Y-osi tada se klikne samo tipka Y.
Prilikom ove akcije mora biti iskljuena opcija na tipkovnici CAPS LOCK.
Nakon to se postavi makro na stranici Overview-a se pojavljuje sljedea slika

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Ukoliko se ele mijenjati odreene postavke potrebno je napraviti dvostruki klik na

pravokutnik pri emu se otvara kartica PLC box na kojoj je mogue definirati odreene
podatke o PLC-u (Rack, Slot, CPU, Station,) prema primjeru koje je mogue dobiti
naknadno u izlaznim listama i/ili XLS listama.

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Na kartici Bus data se definiraju podaci o hardware-u PLC koje e biti mogue otvoriti u
programima za programiranje PLC-a (Simatic Manager, Unity Pro,). Naime, EPLAN
omoguava hardware-sku i software-sku definiciju podataka koji slue kao ulazni podaci
za PLC programere. EPLAN omoguava komunikaciju s programima za programiranje
PLC-a.

Export podataka za programe za programiranje PLC-a se odvija pomou opcije Project

dataPLCExport data

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Uz standardna podeenja na karticama Display i Symbol/Function dana valja

napomenuti da se na kartici format definira linija podeenja PLC boxa.

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6.7.2. Predefiniranje PLC overview-a

Da bi se kreirao svoj PLC overview (naravno uz mogunost preureenja postojeeg,
slinog makroa) potrebno je na stranici tipa Overview pozvati opciju InsertBox /
Connection point / Mounting panelPLC box ili ikonica na alatnoj traci
te
nacrtati pravokutnik prema elji.
Postavke kartica su jednako kao u prethodnom primjeru.
U PLC box se postavljaju prikljuci, koji se pozivaju pomou opcije InsertBox /
Connection point / Mounting panelPLC connection point (DI), prema primjeru
sa slike.

Prilikom definiranja PLC connection point (DI) bitno je definirati Connection point
designation te Address

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Definiranje PLC overview-a je zapravo predefiniranje stvarnih I/O signala za strujnu

shemu.
6.7.3. Predefiniranje PLC connection pointa (DI) u Navigatoru
Najjednostavniji i najbri nain izrade PLC overview-a je na taj nain da se otvori PLC
navigator pomou opcije Project dataPLCNavigator.

Postavi se na eljeni CPU te eljeni element (CPU2, PLC box A2) te se klikne desni klik
mia i izabere opcija New function na kojoj se podese podaci prema slici.

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Kao rezultat u Navigatoru e se pojaviti samo predefinirani Connection point

designation (oznaka konektora Inputa)

Potrebno je definirati i Address. Oznai se Connection point designation te se

klikne desni klik mia i izabere opcija Edit in table ili opcija u menu-iju EditIn table
ili ikonica na alatnoj traci
(opcija za tabelarno ureivanje podataka na razini stranice,
ormara, projekta, ovisno da li su podaci oznaeni direktno na stranici ili preko
navigatora) te se pojavi kartica na kojoj se u stupcu PLC address upiu eljene adrese
(naravno podatke je mogue na jednostavan nain definirati u MS EXCEL-u te ih se
kopirati u ovu tabelu).

Kad je postupak upisivanja/ureivanja podataka gotov klikne se na u lijevom gornjem

uglu te se tabela ugasi. Podaci su automatski spremljeni i zapameni.
Nakon toga se predefinirani podaci pomou opcije drag&drop prenose iz navigatora
direktno na PLC box na stranici Overview.
Ova opcija omoguava brz, jednostavan i toan transfer podataka.

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6.7.4. Koritenje I/O signala pomou makroa

Kako je prethodno bilo spomenutu, mnogi proizvoai opreme isporuuju gotove makroe u
obliku bayt-a.
Otvori se stranica tipa Schematic multi-line, pozove se eljeni makro, pomou klika na tipku
X i Y se pozicionira na odreeno mjesto klikne se OK ili Enter na tipkovnici i I/O kartica je
postavljena.

Ukoliko se I/O signali ele ureivati mogue ih je ureivati tako to se napravi dvostruki klik
mia na svaki pojedinani signal te se ureuje npr. Function text (opisni tekst signala, ovdje je
trenutni function tekst REZERVA) ili se oznae svi signali na kartici pomou opcije Highlight
object of the same type (postavi se na jedan I/O signal, klikne se na desni klik mia i izabere se
navedena opcija) ili se oznae u PLC navigatoru pa se ureuju pomou opcije Edit in table,
grupno u tabelarnom prikazu.

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Kao rezultat na stranici Overview-a je vidljiva sljedea slika

6.7.5. Koritenje predefiniranih I/O signala iz navigatora

Kako su svi I/O signali ve predefinirani na stranici Overview i vidljivi su u PLC
navigatoru, treba ih samo iskoristiti na stranicama sheme.
Otvori se stranica tipa Schematic Multi-line. Otvori se PLC navigator (Project
dataPLCNavigator), na stranici se nacrta PLC box eljene veliine (InsertBox
/ Connection point / Mounting panelPLC box) te se iz navigatora s opcijom
drag&drop povlai eljeni I/O signal i postavlja se u PLC box.

U jedan PLC box se moe, naravno, postaviti i vie od jednog I/O signala.
Ukoliko elimo da I/O signal ima drugaiji fiziki oblik tada se prilikom opcije
drag&drop klikne na tipki BACKSPACE na tipkovnici te se pojavi kartica na kojoj je
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mogue mijenjati fiziki izgled I/O simbola. U ovome primjeru se izabire simbol
PLCBCPP, broj 37, koji se koristi za SIEMENS-ove kartice koje imaju ukljuen konektor.

Pa u PLC boxu imamo sljedeu sliku

Ukoliko se ne eli raditi mou PLC boxova mogue je prilikom opcije drag&drop i klika i
BACKSPACE izabrati simbol PLC_CBOX_LEFT PLUG, broj 353.

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Pa bi kao sliku dobili I/O signal u predefiniranom boxu.

NAPOMENA!

Prilikom uzimanja simbola iz baze simbola SPECIAL (npr. PLC connection point,
interruption point, Potential definition point) mogue je promijeniti fiziki izgled
simbola pritiskom na tipku BACKSPACE.
Preporua se da opcija Activ bude odznaena.
Ukoliko se simbol ve postavio na stranicu, tada se fiziki izgled simbola moe
zamijeniti na kartici Symbol/Function data pa pritiskom na [] kod reda
Number/Name
Ukoliko se ukae potreba za brzom potrebom preimenovanja I/O signala (npr. Siemens
PLC-e treba zamijeniti s ABradley) tada se pozove opcija Project data PLC
Address gdje se podese podaci kao prema primjeru.

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Pa kao rezultat imamo

Naravno, mogue je podesiti podatke na bilo koji nain, na prethodnoj kartici, pritiskom
na [] kod PLC-specific settings, na kartici prema svojoj elji.

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6.8.

Potencijali

Ukoliko se eli prikazati prelazak veze (vodia, kabela, sabirnice,) sa stranice na

stranicu ili s lokacije na lokaciju tada se u EPLAN-u koriste potencijali ili
tzv.Interruption points. Do ove opcije se dolazi preko menu-ija InsertConnection
symbolInterruption point ili preko ikonice na alatnoj traci
.
Potencijali rade po pravilu da uvijek moraju imati poetak ili kraj te da rade uvijek u
parovima. Ukoliko nije zadovoljen jedan od dva prethodna kriterija tada nam program
javlja greku Interruption point not found to program tumai da potencijal nema
poetak ili kraj ili nema para tj.ica je u zraku.

Kada se postavi potencijal na stranicu sheme tada se pojavljuje kartica Interruption

point na kojoj se upisuje ime potencijala (Displayed DT) npr. L1.
Full DT objanjava kako EPLAN vidi potencijal, tj.njegovu adresu.

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Adresu koju program vidi je vidljiva u Full DT a ona je posljedica parametara koje smo
podesili kod otvaranja projekta na kartici Structure. Ukoliko se ele naknadno mijenjati
podeenja adresa tada je to mogue obaviti preko opcije Project property-a (desni
klik mia na <ime projekta> u Page navigatoru pa opcija Project>Properties) pa
kartica Structure.

Nakon to su se potencijali jedanput upisali u projektu, tada se automatski u

navigatoru potencijala (Project dataConnectionInterruption point navigator)
pojavljuju uneseni potencijali.

Navigator omoguava jednostavno koritenje potencijala sljedei put na eljenoj stranici

ili lokaciji. Opcijom drag&drop oznai se eljeni potencijal te se povue na eljenu
stranicu.
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Automatsku su vidljive cross-reference koje govori od kuda dolazi potencijal (sa stranice
1, kolone 5 i s koje lokacije-ako je razliita).
Prilikom opcije drag&drop i povlaenja potencijal s tipkom TAB na tipkovnici se rotira
strelica potencijal te popratni tekst i cross-referenca.
Osvjeenje veza ili potencijala odvija se pomou opcije SHIFT + ikonica

Opcija Sort code na kartici Interruption point slui kao INDEKS koji se koristi kada
imamo razvod istog potencijala.

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Npr. razvod DC potencijala 24V+ s brikanih stezaljki koji se razvode na 3 razliita

mjesta. Prvi 24V+ ima sort code 101, drugi 102 a trei 103. Program praktiki gleda ove
potencijala kao s imenom 24V+.101, 24V+.102 i 24V+.103.

Naravno na mjestu na stranici 2.b.2 se takoer koristi njegov par tj. 24V+.101
Prilikom koritenja Sort code-ova zgodno je ukljuiti Navigator potencijala te ukljuiti
karticu/TAB List na kojoj se vidljivi predefinirani Sort code-ovi i jednostavno ih je
kasnije koristiti.

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Da bi se ukljuio ovakva konfiguracija podataka potrebno je kliknuti na

te izabrati
opciju Configure columns i na taj nain ukljuiti/iskljuiti odreene podatke kao
prema primjeru na slici.

NAPOMENA!

Prilikom uzimanja strelice potencijala klikne se TAB na tipkovnici kako bi se rotirala

strelica prije nego to je postavljena na stranicu.
eli li se naknadno rotirati strelica potencijala tada se na kartici Symbol/Function
data izabere drugaija varijanta (Varianta:A, B, C, D,)
Na kartici Display na opciji Property arrangement se izabire pozicija teksta (DT i
cross-reference) u odnosu na strelicu potencijala.

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6.9.

Simboli spajanja

Da bi spojili 2 elementa ili vie koji nisu jedan iznad drugog (u tom sluaju vrijedi
funkcija Autoconnection) koriste se simboli za spajanje koji se nalaze na
InsertConnection symbol ili ikonice na alatnoj traci

Simboli pod oznakom 1 slue samo za promjenu smjera linije spajanja (npr.odozdo
udesno, slijeva prema gore,)

Simboli pod oznakom 2 slue za spajanje 3 elementa kod kojih je definirano od kuda
ica dolazi (1), kuda ide (2) i koliko ica imamo na kojemu elementu.

Opcija Draw as point omoguava da se umjesto inteligentnog T-Noda vidi toka ali s
inteligencijom T-Noda u pozadini.

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Opcija za ukljuivanje/iskljuivanje opcije (da ova opcija bude vidljiva na ovoj kartici) se
nalazi na OptionsSettingsUserGraphical editingConnection symbols

Na Primjeru 1 je prikazano da ica ide s lijevog elementa (XDC:1) na element u sredini

(XDC:2) te da s njega ide u desno (XDC:3). Prema tome je vidljivo da e na elementu
XDC:2 bit 2 ice
Primjer 1:

Na Primjeru 2 je prikazano da jedna ica ide s lijevog elementa (XDC:1) na element u

sredini (XDC:2) a druga, takoer, s lijevog elementa (XDC:1) na desni (XDC:3). Prema
tome je vidljivo da e na elementu XDC:1 bit 2 ice
Primjer 2:

Simboli pod oznakom 3 slue za prikaz jumpera ili dvostrukog spoja.

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Standardni nain prikaza Jumpera gdje kod XDC:2 nije mogue spojiti vodi s gornje
strane

Kod simbola s oznakom 3 mogue je spojiti i vodi s gornje strane kod stezaljke XDC:2

Simboli pod oznakom 4 slue za prikaza kosih linija vodia. Do sada je bilo mogue liniju
prikazati pod 0 ili 90, sada je mogue prikazati spojnu liniju pod bilo kojim kutem. ele
li se spojiti elementi na horizontalnoj ili vertikalnoj ravnini potrebno je kliknuti tipku na
tipkovnici TAB kako bi se odredio smjer spajanja.

eli li se prekinuti funkcionalna liniji izmeu 2 elementa koji se nalaze na istoj

horizontalnoj ili vertikalnoj ravnini potrebno je pozvati opciju InsertConnection
symbolBreak point

Simbol za prekid funkcionalne linije (krui) se postavlja na funkcionalnu liniju.

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6.10.

Kabeli

Prilikom definiranja kabela potrebno je voditi se pravilom da se linija kabela uvijek

povlai s lijeva u desno ili odozgo prema gore.
Opcija se aktivira pomou InsertCable definition ili ikonica na alatnoj traci

Nakon to se kabel nacrta pojavljuju se kartice za definiranje podataka kabela.

Program kao i kod releja/sklopnika na inteligentan nain pretrauje bazu kabela i
usporeuje ju sa stanjem na stranici. Ukoliko imamo definirane stezaljke s N i PE
potencijalom tada program trai kabel koji zadovoljava navedene kriterije.
Postoje 4 naina definiranja podataka kabela:
1.naina (Neinteligentan runi nain)

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Podaci u redove za Type, No. of conductors, Conductor cross-section se upisuju

potpuno runo bez podataka iz baze. Nema katalokog broja, nema kabela u popisu
oprema i nema oznaka ile (boje ili brojevi) na shemi. Ovakav nain je najsporiji i
najmanje inteligentan.
2.nain (Poluinteligentan poluatomatski nain)

Klikne se na [] kod Type te program automatski otvara katalog s kabelima iz kojega

se izabere eljeni tip.

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Kao rezultat se pojavljuje ispunjena kartica Cabel s podacima iz kataloga

Podaci u redove za Type, No. of conductors, Conductor cross-section se upisuju

automatski iz baze. Nema katalokog broja, nema kabela u popisu oprema i nema
oznaka ile (boje ili brojevi) na shemi. No ovaj nain je mnogo bri od prethodnog i
svakako sigurniji.
3.nain (Poluinteligentan automatski nain)

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Klikne se na [] na kartici Parts te program automatski otvara katalog s kabelima iz

kojega se izabere eljeni tip.

Kao rezultat se pojavljuje ispunjena kartica Cabel s podacima iz kataloga

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Podaci u redove za Type, No. of conductors, Conductor cross-section se upisuju

automatski iz baze. Imamo kataloki broja, postoji kabel u popisu oprema ali nema
oznaka ile (boje ili brojevi) na shemi. No ovaj nain je mnogo bri i kvalitetniji od
prethodnog.
4.nain (Inteligentan automatski nain)

Klikne se na gumb Device selection na kartici Parts te program automatski otvara

katalog s kabelima iz kojega se izabere eljeni tip.

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Kao rezultat se pojavljuje ispunjena kartica Cabel s podacima iz kataloga

Podaci u redove za Type, No. of conductors, Conductor cross-section se upisuju

automatski iz baze. Imamo kataloki broja, postoji kabel u popisu oprema i imamo
inteligentan upis oznaka ila (boje ili brojevi) na shemi. Brzi, efikasan i siguran nain.
Kao rezultat u shemi je vidljiv:

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Ovaj nain se koristi ukoliko se ele dobiti oznake ila kabela na shemi. No, ukoliko nije
potreban, tada je preporuljiv jedan od dva prethodno opisana naina.

NAPOMENA!

Ukoliko se mijenja tip kabela u 4.nainu ili ukoliko se u 2. i 3.nainu ele naknadno
dodati oznake ila kabela tada se oznai kabel ili vie njih u navigatoru (Project
dataCableNavigator) te se pozove funkcija Project danaCablePlace

6.10.1.

Kabel sa Shieldom

Kod kabela sa shieldom prvo se definira/nacrta shield a zatim se nacrta linija kabela kao
prema prethodna etiri naina.
Opcija InsertShield ili ikonica na alatnoj traci
aktivira eljenu funkciju crtanja.
Shield se poinje crtati na onoj strani na kojoj je spojno mjesto sa stezaljkom ili
elementom. Spaja se sa elementima pomou opcije Connection symbol.

Nakon toga se pojavljuje kartica propertiesa kabela na kojoj je potrebno upisati ime
kabela. Ime shielda mora biti jednako imenu kabela.
Kartica Shielda i linija moe biti potpuna zamijene za liniju definicije kabela.

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Nakon toga se definira linija kabela preko svih linija te linije koja je spojena sa shieldom
(vidi sliku).
Dakle linija kabela obavezno mora biti izmeu elemenata (stezaljke) i shielda.

Program automatski prepoznaje da imamo veze s potencijalima N, PE i SH.

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Izabere se eljeni tip koji odgovara pronaenom kriteriju. Znamo da je rezultat ispravan
ukoliko svi vodii kabela imaju oznaku, ukljuujui i liniju shielda (vidi sliku)

6.11.

ice/vodii

ele li se pojedinano definirati vodii (boja,presjek,) izmeu ureaja tada je potrebno

aktivirati opciju InsertConnection definition point ili ikonicu na alatnoj traci

ele li se definirati svi vodii (boja,presjek,) na istom potencijalu tada je potrebno

aktivirati opciju InsertPotential definition point ili ikonicu na alatnoj traci

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Prilikom pozivanja ove opcija pojavljuje se kartica Connection definition point ili
Potential definition point za upisivanje podataka o vodiu.

Prilikom upisivanja podataka zanimljiva je kartica Connection graphic na kojoj se

definiraju svojstva linije/vodia (isprekidina linija, boja linije, debljina linije,)

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Tada se kao rezultat u shemi pojavljuje situacija na kojoj su vidljive uinjene promijene.

Da bi se vidjeli rezultati na stranici, nakon izmjene svojstava linije, potrebno je osvjeiti

veze za stranicu (Project dataConnectionUpdate) ili za cijeli projekt (SHIFT +
Project dataConnectionUpdate).
Podaci o vodiima koji su se definirali slue za izradu liste unutarnjih veze te za
prikljune planove.

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6.12.

Katalog (Parts management)

6.12.1.

Definiranje novog ureaja u katalogu

Da bi se unio novi kataloki broj u bazu katalokih brojeva potrebno je otvoriti dotinu
bazu pomou opcije UtilitiesPartsManagement ili pomou ikonice na alatnoj
traci

Baza se otvori, odabere se i oznai eljena grupa elementa (Generators, power

supply units) pa se klikne desni klik mia i izabere opcija New te se popunjavaju
podaci i kartice prema elji i potrebi.

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Na kartici General mogue (preporuljivo) je definirati sljedee podatke

Product group
Product subgroup
Part number
Type number
Designation 1-3
Manufacturer
Supplier
Order number
Description

Mogue je promijeniti ili napraviti reizbor grupe

Mogue je odabrati podgrupu ukoliko postoji
Kataloki broj elementa
Tip elementa, moe biti isti kao i Part number to ovisi o
proizvoau
Opis elementa
Proizvoa
Dobavlja
Narudbeni broj elementa, moe biti isti kao i Part number
to ovisi o proizvoau
Dodatni opis elementa

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eli li se imati viejezinu bazu (opisi na HR, ENG, GER, RUS,) prilikom unosa opisnih
tekstova klikne se desni klik mia na red te se izabere opcija Multilingual input i
unese se i drugi eljeni jezik.

Ovaj sluaj je uporabljiv samo kada se eli dobiti lista materijala/trokovnik i na drugom
jeziku osim na HR.
ele li se dobiti narudbenica direktno iz EPLAN-a s podacima o firmi dobavljau tada je
potrebno upisati podatke o dobavljau u bazu dobavljaa a podaci e automatski biti
prikazanu u zaglavlju narudbenice.

(Postavi se na Manufacturer/supplier pa desni klik mia i New)

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Na kartici Prices/Other mogue je definirati cijene o komponenti te ih dobiti u

trokovniku kao TOTAL ali zbog estog sluaja izmjena cijena i rabata nije esto
koritena opcija.

Kartica Free properties slui samo za interni opis podataka i nije ga mogue dobiti niti
u jednoj listi.

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Na kartici Mounting data se upisuju podaci za izradu ormara a preporuamo sljedee

podatke

Weight
Width
Height
Depth
Graphical macro

Image file
Mounting clearance
Width
Mounting clearance
Height

Teina komponente bitna je zbog ukupne teine ormara i

transporta
irina komponente u (mm) bitna za izradu dispozicije
elemenata ormara
Visina komponente u (mm) bitna za izradu dispozicije
elemenata ormara
Dubina komponente u (mm) bitna za izradu dispozicije
elemenata ormara
Svaki element moe imati fiziki izgled komponenti (2D) koji
najee distribuiraju proizvoai ali ga je mogue i samog
nacrtati unutar EPLAN-a
Uz element je mogue dodati i sliku (jpg, gif,) koji
olakava izabir komponente
Minimalni zahtijevani razmak izmeu 2 komponente po
horizontali
Minimalni zahtijevani razmak izmeu 2 komponente po
vertikali

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Na kartici Tehnical data upisuju se dodatni podaci o elementu

Accessory code

Identifier

Wearing part Procurement

Macro

Connection points
External
document 1-3

Ukoliko se elementu dodaju pomoni blokovi (npr.kod

sklopnika) onda se unese eljeni kod
(kontaktirajte Va EPLAN suport za detalje)
Upisuje se oznaka komponente po DIN standardu (vidi
UtilitiesMaster danaIdentifier) a koristi se kao
osnovni filter kod pretraivanja komponenti
Podaci o odravanju komponente iz kojih je mogue dobiti
liste za procesne podatke
Uz svaki element je mogue dodati njegov elektrini makro
(Window macro) koji je prethodno napravljen u strujnoj
shemi
Mogue je upisati oznake spojnih mjesta (npr. A1:A2 kod
releja)
Uz svaki kataloki broj mogue je staviti link na PDF
dokument na hard disku ili link na web stranicu.

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Kartica Function template predstavlja jednu od najbitnijih stavki kod upisivanja novog
ili koritenja postojeeg katalokog broja.
Naime, svako kataloki broj se na ovaj nain definira to je po FUNKCIJI to za program
znai kako zapravo simboliki izgleda. Samo ako je definiran FUNCTION template
mogue je raditi preko funkcije insertiranje ureaja (InsertDevice).

Kartica Function template e detaljnije biti razjanjena za releje, kabela i motorske

zatitne sklopke.
Connection point
designation
Technical
charachteristics

Symbol library

Symbol number
Device selection

Mogue je upisati oznake spojnih mjesta (npr. A1:A2 kod

releja)
Ukoliko se upie podatak u ovo polje, podatak e
automatski biti prepisan u polje Technical
charachteristics kod kartice propertisa bilo kojega
elementa
Ukoliko se ne izabere Function definition mogue je i
ovdje definirati bazu simbola iz koje e biti uzet simbol kod
funkcije insertiranja ureaja (npr. IEC_Symbol)
Upisuje se redni broj simbola iz baze simbola (npr. za relej
je 20). Broj simbola se mora prepisati iz baze simbola.
Izabire se Function definition svakog pojedinanog
elementa pritiskom na []
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Connection point
designation
Symbol

Mogue je upisati oznake spojnih mjesta (npr. A1:A2 kod

releja)
Ukoliko nismo zadovoljni s interpretacijom simbola iz
Function definition ovdje se ta definicija moe zamijeniti
s regularnim simbolom iz baze simbola.

NAPOMENA!

Separator se dobije kombinacijom tipaka CTRL + Enter ili desni klik mia pa
opcija Line break.
Funkcija slui kao separator izmeu 2 spojna mjesta elementa (npr. A1A2) ili
lomljenja reda u kolonu kod pisanja teksta

Na kartici Component data upisuju se dodatni tehniki podaci o elementu a koji e biti
detaljnije razjanjeni kod definicije kabela.

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6.12.2.

Definiranje novog releja u katalogu

Svi podaci su jednako definirani kod releja/sklopnika osima kartice Function definition
koja e biti detaljno objanjena.

Kompletan relej/sklopnik se mora napraviti na gore naveden nain.

Dakle sastoji se od pule.
Klikne se na gumb

te se pojavi prozor na kojemu se izabere Coil

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Zatim od 3 kontakta snage.

Klikne se na gumb

te se pojavi prozor na kojemu se izabere Power NO contact

Zatim od radnog (NO) kontakta.

Klikne se na gumb
contact

te se pojavi prozor na kojemu se izabere NO auxilliary

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Zatim od mirnog (NC) kontakta.

Klikne se na gumb
contact

te se pojavi prozor na kojemu se izabere NC auxilliary

I kao mogua opcija izmjenini (Change-over) kontakta.

Klikne se na gumb
contact

te se pojavi prozor na kojemu se izabere Change-over

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6.12.3.

Definiranje nove motorske zatitne sklopke u katalogu

Svi podaci su jednako definirani kao kod ostalih elemenata osima kartice Function
definition koja e biti detaljno objanjena. Spadaju u grupu Safety device.

Kompletna motorska zatitna sklopka napravljena je na gore naveden nain.

Dakle sastoji se od glavnog elmenta.
Klikne se na gumb
switch

te se pojavi prozor na kojemu se izabere Motor overload

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Zatim od radnog (NO) kontakta.

Klikne se na gumb
contact

te se pojavi prozor na kojemu se izabere NO auxilliary

I od mirnog (NC) kontakta.

Klikne se na gumb
contact

te se pojavi prozor na kojemu se izabere NC auxilliary

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6.12.4.

Definiranje novog kabela u katalogu

Svi podaci su jednako definirani kod kod ostalih elemenata osima kartice Function
definition i Cable data koja e biti detaljno objanjena.

Kabel je napravljena je na gore naveden nain.

Dakle sastoji se od definicijske linije.
Klikne se na gumb

te se pojavi prozor na kojemu se izabere Cable definition

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I vodia/ica.
Klikne se na gumb

Color / No.
Cross section
Shielded by
Potential type

te se pojavi prozor na kojemu se izabere Conductor/wire

Upisuju se oznake vodia kabela (boje ili brojevi)

Preporuljivo je upisivati presjek ica na ovome mjestu ali
samo ako su razliitih presjeka
Upisuje se koji su vodii shieldani s kojim shieldom.
Kontaktirajte Va EPLAN support za vie detalja.
Odabire se koja ica je kojega potencijala (N i PE)

U karticu Cable data se moraju upisivati podaci ukoliko se eli da ti podaci budu vidljivi
uz ime kabela na shemi, u protivnom podaci nee biti vidljivi.

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NAPOMENA!

Najjednostavniji nain rada s katalokim brojevima je copy&paste.

Postavi se na odreeni element, desni klik mia pa se izabere opcija Copy zatim
odmah nakon toga opcija Paste i prepravi se element na eljene podatke.
Kod releja i kabela je vrlo upotrebljiva opcija Copy na jednom elementu, postavi se na
drugi eljeni i izabere se opcija na desnom kliku mia Paste function templates pri
emu se kopira samo funkcijska definicija elementa.
Kod kabela je upotrebljiva opcija Copy na jednom elementu, postavi se na drugi
eljeni i izabere se opcija na desnom kliku mia Paste technical data pri emu se
kopira samo podaci s kartice Cable data.

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7. Izvjetaji (Reporti)
Rezultat nacrtane sheme su izvjetaji. Izvjetaja ima razliitih tipova. Izvjetaji
popunjavaju odreene podatke u tabelama (forme) na osnovu podataka iz sheme. Za
svaki tip ima veliki broj formi koji se mogu izabrati.
Naravno, svaku formu moete prilagoditi svojim zahtjevima u Form editoru (kasnije e
biti objanjeno kako je mogue ureivati/kreirati forme).
eli li se izbaciti odreeni izvjetaj pozove se opcija UtilitiesReportsGenerate te
se pojavi sljedea kartica.

7.1.

Izvjetaji uz pomo opcije REPORTS

Na kartici Reports se generira izvjetaj po izvjetaj (npr. popis letvi, prikljuni plan,
grafiki prikljuni plan,dakle 3 x je potrebno ponoviti istu radnju).

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Klikne li se na gumb New ili desni klik mia pa New pojavi se kartica na kojoj se izabire
odreeni izvjetaj (npr.prikljuni plan)

Output format

Select report type

Manual selection

Ukoliko je opcija Page tada program automatski otvara

novu stranicu na koju generira izvjetaj. Opcija Manual
placement omoguava da se generiranu listu runo
pozicionira na stranicu na koju se eli pa ak i na stranicu
Schematic Multi-line .
Izabire se eljeni izvjetaj. Mogue je izabrati 1 po 1.
Oznai li se ova opcija, tada program daje popis npr. svih
raspoloivih letvi u projektu od kojih se izabiru eljene ili se
oznae sve. Opcija omoguava selektivan izbor elemenata.

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Klikne li se OK nakon to se izabrao eljeni izvjetaj pojavi se prvo mogunost odabira

filtera i sortiranja podataka (o ome e biti naknadno vie reeno)

Nakon toga se pojavljuje upit na kojemu se odreuje pozicija izvjetaja u projektu.

Ovisno o parametrima pozicionirat e se runo na odreenu lokaciju ili e to program
automatski raditi na osnovu parametara po principu, izvjetaj se pozicionira u lokaciju iz
koje dolazi ( o ovome primjeru se runo postavlja na adresu =ST1+RO1/10)

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Klikne se OK i izvjetaj je generiran.

Da bi se izabrala drugaija forma za izvjetaj te da bi se podesio parametar za

automatsko pozicioniranja izvjetaja na lokaciju iz koje dolazi klikne se na gumb
Settings pa Output to page na kartici Reports (UtilitiesReportsGenerate) pri
emu se pojavi sljedea kartica

Bit e objanjena samo znaajna podeenja

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Form

Page sorting

Combine

Klikne se na [] te se pojavi popis svih formi za eljeni

izvjetaj. Izabere se eljena forma. Forma se moe mijenjati
u bilo kojemu trenutku. Nakon to se forma zamijeni mora
se kliknuti na gumb Update ili eventualno izbrisati stari
izvjetaj te ponovno generirati novi.
Ovdje se izabire pozicioniranje izvjetaja u projektu. Total
znai da sami izabiremo poziciju kao u prethodnom
primjeru. Opcija Higher-level function and mounting
location znai da je izvjetaj automatski pozicioniran na
lokaciju od kuda dolazi.
Ova opcija se koristi kod dinamikih formi i ona
omoguava da npr. vie letvi bude na istoj stranici. Inae
je uobiajeno kod statikih formi da na jednoj stranici
bude izvjetaj samo za jednu letvu.

Na kartici Reports se klikne na gumb Settings pa opcija Display/output pri emu se

pojavi sljedea kartica

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Na kartici Display/output u znaajnoj mjeri su upotrebljivi sljedee opcije:

Opcija 1
Ukoliko je opcija odznaena tada kao rezultat u prikljunom planu imamo

Ukoliko je opcija oznaena i kao znak koriten =

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Opcija 2
Ukoliko je opcija odznaena tada kao rezultat u prikljunom planu imamo

Ukoliko je opcija oznaena i kao znak koriten X

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7.2.

Izvjetaji uz pomo opcije TEMPLATE

Opcija Template omoguava da se unaprijed u Project template ili Basic project

predefiniraju eljene liste koje e biti kreirane nakon zavretka shematskog dijela
projekta. Proces izrade e znaajno biti ubrzan i za sve djelatnike firme e biti postupak
pojednostavljen.

Definiranje eljenih listi je po istom principu. Klikne se gumb New ili se klikne desni klik
mia pa opcija New te se izabere eljeni izvjetaj/i uz isto podeenje parametara ili po
opciju automatskog smjetaja izvjetaja na poziciju od kuda dolaze ili po opciji runog
postavljanja na eljeno mjesto u strukturi projekta.

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Nakon to se projekt zavri (shematski dio) tada se liste generiraju uz opciju

Template pozivanjem opcije UtilitiesReportsGenerate project reports ili na
kartici Reports se klikne na gumb Generate reports.

NAPOMENA!

Nakon to su izvjetaji generirani a projekt naknadno izmijenjen, tada je potrebno

osvjeiti liste. Osvjeavanje se radi na jedan od ova 2 nain:
Postavi se na izvjetaj u Page navigatoru te se klikne jedna ili vie stranica
izvjetaja koji su doivjeli promjene i klikne se na opciju
UtilitiesReportsUpdate
Otvori se kartica Reports (UtilitiesGenerateReports), na njoj se u
navigatoru izvjetaja izabere izvjetaj ili grupa izvjetaja koji su doivjeli
promjene te se klikne na gumb Update

7.3.

Filtriranje podataka

Prilikom generiranja izvjetaja, mogue je koristiti filtere. Uz pomo filtera mogue je

prikazati samo odreene podatke koji su se definirali u filteru ili e odreeni podaci biti
blokirani.
Kada se pokrene opcija generiranja izvjetaja (UtilitiesGenerateReports) i kada
se izabere eljeni izvjetaj pojavi se kartica za definiranje filtera (slian princip koritenja
filtera je i za sve ostale funkcije unutar EPLAN-a)

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Klikne se na [] pokraj filtera te se pojavi kartica za definiranje filtera

Scheme

Active
Negated
Criterion
Value

Predstavlja ime filtera. Schema moe biti neogranien broj.

Klikom na gumb
se moe kreirati vlastiti filter sa
eljenim imenom.
Ukoliko je oznaena ova opcija, znai da je opcija uope
aktivna kao filter.
Predstavlja NOT funkciju. Iskljuuje odreeni podatak
Predstavlja svojstvo koja sainjava dotini filter.
Oznaava vrijednost svojstva. Mogu se koristiti isti znakovi
kao i kod MS Windows za pretraivanje (* prije i/ili poslije
vrijednosti)

Nakon to se definirao filter da bi ga i aktivirali prilikom generiranja izvjetaja potrebno

je oznaiti opciju Activ.

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Primjer filtera kod izrade lista unutarnjih veza

Filter radi sljedee po redu:

Ne prikazuje kabelske veze
Prokazuje unutarnje veze
Ne prikazuje jumper
Prikazuje samo veze unutar ormara RO2
Ovo je prikaz sloenih uvijeta/kriterija kod izrade odreenih izvjetaja.

7.4.

Sortiranje podataka

Prilikom generiranja izvjetaja, mogue je koristiti sorting podataka. Uz pomo filtera

mogue je prikazati odreen sorting podataka koji su se definirali u filteru za sortiranje.
Kada se pokrene opcija generiranja izvjetaja (UtilitiesGenerateReports) i kada
se izabere eljeni izvjetaj pojavi se kartica za definiranje sorting podataka (slian
princip koritenja sortinga podataka je i za sve ostale funkcije unutar EPLAN-a)

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Klikne se na [] pokraj sorting te se pojavi kartica za definiranje filtera sortinga

podataka

Scheme

Criterion

Predstavlja ime filtera za sorting podataka. Schema

moe biti neogranien broj. Klikom na gumb
se moe
kreirati vlastiti filter sa eljenim imenom.
Predstavlja svojstvo koja sainjava dotini filter za sorting
podataka.

Nakon to se definirao sorting podataka treba ga aktivirati, prilikom generiranja

izvjetaja, oznaivanjem opcije Activ.

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8. Izvjetaji u MS Excel formatu

Osim u EPLAN formatu bilo koji podatak je mogue izvesti u MS Excel format. Princip je
slian kao i kod klasinih izvjetaja.
Pozivanjem opcije UtilitiesReportsLabeling se pojavljuje kartica podeenja koja e biti
detaljno objanjena.

Settings

Report type
Language
Target file
Output type

Apply to entire project

Pritiskom na [] pojavljuje se kartica za podeenje izvoznih

podataka i dokumenata u koji e podaci biti izvezeni.
Podeenje e biti naknadno objanjena.
Automatska informacija koji tip izvjetaja se radi.
Izabere se eljeni jezik izvjetaja.
Odreuje se pozicija izvjetaja i njegovo ime.
Opcija Export samo izvozi podatka a Export and start
aplication izvozi podatke i automatski otvara program MS
Excel
Ukoliko je ova opcija oznaena tada e se izvoziti podaci iz
cjelokupne grupe elemenata ili se moe samo odreene
oznaiti ili u shemi ili u navigatoru

Isti princip rade i podeenja vrijedi i za sve druge izvjetaje!!!

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Pritiskom na [] kod opcije Settings se pojavljuje kartica na kojoj se definiraju svi

detalji izvoza podataka.

Na kartici File se definiraju podaci sa sljedeim znaenjem:

Type of file znai format/tip izvoznih podataka(*.xls, *.xml, *.txt)
Target file je prazan npr. MS Excel dokument koji se postavlja na eljeno
mjesto na hard disku (npr. C:/Temp).
Program u ovu praznu filu prepisuje podatke na osnovu Template file te na
osnovu izabranih podatka na kartici Label

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 Template je obian MS Excel u kojemu se definiraju kolone i upie varijabla na

osnovu koje program zna gdje treba zapoeti s upisom podataka (oznaka ###
za poetak upisa podataka iz sheme, #H# mjesto upisa podataka Headera,
#F# mjesto upisa podataka Footer-a vidi sliku)

Komentar:
- oznaka ### se upisuje samo u prvi red
- sve elije se formastiraju se prema elji pri emu se format prenosi na sve redove
u koloni
- forma je dinamika
- forma je snimljena kao obian *.xls file (u ovome sluaju PLC basic.xls a
spremljena je u Template folderu unutar EPLAN P8 instalacijske strukture)
- Target file je zapravo jedna vrsta kopije ove *.xls file.

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Na kartici Header se definiraju koji podaci e biti prikazani u headeru projekta

U ovome primjeru su svi podaci odabrani iz Project properties-a i pomou gumba

su prebaeni u polje za header.

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Na kartici Label se definiraju koji podaci e biti prikazani u Target file (a posloeni kao
prema Template file).

Vidljivo je da su svi podaci odabrani iz PLC connection point-a i pomou gumba

su prebaeni u polje za definiciju izvezenih podataka. Raspored (pozicija) podataka je
tono kao prema rasporedu iz ove tabele a isti raspored je nuan i u Template file
kako bi imena kolona odgovarale podacima iz elija podataka.

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Na kartici Footer se definiraju koji podaci e biti prikazani u footeru projekta.

U ovome sluaju nema predvienih podataka za footer.

Na kartici Settings se definiraju filteri i nain sortinga podataka na isti nain kao i u
izvjetajima.

U ovome sluaju nema predvienih podataka za Settings.

Nakon to se kartica Settings: Labeling podesi klikne se OK te se vraamo nazad u
karticu Output labeling na kojoj se takoer podeavaju podaci prema elji te se kao
rezultat u Target filu pojavljuju sljedei podaci:

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9. Izvoz / ureivanje / ponovni uvoz podataka

Vrlo esto je najjednostavnije i najbre izvesti podatke npr. u MS Excel, urediti ih (ili
dati nekome drugome da ih uredi) te ih ponovno pozvati ili u krajnjem sluaju importirati
u projekt.
Opcija koja omoguuje sve navedeno je UtilitiesEdit properties externally
Export function. Pozivanjem, ali prethodnim oznaavanjem elemenata na shemi ili u
navigatoru, opcije pojavljuje se sljedea kartica.

Settings

Language
Output type

Target file

Pritiskom na [] pojavljuje se kartica za podeenje izvoznih

podataka i dokumenata u koji e podaci biti izvezeni.
Podeenje e biti naknadno objanjena.
Izabere se eljeni jezik izvjetaja.
Opcija Export samo izvozi podatka a Export and start
aplication izvozi podatke i automatski otvara program MS
Excel dok opcija Edit in external application and
reload omoguava izvoz podataka, obraivanja i
automatski uvoz nakon opcije Save i zatvaranja dokumenta
Odreuje se pozicija izvjetaja i njegovo ime.

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Pritiskom na [] kod opcije Settings se pojavljuje kartica na kojoj se definiraju svi

detalji izvoza podataka.

Na kartici General se definiraju podaci sa sljedeim znaenjem:

File type je format/tip izvoznih podataka(*.xls, *.xml, *.txt)
Target file je prazan npr. MS Excel dokument koji se postavlja na eljeno
mjesto na hard disku (npr. C:/Temp).
Program u ovu praznu filu prepisuje podatke na osnovu Template file te na
osnovu izabranih podatka na kartici Data
Template je poseban MS Excel file isporuen od strane EPLAN S&S i koji ne
moe biti prilagoavan svojim zahtjevima ali kako je univerzalan automatski
sadri sve mogue podatke iz kartice Data.

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Na kartici Data se definiraju koji podaci e biti prikazani u Target file

Vidljivo je da su svi podaci odabrani iz polja Availible format element i pomou

gumba
su prebaeni u polje Selected format element koji predstavljaju
definiciju izvezenih podataka.
Nakon to su se svi podaci podesili kao rezultat u Target file se pojavljuju sljedei
podaci:

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Nakon to se odreeni podaci izmjene (mijenjati se mogu samo bijela polja, siva polja
nije mogue mijenjati taj je podatak vidljiv na prethodnoj kartici na koloni
Changable), klikne se opcija Save ( ) te se zatvori dokument pritiskom na
se kartica na kojoj se potvruje automatski povrat novih podataka u shemu.

Podaci su automatski izmijenjeni na shemi.

Ukoliko se dotina *.xls file nekome proslijedi na ureivanje, tada je mogu uvoz
podataka (a ne Reload) pomou opcije UtilitiesEdit properties externally
Import pri emu se ostvari jednak uinak kao i u prethodnom primjeru.

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pojavi

10.

Backup

Jedini ispravni i siguran nain izraivanja sigurnosnih kopija (backup) je standardni

EPLAN-ov backup.
Prilikom pokretanja opcije ProjectBack up Project (ili Symbol libryry ili Partisti
princip je kao i za projekt) se pojavljuje sljedea kartica

Method

Postoje 3 metode backupa:

Save additionaly standardan i preporuljiv nain
spremanja sigurnosne kopije. Moe se oznaiti vie od
jednog projekta.
File off for external editing projekt se uzme s
mree na drugi medium za ureivanje. Uredi se na
njemu i prilikom ponovnog povratka na mreu
automatski se osvjei stara verzija. Original na mrei
je read-only sve dok se ne osvjei s novom verzijom.
Archiving program brie original s mree i
sprema ga samo na backup medium.

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Medium

Back up external
documents
Back up image files

Postoje 2 opcije:
Storage medium (Backup directory) izabere se
mjesto na kojemu se sprema sigurnosna kopija (npr. Cdisk, My Documents)
E-mail (Partial size) - Sigurnosna kopija moe biti
napravljena u obliku priloga e-maila. Odreuje se samo
limit prolaznosti veliine maila.
Npr. ukoliko je limit 5MB a veliina sigurnosne kopije
7MB tada e biti isporuena 2 e-maila. Ukoliko primatelj
eli otvoriti sigurnosnu kopiju tada oba priloga treba
spremiti u isti folder na disku te samo napraviti
dvostruki klik na jedan od priloga pa program
automatski prepoznaje da je to sve isti projekt i radi
restore projekta.
U standardnu sigurnosnu kopiju e biti ukljueni i
externalni dokumenti ukoliko ih ima u projektu.
U standardnu sigurnosnu kopiju e biti ukljuene i slike
ukoliko ih ima u projektu.

NAPOMENA!

Prosjena veliina sigurnosne kopije je 6-10MB. Vrlo je mala razlika izmeu projekta s
20 str i 200str. Razlog tome je to se u sigurnosnoj kopiji u oba sluaja nalazi svi
podaci potrebi za projekt kao to su: Part management, simboli, forme,
Dakle u sigurnosnoj kopiji se nalazi kompletna baza programa (MS Access)
Prije izrade sigurnosne kopije dobro je ne napraviti reorganizaciju projekta
(ProjectOrganizeReorganize) i komprimiranje projekta
(ProjectOrganizeCompress). S ovim postupcima mogue je smanjiti ak i do
30% veliine projekta.
Format sigurnosne kopije je <ime projekta>.zw1

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eli li se otvorit (reload) projekt na drugoj radnoj stanici, to je mogue napraviti s

dvostrukim klikom na projekta (<ime projekta>.zw1) ili pomou opcije
ProjectReloadProject

Backup directory
Project
Target directory
Project name

Mjesto na disku na kojemu se nalazi sigurnosna kopija

Izabire se eljeni projekt
Odredite projekta unutar EPLAN instalacijske strukture
Ime projekta (zadrava originalno ili se upisuje novo po
elji)

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11.

Print

eli li se printati projekt ili dio projekta tada tada se u Page navigatoru oznae eljene
stranice (CTRL ili SHIFT + klik mia, kao u MS Windows programima).

Nakon toga se pozove opcija ProjectPrint pri emu se pojavi kartica za podeenje.

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Izabere se eljeni printer. Pritiskom na gumb [Properties] se odreuje format printa

(A3, A4,) te ostala standardna podeenja.
Jedina podeenja printa unutar EPLAN-a na kojima je mogue podesiti print je gumb
[Settings]

Print size

Print margins
Print position
Print in black and
white

Opcija Print to scale (1:1) znai ukoliko je shema

nacrtana na A3 a printer izabran A4 tada e biti samo dio
slike A3. Opcija Scale to page omoguava da se veliina
sheme automatski stisne prema printeru. S opcijom Keep
aspect ratio se odreuje da promjena veliine slike bude
ravnomjerno napravljena po X i Y-osi.
Odreuje se margina. Margina se odreuje i prilikom
ureivanja formi.
Pozicij slike u odnosu na papir
Print u boji ili crno-bijelo.

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12.

Grafika

Slobodna grafika bit e predoena preko primjera na slici:

Pravokutnik
Da bi nacrtali pravokutnik pozove se opcija InsertGraphicsRectangle ili klikom
na ikonicu na alatnoj traci
dimenzija.

te se pojavi pravokutnik kojemu se odreuje eljena

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Dimenzije se mogu odrediti na nekoliko naina:

- Podeavanje pomou status bara u lijevom donjem uglu ekrana
-

Prilikom crtanja pravokutnika (nakon to se pokrenula opcija i nakon to se

kliknulo lijevom tipkom mia) klikne se na opciju na tipkovnici SHIFT + R ili
preko OptionsRelative cordinate input te se pojavi prozor u kojemu se
upisuju podaci za X i Y koordinatu.

Takoer je mogue nacrtati pravokutnik bilo koje veliine te se nakon toga

napravi dvostruki klik na pravokutnik te se pojavi isti prozor kao i u prethodnom
sluaju.

Krug
Da bi nacrtali krug pozove se opcija InsertGraphicsCircle ili klikom na ikonicu na
te se pojavi krug kojemu se odreuje eljena dimenzija.
alatnoj traci

Dimenzije se mogu odrediti na nekoliko naina:

- Podeavanje pomou status bara u lijevom donjem uglu ekrana
-

Takoer je mogue nacrtati krug bilo koje veliine te se nakon toga napravi
dvostruki klik na krug te se pojavi prozor na kojemu se upisuje radijus.

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Ukoliko se eli nacrtati krug u krugu tada je potrebno ukljuiti opciju OptionsDesign
mode koja nam pomae prilikom grafikog crtanja ili je ak dovoljna opcija Snap to
grid gdje e krug zakaiti za sredite osnovnog kruga.
S krugovima je najjednostavnije raditi ukoliko se grupiraju. Grupiranje elemenata je
mogue pomou opcije EdithOtherGroup
Rad s koordinatama
ele li se oba kruga premjesti na eljenu koordinatu u odnosu na desni donji ugao
pravokutnika prema slici iz primjera.
Aktivira se novi koordinatni sistem. Pozove se opcija OptionsMove based point ili
kratica na tipkovnici O te se pojavi u status baru
to
znai da se odabere novi koordinatni sistem (npr.kliknemo u desni donji ugao
pravokutnika) te se kao rezultat pojavi oznaka za privremeni koordinatni sistem.

Koordinatni sistem je uvijek mogue resetirati s ponovnim pritiskom na kraticu O te

ga ponovno pozvati s istom kraticom ukoliko se eli premjestiti na neku drugu poziciju.
Sve koordinate e biti u skladu s novo postavljenim koordinatnim sistemom.
Micanje/dupliciranje
Ukoliko se ele pomaknuti krugovi na poziciju X=45, Y=52 u odnosu na desni ugao
pravokutnika tada se ukljui (ili je ve ukljuen) opcija OptionsDesign mode te se
aktivira opcija za micanje (desni klik pa opcija Move ili kratica na tipkovnici V) pri
to znai da se klikne
emu se u status baru pojavljuje poruka
na element koji e biti dislociran. U trenutku kad se kliknulo na element (ili grupu
elemenata) pojavljuje se u status baru poruka
to znai da se treba
odrediti toka za pomicanje (kako trebamo postaviti krugove na odreene X, Y
koordinate logino je da centar elementa/krugova bude toka micanja).
Nakon toga se pojavljuje u status baru poruka
to znai da odredimo
novu poziciju elemenata. Kako se koordinatni sistem premjestio u desni donji ugao
pravokutnika, tada je najjednostavnije kliknuti na opciju SHIFT + R te ukucati nove
koordinate u odnosu na novi koordinatni sistem.
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Nakon to se postavio element/krugovi na definiranu koordinatu potrebno je jo

duplicirati sljedee krugove na definiranu koordinatu prema primjeru (X=0, Y=52).
Najjednostavniji nain je premjestiti koordinatni sistem, pomou kratice na tipkovnici
O, u centar krugova te u odnosu na prvu grupu krugova postaviti sljedee 3 na
definiranu koordinatu (X=isti kao i prva grupa, Y=52).

Pokrene se opcija za dupliciranje (desni klik mia pa Duplicate ili kratica na tipkovnici
D). Ponovno se prati status bar te se odredi polazno mjesto dupliciranje (ponovno
sredite krugova) te se upiu koordinate za dupliciranje

Nakon toga se pojavi prozor na kojemu se definira koliina duplikata

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Dobiven je rezultat prema zadanom primjeru.

Rad s pomonom linijom
Ukoliko se eli definirati krug unutar pravokutnika tada e se koristiti pomone linije.
Nacrta se pravokutnik prema jednoj od navedenih opcija iz prethodnog primjera (npr.
koristei SHIFT + R) te unutar njega pomona linija (ili vie) koja e na jednostavan
nain detektirati sredite pravokutnika (nakon uporabe moe se izbrisati).

Nakon ovoga mogue je ponovno grupirati ova 2 elementa (krug i pravokutnik) te radi s
grupom. Ukljui se Designe mod te se preseli koordinatni sistem u lijevi donji ugao
(kratica O na tipkovnici) i kree se u opciju pozicioniranja na eljenu koordinatu.

Hvatite grupe prilikom pomicanja e bit u lijevom donjem uglu. Nakon toga se pozove
opcija za upis koordinate (SHIFT + R) i element/grupa je pozicionirana.

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 Dimenzioniranje/kotiranje
LINEARNO kotiranje
Da bi se kotirao nacrtani PRAVOKUTNIK pozove se opcija InsertDimensioning
Linear dimension ili se klikne na ikonicu na alatnoj traci
.
Da bi procedura dimenzioniranja bila jednostavna preporua se ukljuiti opcija
OptionsObject snap te naravno i prije faze crtanja dobro je podesiti GRID (A, B,..)
kako bi se svaka dimenzija mogla tono nacrtati a kasnije i tono kotirati.
Uzme se opcija za kotiranje te se odabere prvo mjesto kote, pomou opcije SNAP
jednostavno ga je uhvatiti, nakon toga se uhvati drugi kraj kote te se razvue kota
na eljenoj udaljenosti od pravokutnika

Podeavanje parametara za kotiranje se nalazi na OptionsSettingsProject

<Ime projekta>Graphical editingDimensioning

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Font
Distance do dimension
line
Unit
Display units
Precision
Suppres zero
Extension of
dimension help line
Dimension line
termination

Odreuje se eljeni font kote.

Udaljenost oznake kote do linije kote
Jedinica (mm, cm, m)
Prikai jedinicu na liniji kote
Odreuje se broj decimalnih mjesta kote odnosno samim
time se odreuje i preciznost
Ne prikazuj nulu na koti
Odreuje se koliko je pomona linija kote izdignuta od
kote
Zavretak kote (strelica, krug, kosa linija)

Takoer je mogue podesiti parametre individualno za svaku kotu s dvostrukim klikom

na kotu pri emu se pojavljuje sljedea kartica

KONTINUIRANO kotiranje
Da bi se kotirali krugovi s desne strane pravokutnika i sami pravokutnik pozove se opcija
InsertDimensioning Continued dimension ili se klikne na ikonicu na alatnoj
traci
gdje se pomou opcije SNAP samo odreuju hvatita elementa. Kada se zavri
kotiranje klikne se samo opcija Esc na tipkovnici.

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INKREMENTALNO kotiranje
Da bi se kotirali krugovi s desne strane pravokutnika i sami pravokutnik pozove se opcija
InsertDimensioning Incremental dimension ili se klikne na ikonicu na alatnoj
gdje se pomou opcije SNAP samo odreuju hvatita elementa. Kada se zavri
traci
kotiranje klikne se samo opcija Esc na tipkovnici.

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Kotiranje KUTOVA
Da bi kotirali kut pozove se opcija InsertDimensioning Angular dimension ili
se klikne na ikonicu na alatnoj traci
gdje se pomou opcije SNAP prvo odreuje
centar kuta te zatim poetna i krajnja linija kuta. Kada se zavri kotiranje klikne se samo
opcija Esc na tipkovnici.

Kotiranje KRUGOVA
Da bi kotirali kut pozove se opcija InsertDimensioning Radius dimension ili se
klikne na ikonicu na alatnoj traci
gdje se samo oznai krug. Kada se zavri kotiranje
klikne se samo opcija Esc na tipkovnici.

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 Promjena mjerila (SCALE)

Ukoliko se eli promijeniti mjerilo grafikog elementa koristi se opcija EdithScale pri
emu se prvo oznai element pa se pozove dotina funkcija pri emu se u status baru
pojavi informacija
kod koje se samo odabire hvatite/polaznu toku
za promjenu mjerila (scale).
Nakon toga se pojavi samo kartica u kojoj se upisuje scale faktor

Razvlaenje (STRETCH)
Ukoliko se eli promijeniti dimenzija grafikog elementa koristi se opcija
EdithStretch pri emu se prvo pozove funkcija, zatim se oznai dio elementa kojemu
se mijenja dimenzija

U status baru pojavi informacija

polaznu toku za promjenu dimenzije.

kod koje se samo odabire

Upotrebljivo je kliknuti na tipkovnici npr. X ukoliko se eli da se promjena smjera odvija

samo po X osi i za kraj se samo klikne lijevom tipkom mia za potvrdu odredita.

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13.

Simboli

Kako bi jednostavno radili s tzv. Master data podacima predlaemo promjenu radnog
okruja. Klikne se na opciju ViewWorkspace te se izabere sistemski definirano
radno okruje Masta dana editor te je na taj nain osiguran brzi rad s ikonicama na
alatnoj traci.

13.1.

Nova baza simbola

eli li se kreirati vlastita/nova baza simbola pokrene se opcija UtilitiesMaster

danaSymbol libraryNew pri emu se pojavi kartica na kojoj se u redu File
name upisuje ime nove baze simbola (npr.TEST)

Klikne se Save te se pojavi kartica na kojoj je potrebno odrediti Basic symbol library
(u ovome sluaju je odabrano BasicsSymbolLibrary a moe biti i IEC_Symbol ili bilo koji
drugi) te Symbol library description i eventualno bazni Grid.

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Klikne se OK i baza simbola je kreirana s brojem simbol u bazi 0.

13.2.

Novi simbol

Ukoliko se eli kreirati novi simbol u bazi simbola pokrene se opcija UtilitiesMaster
dataSymbolNew ili ikonica na alatnoj traci
(Master dana editor workspace).
Nakon toga se pojavi kartica na kojoj se odabere eljena varijanta simbola (svaki simbol
moe imati 8 varijanti A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H - 0, 90, 180,270 i mirror varijanta svake
navedene)

Nakon toga se pojavi kartica podeenja simbola.

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Symbol number
Symbol name
Symbol type
Function definition
Symbol
representation type

Odreuje se redni broj simbola u bazi simbola. Program

uvijek predloi prvi slobodni simbol.
Ime simbola u bazi simbola (npr. K je oznaka za
releje/sklopnike + dodatak imena)
Za standardne elektrine simbole koristi se Function
Odabere se to je simbol po Funkcijskoj definiciji kao kod
parts managementa
Odreuje se da li je simbol za 3-polne sheme (multi-line),
1-polne (single-line), instalacije (overview), grphics (za
izvjetaje)za svaki representation tip predlae se da
postoji zasebna baza simbola.

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Nakon toga se pojavi posebna stranica na kojoj se ureuje simbol. Crveni krui
predstavlja Insertion point (hvatite) simbola i na njemu se crta simbol. U Page
navigatoru se pojavljuje posebna ikonica na kojoj je mogue na desnom kliku mia
uvijek ui u podeenja svakog simbola te prilikom zavretka crtanja simbola, postavi
se na dotinu ikonicu te se klikne na desni klik mia i Close te se simbol zatvori a
snimanje je automatsko jer je rije o bazi.

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Simbol je mogue napraviti na nekoliko naina:

Crtanje simbola
Svaki simbol je mogue nacrtati koritenjem slobodne grafike

Nakon toga se koristi opcija za automatsko spajanje InsertConnection point

top/bottom/left/right

Pomou opcije InsertProperty text predefiniraju se podaci na kartici Display koji

e biti vidljivi na podeenju simbola

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Kao rezultat emo imati sljedee stanje:

Simbol za varijantu A je gotov.

ele li se definirati i druge varijante klikne se na opciju UtilitiesMaster
danaSymbolNew variant pri emu se pojavi kartica na kojoj se definira simbol u
eljenoj varijanti.

Source variant
Rotated by
Mirror graphics across
Y axis
Rotate connection
point designation
Rotate placed
properties

Odreuje se to ja bazni simbol za novu varijantu

Odreuje se kut rotacije simbola
Odreuje se da li e se raditi mirror simbola u odnosu na
bazni
Rotacija oznaka spojnih mjesta simbola (npr. A1:A2 kod
releja)
Rotacija oznaka propertiesa simbola (npr. ime K1 kod
releja, karakteristika 24VDC)

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NAPOMENA!

Na kartici Symbol editor se pojavljuju vidljive varijante (

). eli se ponovno
ureivati koja od varijanti samo se klikne na ikonicu varijante te se ponovno pristupa
eljenom simbolu. eli li se izbrisati pojedina varijanta, prvo se odabere varijanta preko
ikonice te se nakon toga klikne na ikonicu
ili preko opcije UtilitiesMaster
danaSymbolDelete variant.
Brisanje kompletnog simbola iz baze simbola se odvija preko opcije UtilitiesMaster
danaSymbolDelete.
Kada se ureivanje i kreiranja simbola tada se zatvara kreiranje simbol preko opcije
UtilitiesMaster danaSymbolClose ili desni klik mia na ikonicu u Page
navigatoru te opcija Close.
Simbol je automatski spremljen u bazu simbol.

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 Koritenja basic simbola

Umjesto cjelokupnog procesa crtanja simbola mogue je koristiti i basic simbol koji
program predlae na osnovu funkcijske definicije simbola iz podeenja simbola a
pozivanjem opcije InsertBasic symbol

U funkcijskoj definiciji simbola odreeno je da e element po funkciji biti coil pa na

osnovu toga program predlae simbol sa svim potrebnim definicijama i podeenjima za
simbol.
Nakon toga mogue je urediti simbol po elji.

Daljnji postupak za varijante i podeenja je jednak kao i u prethodnom primjeru.

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 Koritenje simbola iz postojee baze simbola

Novi simbol je mogue kreirati i koritenjem postojeeg simbola iz bilo koje baze simbola
ili ak zdruivanje vie simbola u jedan simbol. Da bi postupak bio realiziran koristi se
opcija InsertSymbol

Pozvala su 2 nezavisna simbola iz baze simbola IEC_Symbol te su se nakon toga spojili u

jedan eljeni simbol

Daljnji postupak za varijante i podeenja je jednak kao i u prethodnom primjeru.

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 Koritenje dxf/dwg simbola

Kod crtanja simbola mogue je umjesto samostalnog crtanja simbola, pomou EPLAN
grafike, iskoristiti postojei ACAD simbol (dxf/dwg).
Novi simbol, pomou ove metode, mogue je kreirati pozivanjem opcije
InsertGraphicsDXF / DWG

ACAD simbol se moe uvesti i pomou opcije drag&drop iz Windows Explorera.

Ostatak crtanja simbola se odvija kao prema prethodnim primjerima.
Koritenje makroa
Kod crtanja simbola mogue je umjesto samostalnog crtanja simbola, pomou EPLAN
grafike, iskoristiti postojee makroe
Novi simbol, pomou ove metode, mogue je kreirati pozivanjem opcije
InsertGraphicsWindows macro

Ostatak crtanja simbola se odvija kao prema prethodnim primjerima.

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Da bi kreirana baza simbola i simboli bili vidljivi i dohvatljivi u bazi simbola potrebno je
nadodati novokreiranu bazu simbola u projekt. Proces se odvija preko opcije
OptionsSettingsProject<Ime projekta>ManagementSymbol
libraries

Nakon toga je vrlo praktino kreirati zasebni filter ili nadodati bazu o predefinirani filter
simbola. U Simbol navigatoru se klikne pokraj opcije Filter na
.

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Pojavi se kartica za ureivanje Filter.

Pod opcijom Value klikne na

filtera nadoda i novokreirana

te se pojavi kartica u kojoj se postojeoj bazi unutar

Ukoliko se eli aktivirati ovaj filter potrebno je oznaiti opciju Activ na filteru.
Ukoliko nakon ove procedure nije vidljiv simbol potrebno je napraviti sinhronizaciju
podataka pomou opcije UtilitiesMaster danaUpdate current project ili
UtilitiesMaster danaSynchronize current project

NAPOMENA!

Svi Master data podaci (simboli, forme) se ureuju na razini sistema.

Svi podaci u projektu su na razini projekta. Program praktiki u tome procesu
prepisuje podatke s razine sistema na razinu projekta.
Razlog sinhronizacije je izmjena podataka izmeu sistema i projekta ili obratno.

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14.

Forme

14.1.

Ureivanje sastavnice

Ukoliko se eli prilagoditi postojea sastavnica vlastitim potrebama ili pak kreirati nova ili
na osnovu postojee ACAD sastavnice to e biti obavljeno preko opcija
UtilitiesMaster data PlotframeNew/Open/Copy.
Preporuuje se opcije Copy zbog jednostavnosti.
Pokrene se opcija UtilitiesMaster data PlotframeCopy pri emu program
zahtijeva da se izabere sastavnica koja e biti predloak na novu.

Izabere se eljena sastavnica i klikne se opcija Open te se pojavi sljedei prozor.

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Na njemu se upie novo ime sastavnice te se klikne opcija Save.

Nakon toga se pojavi prozor za ureivanje sastavnice.

ele li se podesiti odreeni podaci u propertisu sastavnice, potrebno je postaviti se na

ikonicu u Page navigatoru te kliknuti desni klik mia i izabrati opciju Properties pri
emu se pojavi sljedei prozor

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Number of columns
Number of rows
Column width [1n]
Row height [1n]
Grid
Row numbering
format
Column numbering
format
Start value (column)
Start value (row)
Contact image marigin
(in path)
Description

Definira se broj kolona u sastavnici

Definira se broj redova u sastavnici
Odreuje se dimenzija (irina) kolone
Odreuje se dimenzija (visina) reda
Standardni grid sastavnice
Format kolona moe biti numeriki ili alfanumeriki
Format redova moe biti numeriki ili alfanumeriki
Poetni broj/slovo kod numeriranja kolone
Poetni broj/slovo kod numeriranja redova
Udaljenost kontakata releja/sklopnika od dna stranice
Opis sastavnice

Nakon to se definiraju eljeni podaci moe se pristupiti grafikom ureivanju sastavnice

te pozivanju tzv specialnih tekstova.
Kako pristupiti ureivanju sastavnice?
Predlaemo maksimalnu prilagodbu na sljedei naina:
Definiranje tzv. Supplementary filed

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U podeenjima programa na OptionsSettingProject<Ime

projekta>Management Supplementary filedsKartica Project se upisuju
podaci koje se koriste u dosadanjim tijeku rada i koji e biti prepoznatljivi za sve
sudionike u procesu projektiranja.
Ova polja e biti vidljiva u properiesu projekta te u sastavnici projekta. Polja su na
hrvatskom i lako prepoznatljiva.
Definiranje obinih opisnih tekstova

Izbriu se sva polja iz sastavnice.

Nakon toga se definiraju opisna polja u sastavnici.
Opisno polje je obian EPLAN tekst koji se poziva pomou opcije InsertGraphics
Text ili pomou ikonice na alatnoj traci
.
Pojavljuje se polje za upis teksta

Sve tekstove je mogue definirati viejezino (multilingual) pritiskom na desni klik mia
pa opcija Multilingual (ili kratica na tipkovnici CTRL + L)

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Nakon toga se definiraju obini opisni tekstovi (imena polja mogu biti jednaka poljima iz
Supplementary fields).

Definiranje tzv. specialnih tekstova

Specialni tekstovi se pozivaju pomou opcije InsertSpecial textProject
properties ili Page properties.Dakle na sastavnicu je mogue postaviti podatke s
razine projekta ili s razine stranice.
U ovome primjeru e biti prikazan kombinacija sistemski definiranih tekstova za razinu
projekta/stranice te personalno definiranih u Supplementary field.
Prvo e se pozvati personalno definirani tekst (pomou opcije InsertSpecial
textProject properties)

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Nakon to se izabere eljeni specialni personalizirani tekst za razinu projekta

(InsertSpecial textProject properties<Ime projekta>), pojavljuje se kartica za
definiranje specialnog teksta. Mogu se podesiti kartice Format i Border (omoguava
da tekst bude uvijek u granicama pravokutnika bez obzira na njegovu duljinu).

Pri emu na stranici sastavnice vidimo rezultat

Nakon toga je mogue definirati eljeni specialni sistemski tekst za razinu stranice
(InsertSpecial textPage propertiesPage description) pri emu se pojavljuje kartica
za definiranje specialnog teksta kao i u prethodnom primjeru

I kao zadnje mogue je definirati eljeni specialni sistemski tekst za razinu projekta
(InsertSpecial textProject propertiesCreation date) pri emu se pojavljuje kartica
za definiranje specialnog teksta kao i u prethodnim primjerima.

Kada se definiraju svi eljeni specialni tekstovi na sastavnici tada kao rezultat imamo:

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 Insertiranje loga
Ukoliko se eli inserirati grafiki logo firme u sastavnicu, tada se poziva opcija
InsertGraphicsImage file, izabere se logo s hard diska pri emu se pojavljuje
prozor na kojemu se odluuje da li e na sastavnicu biti postavljen samo link (Keep
source directory) ili se kopira logo u projekt folder (Copy). Nakon toga se pozicionira u
sastavnicu na eljeno mjestu sa eljenim dimenzijama.

Ukoliko se eli inserirati dxf/dwg logo firme u sastavnicu, tada se poziva opcija
InsertGraphicsDXF/DWG, izabere se logo s hard diska i pozicionira se u
sastavnicu na eljeno mjestu sa eljenim dimenzijama.
Definiranje kolona/redova
U propertisima sastavnice se definira broj kolona/redova i njihove dimenzije, meutim
program ne crta automatski linije u sastavnicu.

Da bi kolone bile vizualno vidljive potrebno ih je nacrtati pomou InsertGraphics

Line

Na taj nain je proces ureivanja sastavnice dovren. Budui da su podaci u bazi, nema
opcije Save ve je dovoljno samo zatvoriti ureivanje klikom na ili desni klik na
ikonicu
pa opcija Close. Ureivanje je zatvoreno a svi podaci su spremljeni.

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 Upisivanje podatka projekta

Da bi cjelokupni proces definiranja sastavnice bio dovren i podaci bili vidljivi u
sastavnici projekta, na svim stranicama projekta potrebno je napraviti sljedee radnje:
I. Otvaranje propertisa projekta na nain da se postavi na ikonicu projekta u Page
navigatoru pa desni klik mia te ProjectProperties (ili pomou opcije
ProjectManagement<Project>Edit) pri emu se pojavljuje prozor za
definiranje podataka projekta.

NAPOMENA!

Najjednostavniji nain vlastitog definiranja je da se prvo izbriu sva polja te nakon

toga se pozovu eljena nova polja.
Brisanje svih polja mogue je jedino na nain da se prvo izbriu podaci iz polja
Value na nain da se selekcioniraju sva polja (CTRL + A) te nakon toga klikne
desni klik mia pa opcija Delete i za brisanje svih redova pritiskom na gumb

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II. Pozivanje novih polja klikom na gumb

pri emu se pojavljuje prozor sa svim
moguim propertisima. Izaberu se na isti nain sva polja za sastavnicu i
eventualno naslovnicu

III. Definiranje podataka projekta u polju Value

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IV. Podeavanje novokreirane sastavnice za razinu projekta preko opcije

OptionsSettingsProject<Ime projekta>ManagementPages

V. Nakon toga potrebno je osvjeiti podatke pritiskom na opciju ViewRedraw ili

pritiskom kratice na tipkovnici F5 pri emu kao rezultat u sastavnici imamo

NAPOMENA!

Da bi cjelokupni proces bio visoko standardiziran za razinu firme i sve njezine

korisnike potrebno je sada kreirati Project template (ili Basic project) pomou
opcije ProjectOrganizeCreate project template.
Na taj nain prilikom otvaranja svakog sljedeeg novog projekta svi podaci o
projektu i sastavnica je definirana. Potrebno je samo mijenjati podatke o projekt u
polju Value

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14.2.

Ureivanje formi

Ureivanje formi je globalno gotovo identino nainu ureivanju sastavnice. Da bi se

otvorilo ureivanje forme potrebno je pozvati opciju UtilitiesMaster dataForm
Open ili desni klik mia u Page navigatoru pa opcija FormOpen.
Nakon toga se izabere tip forme koji e se ureivati.
Biti e demonstrirano na 2 klasina primjera. Sve ostale forme se ureuju na identian
nain.
14.2.1.

Lista materijala

Ukoliko se eli ureivati Lista materijala tada se pozove opcija UtilitiesMaster

danaForm Open te se izabere tip forme Parts list

Izabere se eljena forma (npr. F01_02.f01) koja je po svojoj karakteristici DINAMIKA

forma jer je broje redova varijabilan (karakteristina grafika za DINAMIKU formu je da
je forma mala tj.definiran je samo prvi red a ostali su varijabilni ovisno o broju
komponenti).
Nakon toga se pristupa ureivanju forme.

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NAPOMENA!

Upitnici (???) umjesto tekstova su vidljivi iz razloga to je forma napravljena na

ENG jeziku a podeenja projekta su HR (OptionsSettingsProject<Ime
projekta>TranslationGeneral)
Ureivanje e se odvijati u nekoliko faza bez obzira na poredak:
I. U prvoj fazi prvo e se prevesti sve tekstove i na HR jezik na nain da se napravi
dvostruki klik mia na tekst (???) pa se pojavi prozor na kojemu nije vidljiv niti
jedan tekst a upravo iz navedenog razloga iz Napomene.

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II. Nakon toga se postavi u prostor (Enter text polje) te se klikne desni klik mia i
izabere se opcija Multi-lingual input pri emu se pojavi kartica za viejezini
unos teksta te se upie i HR prijevod.

Nakon toga se klikne OK i tekst na formi je vidljiv.

III. Prema istom principu treba prevesti i sve ostale tekstove te nadodati nove ukoliko
je potrebno.

IV. Ureivanje tzv.specialnih ili varijabilnih tekstova, koji su zapravo poveznica s

podacima iz kataloga ili sheme, se odvija na nain da se napravi dvostruki klik na
postojei tekst ili se pozove novi pomou opcije InsertPlacehoder text pri
emu se pojavljuje kartica na kojoj se odreuje eljeni Placeholder text za ovaj
tip forme.

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V. Nakon to se kartica otvorila pritiskom na

propertisa iz sheme i kataloga.

pristupa se popisu svih moguih

Device data propertisi se odnose na podatke o elementu iz sheme dok Parts

data propertis se odnose na podatke iz kataloga o dotinom elementu.
VI. U sljedeoj fazi moe doi do grafikog preureenja forme koristei opciju
InsertGraphicsLine te ureujui postojee linije na kartici Format.

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VII. Dinamike forme imaju Zaglavlje i Podnoje (InsertDinamic form

Header/Footer area) u kojima se nalaze generalni podaci te Podatkovnu
tabelu (InsertDinamic formData area) u kojoj se nalaze podaci o
elementima. Dinamika forma se moe ureivati prema elji. Vidljivo je da
DINAMIKA forma ima samo jedan red za podatke. Ukupan broj moguih redova
se definira u propertisu forme.
VIII. eli li se ui u propertis forme i definirati podatke o formu i u samoj formi,
postavi se na ikonicu za ureivanje forme u Page navigatoru te se klikne desni
klik mia i izabere opcija Properties.

Description
Grid
Adapt row heigh
dynamicaly
No. of rows
Row height
Form handling

Opis forme
Standardni grid forme
Program automatski proiruje redove ukoliko je tekst
predugaak
Broj redova
Veliina reda
Tip forme (dinamika ili statika)

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Format for automatic

page description
No. of columns
Column width

Klikom na [] u ovome redu pristupa se kartici za moguu

automatsku definiciji forme u Page descriptionu za npr.
Sadraj
Ovdje se definira broj kolona (uovome sluaju imamo samo
jednu kolonu)
Definira se irina kolone ako ih ima vie od jedne

IX. Na taj nain je proces ureivanja forme dovren. Budui da su podaci u bazi,
nema opcije Save ve je dovoljno samo zatvoriti ureivanje klikom na ili desni
klik na ikonicu u Page navigatoru pa opcija Close. Ureivanje je zatvoreno a svi
podaci su spremljeni.
X. eli li se forma podesiti za izradu Izvjetaja potrebno je kliknutu na
OptionsSettingsProject<Ime projekta>ReportsOutput to
page te u redu Parts list kliknutu na [] u polju forme i izabrati ureivanu. Na
taj nain je ova forma ukljuena u izradu izvjetaja tj. Liste materijala.
14.2.2.

Prikljuni plan

Ukoliko se eli ureivati Prikljuni plan tada se pozove opcija UtilitiesMaster

danaForm Open te se izabere tip forme Terminal diagram. Kako ne bi gubili
vrijeme na bespotrebna prevoenja i ureivanje forme, HR forme mogue je pronai na
EXOR FTP serveru (ftp.exor.hr) u mapi Forme. Sve forme se kopiraju u Va folder
Forme unutar instalacije EPLAN-a. Nakon toga se izabere eljena forma za ureivanje.

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Princip ureivanja je identian prethodnom primjeru za Listu materijala uz iznimku

propertisa koji su karakteristini za stezaljke i veze (kabele, vodie).

NAPOMENA!

Predugake tzv.Placeholder tekstove se moe na jednostavan nain prikazati i

pomou brojeva na nain ViewProperties as number pri emu se poveava
preglednost formi kod ureivanja.

Kao to je spomenuto princip ureivanja je isti pa stoga nee biti detaljno razraeno kao
u prethodnom primjeru ve e biti objanjene samo 2 zanimljive opcije.
I. Na formi postoji Placeholder tekst Conductor table, external / Connection
color (number) koji ima funkciju upisivanja veza u prikljunom planu.

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U standardnoj definiciji forme nije oznaena opcija Display all connection to

automatski dovodi do toga da bi u tome sluaju bili u prikljunom planu bili
vidljivi samo kabeli ali ne i vodii.
Ukoliko se ova opcija oznai tada e u prikljunom planu biti vidljive sve veze tj. i
kabeli i vodii to i je najei zahtjev korisnika.

II. U prikljunom planu se eli vidjeti poseban simbol za uzemljenje uz stezaljku PE.
Postavi se na ikonicu za ureenje formi u Page navigatoru te se klikne desni klik
se pozove poseban
mia i izabere se opcija Properties. Pritiskom na gumb
tekst Assigment:Function definition to graphics

182 / 205

Zatim se klikne na [] u polju Value te se pojavi nova kartica na kojoj se

definira uz koju Funkcijsku definiciju stezaljke ide koji simbol. Pritiskom na
gumb
se definiraju sve mogue opcije za Funkcijske definicije.
U ovome sluaju e biti prikazana opcija samo za funkcijsku definiciju PE
terminal, 4 targets

Nakon toga se klikne na [] u polju Symbol name pri emu se pojavi sljedea
kartica na kojoj se iz baze simbola GRAPHICS (obavezno!!!) odabire eljeni
grafiki simbol za definiranu funkcijsku definiciju.

Uvijek je mogue definirati samo jedan simbol uz odreenu funkcijsku definiciju.

183 / 205

Kao rezultat je vidljivo sljedee stanje

Nakon toga je potrebno postaviti taj isti Placeholder tekst na formu. Pozove se
opcija InsertPlaceholder text te ponovno pozove Assigment:Function
definition to graphics iz Terminal propertiesa.

Nakon to se pozove opcija tekst se postavi na eljeno mjesto u formi.

184 / 205

III. Na taj nain je proces ureivanja forme dovren. Budui da su podaci u bazi,
nema opcije Save ve je dovoljno samo zatvoriti ureivanje klikom na ili desni
klik na ikonicu u Page navigatoru pa opcija Close. Ureivanje je zatvoreno a svi
podaci su spremljeni.
IV. eli li se forma podesiti za izradu Izvjetaja potrebno je kliknutu na
OptionsSettingsProject<Ime projekta>ReportsOutput to
page te u redu Terminal diagram kliknutu na [] u polju forme i izabrati
ureivanu. Na taj nain je ova forma ukljuena u izradu izvjetaja tj. Prikljunog
plana.
Kao rezultat u prikljunom planu e biti sve podeene opcije.

185 / 205

15.

Rad s 1-polnim shemama

15.1.

1-polna baza simbola

Da bi radili s 1-polnim shemama potrebno je prethodno podesiti baze simbola.

Ukoliko imate Professional licencu ili Single-line modula tada se na stranici tipa
Schematic Single-line insertiraju 1-polni simboli koji se isporuuju sa programom.
Baza simbola se zove IEC_single_symbol.
Baze simbola se podeavaju na OptionsSettingsProject<Ime projekta>
ManagementSymbol library.
Ukoliko imate Compact ili Select licencu tada nije mogue koristiti bazu simbola
IEC_single_symbol jer je ta baza simbola prireena samo za jednopolni tip stranica.
Kako ova dvije licence nemaju 1-polni tip stranica tada nije niti mogue koristiti isto.
Stvar je u tome da svaki simbol iz dotine baze simbola ima properties Single line pa
one vrijede samo za jednopolni tip stranice.

Kako bi mogli raditi i korisnici Compacta i Selecta s 1-polnim shemama, na EXOR FTP
serveru (ftp://ftp.exor.hr/ePLAN/) mogue je pronai bazu simbola koja se zove IEC_1polni simboli kojima je promijenjen properties u Multi-line te ih je nadalje mogue
koristiti na stranici tipa Schematic Multi-line.
U sljedeem poglavlju biti e prikazan rad s 1-polnim shemama na tipu stranice
Schematic Multi-line s prepravljenom bazom simbola za licence Compact i Select.

186 / 205

15.2.

Kreiranje 1-polne linije

Objasniti e se mogunost automatizacije Vaih 1-polnih linija. Postupak e biti

objanjen kroz nekoliko toaka:
I. Kreiranje 1-polne sabirnice. Sabirnica e biti kreiran pomou opcije strelica
potencijal InsertConnection symbolaInterruption point te opcije za
poetak/kraj potencijala InsertPotential connection point

II. Definicija tzv. BUSBAR prikljuka. Pozove se opcija InsertBox/Connection

point/Mounting locationBusbar connection point te se postavi element
na 1-polnu sabirnicu

Pri emu se automatski otvori kartica za podeenje i upisivanje podataka

Pod Display DT predlaemo upisivanje broja strujnog kruga ili eventualno oznaku
faze/sabirnice.

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Na kartici Symbol/Function data potrebno je oznaiti opciju Main function.

(potrebno je podesiti ovu funkciju iz razloga ispravnog numeriranja i
renumeriranja strujnog kruga)

III. Definiranje elementa zatite (osigura, prekidaa,). Iz 1-polne baze simbola se

pozove npr. automatski osigura FA1 pomou jedno od opcija za pozivanje
simbola InsertSymbol.

188 / 205

Kod crtanje 1-polnih shema ne upisuju se podaci Connection point

designation.
Podaci o struji se upisuju runo u polje Technical characteristic ili ih je
mogue dobiti automatski iz kataloga ako je uz ovaj element pridjeljen kataloki
broj (kartica Parts). Karakterisitku osiguraa predlaemo za upis u polje
Function text, meutim Vi ga moete upisivati u bilo koje drugo eljeno polje.

IV. Definiranje stezaljke/letve. Iz baze simbola se pozove simbol stezaljke X te se

postavi u shemu.

Kod crtanje 1-polnih shema ne upisuju se podaci o stezaljci u Connection point

designation. U ovome primjeru podatke o ukupnom broju stezaljki upisujemo u
polje Remark. Kasnije je mogue dobiti prikljuni plan na osnovu ovoga podatka

189 / 205

Ukoliko elimo u shemi uz stezaljku vidjeti ovaj podatak, potrebno je otii na

karticu Display te kliknuti na gumb
i pozvati Remark.

Nakon toga je shemi vidljiva sljedea situacija:

190 / 205

V. Definiranje troila/elemenata strujnog kruga. Kako u strujnom krugu postoji vei

broj troila, njih emo simboliki prikazati pomou elementa Black box. Pozove
se opcija InsertBox/Connection point/Mounting locationBlack box te
njegov prikljuak InsertBox/Connection point/Mounting location
Device connection point.

Nakon toga podesimo tekstove na kartici Display i kartici Format

191 / 205

Naravno izmeu 1-polne stezaljke/letve i black boxa koji predstavlja strujni

krug mogue je definirati kabel pozivanjem opcije InsertCable definition

Nakon toga dobijemo 1-polnu liniju kao u primjeru Makro 1. Nakon toga
napravimo jo 3 dodatna varijante koje bi se mogli pojavljivati u radu (Makro 2,
Makro 3, Makro 4).

192 / 205

VI. Kreiranje makro varijanti. Oznai se 1-polna linija te se pozove opcije

EditCreate window macro i kreira se macro kao varijanta A, nakon toga
Macro 2 snimimo kao varijanta B ali naravno pod istim imenom te za Makro
3 i 4 snimimo varijante C i D.

NAPOMENA!

Makroe pozivamo s kraticom M na tipkovnici a varijante mijenjamo nakon

toga s opcijom TAB na tipkovnici

193 / 205

VII. eli li se makrou pridijeliti inteligentna tabela s podacima za odreene elemente u

liniji koristiti e se opcija InsertPlaceholder object. Pozove se novokreirani
makro te se postavi na shemu na eljeno mjesto, nakon toga se pozove opcija
Placeholder object pri emu se zaokrui/oznai 1-polna linija i na kraju se
pojavi prozor za definiranje tabele s podacima.

U prozoru Values klikne se na desni klik mia i izabere opcija New variable pri
emu se definiraju polja varijabli kao prema primjeru na slici.
Nakon toga se klikne ponovno na desni klik mia i izabere se opcija New value
set pri emu se definiraju vrijednosti za svaku od karakteristika.

194 / 205

VIII. Nakon to smo zavrili definiciju varijabli injihovih vrijednosti na kartici Value,
moramo otii na karticu Assigment koja slui za povezivanje definirane tabele sa
poljima u propertisima elemenata na 1-polnoj liniji

Npr. U tabeli Values smo definiriali struju zatite i sada elimo taj podatak
povezati sa poljem Technical characteristic. Postaviti emo se na polje
Variabl, kliknuti desni klik mia i izabrati opciju Select varijabla pri emu e se
pojaviti kartica na kojoj se pak izabire opcija Struja zatite koju smo definirali u
tabeli, kliknemo OK i proces je zavren.

195 / 205

Na isti nain definiramo i sve ostale podatke iz tabele. Najjednostavniji nain

pronalaenja podatka iz velike tabele Assigment je ime iz sheme makroa te
njegova vrijednost.

IX. Nakon toga pomaknemo znak Sidro iznad 1-polne linije i ponovno sve skupa
(postojei makro i sidro) snimimo kao makro pod istim imenom (varijanta A)
pomou opcije EditCreate window macro

Ukoliko elimo da nam sidro nije dio printa tad iskljuimo njegov layer (Layer
EPLAN322). Pokrenemo opciju OptionsLayer management te iskljuimo
opciju Print.

196 / 205

NAPOMENA!

Opcija Placeholder object MORA biti napravljena za svaku varijantu makroa.

U ovome primjeru je bilo prikazano samo za varijantu A.

15.3.

Rad s Placeholder objectom

Nakon to smo definirali placeholder object za varijantu A te nakon to smo sve

skupa snimili kao macro, macro pozivamo standardno pomou kratice na tipkovnici M
,postavimo ga na eljeno mjesto u shemi, gdje nakon toga se pojavljuje prozor u
kojemu nas program trai da izaberemo snagu strujnog kruga.

Izabire se snaga strujnog kruga i klikne se OK.

Nakon toga nas program pita da li elimo automatski numerirati elemente u liniji pri
emu izabiremo opciju Number.

Program automatski numerira elemente u liniji te im pridjeljuje vrijednosti iz tabele.

197 / 205

Kao rezultat koritenja ovoga makroa imamo sljedeu sliku:

eli li se promijeniti snaga strujnog kruga (a pri tome i vrijednosti svih elemenata u liniji
u skladu sa snagom a na osnovu definirane tabele), oznai se sidro, klikne se desni
klik na njega te se izabare opcija Assigne value set pri emu se ponovno pojavljuje
prozor za izbor snage strujnog kruga. Izabere se nova eljena snaga i klikne se OK pri
emu se svi elementi u liniji izmjenjeni.
ele li se promijeniti podaci u tabeli Value napravi se dvostruki klik mia na sidro
] pri emu se ponovno pojavljuje poetna tabela za definiranje podataka.
[

198 / 205

U tabeli se mogu nadodati i nove vrijednosti koje e biti povezane u kartici Assigment
po gore objanjenom nainu.

NAPOMENA!

eli li se pridodati novi element u postojeu liniju macroa tj.Placeholder object.

Postavi se na sidro, klikne se desni klik mia i izabere opcija Assign object to
placeholder object i oznai/nadoda se novu objek u postojeu grupu.

15.4.

Renumeriranje elemenata

Ukoliko se eventualno ubaci novi strujni krug izmeu postojeih, program NEE
automatski pomaknuti/renumerirati elemente. Princip rada renumeriranja je vrlo
jednostavan. ele li se renumerirati imena strujnih krugova, oznai se jedan black box
koji simbolizira troila strujnog kruga, nakon toga se klikne desni klik mia i izabere
opcija Higlight object of same type pri emu su oznaeni svi elementi istog tipa.
Zatim se klikne opcija Project danaDevicesNumber pri emu se pojavi kartica za
renumeriranje elemenata

199 / 205

Ukoliko se oznai opcija Apply to entire project tada su svi elementi obuhvaeni
renumeriranjem.

Na taj nain vrlo jednostavno renumerirate i slaete elemente strujnog kruga i same
strujne krugove.

15.5.

Ureivanje podatka elemenat

elimo li na jednostavan i brz nain ureivati podatke elemenata 1-polne linije (ili bilo
kojih drugih) po istom principu kao uprethodnom sluaju oznaimo eljenu grupu
elemenata (desni klik mia pa Higlight object of same type) te nakon toga kliknemo
desni klik mia i izaberemo opciju Edit in tabel pri emu se pojavljuju podaci u
tabelarnom prikazu kao prema slici

U ovome primjeru promijeniti emo samo Function text. Nakon toga kliknemo na
zatvorimo tabeli a podac su automatski uitani.

Kod ureivanja utabelarnom prikazu najbolje je kreirati vlastitu shemau za odreeni tip
ureaja kako bi ureivanje bilo jednostavni i komforno.

200 / 205

Kliknemo na gumb
i krenemu u kreiranje nove vlastite Scheme. Oznaavanjem
podataka u Column configuration zapravo kreiramo podatke koji e biti vidljivi u
tabeli za ureivanje i koje moemo ukljuivati/iskljuivati prema potrebi.

Preporuamo da si kreirate scheme za svaki tip elemenata (osigurae, stezaljke,

kabele,).

201 / 205

15.6.

Definiranje katalokih brojeva strujnog kruga

elimo li definirati za trokovnik sve elemente strujnog kruga, napravimo dvostruki klik
mia na Black box i otvorimo karticu Parts, kliknemo na [] u polju Part number pri
emu automatski pristupamo katalogu. Izabiremo kataloke brojeve elemenat koji su dio
strujnog kruga.

Pri emu u trokovniku imamo rezultat

Po istoj analogiji se definira i kabel i letva i ostali elementi u grupi.

NAPOMENA!

Ogledni projekat je mogue pronai na EXOR FTP serveru (ftp.exor.hr) u folderu

PROJEKTI, ime projekta 1-polne sheme.zw1. Unutar projekta je mogue pronai
forme za trokovnik, kabele, prikljune planove podeene za 1-poni prikaz.
202 / 205

15.7.

Rad s ACAD podlogama

Pomou opcije InsertGraphicDXF/DWG ili pomou opcije drag&drop iz

Windows Explorera mogue je uvesti ACAD podlogu za instalacije. Prilikom
prilagoavanja podlege potrebno je koristiti EditScale ili promjenu mjerila stranice ili
promjenu veliine sastavnice.

Nakon toga se mogu insertirati simboli za elektrine instalacije koje moete sami izraditi
ili nai na EXOR FTP serveru (ftp.exor.hr) u folderu SIMBOLI, ime baze Instalacije.

Simboli mogu biti povezani s EPLAN-ovom inteligentnom linijom ili s grafikom linijom
(InsertGraphicLine ili Polyline).

203 / 205

Ukoliko elimo povezati sve elemente strujnog kruga s podloge (S1, X2, X3, H1) sa
Black boxom SK1 (napomena strujni krug 1) sa 1-polne linije, potrebno je podesiti da
svi elementi na jednoj i drugoj shemi nosie isto ime (npr.SK1).
Funkcija radi po principu glavnih i pomonih elemenata.
Element black box e imati oznaku Main function a ostali na podalozi ACAD-a nee
imati oznaen ovaj properties.

Ukoliko elimo promijeniti ime strujnog kruga npr.s SK1 na SK1.1 tada ukljuimo opciju
Project dataDevisesNavigator, postavimo se na strujni krug ije ime elimo
promijeniti, kliknemo desni klik mia i izaberemo opciju Rename pri emu imamo
promjenu na obje sheme.

204 / 205

Za sva dodatna pitanja vezana uz odreene opcije i mogunosti kontaktirajte Vau

EPLAN podrku putem e-maila: eplan@exor.hr ili putem telefona +385 1 66 51 872
Vae EPLAN tim

205 / 205

User's Guide Version 3.00.08

++

CADdy Electrical
Engineering
Version 3
basic, economy & professional

Table of Contents
A .

Welcome

A-1

About On-line Help ................................................................................... A-1

Installing CADdy ++ ET............................................................................... A-2
Getting started .......................................................................................... A-2
B .

Using Help

B-1

The Basic Principles .................................................................................B-1

Menu Help.....................................................................................B-1
Icon Help .......................................................................................B-1
Index Search.................................................................................B-2
Keyword Search ...........................................................................B-4
Printing the Help Pages ............................................................................B-6
Print one Page at a Time..............................................................B-6
Print an Entire Topic .....................................................................B-6
Printing the Manual .......................................................................B-7
C .

FAQ

C-1

Frequently Asked Questions ....................................................................C-1

Questions about CADdy ++ Electrical Engineering ........................C-1
General Questions ........................................................................C-3
D .

Workspace

D-1

Introduction ...............................................................................................D-1
Project Bar ................................................................................................D-2
Project Properties .....................................................................................D-4
Circuit Diagrams .......................................................................................D-5
Other documents ......................................................................................D-7
Graphical Lists ..........................................................................................D-8
Database Lists ..........................................................................................D-8
E .

CADdy Commands

E-1

File ............................................................................................................E-1
System Settings............................................................................E-1
Archive Workspace.......................................................................E-2
Reactivate Archived Workspace..................................................E-3
Compress Workspace..................................................................E-3
New Workspace............................................................................E-4
New Page .....................................................................................E-4
Open Workspace..........................................................................E-4
Open Page....................................................................................E-4
Open Page Template....................................................................E-5
Open AutoCAD DXF / DWG.........................................................E-5
Open CADdy Drawing ..................................................................E-5

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Table of Contents i

Close Workspace..........................................................................E-6
Close Page ...................................................................................E-6
Save ..............................................................................................E-7
Workspace (Save as)................................................................E-7
Workspace Template (Save as) ...............................................E-7
Workspace in AutoCAD (Save as) ...........................................E-8
Page (Save as) .........................................................................E-8
Page Template (Save as) .........................................................E-8
Enhanced META file (Save as).................................................E-9
AutoCAD DWG/DXF (Save as) ................................................E-9
Delete Page ................................................................................E-10
Next Page ...................................................................................E-10
Previous Page.............................................................................E-10
Workspace Information...............................................................E-10
Page Information ........................................................................E-11
Properties Diagrams...................................................................E-13
Properties Page ..........................................................................E-16
Regenerate Database ................................................................E-17
Print Setup ..................................................................................E-17
Print.............................................................................................E-18
Print Crystal Report ....................................................................E-19
Import CADdy Symbols ..............................................................E-20
List of Previous Projects .............................................................E-21
Exit ..............................................................................................E-21
Window ...................................................................................................E-22
Window Cascade........................................................................E-22
Window Tile ................................................................................E-22
Edit ..........................................................................................................E-23
Undo............................................................................................E-23
Redo............................................................................................E-23
Cut...............................................................................................E-23
Copy............................................................................................E-24
Paste...........................................................................................E-24
Insert Bitmap Object...................................................................E-25
Insert New OLE Object...............................................................E-25
Links ............................................................................................E-26
Select..........................................................................................E-26
Select by single element.............................................................E-27
Select All .....................................................................................E-27
Deselect All .................................................................................E-28
Move Selected ............................................................................E-28
Rotate Selected ..........................................................................E-29
Scale Selected............................................................................E-29
Mirror Selected............................................................................E-30
Erase Selected ...........................................................................E-30
Break...........................................................................................E-30
Extend .........................................................................................E-31
Trim .............................................................................................E-31
Join..............................................................................................E-32
Group Selected ...........................................................................E-32
Add selected to group.................................................................E-36
Ungroup Selected .......................................................................E-37
Properties Selected ....................................................................E-37
Debugger ....................................................................................E-38
View ........................................................................................................E-39

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Table of Contents ii

Redraw........................................................................................E-39
Zoom Original .............................................................................E-39
Zoom Window .............................................................................E-39
Show Grid ...................................................................................E-39
Show Line Width.........................................................................E-40
Show Connection Points ............................................................E-40
Show Wire Direction ...................................................................E-41
Show All Functiontexts ...............................................................E-41
Show Marked Functiontexts .......................................................E-41
Hide All Functiontexts .................................................................E-41
Snap to Points.............................................................................E-42
Trackers on Selected Elements .................................................E-42
Show All Elements ......................................................................E-43
Toolbar ....................................................................................................E-44
Customize...................................................................................E-44
Save Position ..............................................................................E-45
Style Bar .....................................................................................E-45
Draw........................................................................................................E-47
Potential - Top.............................................................................E-47
Potential - Bottom .......................................................................E-47
Potential - Any.............................................................................E-48
1 Wire Dynamic ..........................................................................E-48
3 Wires Dynamic.........................................................................E-49
Cables .........................................................................................E-51
Function/Location Box ................................................................E-53
Dimension Horizontal..................................................................E-53
Dimension Vertical......................................................................E-54
Dimension btw. 2 lines................................................................E-55
Dimension btw. 2 pts..................................................................E-56
Dimension Settings.....................................................................E-57
Line .............................................................................................E-59
MultiLine......................................................................................E-59
MultiLine Settings .......................................................................E-60
Rectangle....................................................................................E-61
Circle...........................................................................................E-61
Arc...............................................................................................E-61
Ellipse..........................................................................................E-61
Polygon Area ..............................................................................E-62
Fill/Hatch Area ............................................................................E-62
Parallel ........................................................................................E-63
Text .........................................................................................................E-64
New Text .....................................................................................E-64
Edit text .......................................................................................E-70
Edit Component ..........................................................................E-72
Translate Text .............................................................................E-73
Functions ................................................................................................E-75
Type Database ...........................................................................E-75
Update Type Information ............................................................E-78
Mirror Database..........................................................................E-78
Wire Numbering..........................................................................E-81
Clear Numbering.........................................................................E-84
Clear selected.............................................................................E-84
Wire Direction .............................................................................E-84
Wire Properties ...........................................................................E-85
Swap Connection........................................................................E-86

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Table of Contents iii

Update Connection Number .......................................................E-87

Multicore .....................................................................................E-89
Autodiagram................................................................................E-90
Change Normsheet.....................................................................E-90
Additional Tools ......................................................................................E-91
Navigator.....................................................................................E-91
Select Component in Group .......................................................E-91
F .

Graphical Lists

F-1

Introduction ............................................................................................... F-1

Opening a List........................................................................................... F-1
Create Form.............................................................................................. F-3
Generate List ............................................................................................ F-4
The Lists ................................................................................................... F-5
List of Documents ......................................................................... F-5
List of Products ............................................................................. F-6
List of Terminals ........................................................................... F-7
List of Cables ................................................................................ F-8
Lists of Cable-Wires...................................................................... F-9
List of Cables sorted................................................................... F-10
Lists of Cable-Wires sorted ........................................................ F-11
List of PLC I/O............................................................................. F-12
List of Wires ................................................................................ F-13
List of Parts ................................................................................. F-14
Terminal Matrix ........................................................................... F-15
Terminal Matrix Graphic ............................................................. F-15
List of Multicores ......................................................................... F-16
G .

Database Utilities

G-1

Introduction ...............................................................................................G-1
Opening a DB-list......................................................................................G-2
Viewing a DB-list.......................................................................................G-3
Manipulating Single Data..........................................................................G-5
Manipulating Multiple Data .......................................................................G-6
The Information.........................................................................................G-8
Documents....................................................................................G-8
Productlist.....................................................................................G-9
Terminals ......................................................................................G-9
Cables .........................................................................................G-10
Cable-Wires ................................................................................G-10
Contacts......................................................................................G-11
PLC I/O .......................................................................................G-11
Wires ...........................................................................................G-11
Signals ........................................................................................G-12
Product Editor .............................................................................G-12
Terminal Editor............................................................................G-13
Cable Editor ................................................................................G-13
Wire Editor ..................................................................................G-14
Doublename Check....................................................................G-14
Overbooked contacts..................................................................G-15
Print List......................................................................................G-15
Multicores....................................................................................G-16
H .

Standards

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

H-1
Table of Contents iv

List of Standards .......................................................................................H-1

Drawing Sheet format and layout ..........................................................H-1
Colour Codes ............................................................................................H-2
Conductor and Terminal Marking .............................................................H-3
Preparation of Documents........................................................................H-5
Reference Designation .............................................................................H-7
Graphical symbols for diagrams...............................................................H-9
Letter Codes ...........................................................................................H-12
Extract of IEC 61346-2 - Table 1 ................................................H-14
Former Letter Codes (IEC 750)..............................................................H-16
J .

Symbols

J-1

Introduction ................................................................................................J-1
Defining a Symbol......................................................................................J-3
Constructing the Graphics.............................................................J-3
Group Elements .............................................................................J-5
Save Symbol..................................................................................J-6
Edit Symbol................................................................................................J-7
Symbol Database ......................................................................................J-8
Location..........................................................................................J-8
Manipulating...................................................................................J-8
Contents.........................................................................................J-9
Manipulating Symbol Folders ......................................................J-11
Managing symbols...................................................................................J-12
General ........................................................................................J-12
Symbol Assistant .........................................................................J-12
Insert Symbol ...............................................................................J-14
Symbol Dialog..............................................................................J-15
PLC Documentation.................................................................................J-18
General ........................................................................................J-18
PLC Signal Card ..........................................................................J-20
PLC Reference Card ...................................................................J-21
PLC Additional Graphics .............................................................J-25
K .

Templates

K-1

Introduction ...............................................................................................K-1
Workspace Template................................................................................K-1
Page Template .........................................................................................K-2
Drawing Sheet ..........................................................................................K-2
CADdy ++ ET Drawing Sheet .........................................................K-3
CADdy Drawing-Sheet .................................................................K-4
New Drawing-Sheets ....................................................................K-6
L .

Project Example 1

L-1

Introduction ............................................................................................... L-1

Abbreviations ................................................................................ L-1
Creating a New Project............................................................................. L-3
Draw Sheet 1 ............................................................................................ L-7
Create Sheet 1.............................................................................. L-7
Potentials on Sheet 1 ................................................................. L-12
Electrical Symbols on Sheet 1.................................................... L-14
Protective Device, Closing by Hand on Sheet 1 ........................ L-17
Circuit Breaker on Sheet 1 ......................................................... L-17

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Table of Contents v

Motor on Sheet 1 ........................................................................ L-18

Insert Type and Function ............................................................ L-19
Contactors on Sheet 1................................................................ L-20
Terminal Strip with 5 Terminals on Sheet 1 ............................... L-22
Power Supply for Terminal Strip on Sheet 1 .............................. L-24
Terminal Strip with 4 Terminals on Sheet 1 ............................... L-25
Connect Symbols on Sheet 1..................................................... L-29
Wires on Sheet 1 ........................................................................ L-30
Relay Coil on Sheet 1 ................................................................. L-31
Connect Relay Coil on Sheet 1 .................................................. L-33
Circuit Breaker in a Connection on Sheet 1 ............................... L-33
Break Contact on Sheet1 ........................................................... L-34
Copy a Path on Sheet 1 ............................................................. L-35
Lamp on Sheet 1 ........................................................................ L-37
Relay Contact on Sheet 1........................................................... L-38
Terminals on Sheet 1.................................................................. L-39
Cable on Sheet 1 ........................................................................ L-41
Sheet 1 Illustrated ....................................................................... L-43
Draw Sheet 2 .......................................................................................... L-44
Create Sheet 2............................................................................ L-44
Draw Potentials on Sheet 2 ........................................................ L-47
Show Two Sheets Simultaneously............................................. L-47
Copy Potentials ........................................................................... L-48
Electrical Symbols on Sheet 2.................................................... L-49
Fuses on Sheet 2........................................................................ L-50
Contactor on Sheet 2.................................................................. L-51
Motor on Sheet 2 ........................................................................ L-54
Connect Symbols on Sheet 2..................................................... L-55
Wires on Sheet 2 ........................................................................ L-56
Terminal Strips on Sheet 2 ......................................................... L-58
Relay Coils on Sheet 2 ............................................................... L-61
Connect Relay Coil on Sheet 2 .................................................. L-63
Circuit Breaker on Sheet 2 ......................................................... L-64
Break Contacts on Sheet 2......................................................... L-65
Make Contacts on Sheet 2 ......................................................... L-68
Draw Wires on Sheet 2............................................................... L-71
Sheet 2 Illustrated ....................................................................... L-72
M.

Project Example 2

M-1

Introduction ...............................................................................................M-1
Reference Designation .............................................................................M-1
Definition .......................................................................................M-1
Example ........................................................................................M-2
CE-marking ...................................................................................M-3
Empirical advantages ...................................................................M-3
Abbreviations ............................................................................................M-4
Function (=) structure ...................................................................M-4
Location (+) structure....................................................................M-4
Product (-) structure......................................................................M-5
N .

Hotkeys

N-1

Overview ...................................................................................................N-1
Y .

Glossary of Terms

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Y-1
Table of Contents vi

ActiveX ........................................................................................................Y-1
Automatic text ..............................................................................................Y-1
Circuit diagram .............................................................................................Y-1
Compound ...................................................................................................Y-1
DWG ...........................................................................................................Y-1
DXF (Data Exchange Format) .......................................................................Y-2
FAQ.............................................................................................................Y-2
Function Groups ...........................................................................................Y-2
Index ...........................................................................................................Y-2
OLE .............................................................................................................Y-2
Template .....................................................................................................Y-2
Terminal Index .............................................................................................Y-2
Vector Font ..................................................................................................Y-2
Windows META file ......................................................................................Y-3
Work Space .................................................................................................Y-3
Z .

Index

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Z-1

Table of Contents vii

Welcome

About On-line Help

This is Users Guide Version 3.00.08 for CADdy ++ Electrical Engineering (CADdy ++ ET) basic,
economy and professional.
You can find the latest news etc. on our homepage: http://www.caddy.de/
The on-line help contains topics such as FAQ's (Frequently asked questions), use of function
keys, valid electrotechnical standards, project examples, and help with CADdy ++ ET functions.

CADdy ++ ET has four modules: basic, economy, professional, and enterprise.

Therefore, in this manual following indications can be found; "economy", "professional", and
"enterprise" referring to sections, which only apply to a specific module and the level above the
module. For example, "professional" means that the section only applies to professional and
enterprise.

Please note, that various functionality's are available in CADdy ++ ET depending on which
module you are using.

We hope you enjoy using CADdy ++ ET !

Yours sincerely
ZIEGLER-Informatics GmbH

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Welcome A-1

Installing CADdy++ ET
This chapter helps you installing CADdy ++ ET on your computer.
If you have downloaded a version of CADdy ++ ET from the Internet, you must unzip the contents
to a temporary directory (e.g. C:\TEMP\) before you begin.
OR
You can install CADdy ++ ET directly from CD-ROM.
NOTE:

If you have problems installing the program, try to remove all previous version of
CADdy ++ ET before you begin: Select START SETTINGS CONTROL PANEL
ADD/REMO VE PROGAMS and select CADdy ++ ET to be removed.

Quick Install Guide:

1.) Run SETUP.EXE from the temporary directory or the CD-ROM
2.) Follow the instructions in the Setup-wizard.
3.) Reboot your computer if necessary.

Getting started
This chapter helps you to get started with CADdy ++ ET.
After Installing you are ready to run CADdy ++ ET for the first time.
Before you begin, you must have your Serial Number and Licence Access Code ready. These
numbers are given to you by your local dealer.
NOTE:

Serial Number and Licence Access Code must ONLY be used as described in
your contract and/or in the licence agreement displayed while installing CADdy ++
ET.

Quick Guide:
1.) Start CADdy ++ ET by selecting START PROGRAMS - CADdy ++ ET
2.) The tip-of-the-day is displayed. If desired, the tip-of-the-day can be switched off in the dialog
box.

A-2 Welcome

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

3.) When CADdy ++ ET is loaded you must enter your Serial Number and Licence Access Code
once: Select HELP ABOUT CADdy
The following dialog box appears:

Enter the Company, Serial Number and Licence Access Code as described in your certificate,
and select the module type (e.g. economy). Click OK.
Serial Number and Access Code consist of a varying number of digits. The example above is for
illustration purposes only.
NOTE:

It is important to enter the Company Name exactly as described in your certificate,

since the field is case-sensitive.
If one of the three fields is filled incorrectly, or not filled at all, CADdy ++ ET will only
work in demo-mode, with a limit of max. 3 pages.
If you need to re-install CADdy ++ ET at a later time, the registration of Company
Name, Serial Number and Licence Access Code must be filled again.

Congratulations!
You are ready to use CADdy ++ ET for the first time.
If you are not familiar with drawing, we recommend that you follow , where a basic introduction
is given.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Welcome A-3

Using Help

The Basic Principles

You have four options, when searching for help in CADdy ++ ET:

Menu Help
Choose an item from the menu, select the function and press F1.
Example: You wish help about the menu item LINE from the DRAW menu:

Mark the function and press F1.

Icon Help
Press

and then press the icon you need help for.

Example: You need help on the icon, that draws a line:

First press

, and then press

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

, and help appears.

Using Help B-1

Index Search
Choose HELP from the menu bar. The following dialog box will appear:

B-2 Using Help

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Click the INDEX tab and search through the keyword index, for example, line:

Your keyword will appear when you click the index entry you want and press ENTER.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Using Help B-3

Keyword Search
Choose HELP from the menu bar. The following dialog box will appear:

B-4 Using Help

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Click the FIND tab:

Type the word(s) you need to find.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Using Help B-5

Printing the Help Pages

The following procedures describe how to print the CADdy ++ ET HELP pages:

Print one Page at a Time

Find the page you want to print, for example, the topic about LINE. Press
toolbar.

from the

Print an Entire Topic

Click the INDEX tab.

Place the cursor on the topic, which you want to print, for example Draw page 1:

Then click Print in the dialog box:

B-6 Using Help

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Printing the Manual

You can chose to print the whole manual or parts of it.
The manual can be found as Acrobat Reader documents (*.pdf) on the same CD-ROM as
CADdy ++ ET, in the folder \USERS GUIDE.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Using Help B-7

FAQ

Frequently Asked Questions

The answers, to some of the questions you most likely will ask our hotline service (April 2001),
are listed below:

Questions about CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

1.1 ?

How is a new project created in CADdy++ ET?

1.1 !

It is recommended, that you carry out the Project Example 1 from the
beginning. Alternatively, you can see "Creating a new project", where you
will be shown how to create a new project.

1.2 ?

How is a new page inserted in a project?

1.2 !

Right-click the
suggest a page number.

in the workspace. CADdy ++ ET will

Alternatively, please refer to Project Example 1, "Create Sheet 1" to see

how a new page is inserted.

1.3 ?

How are old symbols loaded from CADdy to CADdy++ ET?

1.3 !

First, you must first create a new database for your CADdy symbols. Rightclick the mouse button in the symbol workspace to do so. Then import the
symbols from CADdy to CADdy ++ ET. This is done by the function: FILE
IMPORT CADdy SYMBOLS.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

FAQ C-1

NB! Your symbols cannot be imported to databases that are supplied by

CADdy ++ ET. Consequently, you can not initiate an import of a symbol if the
active symbol database is for example, EN60617, Danfoss etc.

1.4 ?

Can I load my projects from CADdy ET1 and continue using them with
CADdy++ ET?

1.4 !

Yes, you use the command: FILE OPEN CADdy DRAWING. All logic,
such as cross-references etc., will be transferred to CADdy ++ ET, and you
can go on working in the new environment of CADdy ++ ET.

1.5 ?

How is a new symbol made in CADdy++ ET?

1.5 !

It is recommended, that the instructions of Symbols (chapter J) are to be

followed. The fundamental techniques are explained here.

1.6 ?

How do I insert my company name in the drawing frame?

1.6 !

Please consult the instructions Templates (chapter K), where an easy stepby-step instruction are located.
You can also use the A3-template with 10 paths. The template can be
loaded into a new project and collapsed to single drawing elements.
Subsequently, the necessary alterations can be done, and everything is
assembled to a new drawing frame. This can now be saved as a template,
for future use. Drawing frames always have to be saved as templates and
never as symbols.

1.7 ?

An electrical connection does not open, when I insert a symbol or

close when I delete a symbol?

1.7 !

You have drawn a connection between the elements with an ordinary line,
instead of using the function 1 Wire Dynamic. Wires are perceived by
CADdy ++ ET as electrical connections lines never are!

1.8 ?

Can key functions be used in CADdy++ ET?

C-2 FAQ

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

1.8 !

Yes, please refer to list of Hotkeys (chapter N).

1.9 ?

If I change the name of one component, other components change

their name too. Why?

1.9 !

In CADdy ++ ET objects are linked together, if the referencedesignation (the

"name") is equal to other objects. Other components change their name, if
the name is equal to the one you're changing (since it's the same object!).
The principle are described in details in Symbol Dialog (chapter J). Further
details are located in PLC Reference Card (chapter J).

1.10 ?

Can I edit data in the database and rewrite the data back into the
drawings?

1.10 !

Yes, please refer to Manipulating single data (chapter G) or Manipulating

multiple data (chapter G). NOTE: A variety of functionalities may appear,
depending on which module in CADdy ++ ET you are using.

1.11 ?

Sometimes the database or the graphical lists seem empty, even

though the diagrams are correct?

1.11 !

Use the function Regenerate Database. The contents of the database is

then deleted and generated again directly from the diagrams.

General Questions
2.1 ?

Why is the graphic quality sometimes poor, when I print help files?

2.1 !

The quality depends on your printer.

A project example is included in CADdy ++ ET. You can better keep track of
the project, by printing it via CADdy ++ ET. Please note, that this manual also
is delivered as Acrobat Reader files on your CD ROM.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

FAQ C-3

2.2 ?

Is there a list of current electronic standards?

2.2 !

Yes, please refer to Standards (chapter H).

2.3 ?

What is the technique of function (=) and location (+)?

2.3 !

Please refer to Reference Designation in chapter M (Example Project 2),

where a basic introduction is given.

2.4 ?

Why are new letter codes used in Example Project 2 ?

2.4 !

Letter codes (classifications) must be in accordance with the new standard

EN 61346-2 table 1 and 2. This standard replaces the former IEC 750.
Objects now have to be classified in accordance with their purpose or task.

C-4 FAQ

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Workspace

Introduction
The workspace is the area within CADdy ++ , where CADdy ++ has all kinds of documents, like
drawings or circuit diagrams from CADdy ++ ET, MS Word texts, MS Excel spreadsheets,
AutoCAD drawings etc.
In fact, you can use CADdy ++ as a project manager for all documentation in your project. For
intelligent implementation of other documents, the respective programs providing other
documents must support the Microsoft Active-X technology, and register this in Windows
when it is installed.
Via ActiveX, icons and menus from the respective programs automatically appear in CADdy ++,
when the associated document is opened within CADdy ++.
The workspace is saved in a Windows Compound File, which can be described as a file within a
file. This means that you can save and process all data in your project as one unit.
If you wish to view the file contents, you can either use CADdy ++ ET, or Windows2000.

EXAMPLE:
For the documentation of a project, you have to deliver a circuit diagram, drawings, descriptions,
calculations, and a couple of pictures.
The contents of the workspace could be the following:
Circuit diagrams

from CADdy++

Drawings

from AutoCAD

Description

from MS Word

Calculation

from MS Excel

Pictures

from CorelDraw

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Workspace D-1

- in the same project and file.

You can use up to 255 characters in the project name use a descriptive name.
When you have given the project a name, please select the Workspace Template (see chapter
K) on which your new project should be based upon.
HINT 1:

You can create your own template with the command Workspace Template (Save
as).

Project Bar
The Project Bar is located to the left in the CADdy ++ window and has two basic functions:
controlling the projects and controlling the symbol databases.

Quick Guide:
1.) For activating the control of the symbol databases, click with the left mouse button onto the
"Symbols" tab at the bottom of the bar. For detailed information concerning the symbols,
please refer to Symbols in chapter J.
2.) For activating the control of the projects, click with the left mouse button onto the "Project"
tab at the bottom of the bar.

HINT 1:

You can toggle the project bar on and off by clicking onto

D-2 Workspace

in the top menu.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

When a workspace is created or opened, the following contents appears in the project bar:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

By clicking onto

or

you may expand or reduce the view of each node.

Read more about:

- Project Properties on page D-4
- Circuit Diagrams on page D-5
- Other documents on page D-7
- Graphical Lists on page D-8
- Database Lists on page D-8

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Workspace D-3

Project Properties
When a workspace is created or opened, the following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

Information concerning the customer name, project title, or other relevant information regarding
the whole project can be inserted here.
If the necessary text-reservations have been made in the drawing sheet (see chapter K),
common information from this dialog is transferred to each sheet or page automatically. This
ensures that common information in the project is identical within the project.
It's possible to lock (and unlock) the workspace by clicking the "Lock workspace" button.
Modifications in a locked workspace can't be saved (the "save" button is faded). If you want to
unlock a locked workspace, simply press the button again.

D-4 Workspace

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Circuit Diagrams
Circuit diagrams are created by clicking the "Create diagram" button in Project Properties (see
page D-4) or by clicking the right mouse button on the "Circuit diagrams" node itself.
By clicking the right mouse button on any sheet, the following options appear:

New Page

Creates a new circuit diagram. CADdy ++ automatically suggests the next free
consecutive number.

Open Page

Opens the desired sheet. Alternative: Double-click the desired sheet.

Delete Page

Deletes the desired sheet. CAUTION: You can't undo this command.

Insert Pages(s)

professional: Automatically inserts optional numbers of sheets in front of the

selected sheet. Existing components can be re-numbered if desired.
CAUTION: You can't undo this command.

Remove Gaps

professional: Automatically removes a desired numbers of sheets in front of

the selected sheet. Existing components can be re-numbered if desired.
CAUTION: You can't undo this command.

Copy Page

professional: Makes a complete copy of the whole sheet. When this function
is activated, the dialog for a new sheet appears. State the new sheet number
and press OK. References are updated automatically.

Information

Opens the dialog for the desired sheet. Information belonging to the sheet
can then be inserted. If the necessary text-reservations have been made in
the drawing sheet (see chapter K), information from this dialog is transferred
to the sheet automatically.

Properties

States various values and options for the circuit diagrams within the project.
Please refer to chapter E for further details.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Workspace D-5

economy:
CADdy ++ ET economy supports reference designations in accordance with IEC 61346 standard
series. If you create a sheet with a new common function (=), youre allowed to reset the sheet
number (if desired). Then the system operates with function groups within your circuit diagrams:

HINT 1:

You can read more about reference designations in Project Example 2 (chapter M).

D-6 Workspace

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Other documents
As stated in the Introduction (see page D-1), CADdy ++ supports the ActiveX technology. Other
documents besides CADdy ++ documents can be added to the workspace via this function.

Quick Guide:
1.) Click the right mouse button on the "Other documents" node, and select "New Page".
2.) The page dialog appears. State a desired page number for the new document.
3.) The Insert Object dialog appears:

4.) In the list, other programs have enrolled various types of documents. Select the desired type.
5.) You may create a new type of document, or insert existing documents from an existing file.
6.) Click OK.
7.) When the new page is opened, the actual icons (bars) for the active program appear within
CADdy ++.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Workspace D-7

Graphical Lists
For detailed information, please refer to Graphical Lists (chapter F).

Database Lists
For detailed information, please refer to Database Utilities (chapter G).

D-8 Workspace

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands

File
The commands, which are important for the use of CADdy ++ ET, are illustrated in the following
section. All commands can be found by selecting FILE from the menu bar.

System Settings
FILE SYSTEM SETTINGS

The parameters for executing CADdy ++ ET can be found in the system settings command.

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

Default folder for projects: defines where the project file will be saved.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-1

Folder for templates:

defines where the standard template can be found.

Folder for symbol databases:

defines where the symbol databases can be found.

HINT 1:

If possible, you should put the system folders on a central network drive, which
enables other authors to share the project, templates and symbols with you.

HINT 2:

With the

button, you can select the folder directly.

The following example illustrates how to choose the folder, Projects . Note that the directory has
to be open in order to be correctly registered:
RIGHT:

Right: The directory "Projects" is open.

WRONG:

Wrong: The directory "CADdy" is open.

Archive Workspace
FILE ARCHIVE WORKSPACE

This function archives a CADdy ++ workspace.

Archived workspaces are compressed, gets a new extension (*.cpa) and are stored in the same
folder as the original project.

Quick Guide:
1.) Open workspaces must be closed. See Close Workspace (page E-6).

E-2 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

2.) Select this command.

3.) Pick the project you want to archive.
4.) The project is compressed and archived.

Archived workspaces can be reactivated with the Reactivate Archived Workspace (see page E3) function.

Reactivate Archived Workspace

FILE REACTIVATE ARCHIVED WORKSPACE

This function reactivates a CADdy ++ workspace, which has been archived with the Archive
Workspace function (see page E-2).
CADdy ++ archived workspaces are compressed files, and must be de-compressed before use.
The archived projects have the extension (*.cpa) and are stored in the same folder as the
original project.

Quick Guide:
1.) Open workspaces must be closed. See Close Workspace (page E-6).
2.) Select this command.
3.) Pick the project you want to reactivate (extension *.cpa).
4.) The project is de-compressed and reactivated.

Compress Workspace
FILE COMPRESS WORKSPACE

All data in CADdy ++ ET are stored in Windows Compound Files, within a Microsoft Access
database. While working with CADdy ++ ET these files expand.
This function compresses the Compound File containing the workspace.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-3

New Workspace
FILE NEW - WORKSPACE

CTRL + N

This is where you can create a new Workspace.

For detailed information, please refer to Workspace (chapter D).

New Page
FILE NEW PAGE

ALT + N

This command is used to create a new page.

You can create a new page by clicking the right mouse button while in the main folder.
HINT 1:

You can use an index to define a page, for example "2A", "2B", "2ABC" etc. Please
note, that only a maximum of 5 characters can be used.

Open Workspace
FILE OPEN - WORKSPACE

CTRL + O

This command is used to open an existing workspace.

HINT 1:

CADdy ++ ET project files are saved as <name>.CPJ on your harddisk.

Open Page
FILE OPEN PAGE

ALT + O

This command is used to open an existing page in your project.

HINT 1:

It is a good idea to get a general view of the workspace, so that you can see all the
available pages in the project at once.

E-4 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Example:

In this example, you can see that pages 1, 2, and 2A are available.
Double click the pages to open them!

Open Page Template

FILE OPEN - PAGETEMPLATE

This command is used to open a Page Template, which has been saved with the command
Page Template.

Read more about:

Templates in chapter K.

Open AutoCAD DXF / DWG

FILE OPEN AUTOCAD DXF/DWG

This command is used to import AutoCAD DXF and DWG files to CADdy ++ ET.

Open CADdy Drawing

FILE OPEN CADdy DRAWING

This command imports and translates CADdy drawings into CADdy ++ ET drawings. It is essential
that this command is used, if you continue working with CADdy drawings in CADdy ++ ET.
Logic is transferred from CADdy to CADdy ++ ET, therefore no data is lost.

Quick Guide:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-5

1. Create a New Workspace and create a fictitious page, (ex. page 9999).
2. Make sure that the folder "CADdy A-symbol" points at the old A-symbols.
3. You can add additional symbol folders to the above.
4. Click the Drawing/project button, and select the item that you want to import.
HINT 1:

You can choose whether to import one or more drawings at a time (choose *.PIC),
or select one project at a time (choose *.PRJ).

5. Click OK to start import.

NOTE:

1. If possible, try to import old projects in sequence to avoid confusion.

2. Be careful not to load a CADdy project into another open project.
3. Make sure that the page numbers in CADdy and CADdy ++ ET arent equal. If
they are equal, CADdy ++ ET will over write the existing page with the page
imported from CADdy.

Close Workspace
FILE CLOSE - WORKSPACE

This command is used to close the active workspace.

HINT 1:

All open projects are closed, when you Exit CADdy ++ ET

HINT 2:

Alternatively you may select the project path in the Project Bar (see chapter D), click
the right mouse button and then select Close Workspace.

See also "Close Page".

Close Page
FILE CLOSE PAGE

E-6 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

This command is used to close a page in your project.

Save
FILE SAVE

CTRL + S

This command is used to save the active workspace with the currently used name.

Workspace (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS WORKSPACE

This command is used to save the active workspace with another name.
This enables you to copy an existing workspace and hereby to create a new workspace.

Workspace Template (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS WORKSPACE TEMPLATE

This command is used to create a new workspace template.

A template is the same as a project and it contains all the necessary setting for ex. sheets
including standard circuit diagrams.
A selection of templates can be chosen, when you create a New Workspace.

Read more about:

Templates in chapter K.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-7

Workspace in AutoCAD (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS WORKSPACE IN AUTOCAD DXF/DWG

This command is used to save a project/workspace in AutoCAD DXF and DWG format in
different versions.

Quick Guide:
1. Choose which version of AutoCAD you want to save as (14-13-11-10-9-2.6-2.5).
2. Decide which file type the workspace should be saved as:
a) AutoCAD DWG
b) AutoCAD DXF
c) AutoCAD binary DXF
3. Type the name of the file you want to save.
4. Click SAVE.

Page (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS PAGE

This command is used to save the current page as a new page in your project.

Page Template (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS - PAGE TEMPLATE

This command is used to save your active drawing as a template. The template can later be
loaded by using the command Open Page Template.
The templates can be loaded when you create a new project.

Read more about:

Templates in chapter K.
E-8 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Enhanced META file (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS ENHANCED META FILE

This command saves a page as a Windows Enhanced Meta File (.EMF).

This format is the same that Windows uses in the clipboard.
HINT 1:

This command permits you to send drawings with EMF format to others. EMF format
can be read by most graphic programs. Please note, that logic is not transferred.

AutoCAD DWG/DXF (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS AUTOCAD DXF/DWG

This command is used to save the active page in AutoCAD DXF and DWG format in different
versions.

Quick Guide:
1.) Open the page you want to export.
2.) Select this function.
3.) Choose under which version of AutoCAD you want to save as (2000-14-13-11-10-9-2.6-2.5).
4.) Decide in which file type the drawings should be saved as:
a) AutoCAD DWG
b) AutoCAD DXF
c) AutoCAD binary DXF
5.) Type the name of the file that you want to save.
6.) Press SAVE.
HINT 1:

You can export a complete project by clicking

"Complete project". If selected,
each page is given a name in step 5.) and the sheet number from CADdy ++ ET.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-9

Delete Page
FILE DELETE PAGE

This command is used to delete the active page.

HINT 1:

You can point at the page in the folder, press the right mouse button and choose
DELETE PAGE.

Next Page
FILE NEXT PAGE

PAGE DOWN

This command is used to turn to the next page in a project (only in the active window).

Previous Page
FILE PREV PAGE

PAGE UP

This command is used to turn to the previous page in a project (only in the active window).

Workspace Information
FILE INFORMATION - WORKSPACE

This command describes the general workspace information.

NOTE:

You must select (highlight) the project in the project bar before activating this
command.

For example, this could be information concerning the customer name, project title, or other
relevant information regarding the whole project.
When you type data in one place in one area of CADdy ++ ET, the information is automatically
written on your drawings as text.
Information is written by CADdy ++ ET on drawings and in the on-line database.

E-10 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

economy: This permits you to correct information directly in the database, and CADdy ++ ET
automatically corrects the drawing at the same time.
For further information, please refer to Project Properties in chapter D.

Page Information
FILE INFORMATION PAGE

This command shows information, which only refers to the active page:
NOTE:

You must select (highlight) the desired page in the project bar before activating
this function.

Function (=)

economy: States the common function (=) for all objects on the
sheet.

Location (+)

economy: States the common location (+) for all objects on the
sheet.

Page:

Page number. If the page number is altered, the page is

automatically moved in the project.

Index:

Optional supplement of the page number for example "A".

Created date:

Date of the creation of the drawing. CADdy ++ ET automatically

states the date, but this can be changed manually.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-11

Created by:

Optional space for name, initials etc.

Description line 01 .. 08:

Can be used to describe pages.

E-12 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Properties Diagrams
FILE PROPERTIES DIAGRAMS

This command is used to define various properties for electrical circuit diagrams.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select (highlight) the project in the project bar before activating this command.
2.) Click the right mouse button and select PROPERTIES, or select the function via the menu.
3.) The following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-13

States which template new circuit diagrams

should be based on. Select from a range of
templates by clicking .
Here you can define which abbreviations will be
used by CADdy ++ ET to define the headings of the
cross references.

economy:
Function(=)/Location(+) defines that the project
will work with Function(=) and Location (+)
according to IEC 61346-1. Please refer to the
chapter concerning Reference Designation
(Chapter H).
Use Contact mirror defines that the project will
work with contact mirrors as x-references for relay
coils.
Show Wirenumbers toggles numbers provided
by the function Wire Numbering on and off on the
sheets as desired.
Selects the text reservation "Revision date" to be
updated automatically when changes are made to
the active sheet.
CADdy ++ ET offers several ways for the
numbering of objects. See detailed information
below.
Defines the font size of all end/cross references in
the project. See New Text for detailed information
about sizes etc.

E-14 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

economy:
CADdy ++ ET provides several options for defining
and mixing the format in cross-references used on
sheets.
When working with function groups, it's often
practical to include the function (=) and/or location
(+) in the sheet reference.
Various separators can be chosen in addition.
According to IEC 61082 a "/" is used for
separating page and path.

4.) State the values as desired.

5.) Click OK.

Component numbering:
CADdy ++ ET provides following possibilities for the numbering of components:
Free

You can decide the object number yourself.

Code/Number

Letter Code (classification) according to IEC 61346-2 + serial number.

For example: "K34": means relay (K) + number (34).
NOTE: This is the correct way of adding reference designations to
objects, according to IEC 61346.

Page/Code/Number

Page number + Letter Codes (classification) according to IEC 61346-2

+ serial number. For example: "11K2": means page (11) + relay (K) +
number (2). The serial number starts from the beginning on every new
page.

Page/Code/Path

Page number + Letter Codes (classification) according to EN 61346-2

+ path. For example: "12K5": means sheet (12) + relay (K) + path (5).
In this case, the element can be found on sheet 12 path 5.

NOTE:

If you place several identical elements in the same path, they will
automatically be given consecutive numbers with a sub number. For
example, if there are several circuit breakers on top of each other
like "13Q4.1".

All letter codes for electrical objects can be found in the chapter concerning Letter Codes in
chapter H.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-15

Properties Page
FILE PROPERTIES PAGE

This command is used to set properties for the active page:

(*) Number of paths in the drawing:

States number of paths.

(*) Number of the first path (0 or 1):

States with "0" or "1" the first path

number.

Y-position of the first, upper potential:

Y-position (mm) from the lower left

corner.

Y-position of the first, lower potential:

Y-position (mm) from the lower left

corner.

(*) Margin before potential, left side of the

diagram:

Margin (mm) prior to the beginning of the

potential.

(*) Margin after potential, right side of the

diagram:

Margin (mm) after the end of the

potential.

(*) Margin before the left path:

Margin before the left path.

(*) Margin after the right path:

Margin after the last right path.

Distance from potential to contact mirror:

Distance (in mm) from lower potential to

cross reference in the mirror.

E-16 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

cross reference in the mirror.

(*) Size of Drawing - X-direction

X (mm) (420 mm is A3-format)

(*) Size of Drawing - Y-direction:

Y (mm) (297 mm is A3-format)

Grid size - X-direction:

A grid size of 5 mm is normally

recommended.

Grid size - Y-direction:

A grid size of 5 mm is normally

recommended.

(*) NOTE:
The stated values are used by CADdy ++ ET to calculate, in which path the elements are placed,
so that they can be named automatically. Therefore, it is essential that these values are correct.

Regenerate Database
FILE REGENERATE DATABASE

All data in CADdy ++ ET are stored in Windows Compound Files, within a Microsoft Access
database. Occasionally data within the database is out of synchronisation with the content of the
drawings.
This command refreshes the contents of the Microsoft Access database.

Print Setup
FILE PRINT SETUP

This command is used to change the settings of your print (Windows standard setting).
You are also able choose another printer with this command.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-17

Print
FILE PRINT

CTRL + P

This command is used to print the active page, a selection of pages, or the entire project. Below
a separate description of each option appears:
Name states the selected printer, chosen for
output. Select from a range of printers by
clicking .
Update Plot text(s) will update automatic
texts on each pager before printing.
Print to file will send the output to a file
rather than to the actual printer.
Print in colours should be used only if the
output device can handle colours.
Invert Order makes the sheets printet in
reverse order (backwards).
Margin for drawing states the offset (in mm)
for the output. This is relevant, when the
scale (see blow) is stated, and especially
when drawing size exceeds A3.
For circuit diagrams, the margin should be
included in the original drawing, and should
not be stated here, since scaling from A3 to
A4 will consequently be more precise.

Number of copies can be selected here. If

more than one copy is selected, the output
can be collated (each copy is printed in a
set, before next copy is printed).

E-18 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

On the 0:0 scale CADdy ++ ET calculates the

range, so that an A3 page can be printed as
a A4 page etc.
It is possible to define the scale manually. For
example Drawing = 1 and Plot = 2 will
reduce the size of the drawing by 50 % on
the plot (scale 1:2).

Print range defines the desired output:

All prints all documents in the workspace.
Active page prints the active page/sheet.
Selection provides you with the table of
contents for your project. You can use the
Window standard when selecting: SHIFT
"from page to page", CTRL certain pages
or CTRL+A for all pages.
Print List displays the user defined Print List
(see chapter G).

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog

may appear)

Print List Selection displays the print list as

described above, but offers in addition
options for further selection to the print range.

Select the various settings and click OK for printing.

HINT 1:

If you arent satisfied with the print, you can change the settings in the Print Setup.

Print Crystal Report

FILE PRINT CRYSTAL REPORT

This command is used to print data, that belongs to the project in a special Crystal Report.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-19

Import CADdy Symbols

FILE IMPORT CADdy SYMBOLS

This command is used to import CADdy B-symbols to a new symbol library in CADdy ++ ET.
Example:

Quick Guide:
1.) State the folder that contains CADdy A-symbols by clicking

. Make sure that the folder

with "CADdy A-symbol" is correct. Folders can be deleted from the list by clicking

2.) You can add additional symbol folders to the above.

3.) Click the
B...

button and indicate what is to be imported in the field Select CADdy A or

4.) Click the

button and indicate, which symbol library you wish to import to.

5.) Click START

CADdy ++ ET will now import the B-symbols.

E-20 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

HINT 1:

While importing, you could get a message stating that CADdy ++ ET is unable to find
an A-symbol within the specified B-symbol. This could indicate that it doesnt exist,
but more likely, the problem is that you havent added a folder for the A-symbols.
Investigate this possibility!

NOTE:

You cant import symbols to symbol databases provided by CADdy ++ ET (ex. EN

60617, Siemens etc.) due to conflicts with updates.

HINT 2:

The import of symbols is only possible to your own symbol database. You can create
an exclusive database for this purpose.
A new symbol database can be created by clicking the right mouse button in the
symbol area and then selecting NEW SYMBOLFOLDER.

List of Previous Projects

FILE <project name >

The previous entered projects can be seen here.

Double click on a project to open it.

Exit
FILE EXIT

ALT + F4

This command ends and closes CADdy ++ ET.

When this command is chosen, CADdy ++ ET asks which project you want to save.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-21

Window
The commands which are important when working with Windows are illustrated in the following
section. All commands can be found by selecting WINDOW from the menu bar.

Window Cascade
WINDOW CASCADE

This command rearranges the drawings (the windows) as a cascading stack.

The Windows can also be adjacently arranged (Window Tile).

Window Tile
WINDOW TILE

This command shows the drawings (windows) adjacently arranged.

The drawings (the windows) can also be shown as an cascading stack (Window Cascade).
HINT 1:

By using this command, you can easily see which drawings are active.

HINT 2:

Hotkey Ctrl + F6 toggles between open windows.

Decide which drawing you want to work with, and then double click the bar of the topmost
window.

E-22 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Edit
Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting EDIT from the menu bar.

Undo
EDIT UNDO

CTRL + Z

This command is used to undo or reverse the last actions.

Redo
EDIT REDO

CTRL + Y

This command is used to redo or repeat the last actions.

Cut
EDIT CUT

CTRL + X

This command is used to move the drawing element from one place to another within the
drawing or to another drawing.
Quick Guide:
1.

Select the element(s), that you want to move or cut. Select the command (CUT).

2.

Find the place, where you want to insert the element(s). Select PASTE to insert the
element. You can paste the elements repeatedly in different places or to other
drawings.

Read more about:

Copy on page E-24.
Paste on page E-24.
Select on page E-26.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-23

Copy
EDIT COPY

CTRL + C

This command is used to copy drawing elements from one place to another within the drawing
or to another drawing.
Quick Guide:
1.

Select the element(s), that you want to copy. Select the command (COPY).

2.

Find the place, where you want to insert the element . Select PASTE to insert element.
You can paste the elements repeatedly in different places or to other drawings.

Read more about:

Cut on page E-23.
Paste on page E-24.
Select on page E-26.

Paste
EDIT PASTE

CTRL + V

This command is used to paste drawing elements to a selected drawing, which either have been
cut or copied to the clip board.
Quick Guide:
1. Select the page where the clipboard contents are to be pasted.
2. Select PASTE or press CTRL+V
3. Press the left mouse button and drag the contents in position.
4. Drop the drawing elements in the desired place on the sheet.
HINT 1:

You can "drop" the contents at any page in the project environment, even if it's not
open.

E-24 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Read more about:

Cut on page E-23.
Copy on page E-24.
Select on page E-26.

Insert Bitmap Object

EDIT INSERT BITMAP OBJECT

This command is used to insert bitmap objects with the extension .JPG - .BMP and - .PCX into
your drawing.

Insert New OLE Object

EDIT INSERT NEW OLE OBJECT

This command is used to insert OLE objects in to your CADdy ++ ET drawing.

OLE objects are documents such as drawings, pictures, letters, etc. from other Windows
programs.
You can either paste OLE objects as a copy of the existing documents, or as a link to the
document. If you create a link to the document, this document will always be updated.
The list in the dialog box informs, which objects can be pasted into the drawing.
NOTE:

A large amount of RAM is required to utilise this command. It is recommended to

use the option display as icon in the dialog box.

HINT 1:

You can paste CADdy ++ ET drawings as OLE objects into other Windows programs,
if they support this technique.

HINT 2:

You can also paste photographs of electrical switch boards, etc. which can be part of
the projects documentation. In this case, it is necessary to have a digital camera.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-25

Links
EDIT LINKS

By this function you can edit the links of each object within your project.
NOTE:

Objects MUST be linked to their respective files otherwise they dont appear in
the list.

Select
EDIT SELECT GROUP/WINDOW

F5

This command is used to select one element, a window, or symbol at a time.

The chosen elements are highlighted red on the screen.

IN GENERAL
CADdy ++ ET operates with a method called selection - action. This means that you first have to
choose the element, that you want to process. Secondly, you must choose how you want to
process the element.
To be able to copy, cut or move elements, the respective command must initially be selected.

ELEMENT
The elements in CADdy ++ ET are wires, lines, circles, symbols, etc. You can either choose to
process them separately or together.
With a little practice, you quickly learn different routines, such as selecting several elements
simultaneously, thereafter rejecting the elements which are not to be processed. This exercise is
highly recommended since it illustrates the foundation of CADdy ++ ET commands.
HINT 1:

If you want to select more than one element with this command, press and hold
SHIFT, then select the next elements (standard Windows command).

HINT 2:

If you wish to reject the elements with this command, press and hold SHIFT, then
reject the chosen elements.

E-26 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Read more about:

Cut on page E-23.
Copy on page E-24.
Paste on page E-24.
Select All on page E-27.
Deselect All on page E-28.

Select by single element

EDIT SELECT SINGLE ELEMENT

F7

This command is used to select element(s) within a group (e.g. symbol).

Read more about:

Cut on page E-23.
Copy on page E-24.
Paste on page E-24.
Select All on page E-27.
Deselect All on page E-28.

Select All
EDIT SELECT ALL

CTRL + A

This command is used to select all the elements in a drawing.

Read more about:

Cut on page E-23.
Copy on page E-24.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-27

Paste on page E-24.

Select on page E-26.
Deselect All on page E-28.

Deselect All
EDIT DESELECT ALL

This command is used to deselect all elements which have been chosen.

Read more about:

Cut on page E-23.
Copy on page E-24.
Paste on page E-24.
Select on page E-26.
Select All on page E-27.

Move Selected
EDIT MOVE SELECTED

This command is used to move selected elements.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the elements that you want to move (see page E-26).
2.) Select the command.
3.) Choose a fixed point to ensure a sense of orientation. Press the left mouse button.
4.) Drag the elements to the desired destination. Press the left mouse button again.
While you are moving the elements press the buttons +, -, * and / to change form and
position.

E-28 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Note that CADdy ++ ET opens and closes the electrical wires automatically when the electrical
symbols are moved.

Rotate Selected
EDIT ROTATE SELECTED

This command is used to rotate the selected elements.

Quick Guide:
1. Select the elements that you want to rotate (see page E-26).
2. Press the command.
3. Indicate the first point of orientation.
4. Indicate the second point of orientation.
5. The elements can be rotated by moving the mouse.
6. Press the left mouse button, when the rotation is as desired.

Scale Selected
EDIT SCALE SELECTED

This command is used to select the scale of a chosen element.

Quick Guide:
1. Select the elements that you want to scale (see page E-26).
2. Select the command.
3. Pick a point of orientation.
4. Change the scale by moving the mouse.
5. When the elements have the correct size, click the left mouse button.
6. To leave the command, click the right mouse button or press ESC.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-29

Mirror Selected
EDIT MIRROR SELECTED

This command is used to mirror selected elements.

Quick Guide:
1. Select the elements that you want to mirror (see page E-26).
2. Select the command.
3. Pick a point of orientation.
4. You can mirror the elements around a fixed point by moving the mouse.
5. If you want a COPY of the mirrored element, press and hold CTRL while you mirror!
6. When the elements are mirrored, click the left mouse button.
7. To leave the command, click the right mouse button or press ESC.

Erase Selected
EDIT ERASE SELECTED

DEL

This command ERASES selected elements from the drawing.

If the drawing-sheet is selected, it will be deleted too.
HINT 1:

It is possible to Undo actions (see page E-23).

Break
EDIT EDIT ELEMENT BREAK ELEMENT

This command is used to break elements.

Quick Guide:

E-30 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

1. Select the command.

2. Select the elements that you wish to break.
3. Indicate the first breaking point.
4. Indicate the second breaking point.
5. The element is now broken between the two points.
6. To leave the command, click the right mouse button.

Extend
EDIT EDIT ELEMENT EXTEND ELEMENT

This command is used to extend elements.

Quick Guide:
1. Select the command.
2. Select the element that you wish to extend.
3. Indicate the element you wish to extent to.
4. The first element is now extended to the second.
5. To leave the command, click the right mouse button.

Trim
EDIT EDIT ELEMENT TRIM ELEMENT

This command is used to trim an element in relation to another crossing element.

Quick Guide:
1. Select the command.
2. Select the element that you want to trim from. The element turns red when chosen.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-31

3. Select the element that you want to trim.

4. Continue selecting elements until you have finished trimming.
HINT 1:

You can also choose elements you want to trim from, even though they dont cross
the elements you want to trim.
This means that you are able to trim elements relatively compared to other elements
in the plan, assuming that they eventually cross each other.

Join
EDIT EDIT ELEMENT JOIN ELEMENTS

This command is used to join two lines with one another.

Quick Guide:
1. Select the command.
2. Select the first element that you want to join with another by clicking the left mouse button.
3. Select the other element you want to join (to) by clicking the left mouse button.
4. The two lines are extended or cut to join each other at their point of intersection.
NOTE:

If the point of intersection is outside the screen-area, the lines are extended anyway.
If the lines are not joined, the point of intersection does not exists.

HINT 1:

If the point of intersection is outside the screen area and the lines are joined, use the
function Show All Elements (see page E-43) to view the result.

Group Selected
EDIT GROUP SELECTED

This command is used to group different elements (lines, circles, text, etc.)
This could be a symbol composed of several elements.

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Quick Guide:
1. Select the elements that you want to group. Point at an element and press the left mouse
button. To choose several elements, hold SHIFT down while selecting.
2. Select the command: GROUP SELECTED from the edit menu. The following dialog box will
appear:

3. Select the appropriate property for your symbol, for example, Coil, NormSheet, etc.
4. Press OK. The elements are now assembled in a group with their respective properties.

The group can now be saved in the Symbol Database (see chapter J).

Quick Guide:
1. Select the elements that you want to save. The group is highlighted red when chosen. Hold
down the left mouse button.
2. "Drag" the group to the symbol folder where you want it to be placed and drop it.
3. The following dialog box will appear:

4. Type the symbol name and a description if desired. Press OK.

5. The group has now been saved in the symbol database, and can be loaded whenever
needed.
NOTE:

You cant save symbols in symbol databases provided by CADdy ++ ET (ex. EN

61346-2, Siemens etc.) due to conflicts with updates.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-33

61346-2, Siemens etc.) due to conflicts with updates.

E-34 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

LIST OF SYMBOL TYPES

The following symbol types are available in CADdy ++ ET:

No.

Type

Function

Macro/group

A selection of completed symbols e.g. a

motor control.

Drawing Sheet

Drawing Sheet (e.g. with electrical paths).

Coil

Coil

Coil, Slow Release

Coil with a slow release

Coil, Slow Operating

Coil with a slow operating

Coil, neutral - Not in list

Coil which is not listed.

Component with Aux.

contact

Component with dependent contact, e.g. a

circuit breaker with auxiliary contacts.

PLC Component

PLC reference card, to where symbol no.

21 refers.

NO

Normally Open contact.

10

NO, slow release

Contact open, with slow release

11

NO, slow operating

Contact open, with slow operating

12

NO, change-over

Contact open with change-over function

13

NC

Normally Closed contact

14

NC, slow operating

Contact closed with slow operating

15

NC, slow release

Contact closed with slow release

16

NC, change-over

Contact closed with change-over function

17

Change-over

Ordinary change-over contact

18

Change-over, slow release Contact changer-over with slow release.

Please refer to symbol no. 4 also.

19

Changer, slow operating

Contact changer-over with slow operating.

Please refer to symbol no. 5 also.

20

Multi Switch

Complex switch, for example a rotary

wafer.

21

Contactor, Main Contact

Main contact (power).

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-35

22

PLC signal

PLC signal which refers to a PLC

reference card (see symbol no. 8)

23

Signal Reference

Reference to potentials etc. to enable

cross referencing between potentials on
the individual sheets.

24

Contact Point

Internal CADdy ++ ET symbol.

25

Wire Direction-node

Internal CADdy ++ ET symbol.

26

Terminal (Normal, Special,

with Type)

Symbol for a terminal in a terminal block.

Can include special terminals and
terminals with type.

27

Component

A component which is not covered by the

symbols described above.

28

Cable

Cable.

Add selected to group

EDIT ADD SELECTED TO GROUP

A group is regarded by CADdy ++ ET as a assembly of elements, for example, wires, lines,

circles, text, etc.
This command can be used to add single elements or groups to existing groups. This is useful if
you want to add more graphics or text to existing symbols, and want to treat this as a unit.

Quick Guide:
1. Select the elements that you want to add. Point at an element and press the left mouse
button. To choose several elements or groups, hold down SHIFT while selecting.
2. Select the command ADD SELECTED TO GROUP from the edit menu.
3. Select the group where you want the elements to be added.

E-36 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Ungroup Selected
EDIT UNGROUP SELECTED

A group is regarded by CADdy ++ ET as a assembly of elements, for example, wires, lines,

circles, text, etc.
Several text lines are regarded by CADdy ++ ET as a group.
The UNGROUP command should be used if you want to alter a group so that it only contains
single elements.

Quick Guide:
1. Select the elements that you want to ungroup. Point at a group and press the left mouse
button. To choose several groups, hold down SHIFT while selecting.
2. Select the command UNGROUP from the edit menu.
3. The selected groups are collapsed and now composed of single elements.

Properties Selected
EDIT PROPERTIES SELECTED

This command is used to change the properties of the selected element(s).

Quick Guide:
1. Select the elements that you want to change (see page E-26).
2. Select the command.
3. The following dialog box will appear:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-37

4. Set the new parameters (pen type, colour, layer, width, etc.).
5. Mark the parameters, which you want to change:
6. Press OK.
HINT 1:

You can also change the properties of a random element by pointing and doubleclicking on the selected element.

Debugger
EDIT DEBUGGER

The command DEBUGGER in CADdy ++ ET enables you to see the structure of the elements in
the drawing.

E-38 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

View
Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting VIEW from the menu bar.

Redraw
VIEW REDRAW

This command is used to redraw the window in order to eliminate impurities.

Zoom Original
VIEW ZOOM ORIGINAL

F3

This command enables you to see the drawing in full size.

Zoom Window
VIEW ZOOM WINDOW

F4

This command enables you to enlarge a section of the drawing.

To view the whole drawing again, press Zoom Original.

Show Grid
VIEW GRID

This command is used to switch the visible grid on and off.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-39

Following grids can be chosen:

You can design your own grid by clicking Other.

A grid distance of 5 mm is appropriate for drawings containing circuit diagrams.

Show Line Width

VIEW LINEWIDTH

Normally all elements are shown without actual line width, so that all elements appears identical.
This command shows the actual line width (in mm) for each element within the drawing.

Show Connection Points

VIEW CONNECTION POINTS

Normally, connection points on symbols are hidden.

This command shows the actual connection point (only the top-left corner), so you can identify
where the symbol is inserted (reference-point).

E-40 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Show Wire Direction

VIEW WIRE DIRECTION

economy: This command toggles between showing the actual wire direction and a simple dot in
each connection point.
NOTE:

CADdy ++ ET always works with wire direction in the background, even though its
not shown on the drawing. This ensures, that you are able to decide in what
direction the wire must go, if this is of importance.
The wire direction takes effect in the List of Wires.

If you want to change the direction of a connection point, you must use the command Wire
Direction (see page E-84).

Show All Functiontexts

VIEW SHOW ALL FUNCTION TEXTS

Automatically displays the descriptive text of each object (symbol) on the active sheet.

Show Marked Functiontexts

VIEW SHOW ALL MARKED FUNCTION TEXTS

Automatically displays the descriptive text of each marked object (symbol) on the active sheet.

Hide All Functiontexts

VIEW HIDE ALL FUNCTION TEXTS

Automatically hides the descriptive text of each object (symbol) on the active sheet.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-41

Snap to Points
VIEW SNAP TO POINTS

This command enables CADdy ++ ET to snap line ends, intersections and centres while you are
drawing.

Quick Guide:
1. Choose a drawing command such as Line (see page E-59).
2. Activate SNAP ON/OFF by pressing S, or click onto the icon.
3. CADdy ++ ET automatically snaps the ends, centres and intersections of the lines, while you
move the cursor on the screen.
The centre is marked with a triangle:

The end is marked with a square:

The intersection is marked with a cross:

4. The command can be turned on and off as desired.

Trackers on Selected Elements

VIEW TRACKERS ON SELECTED ELEMENTS

This command enables trackers on selected elements, likewise other objects in Windows.
When trackers are on, you are able to manipulate the objects directly by dragging the
highlighted marks (trackers).
NOTE:

Its simple to manipulate selected elements via trackers, but its not very precise.
You should only use this function, if this is of no importance.

E-42 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Show All Elements

VIEW ALL ELEMENTS

Occasionally, elements are moved or placed out of basis.

This function shows all elements within the drawing, and resizes the drawing dimension to fit all
elements.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-43

Toolbar
Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting TOOLBAR from the menu bar.

Customize
TOOLBAR CUSTOMIZE

The following dialog box appears when CUSTOMIZE is chosen:

This dialog box is Windows standard. You are able to select and customize different toolbars.

E-44 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Save Position
TOOLBAR SAVE POSITION

The first time, that CADdy ++ ET is used, the toolbars might be located as shown below:

If you wish to move the toolbar, drag and drop the toolbars until the position is as desired. For
example, another position is shown below:

To ensure that CADdy ++ ET remembers this position, select the command SAVE POSITION.

Style Bar

In the style bar, you can find options as follows:

Layer control

Max. 512 layers are available. You can define the layer
title, pen-style, -colour, -width, brush-style and brushcolour individually for each layer.
By selecting
the current layer.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

you can hide or show all elements in

CADdy Commands E-45

Layer control and information are saved in a workspace

template with the function Workspace Template (Save
as)(see pageE-7).
Pen-width

Sets the width of the pen. Size 0.18 0.25 0.35 0.50
0.70 and 1.00 are ISO standard. You can define your
own size by clicking Other. You can see the actual
size of each element by selecting the function Show Line
Width (see page E-40).

Colour control

Sets the colour of all selected or new elements including

fillings and hatching.

Fill style

Controls filling style for the command Fill/Hatch Area (see

page E-62).

Pen style

Controls pen style for all drawing commands.

E-46 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Draw
Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting DRAW from the menu.

Potential - Top
DRAW POTENTIAL TOP

F11

This command is used to place a potential at the top of a circuit diagram.

The potential is placed on the Y-co-ordinate, as mentioned in Properties Diagrams on page E13. Subsequently, the potential is 5 mm under the previous and so on.
You can also insert a bottom potential or optional potential (see below).
HINT 1:

When you name potentials or conductors, the supply conductors should be named
according to IEC 60445 (see chapter H).
According to this standard, a semicolon (;) is used as a prefix in front of the
potential name.

Example:

Potential L1, L2 and L3 from circuit breaker 15Q8 are named "15Q8;L1", "15Q8;L2"
and "15Q8;L3".

Potential - Bottom
DRAW POTENTIAL BOTTOM

F12

This command is used to insert a potential at the bottom of a circuit diagram.

Please refer to the technical description about potentials at "Potential - Top" on page E-47.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-47

Potential - Any
DRAW POTENTIAL ANY

This command is used to insert a potential anywhere in a circuit diagram.

Please refer to the technical description about potentials at "Potential - Top" on page E-47.

1 Wire Dynamic
DRAW WIRES 1 WIRE DYNAMIC

This command is used to optionally insert wires between electrical symbols in a circuit diagram.

Quick Guide:
1. Draw the connections one at a time.
You can draw the connections without considering the symbols - CADdy ++ ET automatically
breaks the wires!

EXAMPLE:
1.) A wire has to be connected via a make contact:

2.) Select the wires starting point:

E-48 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

3.) Draw the wire through the element:

4.) CADdy ++ ET automatically breaks the wire:

CADdy ++ ET automatically inserts a contact point when 2 electrical connections meet each other
in a "T".
NOTE:

There is a big difference between drawing wires and lines. Wires are regarded as
real electrical connections, while lines are not.

3 Wires Dynamic
DRAW WIRES 3 WIRES DYNAMIC

This command is used to optionally insert 3 wires between electrical symbols in a circuit
diagram.
The command is applied, when 3 phases are to be connected to a multi-polar symbol.
CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-49

Quick Guide:
1. Draw the connections one at a time.
You can draw the connections without considering the symbols - CADdy ++ ET automatically
breaks the wires!
An example is illustrated in the section 1 Wire Dynamic" on page E-48.
CADdy ++ ET automatically inserts a contact point where 2 electrical connections meet each
other in a "T".
To connect symbols with potentials as N or PE, you have to use the command, which draws 1
Wire Dynamic " (see page E-48.).
NOTE:

There is a big difference between drawing wires and lines. Wires are regarded as
real electrical connections, while lines are not.

E-50 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Cables
DRAW CABLES

This command is used to define a cable between symbols, terminal strips, etc.
NOTE:

Whether the cable starts at a terminal strip or component, is not important.

However, be aware that the connection is electrical and therefore must be drawn
as electrical wires.

Quick Guide:
1. First, draw the electrical connection between the symbols.
2. Select the command.
3. Draw a line across the electrical connections which compile the cable. For example:

4. The following dialog box will appear:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-51

CABLE INFORMATION
Name (-): The cable receives a name. If you wish to link the cable to an existing cable, you can
view a list by pressing. .
HINT 1:

The letter code for a cable must include a "W" according to Letter Codes in chapter
H.

Function: The function of the cable, for example "Motor cable".

Type: The type of the cable. By clicking
(see page E-75).

the Type Database opens, for selection of cables

Cable Dimension: The dimension of the cable, for example "3x1.50 mm".

CORE INFORMATION
Cable-Core No.: CADdy ++ ET suggests a continuos core number.
The cores are numbered in succession, from left to right, on the line being drawn. By clicking
, CADdy ++ ET finds the next free core-number in the cable, or resets the counter to 1 if the cable
is new.
Cable-Core colour: If you prefer to identify the core by colour, it can be done as described
below.
HINT 2:

According to Colour Codes in IEC 60757, the core colour has to be abbreviated.
Please refer to chapter H.

Cable-core Size: The size of each core is indicated here.

E-52 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

HINT 3:

You are able to handle multi-cables, if the separate squares for each core are stated!

Function/Location Box
DRAW FUNCTION/LOCATION BOX

economy: This command is used to draw a box in which all components are given the same
function (=) and/or location (+).
NOTE:

The function (=) or location (+) are intended to be different from the function or
location stated in the title field of the drawing.

Quick Guide:
1. Select the command.
2. State the first point of the box, e.g. top-left corner.
3. State the second (opposite) point of the box, so the box contains all desired components.
4. A dialog box appears.
5. State the function (=) and location (+) for the new group.
6. Click OK.

Dimension Horizontal
DRAW DIMENSION HORIZONTAL

This command calculates and sets the optional dimension between 2 points horizontally:

Example:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Dimension 15.00 mm horizontally.

CADdy Commands E-53

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) State the first point by clicking the left mouse button.
3.) Move the mouse (up and down, left and right) to place the dimension text and second point
in one step. The calculation is locked horizontally.
4.) Continue indicating new points by moving and clicking the left mouse button.
5.) Quit the function by clicking the right mouse button.

Read more about:

Dimension Vertical on page E-54.
Dimension btw. 2 lines on page E-55.
Dimension btw. 2 pts. on page E-56.
Dimension Settings on page E-57.

Dimension Vertical
DRAW DIMENSION VERTICAL

This command calculates and sets the optional dimension between 2 points vertically:

Example:

Dimension 15.00 mm vertically.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
E-54 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

2.) State the first point by clicking the left mouse button.
3.) Move the mouse (up and down, left and right) to place the dimension text and second point
in one step. The calculation is locked vertically.
4.) Continue indicating new points by moving and clicking the left mouse button.
5.) Quit the function by clicking the right mouse button.

Read more about:

Dimension Horizontal on page E-53.
Dimension btw. 2 lines on page E-55.
Dimension btw. 2 pts. on page E-56.
Dimension Settings on page E-57.

Dimension btw. 2 lines

DRAW DIMENSION BTW. 2 LINES

This command calculates and sets the dimension between 2 parallel lines:

Example:

Dimension 15.05 mm between two parallel lines.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Pick the first line by clicking the left mouse button (highlights in red).
3.) Pick the second line by clicking the left mouse button.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-55

4.) Move the mouse (up and down) to place the dimension text. The dimension text is locked
between the two lines.
5.) Click the left mouse button to insert the dimension text.
5.) Quit the function by clicking the right mouse button.
NOTE:

This function only calculates the dimension between two parallel lines. If you have
difficulties picking the second line, the lines are probably not parallel.

Read more about:

Dimension Horizontal on page E-53.
Dimension Vertical on page E-54.
Dimension btw. 2 pts. on page E-56.
Dimension Settings on page E-57.

Dimension btw. 2 pts.

DRAW DIMENSION BTW 2 PTS

This command calculates and sets the optional dimension between 2 points:

Example:

Dimension 15.81 mm optional.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) State the first point by clicking the left mouse button.
3.) Move the mouse (up and down, left and right) to place the dimension text and second point
in one step.

E-56 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

4.) Continue indicating new points by moving and clicking the left mouse button.
5.) Quit the function by clicking the right mouse button.

Read more about:

Dimension Horizontal on page E-53.
Dimension Vertical on page E-54.
Dimension btw. 2 lines on page E-55.
Dimension Settings on page E-57.

Dimension Settings
DRAW DIMENSION DIMENSION SETTINGS

(nc4)

This command states the settings for dimensioning:

Attributes: Following attributes are available:

Arrows: You can specify arrows as desired:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-57

Text: Text attributes are set here. Please refer to New Text on page E-64 for further information.

Read more about:

Dimension Horizontal on page E-53.
Dimension Vertical on page E-54.
Dimension btw. 2 lines on page E-55.
Dimension btw. 2 pts. on page E-56.

E-58 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Line
DRAW LINE

This command is used to draw lines.

The LINE has a number of properties, which are defined in the format toolbar, such as pen-style,
pen-width, and layer.
These line properties can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on page E-37.

MultiLine
DRAW MULTILINE MULTILINE

Economy:
This command is used to draw multi-lines. Multi-lines are several (maximum of 5) lines parallel
to one-another.
Example:

5 lines (1 .. 5, from left to right) with

individual preferences.

Quick Guide:
1.) Make sure the MultiLine Settings (see page E-60) are as desired.
2.) Select the command.
3.) State the first point by clicking the left mouse button.
4.) Move the mouse (up and down, left and right) to draw lines
5.) Continue indicating new points by moving and clicking the left mouse button.
6.) Quit the function by clicking the right mouse button.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-59

MultiLine Settings
DRAW MULTILINE MULTILINE SETTINGS

economy:
This command states the settings for drawing a MultiLine (see page E-59).

You can Add Line or Delete Line as desired. A maximum of 5 lines is possible.
Line 1 .. 5

5 lines (1 .. 5, from left to right) with individual

preferences.

Baseline Distance

Distance from cursor cross to first line.

Default is zero. Use positive (+) and negative
(-) digits to state the distance (in mm).

Pen width

Actual width (in mm) of the pen.

Pen colour

Colour of the pen (black, red etc.).

Pen style

Style of the pen (solid, dashed etc.)

Layer

States the layer of the actual line.

Attribute:

Draws a line at the beginning and the end of

the multi-line:

Close End
Close Mid

E-60 CADdy Commands

Draws a line at each bend of the multi-line:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Rectangle
DRAW RECTANGLE

This command is used to draw rectangles.

The RECTANGLE has a number of properties, which are defined in the format toolbar, such as
pen-style, pen-width, and layer.
These rectangle properties can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on page E-37.

Circle
DRAW CIRCLE

This command is used to draw circles.

The circle has a number of properties, which are defined in the format toolbar, such as penstyle, pen-width, and layer.
The circles properties can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on page E-37.

Arc
DRAW ARC

This command is used to draw arcs.

The arc has a number of properties, which are defined in the format toolbar, such as pen-style,
pen-width, and layer.
The arcs properties can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on page E-37.

Ellipse
DRAW ELLIPSE

This command is used to draw ellipses.

The ellipse has a number of properties, which are defined in the format toolbar, such as penstyle, pen-width, and layer.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-61

The properties of the ellipse can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on page E-37.

Polygon Area
DRAW POLYGON AREA

This command is used to draw and fill optional geometrical shapes.

Quick Guide:
1.) State first point
2.) State second point
3.) State third point (the geometrical shape is filled while drawing)
4.) CANCEL by pressing the right mouse button.
The Polygon Area command has a number of properties as selected in the Style Bar (see page
E-45).
The properties of the hatch/fill area can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on
page E-37.
A fill is always considered as one element in the same way as lines or circles. Likewise, they
can be chosen individually.

Fill/Hatch Area
DRAW FILL / HATCH AREA

This command is used to fill optional geometrical shapes.

Quick Guide:
1.) Pick the geometrical shape(s) that you want to fill or hatch one by one.
2.) CANCEL by pressing the right mouse button.
The fill/hatch area command has a number of properties as selected in the Style Bar (see page
E-45).

E-62 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

The properties of the hatch/fill area can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on
page E-37.
A fill is always considered as one element in the same way as lines or circles. Likewise, they
can be chosen individually.

Parallel
DRAW PARALLEL

This command is used to construct one ore more parallel element(s).

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Pick the element you wish to make a parallel copy of, and click the left mouse button.
3.) Move the mouse (up, down, left and right) until the copy is as described.
4.) If descried, continue making parallel(s).
5.) Quit the command by clicking the right mouse button.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-63

Text
Following commands are found by selecting TEXT from the menu bar.

New Text
TEXT NEW

This command is used to insert various forms of text in a drawing. The following dialog box
appears when you choose the command:

How to Use The Text Command:

Type a text in the white area. Drag the text into the drawing by using the mouse.
NOTE:

Several text lines can be written in this area. To change lines press CTRL +
ENTER. You can copy and paste text from other programs by pressing CTRL+C
(copy) and CTRL+V (paste).

There is a number of possibilities if you want to change the text. For example, the contents,
adjustment, etc.

HEIGHT - WIDTH DISTANCE

The height, width, distance, etc. of a text can be changed. Spacing between the letters can be
defined either between the letters in a line or mutually between the lines. The angle of the text
can also be defined.

E-64 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

PROPORTIONAL: The text can be chosen to be proportional (equal spacing between every
letter) or non proportional.

ITALIC: This command italicizes the text.

JUSTIFIED: The text can be chosen to be aligned left, right or centre.

TEXT ATTRIBUTES
It is necessary to allocate the symbols attributes to be able to distinguish between the text's
functions, for example when defining symbols. This means that a text is interpreted as a
component name, connection etc.

Attributes are divided into different groups:

The attribute Normal Text is used for ordinary text.

No.

Attribute

The attributes function

1.00

NORMAL TEXT

Ordinary text

2.00

WORKSPACE

Miscellaneous information about the customer, which can

be inserted in the drawing frame.
The various texts are updated in the respective fields in
the MS Access database that saves the project.

2.01

Project-name

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

The text in the drawing frame, where the project name is

inserted.

CADdy Commands E-65

2.02

Customer

If desired, the text reservations can be used for other

purposes.

2.03

Address 1

2.04

Address 2

2.05

Zip code

2.06

City

2.07

Telephone

2.08

Fax

2.09

E-mail

2.10

Attention 1, 2, 3

2.11

Proj. Description-line 01 This text describes the project and its contents.
10
The various texts are updated in the respective fields in
the MS Access database that saves the project.

2.12

Proj. Created Date

Date of creating the project.

2.13

Proj. Created By

Project created by (initials)

2.14

Free 01 .. 10

These texts can be used as desired.

The various texts are updated in the respective fields in
the MS Access database that saves the project.

3.00

CONTENT

Information in the drawing sheet about its contents.

3.01

Page

These texts define the page number (sheet number) and

the corresponding index, if chosen.

3.02

Index

3.03

Page Created Date

3.04

Page Created By

3.05

Plot Date

3.06

Plot Time

3.07

Plot Page

3.08

Number of all Plot Pages

3.09

Prior Number

3.10

Next Number

3.11

Number of all Pages

E-66 CADdy Commands

This text states information concerning the creation of the

drawing, such as the created date and the author's
initials.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

3.12

Page Description-line 01
10

Contents of the sheet line 1 .. 10.

4.00

FUNCTION/LOCATION

Information concerning function (=) and location (+)

4.01

Function (=)

According to IEC 61346-1

4.02

Location (+)

According to IEC 61346-1

5.00

COMPONENT

Information concerning the component.

5.01

Name (-)

Name of a symbol. The minus-sign (-) indicates the

product-structure according to IEC 61346-1.

5.02

Path

This text describes the number of the path.

5.03

Function

5.04

Type 01 10

These texts contains the description of the component

(for example "Start" and the type(s) number(s) of the
component.

5.05

Cable-dimension

Cable-dimension (e.g. PAA)

5.06

Cable-core Number

Number of the core in the cable

5.07

Cable-core Colour

Colour of the core in the cable

5.08

Cable-core Size

Size of the core (typically in mm)

5.09

Terminal Number

This text describes the terminal symbols, for example the

terminal number and terminal index .

5.10

Terminal Index
This text must be used together with text attribute no.
5.01.

5.11

Sheet/Path Reference

This text is used for cross references between different

sheets and paths in a project.

5.12

Group

States the group for the object.

5.13

Power

States the powerfor the object.

5.14

Free text 01 10

Free text for any information.

6.00

CONNECTION

Information concerning connections.

6.01

Connection Text

This text consists of the symbol's terminal number text

and a connection point. The texts can be moved
independently after insertion.

6.02

Target Information

Internal text reservation.

6.03

Symbol-name

Internal text reservation.

6.04

PLC Operand

This text is used to describe the operand, address and

description in a PLC symbol.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-67

6.05

PLC Symbol-address

description in a PLC symbol.

6.06

PLC Description

Please consult PLC Documentation (chapter J) for further

information.

6.07

Wire-size

Size of the wire (in the circuit diagram) (internal)

6.08

Wire-colour

Colour of the wire (in the circuit diagram) (internal)

6.09

Wire number

Number of the wire (in the circuit diagram) (internal)

6.10

LINK-type

Type of LINK in the terminal-strip.

6.11

Wire-type

Type of the wire (in the circuit diagram) (internal)

6.12

Lock wire

Internal text reservation.

7.00

OTHER

Other texts.

7.01

Translatable text

Internal text reservation (all text are translatable)

7.02

Terminal Strip

Text reservations for Terminal Matrix and Terminal Matrix

Graphic.

7.03

Target Left

7.04

Terminal Number

7.05

Target Right

7.06

No. of terminal lines

7.07

Terminal Sheet

7.08

Terminal Path

7.09

LINK Type

7.10

Cable name Left

7.11

Cable-core number Left

7.12

No. of cable lines Left

7.13

Cable name Right

7.14

Cable-core number Right

7.15

No. of cable lines Right

7.16

Cable type Left

7.17

Cable Description Left

7.18

Cable Type Right

E-68 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

7.19

Cable Description Right

7.20

Terminal Index

7.21

Cable-core square Left

7.22

Cable-core square Right

7.23

Symbol End marker

7.24

Symbol Start marker

Text reservations for Autodiagram.

FONT
A vector font or a Windows font can be selected.
NOTE:

The text in all CAD systems (including CADdy ++ ET) are called vector fonts. A
vector font is constructed of small lines.
These lines can be seen by magnifying a letter (by zooming). Vector fonts are not
the same as "True Type" fonts used by Windows, which you also can choose.
The text is made in a matrix of 200 x 200 dots. It is the height and width of the
matrix, which is stated in CADdy ++ ET. However, there is no guarantee, that the
text you use has the height you define this depends how the individual font is
defined in the matrices.

HINT 1:

It is recommended that you use a vector font as format, if you export to the AutoCAD
DXF/DWG format.

ISO 3098
IEC 61082 clause 4.1.5 instructs, that ISO 3098/1 B should be used as the text font for all
technical drawings and circuit diagrams. This text is delivered in CADdy ++ ET as Vectorfont #1,
and must be set as proportional text.
HINT 2:

IEC 61082 recommends that a minimum height of 2.50 mm is used on all technical
drawings. Experience shows that this is the smallest pen width that can be used
when faxing, without smudging!

HINT 3:

As any other format in the ISO standard, each step increases by

Ex. 1:

2.

ISO paper size A4 * 2 = paper size A3.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-69

Ex. 2:

ISO 3098 font size 2.50 * 2 = font size 3.50.

NOTE:

The ISO 3098 font are constructed in a matrix of 200 x 200 pts. It is the size of
this matrix that is stated as height and width in CADdy ++ ET.

Below, you can identify the actual size of the font and the corresponding size in CADdy++.
ISO 3098 B

Text height

Text width

True size

Text distance

Pen

(height/5)

(in mm)

2.50 mm

3.50

3.50

0.70

0.25

3.50 mm

5.00

5.00

1.00

0.35

5.00 mm

7.00

7.00

1.40

0.50

7.00 mm

10.0

10.0

2.00

0.70

10.0 mm

14.0

14.0

2.80

1.00

Edit text
TEXT EDIT

This command is used to edit a text.

This command is also used when you paste a text in to your drawing. Please refer to New Text
on page E-64.
HINT 1:

You can display any information (e.g. the attribute) on existing text by following the
Quick Guide below.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the function. A

appears.

2.) Pick any text on the drawing

3.) The text dialog appears, initialised with the actual properties
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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

4.) You may change the text and properties as desired. To change components, use the Edit
Component (see page E-72)instead.
5.) If you want to display the Attribute of a text, you must click the tab Attribute and then pick
the text you want to investigate. The actual attribute is highlighted by a grey cursor. Use the
Ungroup Selected (see page E-37) before changing the attribute of the text.
6.) Quit the function by clicking the

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Edit Component
TEXT EDIT COMPONENT

This command is used to edit text which is connected with the elements.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Select an element (group), that you want to edit (becomes red).
3.) A dialog box appears and you are able to edit your text, which belongs to the element.
4.) Click OK.
HINT 1:

If you change the name of a relay-coil, the name on its contacts are changed
automatically.

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Translate Text
TEXT TRANSLATE TEXT

professional:
This command is used to translate text, e.g. from one language to another.
The CADdy ++ ET translate function operates with a Microsoft Access database
"Translation.MDB" (located in the same folder as templates).
The database is updated with new words from the active project by pressing the "Load Texts
from Project" button in the dialog. When a specific term exists in the database, it's never
replaced.
NOTE:

The words in the database are case-sensitive. For example are "Date" and "date"
not the same term.

Besides the original language, CADdy ++ ET can handle up till three different languages in the
database.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) The following dialog appears:

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CADdy Commands E-73

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog box may appear).

3.) If the database is empty or needs new terms from the active project: Press the "Load Texts
from Project" button.
4.) Add the translation for each text in the "Language1", "Language2" or "Language3" field.
5.) Select the desired language for your project by clicking

at the top of the dialog.

6.) Click "Translate Project". The terms which exists in the database are translated to the
selected language (1, 2 or 3). If a translation doesn't exists for a certain term (e.g. the
translation is "blank"), the term are left unattended.
7.) The translation can be set to the original language by selecting "Source Language" as the
translation language, and the click "Translate Project".
8.) Click "Close" to exit the dialog.

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Functions
Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting FUNCTION from the menu bar.

Type Database
FUNCTIONS TYPEDATABASE

economy:
This command is used to manipulate the type database.
HINT 1:

Types for objects are selected by double-clicking on a symbol. Within the symbol
dialog, press
to view the contents of the type database.

Please note, that its only possible to manipulate the type database via this command. When
picking types from the dialog box, its only possible to select.
NOTE:

All relevant information from the type database is transferred and saved within the
project. This ensures, that the project file (*.cpj) contains all the necessary
information to open the project without external references.

When the command is activated, the Type Explore dialog box appears with various options.
Supplier enables you to add or delete
supplier(s) to the type database as you wish.

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog(s)

box may appear).

Goods-Group: Each supplier consists of a

various numbers of goods-groups. In the
example above, K Coil is the first goodsgroup of the supplier Demo. You may add
or delete goods-groups as you wish.
The Show function toggles between two
different ways of presenting the contents of
the type database: Supplier -> GoodsGroup > Type OR GoodsGroup -> Supplier -> Type.
You may Import from an Excel spreadsheet
or from a file who supports the ECAD norm.
See description below.

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The types which belongs to the selected

goodsgroup are displayed in the treestructure and in an additional window.
The active type are marked with a

New types are inserted by clicking onto the

empty field marked with a
and type.

The property of the active type (see above)

are displayed in a separate window.
New properties are inserted by clicking onto
the empty field marked with a
and select
a kind of property by clicking onto . The
value of the selected property are located in
the field on the right hand.

Types are selected by double-clicking onto a

selected type, either in the tree-structure or
in the separate window displaying the types.
You may select as many types for one
component as desired (multi-types).
The selected types are displayed in a
separate window.

New (manual) type, which are not linked to any goodsgroup.

Delete selected type.
Move selected type up in the list. Only the type in the top of the list are displayed in
the List of products (see chapter F).
Move selected type down in the list.

Import from Excel spreadsheet

By selecting IMPORT - IMPORT FROM EXCEL the import dialog appears. Below a separate
description of each option appears.

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(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog(s) box may appear).

Select the actual sheet to import
from.

This part of the dialog indicates

which column from Excel should
be imported to dedicated
standard columns in the
typedatabase.

In this section, other data fields

may be linked with optional
columns in the spreadsheet.
The selection of fields in the
typedatabase can be selected by
clicking onto .
Various fields in the database
matches the ECAD norm.

Former settings can be loaded

by clicking onto "Load settings"
(saved as *.tpf)
Actual settings can be saved by
clicking onto "Save settings"
(*.tpf).

Import from ECAD norm

By selecting IMPORT - IMPORT FROM ECAD NORM the import ECAD dialog appears.

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CADdy Commands E-77

Quick Guide:
1.) State the ECAD filename (*.vgr) and assign a
supplier name.
2.) Press "Import" to import from the ECAD file.

(NOTE: Various contents within the

dialog(s) box may appear).

Update Type Information

FUNCTIONS UPDATE TYPE INFORMATION

economy:
Each type in the Type Database contains multiple information.
When a specific type in the database are selected (and linked to a component), all information
are transferred from the database to the project itself. Hereby all relevant information are
included in the workspace, so this can be distributed as a unit.
However, types in the database are occasionally updated.
This function updates all data from the database to types used within the active project.

Mirror Database
FUNCTIONS MIRRORDATABASE

economy:
This command is used to manage contact mirrors for relay-coils.

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Contact mirrors are constructed from 7 basic contacts: NO, NC, main NO, main NC, changeover, slow-release and slow-operating. The contacts can be combined in various editions as
desired.
NOTE:

All relevant information from the mirror database is transferred and saved within
the project. This ensures, that the project file (*.cpj) contains all the necessary
information to open the project without external references.

When opening the mirror database explorer, following dialog box appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog box may appear).

Quick Guide: Mirror

As a basis, a name of a mirror must exist before it can be linked to a type in the Type Database
(see page E-75). You may add, rename or delete mirror(s) as you wish.
1.) To add a new mirror: Select Mirror Add. Add the name in the dialog box, and click OK.
After a new type is created, contacts must be added (see below).
2.) To rename an existing mirror: Highlight the name you want to change, and select Mirror
Rename. Add the name in the dialog box, and click OK.
3.) To delete an existing mirror: Highlight the name you want to delete, and select Mirror
Delete.

Quick Guide: Contacts

Each mirror consists of a various number of contacts. There is no limit for inserting and
combining contacts in the database.
1.) To add a new contact: Highlight the mirror, and select Contact Add. The following dialog
box appears:

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CADdy Commands E-79

Select the contact type from the pull-down menu, and add contact numbers. Contact
numbers are added with a ; as a separator, e.g. 12;13;14.
The sequence in change-over contacts are COMMON; NO; NC, e.g.

=>

HINT 1:

If the sequence of the numbers on the contact is wrong, use the Update Connection
Number (see page E-87) function to correct it.

Continue inserting contacts (see above) until the mirror is correct.

2.) To delete an existing contact: Highlight the name you want to delete, and select Contact
Delete.

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Wire Numbering
FUNCTIONS WIRES WIRE NUMBERING

economy:
The identification of wires is required when constructing machines in accordance with EN
60204-1 clause 14.7. CADdy ++ ET conforms with this norm.
This function numbers or renumbers all wires within the active project.
Use the function Clear Numbering (see page E-84) to remove all wire numbers from the active
project.
CAUTION:

Its not possible to undo this command.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the function
2.) The following dialog appears:

3.) Select the method (Style, Format and Range) for numbering by clicking
description below)

(see

4.) Click OK

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CADdy Commands E-81

Style: Potential numbering

The style potential numbering provides the wires connected to a potential with the potential
name. Other wires with the same potential (see example below) get a new number, which is
equal on all wires carrying the same potential.
High-risk circuits may need a fail-safe way of identifying each wire with a unique number. If so,
use the style wire numbering instead.

Example potential numbering, consecutive:

Style: Wire numbering

The style wire numbering provides a fail-safe way of identifying wires, by giving each wire a
unique number. This is especially intended for high-risk circuits.

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Example wire numbering, consecutive:

Format: Consecutive
The format consecutive means that number is increased by +1 for each step in the selected
style.

Format: Page/Consecutive
The format page/consecutive means that the number consists of the actual page number and
the additional number, which is increased by +1 for each step in the selected style . You may
choose any separator (for use between page and number) from the offered list.

Range: Renumber all wires

The range renumber all wires means that all wires in every sheet will be (re)numbered with the
selected style and format.

Range: Renumber wires not yet numbered

The range renumber wires not yet numbered means that any unnumbered wires in any sheet
will be numbered with the selected style and format. Select this range if you don't want to
renumber the whole project.

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CADdy Commands E-83

Clear Numbering
FUNCTIONS WIRES CLEAR NUMBERING

economy:
This function clears all wire numbers in the active project.
CAUTION:

Its not possible to undo this command.

Clear selected
FUNCTIONS WIRES CLEAR SELECTED

economy:
This function clears selected wire number(s) in the active project.
CAUTION:

Its not possible to undo this command.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the wires for which the numbers should be deleted. By pressing SHIFT while selecting
wires, you can add or remove as many wires to the selection as desired.
2.) Select the function. The selected wire-numbers are deleted.

Wire Direction
FUNCTIONS WIRES CHANGE WIREDIRECTION

economy:
This command toggles the direction of a junction point.

Quick Guide:
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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

1.) Select this command. The direction of all wires appears.

2.) Point exactly at the connection point to change (toggle) the direction. CADdy ++ ET only
suggests the legal directions.
3.) Quit the command by clicking the right mouse button.
NOTE:

There are 8 possible directions.

Example 1

Direction: From down to right.

Example 2

Direction: From up to right.

Example 3

Direction: From down to left.

Wire Properties
FUNCTIONS WIRES PROPERTIES

Double-click on wire

economy:
This command enables you to add properties to each wire separately. The wire properties take
effect in the List of Wires (see chapter F).

Quick Guide:
1.) Select this command or double-click onto a selected wire. A

appears.

2.) Identify the wire to which you wish to add properties, and click the left mouse button.
3.) The following dialog box appears:

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CADdy Commands E-85

In the example above, WireColor, WireSize, WireNumber and WireType are indicated. You
may fill in the properties as you wish.
By marking

each property, you can make it visible in the drawing if desired.

4.) Quit the command by clicking the right mouse button.

HINT 1:

You may also simply double-click a wire to activate the function.

HINT 2:

Colour Codes must be in accordance with IEC 60757.

HINT 3:

You can manipulate multiple information about wires in one operation. See Wire
Editor in chapter G.

Swap Connection
FUNCTIONS SWAP CONNECTION ON SELECTED
TERMINALS/CABLES

This command enables you to swap the connections at each symbol.

Use this function to exchange internal and external connections on terminals, for example.
Swap connection takes effect in the List of Wires (chapter F) and the Terminal Matrix (chapter
F).

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Update Connection Number

FUNCTIONS UPDATE CONNECTIONNUMBER FROM
CONNECTIONTEXT

This function enables you to toggle the sequence of the connection numbers on any contacts.
In the Mirror Database (see page E-78), the sequence of the numbers on contacts is given via a
separator ;. If the number sequence on the graphical symbol doesnt fit the database, this
function is used to re-define them. The correction only takes effect on the actual symbol in the
drawing.
If the sequence must be kept, the symbol must be saved again in the symbol-library .

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-87

Example:
1.) When taking-over the numbers from the Mirror Database, the sequence of
the numbers are wrong, since the COMMON, NO and NC numbers are
switched:

2.) Double-click on the symbol, to activate the dialog box:

3.) Type the correct sequence of the connection texts, e.g.:

IMPORTANT: The first connection MUST begin with zero (0).

4.) Click OK. The contact numbers are changed:

5.) Select the symbol (highlighted in red), and activate this function
(FUNCTIONS UPDATE CONNECTION NUMBER FROM
CONNECTIONTEXT).
When the numbers are wiped out, the sequence is changed:
6.) Re-link the symbol to the coil, by double-clicking on the symbol, and add a
name (e.g. 1K1) in the dialog box. Click OK.
7.) The sequence is changed now:

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Multicore
FUNCTIONS MULTICORE

professional:
To simplify, one wire can be defined internally in CADdy ++ ET as many wires, called a multicore.
Multicores are displayed in the database utility Multicore (see chapter G) and listed in the List of
Multicores (see chapter F) in the graphical list environment.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select this command. A

appears.

2.) Pick the wire you want to define as a multicore, and -click the left mouse button.
3.) The following dialog appears (example with wire between object F2 and object K3):

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

4.) Click "Add core". CADdy ++ ET suggest consecutive numbers.
5.) If desired, correct the terminal number for the left and the right object.
NOTE: The terminal number is written like "F2:14" in the lists. The ":" is stating the terminal
number (14).
6.) If desired, insert the values for wire size, colour and additional information.
7.) Repeat step 4-6 for the required number of wires.

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CADdy Commands E-89

8.) You can delete a wire by pointing at it with the mouse. When the line is highlighted, press
DELETE.
9.) Click OK.

Autodiagram
FUNCTIONS AUTODIAGRAM

professional:
This function enables you to generate diagrams automatically from a Microsoft Excel
spreadsheet or a Microsoft Access Database.
(nc4)

Change Normsheet
FUNCTIONS CHANGE NORMSHEET

professional: This function is used for changing the drawing sheet (normsheet) on every sheet
within the workspace.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the function.
2.) A dialog appears. Select a new template from a range of templates, and click OK.
3.) The drawing sheet are automatically changed in all sheets in the workspace.
CAUTION:

Its not possible to undo this command.

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Additional Tools
This section describes tools, which it not directly located in any menu or icon. These tools are
very practical and will improve your performance with CADdy ++.

Navigator
IN CURSOR MODE ONLY: DOUBLE-CLICK ON ANY CROSSREFERENCE

economy:
This function enables you to jump easily to the sheet of the selected cross-reference.

Quick Guide:
1.) Pick a cross-reference on any relay, contact, potential etc.
2.) Double-click the "sheet.path" reference to jump to the actual sheet.
NOTE:

If nothing happens, it's probably because you're already on the actual sheet!

Select Component in Group

IN CURSOR MODE ONLY: PRESS CTRL + SHIFT TO SELECT A
COMPONENT IN A GROUP

When inserting groups (e.g. a collection of symbols including wires, stored in the
symboldatabase), the symbols included in the group are treated as one object.
If you don't want to Ungroup Selected (see page E-37) to modify the group, you can use this
function instead.

Quick Guide:
1.) Pick or insert any group on any sheet.
2.) Press and hold SHIFT and CTRL down while selecting objects (components) within the
group by clicking the left mouse button.
3.) The selected objects will highlight in red.

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CADdy Commands E-91

4.) Move, Copy or Erase Selected elements as desired.

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Graphical Lists

Introduction
Diagrams include a great deal of complex information. As described in Database Utilities
(chapter G), every data entry in a drawing or a diagram is written online into the database.
The information in the database can be presented in the graphical lists, which are generated
automatically.
This chapter describes how to make templates for specific lists, and how to transfer CADdy ++ ET
data into it.
Basically you will need to define or design your own template for the lists, as described in the
chapter Create Form (see page F-3).

Opening a List
This chapter includes a general description of opening a list in the CADdy ++ ET graphical list
environment.

Quick Guide:
1.) Open an existing Workspace, or create a new Workspace.

2.) Open the project overview by clicking "Project":

3.) The contents of the workspace appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Graphical Lists F-1

4.) Double-click "Graphical Lists"

to expand it.

5.) The contents of the graphical lists appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

Read more about:

- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4
- List of Documents on page F-5
- List of Products on page F-6
- List of Terminals on page F-7
- List of Cables on page F-8
- Lists of Cable-Wires on page F-9
- List of PLC I/O on page F-12
- List of Wires on page F-13
- List of Parts on page F-14
- Terminal Matrix on page F-15
- List of Multicores on page F-16

F-2 Graphical Lists

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Create Form
This chapter describes in general how to create your own form/template for a list. For detailed
information on text reservations (#nnnnn), please refer to the individual chapters for each list.
Lists are generated in a form, which is a Page Template (see chapter K). Therefore, a specific
template must be created for each list. We recommend, that you use the CADdy ++ ET predefined templates as a basis, and make the necessary changes .

NOTE:

The name of each page template is stored together with other information in the
Workspace Template, which is used for new projects.
If the template for a list is changed directly within an existing project, information is
stored there instead, and not in the Workspace Template.

Quick Guide:
1.) Open the graphical lists as described in Opening a List (see page F-1).
2.) Click with the right mouse button on the list that you wish to manipulate. The following dialog
appears:

3.) If you already have selected the basic template for the list, proceed with step 6.)
4.) Select PROPERTIES.
5.) Select the basic template for the actual list and click OK.
6.) Select CREATE FORM.
7.) CADdy ++ ET opens the selected page template.
8.) If you want to manipulate another template (for example with another size), select it with the
function Open Page Template.
9.) Select All elements (CTRL + A) on the drawing.
10.) Ungroup Selected to single elements.

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Graphical Lists F-3

11.) Insert company name, logo etc. in the lower left corner of the drawing sheet.
Please refer to chapter CADdy ++ ET Drawing Sheet (chapter K) for hints etc.
12.) When the design is finished, select all elements (CTRL + A) in the drawing.
13.) Select the function Group Selected and provide your new template with the properties of a
Drawing Sheet.
14.) Save the new template as a page template with the function Page Template (Save as).
15.) Repeat step 4.) and 5.) to indicate the new name of the template for the desired list (with
the name you stated in step 14.).
16a.) Save the project, or
16b.) Save the project as a new Workspace with the function Workspace Template (Save as).

Generate List
Graphical lists are generated automatically by CADdy ++ ET, based on the contents of the
database.
You can check the contents of the database via the functions in Database Utilities.
Before generating any lists, you must specify a form for each list. Please refer to chapter Create
Form (see page F-3).

Quick Guide:
1.) Pick the desired list in the "Graphical lists" (see Opening a List on page F-1).
2.) Click the list and select GENERATE.
3.) CADdy ++ ET now generates the list(s).

NOTE:

Previously generated lists are DELETED when generating new lists. Therefore
manual editing of graphical lists is not recommended.

F-4 Graphical Lists

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

The Lists
This chapter contains detailed information for each list in CADdy ++ ET.

List of Documents
This list contains information about the documents included in the workspace.
Besides the ordinary text reservations in the title field, the following special text reservations
appear:
ID

Description

#Lines 19 7.5

States the maximum number of lines (19) and

the line-distance (7.5) between them.
This text can be located anywhere on the
sheet.
NOTE: Various contents of number of lines
and line distances may appear.

#120010

Sheet no.

#120020

Sheet index

#120051

Revision data

#120100

Description line 01 for the sheet

#180010

Kind of document

#180015

Function (=) of the sheet

Read more about:

- Opening a List on page F-1
- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Graphical Lists F-5

List of Products
This list contains information about the objects (products) included in the workspace.
Besides the ordinary text reservations in the title-field, the following special text reservations
appear:
ID

Description

#Lines 19 7.5

States the maximum number of lines (19) and

the line-distance (7.5) between them.
This text can be located anywhere on the
sheet.
NOTE: Various contents of number of lines
and line distances may appear.

#120010

Sheet no.

#120020

Sheet index

#160020

Path

#140050

Location (+)

#140020

Function (=)

#160010

Product (-)

#160040

Type

#160030

Description

#320

Model

Read more about:

- Opening a List on page F-1
- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4

F-6 Graphical Lists

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

List of Terminals
This list contains information about the terminal-strips included in the circuit diagrams.
Besides the ordinary text reservations in the title field, the following special text reservations
appear:
ID

Description

#Lines 19 7.5

States the maximum number of lines (19) and

the line-distance (7.5) between them.
This text can be located anywhere on the
sheet.
NOTE: Various contents of number of lines
and line distances may appear.

#120010

Sheet no.

#120020

Sheet index

#160020

Path

#160400

Terminal

#160040

Type

#160030

Comment

#182000

Connection 1

#182001

Connection 2

Read more about:

- Opening a List on page F-1
- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Graphical Lists F-7

List of Cables
This list contains information about the cables included in the circuit diagrams.
Besides the ordinary text reservations in the title field, the following special text reservations
appear:
ID

Description

#Lines 19 7.5

States the maximum number of lines (19) and

the line-distance (7.5) between them.
This text can be located anywhere on the
sheet.
NOTE: Various contents of number of lines
and line distances may appear.

#160010

Cable

#160030

Description

#160040

Type

#160200

Dimension

#182000

From

#182000

To

Read more about:

- Opening a List on page F-1
- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4

F-8 Graphical Lists

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Lists of Cable-Wires
This list contains information about the wires in the cables included in the circuit diagrams.
Besides the ordinary text reservations in the title field, the following special text reservations
appear:
ID

Description

#Lines 19 7.5

States the maximum number of lines (19) and

the line-distance (7.5) between them.
This text can be located anywhere on the
sheet.
NOTE: Various contents of number of lines
and line distances may appear.

#120010

Sheet no.

#120020

Sheet index

#160020

Path

#160010

Cable

#175000

Wire (in the cable)

#160230

Square (of wire in the cable)

#160220

Colour (of wire in the cable)

#182000

Connection 1

#182001

Connection 2

Read more about:

- Opening a List on page F-1
- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Graphical Lists F-9

List of Cables sorted

This list contains information about the cables included in the circuit diagrams, sorted (nc4).
Besides the ordinary text reservations in the title field, the following special text reservations
appear:
ID

Description

#Lines 19 7.5

States the maximum number of lines (19) and

the line-distance (7.5) between them.
This text can be located anywhere on the
sheet.
NOTE: Various contents of number of lines
and line distances may appear.

#160010

Cable

#160030

Description

#160040

Type

#160200

Dimension

#182000

From

#182000

To

(nc4)

Read more about:

- Opening a List on page F-1
- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4

F-10 Graphical Lists

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Lists of Cable-Wires sorted

This list contains information about the wires in the cables included in the circuit diagrams,
sorted (nc4).
Besides the ordinary text reservations in the title field, the following special text reservations
appear:
ID

Description

#Lines 19 7.5

States the maximum number of lines (19) and

the line-distance (7.5) between them.
This text can be located anywhere on the
sheet.
NOTE: Various contents of number of lines
and line distances may appear.

#120010

Sheet no.

#120020

Sheet index

#160020

Path

#160010

Cable

#175000

Wire (in the cable)

#160230

Square (of wire in the cable)

#160220

Colour (of wire in the cable)

#182000

Connection 1

#182001

Connection 2

(nc4)

Read more about:

- Opening a List on page F-1
- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Graphical Lists F-11

List of PLC I/O

This list contains information about the input and output of the PLC's in the circuit diagrams.
Besides the ordinary text reservations in the title field, the following special text reservations
appear:
ID

Description

#Lines 19 7.5

States the maximum number of lines (19) and

the line-distance (7.5) between them.
This text can be located anywhere on the
sheet.
NOTE: Various contents of number of lines
and line distances may appear.

#160010

PLC name

#175100

Operand

#175110

Address

#175120

Comment

Read more about:

- Opening a List on page F-1
- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4

F-12 Graphical Lists

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

List of Wires
This list contains information about each wire in the circuit diagrams.
Besides the ordinary text reservations in the title field, the following special text reservations
appear:
ID

Description

#Lines 19 7.5

States the maximum number of lines (19) and

the line-distance (7.5) between them.
This text can be located anywhere on the
sheet.
NOTE: Various contents of number of lines
and line distances may appear.

#120010

Sheet no.

#120020

Sheet index

#160020

Path

(nc5)

Read more about:

- Opening a List on page F-1
- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Graphical Lists F-13

List of Parts
This list is a List of Parts. The information is identical to the List of Products (see page F-6),
except for the calculated amount of parts.
Besides the ordinary text reservations in the title field, the following special text reservations
appear:
ID

Description

#Lines 19 7.5

States the maximum number of lines (19) and

the line-distance (7.5) between them.
This text can be located anywhere on the
sheet.
NOTE: Various contents of number of lines
and line distances may appear.

#180040

Number of pieces

#160040

Type

#100

Description (from the type database)

#300

EAN 13 number

#320

Model

Read more about:

- Opening a List on page F-1
- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4

F-14 Graphical Lists

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Terminal Matrix
The terminal matrix is a special kind of list, which combines a terminal-strip with the information
on cables connected to it.
The terminal matrix conforms with IEC 61082-3: 1994 (terminal connection of grid type).
(nc4)

Read more about:

- Opening a List on page F-1
- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4

Terminal Matrix Graphic

The Terminal Matrix Graphic provides the same features as the Terminal Matrix (see page F15), but additionally the objects connected to the terminal(s) are displayed as symbols.
(nc4)

Read more about:

- Opening a List on page F-1
- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Graphical Lists F-15

List of Multicores
This list contains information about the wires defined with Multicore (see chapter E).
Besides the ordinary text reservations in the title field, the following special text reservations
appear:
ID

Description

#Lines 19 7.5

States the maximum number of lines (19) and

the line-distance (7.5) between them.
This text can be located anywhere on the
sheet.
NOTE: Various contents of number of lines
and line distances may appear.

(nc5)

Read more about:

- Opening a List on page F-1
- Create Form on page F-3
- Generate List on page F-4

F-16 Graphical Lists

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Database Utilities

Introduction
CADdy ++ ET provides intelligent data management.
Every data entry in a drawing or a diagram is written online into the database, which operates in
the background.
The database is a Microsoft Access Database.
Since data is written online, CADdy ++ ET provides powerful tools for editing data in the
database, and rewrite the data back into the drawings or the diagrams instantly.
This feature is very practical for renaming objects, renumbering terminals etc. or just to achieve
an overview.
Please note, that various functionalities may appear, depending on which module of CADdy ++
ET you are using.

Abbreviations:
Editorial list. Various functionalities, depending on the CADdy ++ ET module.

Non-editorial list. For information purposes only.

DB

Database

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Database Utilities G-1

Opening a DB-list
This chapter includes a general description of opening a list for viewing data in the CADdy ++ ET
database environment.

Quick Guide:
1.) Open an existing Workspace, or create a new Workspace.

2.) Open the project overview by clicking "Project":

3.) The contents of the workspace appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

4.) Double-click the "Database Lists"

to expand it.

5.) The contents of the database lists appear:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

6a.) Double-click any list to open it, or
6b.) Click any list with the right mouse button to open or print it.

Read more about:

- Documents on page G-8
G-2 Database Utilities

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

- Productlist on page G-9

- Terminals on page G-9
- Cables on page G-10
- Cable-Wires on page G-10
- Contacts on page G-11
- PLC I/O on page G-11
- Wires on page G-11
- Signals on page G-12
- Product Editor on page G-12
- Terminal Editor on page G-13
- Cable Editor on page G-13
- Wire Editor on page G-14
- Doublename Check on page G-14
- Overbooked contacts on page G-15
- Print List on page G-15
- Multicores on page G-16

Viewing a DB-list
This chapter includes a general description of viewing data in the CADdy ++ ET database utilities.

Quick Guide:
1.) After Opening a DB-list (see page G-2), the contents appears on the right.
2.) Since the view is taken directly from the database, basic tools for sorting information are
available. Select any column you want to sort, and click the right mouse button.
3.) The following dialog appears:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Database Utilities G-3

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

5.) Select the desired sorting and/or filter.
NOTE:

If the amount of data seems wrong or is zero, the filter should be removed. Select
any column and click the right mouse button. Select "Remove Filter/Sort".

Additional notes for using sort criteria and filters:

1.) You may use the wildcards "*" and "?" like in any other Window programs.
2.) Each time a new sort criteria is added, it links to the previous criteria, until "Remove
Filter/Sort" has been used. The actual sort criteria(s) and/or filters are displayed at the top of
the dialog.
Example:

Filter-Value in the field "Name" are set to "X2" and "5" in the "Path" field. The sort criteria is set
to "Number" (+ increasing) and "To" (+ increasing).
If nothing is displayed, no filter or sort criteria is active.

G-4 Database Utilities

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Manipulating Single Data

economy:
This chapter includes a general description of manipulating information in specific lists.
Please note, that various editorial functionalities may appear, depending on which module of
CADdy ++ ET you are using.

Quick Guide:
1.) After Opening a DB-list (see page G-2), the contents appears on the right.
2.) If manipulation is possible, a separate dialog with specific data for the highlighted component
appears on the right side of the overview, e.g.:

3.) You may change any data appearing in the "TextValue" window.
4.) Simply change the data in the window, and press Enter when finished.
5.) The data is updated on drawings/diagrams automatically and instantly.
HINT 1:

You may leave the window open, and open any other document if you wish. If you
open the drawing you are editing and the window above, you will see, that data is
updated instantly on the drawing while changing the database.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Database Utilities G-5

Manipulating Multiple Data

economy:
This chapter includes a general description of manipulating common information in specific lists.
Please note, that various editorial functionalities may appear, depending on which module of
CADdy ++ ET you are using.
Combined with the filters in "Viewing a DB-list", this function allows the change of a specific
type, rename single or multiple terminal-strips, renumber terminals etc. easily.

Quick Guide:
1.) After Opening a DB-list (see page G-2), the contents appears on the right.
2.) If manipulation is possible, a separate dialog with specific data of the highlighted component
appears on the right side of the overview.
3.) If you want to manipulate multiple information, select the entries you want to edit, e.g.:

HINT 1:

Press and hold CTRL while clicking the left mouse button lets you pick any
components of the group.

HINT 2:

Press and hold the left mouse button to select all components while moving the
cursor.

4.) Common data for the selected components is displayed on the right side, e.g. "Function" and
"Type" in the example above (marked with a "*").
5.) Simply change the data in the * window, and press Enter when finished.
6.) The data is updated on drawings/diagrams automatically and instantly.

G-6 Database Utilities

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering


HINT 3:

You may leave the window open, and open any other document if you wish. If you
open the drawing you are editing and the window above, you will see, that data is
updated instantly on the drawing while changing the database.

Additional notes for manipulating multiple data:

Within the text-value fields, you have the following possibilities for renaming or renumbering:
Code

Explanation

Page

Path

Page Index

&

Component code

Consecutive number

a>b

Renumber from a, step up with b

1>2: Renumber from 1, step +2

a<b

Renumber from a, step down with b

100<2: Renumber from 100, step -2

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Example

Database Utilities G-7

The Information
This chapter contains detailed information for all database information in CADdy ++ ET.

Documents
DATABASE LISTS DOCUMENTS

This list contains information about the documents included in the workspace.
Possible lists of documents:
ID

Kind of Document

1000

Circuit Diagrams

2000

Other Documents

3001

List of Documents

3011

List of Products

3020

List of Terminals

3030

List of Cables

3031

List of Cable-Wires

3050

List of PLC I/O

3060

List of Wires

3100

List of Parts

3104

Terminal Matrix

3200

List of Multicores

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters

G-8 Database Utilities

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Adding documents to the print list:

After opening the list , it's possible to add or remove selected documents to the Print List (see
page G-15).
It is recommended to use the sorting facilities and the filters to determine a specific range of
documents, for example only documents attached to function "=A1" etc.

Quick Guide:
1.) Open the list of documents.
2.) Make the desired sorting and set filters if desired.
3.) Click the right mouse button, and select "Add to PrintList".
4.) Continue to add or delete documents as desired by repeating step 2-3.

Productlist
DATABASE LISTS PRODUCTLIST

This list contains information about the objects (products) included in the workspace.
If you wish to manipulate the contents, e.g. change the name of a component, or renumber all
components, you must use the Product Editor (see page G-12) instead.

Terminals
DATABASE LISTS TERMINALS

This list contains information about the terminal-strips included in the circuit diagrams.
If you wish to manipulate the contents, e.g. change the name of a strip, or renumber all
terminals, you must use the Terminal Editor (see page G-13) instead.

Read more about:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Database Utilities G-9

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)

Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters

Cables
DATABASE LISTS CABLES

This list contains information about the cables included in the circuit diagrams.
If you wish to manipulate the contents, e.g. change the name of a cable, or renumber all wires,
you must use the Cable Editor (see page G-13) instead.

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters

Cable-Wires
DATABASE LISTS - CABLE-WIRES

This list contains information about the wires in the cables included in the circuit diagrams.
If you wish to manipulate the contents, e.g. change the name of a cable, or renumber all wires,
you must use the Cable Editor (see page G-13) instead.

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters

G-10 Database Utilities

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Contacts
DATABASE LISTS CONTACTS

This list contains information about the relay-coils and additional contacts in the circuit diagrams.
If you wish to manipulate the contents, e.g. change the name of a coil, you must use the Product
Editor (see page G-12) instead.

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters

PLC I/O
DATABASE LISTS - PLC I/O

This list contains information about the input and output of the PLCs in the circuit diagrams.
If you wish to change the name of the PLC, you must use the Product Editor (see page G-12)
instead.

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters

Wires
DATABASE LISTS WIRES

This list contains information about each wire in the circuit diagrams.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Database Utilities G-11

It's not possible to change the information concerning wires (from-to), since this depends directly
on the layout of the graphical drawing.

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters

Signals
DATABASE LISTS SIGNALS

This list contains information about the signals (e.g. potentials) in the circuit diagrams.

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters

Product Editor
DATABASE LISTS - PRODUCT EDITOR

This list contains information about the objects (products) included in the workspace.
This list also contains powerful tools for manipulating one or more data entries.
economy: Click with the right mouse button into any field, and select the renumber sequence
you wish.

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters

G-12 Database Utilities

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Manipulating Single Data (see page G-5)

Manipulating Multiple Data (see page G-6)

Terminal Editor
DATABASE LISTS - TERMINAL EDITOR

This list contains information about the terminal-strips included in the circuit diagrams.
economy: The list provides simple tools for manipulating the contents of the terminal-strips, each
terminal in different ways etc.
Please note, that various editorial functionalities may appear, depending on which module of
CADdy ++ ET you are using.
You may click with the right mouse button into any field, and select the renumber sequence you
wish

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters
Manipulating Single Data (see page G-5)
Manipulating Multiple Data (see page G-6)

Cable Editor
DATABASE LISTS - CABLE EDITOR

This list contains information about the wires in the cables included in the circuit diagrams.
The list provides simple tools for manipulating the cable-name or each wire in different ways etc.
Please note, that various editorial functionalities may appear, depending on which module of
CADdy ++ ET you are using.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Database Utilities G-13

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters
Manipulating Single Data (see page G-5)
Manipulating Multiple Data (see page G-6)

Wire Editor
DATABASE LISTS - WIRE EDITOR

This list contains information about each wire included in the circuit diagrams.
The list provides simple tools for manipulating the properties of each wire or a range of wires.
Please note, that various functionalities may appear, depending on which module of CADdy ++
ET you are using.

Read more about:

Wire Properties (see chapter E)
Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters
Manipulating Single Data (see page G-5)
Manipulating Multiple Data (see page G-6)

Doublename Check
DATABASE LISTS - DOUBLENAME CHECK

As described in Symbol Dialog in chapter J, CADdy ++ ET provides a special function, which links
objects together, if the reference designation is equal to other objects.
However, sometimes objects unintentionally get the same referencedesignation, and therefore
have to be deleted and renamed. This list displays the objects, which have the same reference
designation.

G-14 Database Utilities

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters

Overbooked contacts
DATABASE LISTS - OVERBOOKED CONTACTS

This list contains information about the relay coils with overbooked contacts .
This list only includes coils including a type from the Type Database, which are corresponding
with the Mirror Database (see chapter E).

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters

Print List
DATABASE LISTS - PRINT LIST

The print list is a user defined list of documents that can be printed in one operation.
Documents can be added to the list via the List of Documents (see page G-8).

Quick Guide:
1.) If desired, open the list to view the contents. See Opening a DB-list.
2.) If desired, delete entries by clicking the right mouse button and selecting "Remove from print
list".
3.) The list is always present in the Print (see chapter E) command.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Database Utilities G-15

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters

Multicores
DATABASE LISTS MULTICORES

This list contains information about the wires defined with Multicore (see chapter E).

Read more about:

Opening a DB-list (see page G-2)
Viewing a DB-list (see page G-3) including sorting and filters

G-16 Database Utilities

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Standards

List of Standards
This section briefly refers to the standards relevant when working with electrotechnical
documentation and planning of electrical devices.
The list includes fundamental international standards and more specific electrotechnical
standards.
The standards can be ordered from your local Standard Organisation.

Drawing Sheet format and layout

Table 1 in ISO 5457
Title

Measurement
(mm)

A0

841 x 1.189

A1

594 x 841

A2

420 x 595

A3

297 x 420

A4

210 x 297

HINT 1:

The A3-format is the most commonly used format, when drawing circuit
diagrams. A3-format can scaled and printed as A4-format.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Standards H-1

Colour Codes
Extract of table 1 in IEC 60757: Code for designation of colours.

Letter code

Colour

BK

Black

BN

Brown

RD

Red

OG

Orange

YE

Yellow

GN

Green

BU

Blue (incl. light blue)

VT

Violet (purple)

GY

Grey (slate)

WH

White

PK

Pink

GD

Gold

TQ

Turquoise

SR

Silver

GNYE

Green-and-yellow

H-2 Standards

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Conductor and Terminal Marking

EN 60445
The following table only deals with certain predetermined conductors. The following table
includes for instance, 3 AC supply conductors, supply conductors in DC systems, Neutral and
diverse protective conductors.
For the definitions of protective conductors please refer IEC 60050-195.
Table 1 (English):
Designated conductor

ID of
conductors

Equipment

Graphical

terminal

symbol

marking

IEC 60417

AC conductors

Line 1

L1

Line 2

L2

Line 3

L3

Neutral conductor

Positive

L+

C or +

Negative

L-

D or -

Mid-point conductor

DC conductor

Protective conductor

PE

PE

PEN conductor

PEN

PEN

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

+
-

Standards H-3

PEM conductor

PEM

PEM

PEL conductor

PEL

PEL

Functional earthing conductor

FE

FE

Functional-equipontential-bonding

FB

FB

Conductor

H-4 Standards

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Preparation of Documents
EN 61082: Preparation of documents used in electrotechnology.
This standard contains the most ordinary directions for composing documents. This includes for
example, drawing methods, drawing sheets, layout, text fonts, line widths etc.
If you havent previously worked with electrotechnical drawings, it is recommended, that you
acquire these standards from your local supplier.
Standard number

English title

EN 61082-1

Preparation of documents used in

electrotechnology.

Part 1: General requirements.

EN 61082-1/A1

Preparation of documents used in

electrotechnology.

Part 1: General requirements.

EN 61082-1/A2

Preparation of documents used in

electrotechnology.

Part 1: General requirements.

EN 61082-2

Preparation of documents used in

electrotechnology.

Part 2: Function-oriented diagrams.

EN 61082-3

Preparation of documents used in

electrotechnology.

Part 3: Connection diagrams, tables

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Standards H-5

and lists.

EN 61082-4

Preparation of documents used in

electrotechnology.

Part 4: Location and installation

documents.

H-6 Standards

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Reference Designation
EN/IEC 61346:
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM, INSTALLATIONS AND EQUIPMENT AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.
EN/IEC 61346: Structuring principles and reference designations.
EN/IEC 61666: Identification of terminals within a system.
(EN/IEC 61346 and EN/IEC 61666 replace the former IEC 750)
This norm defines the organised methods used within electrotechnical systems, including a
review of various applications such as; function (=), location (+) and letter codes.
Hint 1:

According to EN 60204-1 clause18, electrical equipment of machines must have a

reference designation system.

Hint 2:

CADdy ++ ET economy complies with EN/IEC 61346.

Standard number

English title

EN 61346-1

Industrial systems, installations and

equipment and industrial products.

Replaces former IEC 750

Structuring principles and reference

designations.

Part 1: Basic rules

EN 61346-2

Industrial systems, installations and

equipment and industrial products.

Validated 2000-02-29

Structuring principles and reference

designations.

Part 2: Classification of objects and

codes for classes.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Standards H-7

EN 61666

Replaces former IEC 750

H-8 Standards

Industrial systems, installations and

equipment and industrial products.

Identification of terminals within a

system.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Graphical symbols for diagrams

EN/IEC 60617: Graphical symbols for diagrams
This norm is composed of 13 parts and includes a graphical depiction of all symbols for
electrotechnical circuit diagrams and installation diagrams.
HINT 1:

The symbols in CADdy ++ ET comply with this norm.

Standard number

English title

EN 60617-1

Graphical symbols for diagrams.

Part 1: General information, general

index, cross-reference tables.

EN 60617-2

Graphical symbols for diagrams.

Part 2: Symbol elements, qualifying

symbols and other symbols having
general application.

EN 60617-3

Graphical symbols for diagrams.

Part 3: Conductors and connecting

devices.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Standards H-9

EN 60617-4

Graphical symbols for diagrams.

Part 4: Basic passive components.

EN 60617-5

Graphical symbols for diagrams.

Part 5: Semiconductors and electron

tubes.

EN 60617-6

Graphical symbols for diagrams.

Part 6: Production and conversion of

electrical energy.

EN 60617-7

Graphical symbols for diagrams.

Part 7: Switchgear, controlgear and

protective devices.

EN 60617-8

Graphical symbols for diagrams.

Part 8: Measuring instruments, lamps

and signalling devices.

H-10 Standards

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

EN 60617-9

Graphical symbols for diagrams.

Part 9: Telecommunications: Switching

and peripheral equipment.

EN 60617-10

Graphical symbols for diagrams.

Part 10: Telecommunications:

Transmission.

EN 60617-11

Graphical symbols for diagrams.

Part 11: Architechtural and

topographical installation plans and
diagrams.

EN 60617-12

Graphical symbols for diagrams.

Part 12: Binary logic elements.

EN 60617-13

Graphical symbols for diagrams.

Part 13: Analogue elements.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Standards H-11

Letter Codes
IEC 61346-2: Classification of objects and codes for classes.
The standard introduces a new way of reflecting objects. According to this new standard, objects
must be classified in accordance with their purpose or task:
The new idea behind this classification always is "what is the real purpose or task of the object",
and not "what is the method for implementing the task" or how its physically done". Below,
various examples are given.
Example 1: A current transformer has the task to
pick-up a property from a system and to
provide a signal or information that can
be further processed. This task is
independent from any technical solution
of how to do this. The realisation may
be done by means of electrical
windings in a transformer, but could
also be done with an optical current
transformer.
Whether electrical windings or an
optical device are used are of no matter
to the classification. The main task is
still the same: Converting an input
variable into a signal for further
processing classified as B.
It is of no importance to the
classification, that the transformer in
practice is picking up the signal by
converting (class T) the energy.

NOTE:

Many objects have more than one task, and only one letter must be used as a
classification. Use of class A should be avoided, since its not very precise.
However, almost any object has a main task, and the most descriptive
classification must then be used.

H-12 Standards

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Example 2: For controlling the level in a well, two

level-switches are used for controlling
and one level switch (at top) is used as
alarm.
In the circuit diagrams, the controlling
switches are classified as B, because
they convert an input variable (the
level) to another signal (on/off) for
further processing:
If the same type of level switch is used
as alarm, the classification of the level
switch is still B, since the main task of
the object is converting a signal for
further processing and not making an
alarm.

Example 3: Since the letter codes are

classifications, they are intended to
cover both electrical and mechanical
objects.
The purpose of a mechanical
manometer is e.g. to show pressure.
Therefore its classified as P
presenting information.
The purpose of an electrical signal lamp
is also to present information, and
therefore its classified as P too.

HINT 1:

The CADdy ++ ET symbol library EN61346-2 conforms with these classifications.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Standards H-13

Extract of IEC 61346-2 - Table 1

CODE
A

Purpose or task of object

Two or more purposes or tasks
NOTE: This class is only for objects for which no main purpose or task
can be identified.

Converting an input variable (physical property, condition or event) into

a signal for further processing

Storing material, energy or information

(Reserved for future standardisation)

Providing radiant or thermal energy

Direct protection (self-acting) of a flow of energy, signals, personnel or

equipment from dangerous or unwanted conditions
Including systems and equipment for protective purposes

Initiating a flow of energy or material

Generating signals used as information carriers or reference source
Producing a new kind of material or product

(Reserved for future standardisation)

Not to be applied

(Reserved for future standardisation)

Processing (receiving, treating and providing) signals or information

(excluding objects for protective purposes, see class F)

(Reserved for future standardisation)

Providing mechanical energy (rotational or linear mechanical motion)

for driving purposes

(Reserved for future standardisation)

Not to be applied

Presenting information

Controlled switching or varying a flow of energy, of signals or of

material
(For signals in control circuits, see classes K and S)

Restricting or stabilising motion or a flow of energy, information or

material

H-14 Standards

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Converting a manual operation into a signal for further processing

Conversion of energy maintaining the kind of energy

Conversion of an established signal maintaining the content of
information
Conversion of the form or shape of a material

Keeping objects in a defined position

Processing (treating) of material or products (including preparatory and

post-treatment)

Guiding or transporting energy, signals, material or products from one

place to another

Connecting objects

(Reserved for future standardisation)

(Reserved for future standardisation)

HINT 1:

If more than one reference name can be used, the most specific name should be
applied.
For example, use the letter code S on a pushbutton including a signal lamp (on the
pushbutton (class S) as well as the signal lamp (class P)), because this is the most
important letter (dependent of the function, however).

Read more about:

Former Letter Codes (IEC 750) on page H-16.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Standards H-15

Former Letter Codes (IEC 750)

IEC 750: Letter codes for designation of kind of item.
The following list is informative, because IEC 750 is no longer valid, but is replaced by IEC
61346-1 and IEC 61346-2.
The new letter codes classifying objects can be found in Letter Codes (IEC 61346-2, table 1) on
page H-12.

CODE

Kind of item

Examples

Assemblies, subassemblies

Amplifier using discrete components, magnetic

amplifier, laser, maser, printed circuit board

Transducers, from
nonelectrical to electrical
quantity or vice versa

Thermoelectric sensor, thermo cell, photoelectric cell,

dynamometer, crystal transducer, microphone, pickup, loudspeaker, synchro, resolver

Capacitors

Binary elements, delay

devices, storage devices

Digital integrated circuits and devices, delay line,

bistable element, monostable element, core storage,
register, magnetic tape recorder, disk recorder

Miscellaneous

Lighting device, heating device, device not specified

elsewhere in this table

Protective devices

Fuse, over-voltage discharge device, arrester

Generators, power supplies

Rotating generator, rotating frequency converter,

battery, oscillator, quartz-oscillator

Signalling devices

Optical indicator, acoustical indicator

H-16 Standards

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Relays, contactors

Inductors, reactors

Motors

Analogue elements

Operational amplifier, hybrid analogue/digital device

Measuring equipment,
testing equipment

Indicating, recording and integrating measuring

devices, signal generator, clock

Switching devices for power

circuits

Circuit breaker, disconnector

Resistors

Switching devices for

control circuits, selectors

Transformers

Modulators, changers

Discriminator, demodulator, frequency changer, coder,

inverter, converter

Tubes, Semi-conductors

Diode, transistor, thyristor

Transmission paths,
waveguides, aerials

Conductor, cable, busbar, waveguide

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Induction coil, line trap, reactors (shunt and series)

Control switch, push-button, limit switch, selector

switch, dial contact

Standards H-17

Terminals, plugs, sockets

Connecting plug and socket clip, test jack, terminal

board, soldering terminal strip, link, cable sealing end
and joint

Electrically operated
mechanical devices

Brake, clutch, pneumatic valve

Terminations, hybrid
transformers, filters,
equalizers, limiters

Crystal filter, network

H-18 Standards

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbols

Introduction
You can use the included graphical symbols (according to IEC 60617, similar to EN 60617),
when constructing electrical circuit diagrams in CADdy ++ ET.
Letter codes (see chapter H) on symbols shall be in accordance with IEC 61346-2 (similar to EN
61346-2). Among other symbol libraries CADdy ++ ET is provided with two similar libraries:
EN60617 and EN61346-2. Please refer to Contents on page J-9 for a detailed description.
Normally, the symbols found in EN 60617 are sufficient when drawing circuit diagrams. You can
also design your own symbols, such as symbols used for more special assignments. This
means, that you are able to define your own symbols and save them in your symbol library for
later application.
HINT 1:

If you lack a symbol, you can use a black-box (rectangle, symbol no. 02-01-02 in EN
60617). The rectangle symbolises all kinds of objects. Therefore, it is not necessary
to define your own symbols!
There are 8 rectangles in the symbol database EN61346-2, which cover 1 8 paths.
These symbols are located in the folder General named "Device 1 . 8."
There is also a construction-set of boxes in EN61346-2 in the folder General named
"Device 1 of 3, Device 2 of 3 and Device 3 of 3. To create one component, each
device are inserted and linked together by giving it the same reference designation.

Example:
A circuit diagram requires an electrical dimmer (Conson type DC 1000). The dimmer
has 14 connections. Choose the symbol "Device 2":

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbols J-1

The symbol includes all the necessary text reservations. The symbol is illustrated
below, displaying some of the text possibilities.

The desired connections can be filled out the same way as other symbols. The
special symbol is now completed and documented:

NB:

Letter Codes on these general symbols must be changed in accordance to EN

61346-2 (former IEC 750). For example, "K" in the above illustrated example.

You must start from the beginning or base the new symbol on a similar symbol, when defining a
new additional symbol.
HINT 2:

Reuse a symbol, which resembles the new symbol, so that size, text location etc. will
be correct.

HINT 3:

All symbols in CADdy ++ ET fits into a 5 mm grid. It is recommended, that your own
symbols likewise fit into a 5 mm grid.

The procedures listed below describe, how you can define symbols and save them in the
symbol database.
J-2 Symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Defining a Symbol
The electrical symbols, when inserted in a drawing, must be defined with properties understood
by CADdy ++ ET.
All the elements in the symbol must be grouped in order for the symbol to function correctly.

Constructing the Graphics

In the following example, it is illustrated how to define a relay coil.
Start by drawing all the graphical elements, which you want in the symbol.
You must use the ordinary drawing functions such as Line, Circle, etc. Remember to define the
element with the appropriate line width.
Insert the symbol's text, when the graphics are finished. You must use the ordinary text
functions.
You must choose the property of the text, when inserting the text on the symbol.

Quick Guide:
1. Firstly, you have to construct the graphics for the symbol, (example: a relay coil):

You must use the ordinary drawing functions e.g. a Line, when you construct the graphic part.
HINT 1:

Remember to set the grid size at 5 mm before you start drawing.

2.) Insert the New Text for the symbol and provide them with certain properties.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbols J-3

A symbol for a relay coil usually contains the following texts with different properties:
- 1 component name (K)
- 1 function (empty text)
- 1 type (empty text)
- 2 connections (A1 and A2)

Quick Guide:
2a.) Choose New Text.
The following dialog box will appear:

2b.) Write a text for example. "K"

2c.) Click the Attribute button.
2d.) Choose a property for the text in this case, Name (-):
2e.) Insert the text (right aligned) into the drawing in the correct position.
2f.) Repeat 2e.) when inserting the function and type text.

J-4 Symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

2g.) Repeat 2e.) when inserting the text for the 2 connections (left aligned). The connections
have to be inserted with the attribute connection.
NOTE:

When inserting a connection, it is important, that the text is placed exactly where
the connection to the graphical part is to be located. You can move the actual text
later on.

You can find a complete list of text attributes in the section New Text in chapter.
3.) You must now group the elements. Please refer to Group Elements on page J-5.

Group Elements
When you have created the graphics and inserted the text, group the elements.

Quick Guide:
1. Select each element, which will be used in the symbol, by pointing at the element and clicking
the left mouse button. You must hold down SHIFT, while you are pointing.
OR
Frame the elements you want to group (the chosen elements are highlighted red on the screen).
2. Choose the function Group Selected
OR
Click the right mouse button and choose the function Group Selected.
the following dialog box will appear:

3. Assign the symbol with a property, for example a coil.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbols J-5

HINT 1:

A complete list of possible symbol properties can be found in: Group Selected in
chapter E.

4. Press OK. The elements are now assembled as a symbol.

5. Finally, you must save the symbol. Please refer to: Save Symbol (see page J-6).

Save Symbol
The symbols have to be saved in the symbol database. This can be done, when you have
grouped the elements as a symbol.
Before you go on, it is a prerequisite, that you have studied following chapters: Constructing the
Graphics on page J-3 and Group Elements on page J-5.

Quick Guide:
1. The symbol has to be present on the screen.
2. Select the symbol (highlighted red), and hold the left mouse button down. If you want to save
several symbols together, hold SHIFT down, while you are selecting.
3. "Drag" the symbol(s) to the folder in the symbol database, where you want to save it.
NOTE:

Symbols must be saved in your own symbol database. Avoid changing the symbol
databases delivered by CADdy ++ ET, because your alterations will not be saved,
when CADdy ++ ET is updated.

4. The following dialog box appears:

5. Type a symbol name and a description if desired. Press OK.

6. The symbol can now be loaded from the symbol database.

J-6 Symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Edit Symbol
You are able to create new symbols, by using already constructed symbols as a basis.

Quick Guide:
1. Choose a symbol from the symbol folder, which you wish to work with. Insert the symbol into
the drawing
2. Select the symbol (highlights red).
3. Click the right mouse button.
4. Choose Ungroup Selected.
The symbol is now no longer a group, but consists of individual elements.
You are now able to change the graphics or the text belonging to the new symbol.
When the new symbol is completed, the elements must be grouped again.

Quick Guide:
1. Select the items, which you want to group (highlights red).
2. Click the right mouse button.
3. Choose Group Selected.
4. Assign the new symbols with the correct properties. A list of symbol types can be found in the
section Group Selected (chapter E).
5. The symbol can be saved as described in the section Save Symbol (see page J-6).

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbols J-7

Symbol Database
The symbols in CADdy ++ ET are saved in a symbol database in Microsoft Access format. The
following section describes how you can manipulate a database and its contents.

Location
The symbol database is always located in the folder which is chosen in the function System
Settings (chapter E). The contents of the folder is loaded by CADdy ++ ET, when the program is
started.
The database contains all information concerning the symbols and has the extension <.CPS>.
NOTE:

Ensure that you have full access (reading and writing) to the folder, where the
symbol database is located. This is important, because CADdy ++ ET locks and
releases these while in use.

Manipulating
You have the possibility to change the name of a symbol database, copy or delete a symbol
database.
This can be done by using Windows Explorer, where you are able to locate the symbol database
folder.
NOTE:

CADdy ++ ET must be closed before you alter the name of the database, copy or
delete the database.

Example:
You would like to copy the Component Group database and create a new database called Own
Components.

Quick Guide:
1.) Close CADdy ++ ET (important!!).
2.) Open Window Explorer and choose the folder, which contains the symbol database.
3.) Find the file: Component Groups.cps.

J-8 Symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

4.) Click the right mouse button and select Copy.

5.) Click the right mouse button while in another position and select Paste.
6.) The name of the copy can be changed by clicking the left mouse button on the copy and
pressing F2.
7.) Type the new name: Own Components and press ENTER.
8.) Open CADdy ++ ET again.
9.) The new database now appears in the Symbols Workspace within CADdy++.

Similarly you are able to change the name of an existing database or delete the database, by
using the Windows Explorer.

Contents
The symbols found in the symbol database are divided into folders including different contents.
For example there is a symbol database EN61346-2 (or EN60617) containing fuses, sensors,
terminals etc.
The symbols are located in different folders.
The symbols are graphically illustrated in the window below.
economy: The Symbol Assistant (see page J-12) allows you to choose and view the entire
contents of each symbol folder. The folder is shown graphically on the screen together
with a description of each symbol. This gives a comprehensive overview of the
symbols.

NOTE:

Our product is provided with 2 symbol libraries: EN 60617 and EN 61346-2.

Symbols in EN 61346-2 are constructed by using IEC 60617 (symbols), IEC
61082 (terminal directions etc.) and IEC 61346-2 (letter-codes/classifications),
and are the state-of-the-art, most correct way of presenting symbols.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbols J-9

STATE-OF-THE-ART LIBRARY:
Symbol library EN61346-2:

(RECOMMENDED)

1.) Symbols according to IEC 60617 standard series.

2.) Letter codes (classification) according to IEC 613462:2000, table 1.
3.) Terminals on the left side in 90 according to IEC 61082
standard series.
NOTE:
Please refer to Letter Codes in chapter H before using the new
symbol library.

FORMER USED LIBRARY:

Symbol library EN60617:
1.) Symbols according to IEC 60617 standard series.
2.) Letter codes according to former IEC 750.
3.) Terminals on the right side in 0. (former DIN standard).

J-10 Symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Manipulating Symbol Folders

You can add or delete a new symbol folder to a symbol database, or you can change the name
of the symbol folder.
Quick Guide:
1.)

Choose the symbol database, where you

want to make changes.

2.)

Click the right mouse button on the symbol

folder, which you wish to manipulate.

3.)

You now have the following options:

3a.) Add a new symbol folder.

3b.) Delete the symbol folder.
3c.) Change the properties (rename) of
the symbol folder.

NOTE:

Avoid changing the symbol databases delivered by CADdy ++ ET, because your
alterations will not be saved, when CADdy ++ ET is updated. Therefore, it is
recommended that you copy the symbol database before manipulating.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbols J-11

Managing symbols
General
To work with symbols in CADdy ++ ET, click onto the SYMBOLS button in the workspace:

The workspace will appear as shown below:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

CADdy ++ ET symbols are divided into symbol databases.

There is a database of graphical symbols for diagrams according to IEC 60617, IEC 61082 and
IEC 61346-2. Other symbol databases includes symbols for the layout of switch-boards from
Danfoss, Siemens, etc.
Select the database that contains the symbols, you wish to work with. We recommend the
EN61346-2UK database (please refer to Standards in chapter F.)

Symbol Assistant
economy: Within the symbol folders, you are able to get an graphical overview of the contents of
each folder:

Quick Guide:

1.) Select the folder you wish to explore, e.g. Arrester in EN61346-2:
2.) Click the right mouse button and select the function Grafical Overview.
3.) The symbol assistant now appears with the contents of the selected folder:
J-12 Symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

4.) Pick a symbol by clicking the left mouse button.

5.) The symbol is now attached to the cursor and can be inserted into the drawing. See Insert
Symbol on page J-14.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbols J-13

Insert Symbol
The symbol database is divided into different folders such as relay coils, transformers and
motors.
Selecting and inserting symbols
By exploring the contents of each symbol database, you
will find the symbols needed for your diagrams.
The selected symbol are displayed in the window at the
bottom of the symbol manager.
When an appropriate symbol are located, click onto the
name and simply "drag" it into the diagram - the symbol is
attached to the cursor.
Insert the symbol by clicking the left mouse button.
Continue to insert the same symbol as required.
Quit the symbol by clicking the right mouse button.
Tracking symbols
CADdy ++ ET tracks the symbols used during preparation of
drawings. The used symbols can be recalled by clicking
onto
at the top of the bar.
Example:
Three symbols have been used since CADdy ++ ET was

started:

. By clicking onto the

desired symbol name and then click onto

, CADdy ++ ET
will jump to the actual symbol database and symbol folder
for easy access of the symbol.

J-14 Symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbol Dialog
When symbols are inserted in a diagram, the following possibilities appear:
A.) Symbols (components) are named automatically according to the settings in Properties
Diagrams. The symbol dialog are not displayed.
B.) Symbols like contacts, terminals or plugs requires an input to state their reference
designation. The symbol dialog are automatically displayed after each symbol are inserted.
C.) For changing or adding information to existing objects, select the Edit Component (see
chapter E) function.

The symbol dialog appears in various shapes, and with various contents, depending on the
actual type of the symbol and depending on which module of CADdy ++ ET you are using .

A representative example illustrating the connection between the dialog and a symbol are
shown below:

CADdy ++ ET provides a special function, which links objects together, if the reference
designation (see chapter H) is equal to other objects.
This is very powerful, since complex information and complex objects are often spread over
more than one sheet, even though it's the same object. CADdy ++ ET lets you spread the
information, so the layout of circuit diagrams can be function-orientated (detached
representation).
NOTE:

If the reference designation ("the name") of two objects are equal, it's the same
object - and they are linked to one another. This applies if the function (=), the
location (+) and the product (-) (the name) are equal. If the function / location are

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbols J-15

not present, only the product (-) has to be equal to existing reference designations
within the project.
It's NOT possible to rename an object when it's linked, since this will change the
name of all other equal objects with the same referencedesignation.
If you want to rename a single object, you must delete it, re-insert it and then
select another name for the component.

The following logic appears for each field within the dialog:
economy: States the actual Function (=) and
/ or Location (+) for the component. In
general, the information is tipped from the
common Page Information (simplifying
technique).
However, the function and/or location on
each symbol often will depart from the
common, which has to be shown with text
located to the left side of the symbol.
CADdy ++ ET provides the following tools for
presenting the function and location
information:
Hide the =/+ information, despite it should be
shown. Often used when objects are inserted
very close in the diagram (e.g. terminals).
Show the =/+ information, despite it could be
hidden due to simplifying technique.
Auto detect whether the =/+ information shall
be shown or hidden due to simplifying
technique.
Merge the =/+ information into the name (-),
so all information is displayed in one line.
Special care must then be taken from the
user to fulfil the IEC 61346-1 concerning
transitions.
In general, the information can be shown or
hidden by clicking onto the
.
J-16 Symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

hidden by clicking onto the

Name (-) states the product (-) designation

according to the settings in Properties
Diagrams.
By clicking onto
a list of existing reference
designations will appear for easy allocation of
reference designation to the actual symbol.
The type of the component can be inserted.
By clicking onto
a link to the Type
Database (see chapter E) is established to
enable easy selecting of types.
When inserting terminals, the terminal
number and terminal index must be sated.
By clicking onto
the next free number in
sequence are automatically detected and
inserted.

Read more about:

Doublename Check in chapter G.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbols J-17

PLC Documentation
General
Up till now, the typical way of drawing PLC cards has been to draw it the-way-it-looks, e.g.:

However, this is basically not in accordance with IEC 61082, since a circuit diagram consist of
symbols, and the example above is a real drawing (within the circuit diagram).
Another problem with drawing a PLC the-way-it-looks is, that you must have a drawing of any
PLC you intend to use present, before drawing. You might even have to make a new drawing
for each new PLC you want!
We have provided our product with the right and very simple solution: A PLC represented by
either one symbol with max. 8 channels, or an unlimited construction-set of three symbols, in
which you can document any PLC you wish.
The symbol we suggest is no. 02-01-02 in IEC 60617. The symbol itself represents an object,
and is recognised as a PLC by adding various texts, a reference designation (classification) and
maybe additional graphics (option).
As something unique in our product, its possible to link symbols with one-another, to create one
component: This technique is basically used when making PLCs with more than 8 channels.
In the next chapter we have provided an example of the correct documentation for a PLC, and
we recommend that you implement this technique yourself, since its easy to use and
timesaving.

J-18 Symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

NOTE:

The reference designation (e.g. -K2) combined with the symbol(s) illustrates the
PLC and not a drawing.
Please note, that PLCs are classified with a D in former IEC 750, and with a K
in the new EN 61346-2 table 1. Please refer to Letter Codes in chapter H.
This is incorporated in the symbol libraries.

The symbols shown in the next chapters are all you need to make a complete documentation of
your specific PLC.

NOTE:

All PLC symbols shipped with our product fits on A3 paper in a path of 40 mm
designed in grid size 5 mm.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbols J-19

PLC Signal Card

A signal card is a symbol, which corresponds with a PLC Reference Card (see page J-21) just
like a contact corresponds with the relay coil. However, the PLC signals are more advanced,
since both reference designation and the terminals must be equal before a cross-reference is
made.
The signal card is inserted anywhere needed in the circuit diagrams.

PLC Signal Card:

NOTE: The symbol fits in 40 mm path.

1:

Description (e.g. START MOTOR)

2:

PLC address (option). Applies in the PLC I/O list

3:

PLC Operand (e.g. A1.1).

4:

Reference designation (Function =, location +, and product -) for the reference card.
Must be equal to #6 in the reference card.

5:

Signal terminal. Corresponds with #11 in the reference card.

J-20 Symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Overview of Signal Cards

Below you will find an overview of signals, located in the library EN 60617 and EN 61346-2 in
folder PLC:
Name

Description

Signal 1, down

Signal card with 1 terminal, direction downwards (see above).

Typically use: DI and DO with common supply.

Show me: 43UK-PLC-SignalCard-1.avi

Signal 1, up

Signal card with 1 terminal, direction upwards.

Typically use: DI and DO with common supply.

Signal 3 , down

Signal card with 3 terminals, direction downwards.

Typically use: Potential free DI and DO (use only 2 of 3 terminals),
AI and AO signals and measuring objects (e.g. resistors).

Signal 3 , up

Signal card with 3 terminals, direction upwards.

Typically use: Potential free DI and DO (use only 2 terminals), AI
and AO signals and measuring objects (e.g. resistors).

PLC Reference Card

A reference card is a symbol, which includes all information concerning I/O, common powersupply, bus connections etc.
The reference card tracks all used PLC Signal Cards (see page J-20) and inserts the crossreference to each signal just like a relay coil corresponds with the contacts. However the PLC
reference card and signals are more advanced, since both reference designation and the
terminals must be equal before a cross-reference is made.
(see next page)

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbols J-21

Basic reference card:

6:

Reference designation for the PLC. Corresponds with #4 in the signal card. If the
reference designation #4 is equal to #6, the signal belongs to the card.

7:

Free text. Typically use for ID of the PLC, e.g. Siemens, Allen-Bradley etc.

8:

PLC type. E.g. S-700. Applies in the list of products.

9:

PLC Signal Operand (e.g. A1.1).

10:

Cross reference to the sheet and path where the signal is located.

11:

PLC Signal Terminal(s). Corresponds with #5 in the signal card.

12:

Additional graphics (option). Used for graphical illustration of each I/O, for example DO
as shown above.

13:

Terminals on the PLC itself. For example power supply, bus connection etc.

J-22 Symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Overview of Reference Cards

Below you will find an overview over Reference Cards, located in the library EN 60617 and EN
61346-2 in folder PLC:
Name

Description

Reference, 8 ch.

Basic reference card with max. 8 I/O and 6 terminals.

Typically use: Any PLC module with 0-8 I/O, for example special
power supply, bus modules, remote I/O, mixed or clean DI / DO /
AI / AO.
The card is limited, since the rectangle is closed on all sides.

Show me: 43UK-PLC-ReferenceCard.avi

Reference, 1 of 3

Construction-set (reference card) part 1 with 8 I/O and 6

terminals.
Together with part 2 and/or 3, you have unlimited ways of
combining your PLC.
For example 1 x part 1, 2 x part 2 and 1 x part 3 together makes
32 I/O.

Show me: 43UK-PLC-Construct-1.avi

Show me: 43UK-PLC-Construct-2.avi

Show me: 43UK-PLC-Construct-3.avi

The card is the first (beginning) part, since the rectangle is open
on the right side.
Reference, 2 of 3

Construction-set (reference card) part 2 with 8 I/O and 6 terminals

(see above).
The card is the second (unlimited) part, since the rectangle is
open on both sides.

Reference, 3 of 3

Construction-set (reference card) part 3 with 8 I/O and 6 terminals

(see above).
The card is the third (and last) part, since the rectangle is open on
the left side.

NOTE:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

You must link all additional parts of the PLC (e.g. constructionset part 2 and 3) to part 1, so its treated as one object. The link is
created, when the reference designation is equal.

Symbols J-23

This is typically done by renaming part 2, 3 etc.

Show me: 43UK-PLC-Link.avi

When the link is created, you cant unlink it again, unless deleting
the item.

J-24 Symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

PLC Additional Graphics

Additional graphics are intended to illustrate each I/O on the PLC Reference Card (see page J21) if desired.
You can use a basic line, potential-free contact, magnetic valve, DI/DO with common supply, AO
and AI (voltage or current) or nothing as described. You are also free to mix all types as you
please, since it has no influence on the card itself.
HINT 1:

By using our construction-set and the additional graphics, you can illustrate any PLC
you want. If the PLC is used many times, you can make a new group of you own
construction and save is as a new symbol.

Overview of Additional Graphics

Name

Description

Add-on AI
Illustrates Analogue Input (AI).

Show me: 43IN-PLC-Graphics-AI-1.avi

Replace ? with A for current or V for voltage.

Show me: 43IN-PLC-Graphics-AI-2.avi

Add-on AO
Illustrates Analogue Output (AO).

Show me: 43IN-PLC-Graphics-AO.avi

Add-on DI
Illustrates Digital Input (DI).

Add-on DO
Illustrates Digital Output (DO).

Show me: 43IN-PLC-Graphics-DO.avi

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Symbols J-25

Add-on Mag. Valve

Illustrates Magnetic Valve.
NOTE: The valve is not a proper IEC 60617
symbol, but a de facto way of illustrating this.
Add-on Pot.free
Illustrates potential free contact.

Add-on Neutral
Basic line for separating the address and the cross
reference in the reference card.
Use this basic line, if no graphics is required.

J-26 Symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Templates

Introduction
Templates can be an important part of a project.
A template can be a drawing-sheet, complete circuits diagrams, or anything else you want on
your drawing.
The templates may be constructed from the beginning, or you can use a drawing-sheet
included in the CADdy ++ ET program. The drawing-sheet can then be changed as desired.
For example, a logo can be inserted into a standard drawing-sheet.
There is distinguished between project templates of one or more pages, or drawing templates
on one page.

Workspace Template
The project template can contain one or more pages. Every page is based on a Page Template
(please refer to section Page Template ).
The project templates are saved in the folder Templates in System Settings with the function
Workspace Template (Save as).
The project template is opened, when you create a New Workspace. You can now choose
between all the project templates in the dialog box:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Templates K-1

(NOTE: Various contents of the dialog may appear).

A project template is the basis of every new project:
The contents of a project template can be a A4-format cover-sheet, a couple of circuit diagrams
in A3-format, and an empty page to draw on, for example.
The project templates contain the settings of the graphical lists etc.
You determine the contents and extent of a project template. The template can vary in size and
substance.
When working with CADdy ++ ET, time can be saved if the right contents is combined in the
templates.
Please refer to Create a new Project in Project Example 1 (chapter L).

Page Template
Page-templates always consist of one page and are mainly used for defining drawing-sheets
and graphical lists (list of terminals, list of cables, etc.).
Besides the drawing-sheet, the page-template can contain a circuit diagram, which can be
inserted as a unit on a new sheet in your project.
The drawing templates can be opened and saved by using the following functions: Page
Template (Save as) and Open Page Template.

Drawing Sheet
Typically, you will need to define one or more standard drawing-sheets. These sheets are saved
as a Page Template

K-2 Templates

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

A template with a drawing-sheet will function correctly if all elements in the template are grouped
and designed as a Drawing Sheet.
The easiest method is to use the included page-templates and hereafter add company name,
logo etc.
A drawing-sheet can also be created from the beginning.
HINT 1:

It is recommended that you use a sheet in A3-format with 10 paths numbered from 09.

Following are descriptions of different possibilities when designing drawing-sheets.

CADdy ++ ET Drawing Sheet

You can choose a standard CADdy ++ ET drawing-sheet and add your company name and logo.
The CADdy ++ ET templates suggest a number of different drawing-sheets. The standard
CADdy ++ ET drawing-sheets are made in accordance to current standards (EN 61082-1).
All the suggested drawing-sheets are in ISO A3-format and are intended to be printed in ISO
A4-format, where holes etc. are taken into consideration.

Quick Guide:
1.) Create a New Workspace, and choose a suitable template.
2.) Create a New Page.
3.) Select All elements (CTRL + A) on the drawing.
4.) Ungroup Selected (drawing-sheet) to single elements.
5.) Insert company name, logo etc. in the lower left corner of the drawing sheet

Hint 1:

You can insert logo etc. as OLE objects, or you can import these via AutoCAD DXF
or DWG format.

Hint 2:

It is recommended that you insert a logo etc. as graphics. In a drawing, OLE objects
take up considerably more space than graphics. Besides, it is easier to convert
CADdy ++ ET to DWG format, when you use graphics.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Templates K-3

6.) Select all elements (CTRL + A) in the drawing.

7.) Select the function Group Selected and provide your new drawing-sheet with the property of
a Drawing Sheet.

8.) Save the drawing with the function.

You must also save the Page Template as a Workspace Template , if you want to use the
drawing-sheet in your next project.

Quick Guide:
1.) Create a New Workspace and choose a suitable template. Create a New Page.
2.) When in the project page, choose Open Page Template.
3.) Choose the page template, where you have saved the drawing-sheet and insert into the
page. Answer "Yes" to the question whether the contents of the existing page should be
deleted.
4.) Choose the Workspace Template (Save as) and name the project template.

Please refer to: Symbols in chapter J.

CADdy Drawing-Sheet
You can import a CADdy drawing-sheet (NormSheet) and use it in CADdy ++ ET.

Quick Guide:

K-4 Templates

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

1.) Create a New Workspace and choose a suitable template. Create a New Page.
2.) Import a drawing-sheet from CADdy, by using the function FILE IMPORT CADDY
SYMBOLS.
3. Select all elements (CTRL + A) on the drawing.
4. Select the function Group Selected and provide your new drawing-sheet with the property of a
Drawing Sheet.

5. Save the drawing with Page Template (Save as).

You must also save the Page Template as a Workspace Template , if you want to use the
drawing-sheet in your next project:

Quick Guide:
1.) Create a New Workspace and choose a suitable template. Create a New Page.
2.) When in the project page, choose Open Page Template.
3.) Choose the page template, where you have saved the drawing-sheet and insert into the
page. Answer "Yes" to the question whether the contents of the existing page should be
deleted.
4.) Choose the Workspace Template (Save as) and name the project template.

Please refer to: Symbols in chapter J.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Templates K-5

New Drawing-Sheets
You can draw your own, exclusive drawing-sheet and save it as a drawing template.
Quick Guide:
1.) Construct the graphics for the sheet. You must use the normal drawing functions such as
lines, circles etc. Remember to draw all the elements with the correct line width.
2.) Insert the text such as page number, date, customer information, etc. Remember to provide
the text with attributes such as page number, date, etc.
2.) Choose all elements in the drawing (CTRL + A).
4.) Select the function Group Selected and provide your new drawing sheet with the property of
a Drawing Sheet

5. Save the drawing with Page Template (Save as).

Please refer to: Symbols in chapter J.

You must also save the Page Template as a Workspace Template , if you want to use the
drawing-sheet in your next project.

Quick Guide:
1.) Create a New Workspace and choose a suitable template. Create a New Page.
2.) When in the project page, choose Open Page Template.
3.) Choose the page template, where you have saved the drawing-sheet and insert into the
page. Answer "Yes" to the question whether the contents of the existing page should be
deleted.
4.) Choose the Workspace Template (Save as) and name the project template.

K-6 Templates

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Templates K-7

Project Example 1

Introduction
With this project example, you will gain experience using CADdy ++ ET and at the same time
learn the fundamental CADdy ++ ET functions.
The following project is an example of a project consisting of two circuit diagrams.
The first sheet contains a circuit diagram for supplying a motor (power circuit). The second sheet
contains a circuit diagram for controlling a motor (control circuit). Please note that the electrical
construction, which you will draw is only an exercise and wouldnt be able to function in reality.
In the sheets, you must insert electrical symbols that are connected to each other with wires.
NOTE:

There is a big difference between drawing lines and wires. Wires are regarded by
CADdy ++ ET as real electrical connections lines are not.

Abbreviations
ENTER

Click the left mouse button or press ENTER.

ESC

Click the right mouse button or press ESC.

Click the left mouse button

2C

Double-click the left mouse button

Select field and press ENTER

Type

Select the element with the cursor

Escape by clicking the right mouse button

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-1 Project Example 1

Jumps to related subjects are indicated when the text is underlined and highlighted in green.
Important details are written in CAPITAL letters.
Various HINTS are underlined and bold.
Before you get started with the project example, you can get to help or you can print the project
example from CADdy ++ ET.
HINT 1:

This project example is included with CADdy ++ ET. It is recommended that you print
the project from CADdy ++ ET, because it's more easy to see and understand, what
you have to draw. To print the project, open the folder, Project, then, Project
Example. Print the project (2 sheets).

L-2 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Creating a New Project

Start by creating a new project.
Secondly, you must create the 2 sheets, that will be part of the project.
Quick Guide:
New Workspace
The dialog box New projectname will appear:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

*

File name

Your suggested file name

You can write a long name and use spaces. Choose a descriptive name.
M

Save

A list of available templates will appear:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-3 Project Example 1

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

The template Electrical is empty.
*

ELECTRICAL

OK

The dialog box for Project Properties will appear. The information must appear as shown below
when the dialog is filled out:

L-4 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

At the top of the dialog box, you can see in which folder your set of sheets is placed (*.CPJ).
Customer Information
In this field, you can type information regarding the customer.
General Information about the Sheet
In the field, "Description line01 10", you have the possibility of typing descriptions of the
sheets. These descriptions will automatically be inserted into allocated spaces in the title field.
In this project example, description line 01, 02 and 03 are used to describe the project. Enter the
text in the dialog:
*

Description-line 01:

Shipdog Inc.

Description-line 02:

London 1234

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-5 Project Example 1

Description-line 03:

Demo project in CADdy++

In our project example, description line 04 is used to define the drawing number. Enter the text
in the dialog:
*

Description-line 04:

00.001

HINT 1:

Description line01 - 10 are the same in all of the sheets in your project.
Consequently, if you change the information in Project Information, the change will
appear in all of the sheets.

The Setup of a New Sheet

The standard setup for the set of diagrams are in ISO A3 format. The parameters are given via
the template you choose (BASIC), however, you can change these in your own project later.

L-6 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Draw Sheet 1
This chapter shows you, step by step, how to draw the circuit diagram on sheet 1.

Create Sheet 1
You will now create the first sheet in the project.
The project consists of sheets 1 and 2, but first you must create sheet 1.
Quick Guide:
Select PROJECT as shown below:

The workspace will appear as shown below:

Click with the right mouse button on: Circuit Diagram

Click onto New Page

The Page Data dialog will appear. The information must appear as shown below when the
dialog is filled out:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-7 Project Example 1

Type the following information in the dialog box:

*

Page:

Number of the sheet: "1" (automatically suggested by CADdy ++ ET)

Page Description-line 01:

Circuit Diagram

Page Description-line 02:

Inlet

Page Description-line 03:

Motor reverse

Page Description-line 04:

A (revision letter)

Page Created date:

CADdy++ ET automatically inserts the date, but this can be changed if desired.

L-8 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

OK

CADdy ++ ET now opens sheet 1.

HINT 1:

The first time a sheet of a new project is opened, it is not full size. You can maximize
the size of the sheet by clicking in the top right corner of the sheet.
CADdy ++ ET will remember the chosen size when opening the next sheet.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-9 Project Example 1

Sheet 1 is now illustrated on the screen:

Before you begin, the project properties must be selected for this project.

Quick Guide:
In the dialog to the left (called The Workspace) you must click with the right mouse button on
Circuit Diagrams and then click with the left mouse on Properties.
The dialog for Basic Project Properties appear:

L-10 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Select the following:

Drawing template:
Click onto

and select:

Electrical Drawing Sheet, 0-9.

Descriptions:
Abbreviations for relay coils and connected contacts are stated here. These abbreviations are
automatically inserted into graphical lists. In this example, no changes are made.
Component numbering:
Select the kind of numbering for inserted symbols. In this example you must use
CODE/NUMBER.
Text parameters for aut. generated texts::
These parameters states the settings for automatic generated texts, like cross-references etc.
No changes shall be made for this example.
General, Revision and Reference Format:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-11 Project Example 1

By clicking onto
blank.
C

various features may be selected. In this example all

must appear

OK

Potentials on Sheet 1
You will now insert 5 potentials on sheet 1.
First, insert the 3 top potentials.
Quick Guide:
Potential - Top

L1

OK
Potential Top

HINT 1:

Alternatively, you can press F11.

HINT 2:

When naming the potentials and conductors in power circuits, the conductors must
be named according to IEC 60445. This standard states that the names of the
potentials have to be separated from the rest of the text with a ";" ex. "-1Q3;L1", "1Q3;L2" etc.

L2

OK
Potential Top

L3

OK

You now have to insert the 2 bottom potentials.

L-12 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Quick Guide:
Potential Bottom

PE

OK

HINT 3:

Alternatively, you can press F12.

Potential Bottom

OK

HINT 4:

According to IEC 61082-1, all wires shall be continuous lines. This also applies to PE
and N.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-13 Project Example 1

Electrical Symbols on Sheet 1

You will now insert electrical symbols in the circuit diagram.

Prepare CADdy++ ET to work with symbols:

In the dialog box on the left hand side of the workspace, press SYMBOLS as shown below:

The workspace will appear as shown below:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

Select Symbol Database
CADdy ++ ET symbols are divided into symbol databases.

L-14 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

There is a database of graphical symbols for diagrams according to IEC 60617, IEC 61082 and
IEC 61346-2 (similar to EN 60617, EN 61082 and EN 61346-2). Other symbol databases
includes symbols for the layout of switch-boards from Danfoss, Siemens, etc.
Select the database that contains the symbols, you wish to work with. In this case, select the
EN61346-2UK (please refer to Standards in chapter F.)
The symbol database is divided into different folders such as relay coils, transformers and
motors.
Select the folder for the specific symbol you wish to work with. Then select the symbol and insert
it in the circuit diagram.
2C

Symbol database

2C

Symbol folder

Select the symbol you want to use

The symbols are shown in numerical/alphabetical order.

When the cursor points at the symbol name, it will appear graphically in the window at the
bottom of the dialog box.
Drag the symbol with the cursor to the desired place in the sheet.
HINT 1:

The symbols are automatically named as:

CODE/NUMBER

at the same moment they are placed in the sheet.

This does not apply for certain symbols, e.g. cables, terminal blocks and contacts. In these case,
you must define the association yourself.

Example:
Protective device (F) is inserted on sheet 1 in path 3.
CADdy ++ ET names the protective device F1, if the protective device is the first inserted in the
project.
NB:

According to EN 61346, a symbol (object) must be named with a minus (-) as

prefix to the name to verify that it is a product (ex. a relay).

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-15 Project Example 1

A minus sign will not be used in this project example when naming the symbols.
You can choose to add a minus sign in front of every symbol if you wish.

Please refer to:

Letter Codes for objects in chapter F.

L-16 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Protective Device, Closing by Hand on Sheet 1

You will now insert a protective device in path 3:

Quick Guide:
2C

Protective devices

3-pole trip breaker hand

Select the place where you want to insert the symbol (the symbol is attached to the
cursor)
Select the place to insert the symbol

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

Click the right mouse button to escape

Circuit Breaker on Sheet 1

You will now insert a circuit breaker in path 2:

Quick Guide:
2C

Switchgear, multi-pole

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-17 Project Example 1

3-pole
Select the place where you want to insert the symbol (the symbol is attached to the
cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

Click the right mouse button to escape

Motor on Sheet 1

You will now insert a motor in path 3 below the bottom potentials:

Quick Guide:
2C

Motors and generators

Three-phase + PE
Select the place where you want to insert the symbol (the symbol is attached to the
cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

Click the right mouse button to escape

L-18 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Insert Type and Function

You will now insert the type and perhaps the function for the three symbols:

Quick Guide:
+

Select the protective device F1, and double click the left mouse button

The following dialog box will appear (first symbol). The symbol is highlighted red, and indicates
which symbol you are presently editing.

Name (-)

F1 (may be changed to "-F1", but is not changed in this project example.)

Type

3VE

NOTE:

All the examples illustrated in this project are fictitious. Therefore, you do not have
to insert the symbol type. It is probable, that your company uses other type
numbers.

When you have inserted a symbol in the sheet, CADdy ++ ET instantaneously updates the sheet
in a Microsoft Access97 database. While you draw, CADdy ++ ET constantly updates the
database!

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-19 Project Example 1

HINT 1:

As something unique for CADdy ++ ET you can choose to edit all texts in the
database, and your sheet will be updated at once! This ensures overview and saves
time.

The symbol has connection numbers 1-6, and these are the numbers you have to apply.
You can also choose to change numbers in the dialog box.
C

OK

Exercise 1:
You will now change the type of the circuit breaker and the motor to the following:
Circuit Breaker:

Type "S3"

Motor:

Type "M10"

HINT 2:

The sign for functional earthing conductor

in the fourth connection on the motor
appears by pressing and holding ALT + 161 on the numeric keyboard (ASCII code
161) and an shows. This only applies if you use the ISO 3098 font.

HINT 3:

If you prefer to use a protective conductor,

in the fourth connection, press and
hold ALT + 160 on the numeric keyboard (ASCII code 160); and an appears. This
only applies if you use the ISO 3098 font (Font 1).

HINT 4:

When naming terminals in power circuits, be sure to name and mark them according
to IEC 60445.

Contactors on Sheet 1

You will now insert contactors in path 3 and 4.

L-20 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Quick Guide:
2C

Relay-contacts, MAIN

3-pole NO contactor

Select the place where you want to insert contactor 1 (the symbol is attached to the
cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

The following dialog box will appear:

Name (-)

K1

The symbol has connection numbers 1-6, and it is these numbers you have to apply.
You can also change one or more numbers. This is done in the same way as in the other fields.
C

OK

Select the place where you want to insert contactor 2 (the symbol is attached to the
cursor).

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-21 Project Example 1

The dialog appears again (2. contactor).

*

Name (-)

K2

OK

Click the right mouse button to end

Terminal Strip with 5 Terminals on Sheet 1

You will now insert a terminal strip with 5 terminals in path 2 below
the lower potentials:

Quick Guide:
2C

Terminals

5 terminals 0, vertical

Select the place on the sheet where you want to insert the terminal strip (the
symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbols

The following dialog box appears (first terminal):

L-22 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Name (-)

X1

Terminal number
1 (first available terminal number in the terminal strip)

Terminal Index

If you wish to insert a type, this can be done the same way as in the other fields.
C

OK

Click the right mouse button to end

CADdy ++ ET does not automatically name the terminal strip itself. This is due to the fact, that
several methods exist for naming terminal stripes and terminals according to EN 61666.
In this project example X1 has been chosen as a name for the terminal strip.
The terminal strip has been named X1: 1-2-3-4-5

Please refer to:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-23 Project Example 1

Conductor and Terminal Marking in chapter F.

Power Supply for Terminal Strip on Sheet 1

You will now insert symbols as info text in path 2 below terminal strip
X1. This indicates, that the power supply are fed externally.

Quick Guide:
2C

Info text

5 pole info text 90

Select the place on the sheet where you want to insert the terminal strip (the
symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbols

The following dialog appears:

Name (-):

L-24 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

SUPPLY:L1

OK

Name (-):

SUPPLY:L2

OK

Name (-):

SUPPLY:L3

OK

Name (-):

SUPPLY:N

OK

Name (-):

SUPPLY:PE

OK

Click the right mouse button to end

Terminal Strip with 4 Terminals on Sheet 1

You will now insert a terminal strip with 4 terminals in path 3 below
the bottom potentials:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-25 Project Example 1

Quick Guide:
2C

Terminals

4 terminals 90, vertical

Select the place on the sheet where you want to insert the terminal strip (the
symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbols

You do not have to name the terminal block, because CADdy ++ ET automatically remembers
X1 from the previous terminal strip.
CADdy ++ ET automatically increases the terminal number and terminal index with +1.
C

OK

Click the right mouse button to end

The terminal number has been named: X1: 6-7-8-9

The terminal numbers in the terminal strip with 4 and 5 terminals must now be renamed.
Select each terminal in sequence:

Quick Guide:
2C

Terminal X1:1

Rename terminal from '1' to 'U1'

OK

2C

Terminal X1:2

Rename terminal from '2' to 'V1'

L-26 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

OK

2C

Terminal X1:3

Rename terminal from '3' to 'W1'

OK

2C

Terminal X1:4

Rename terminal from '4' to 'N'

OK

2C

Terminal X1:5

Rename terminal from '5' to 'PE'

OK

As described above, the terminal strip with 4 terminals must be renamed as follows (located
above the motor).
X1:6 must be renamed to X1:U2
X1:7 must be renamed to X1:V2
X1:8 must be renamed to X1:W2
X1:9 must be renamed to X1:PE

The motor M1 has 4 terminals, but only the 3 terminals are named (U1, V1, W1). The fourth
terminal must be named 'PE'.

Quick Guide:
2C

Motor M1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-27 Project Example 1

Name Connection Text 03 (equal to terminal 4) to 'PE'

OK

L-28 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Connect Symbols on Sheet 1

You will now connect the inserted symbols with each other.
NB:

There is a big difference between drawing lines and wires. Wires are regarded by
CADdy ++ ET as real electrical connections - lines are not.
CADdy ++ ET automatically inserts contact points, when you connect the symbols
with each other.
Therefore, the symbols are always connected with wires as if they were real
components.

Quick Guide (3-pole):

Connect 3-pole

Select potential L1
Be sure to select potential L1 in an exact straight line above terminal X1:U1.
Select terminal X1:U1 (path 2).

You can see that three wires have been drawn:

From potential L1 to terminal X1:U1

From potential L2 to terminal X1:V1
From potential L3 to terminal X1:W1

Connect 3-pole

Select potential L1

Select motor M1 terminal U1 (in path 3)

You can see that three wires have been drawn:

From potential L1 to terminal U2

From potential L2 to terminal V2
From potential L3 to terminal W2

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-29 Project Example 1

You will now connect potential N with terminal X1:N and connect potential PE with terminal
X1:PE.

Quick Guide (1-pole):

Connect 1-pole

Select potential N

Select terminal number X1:N

You can see that a wire has been drawn from potential N to terminal N.
Follow the method described above to connect potential PE with X1:PE and M1:PE.
HINT 1:

You can also use different function keys (CTRL + F1 ... F6) to activate the
connecting functions.

HINT 2:

Practice connecting as much as possible in one turn for example 3-pole from the
top potential to the bottom symbol in each path. The more you can connect at a time,
the faster it goes also when deleting connections!

Wires on Sheet 1
You will now connect from the vertical wires in path 3, through the three-pole circuit breaker in
path 4, and back to the vertical wires in path 3.

Quick Guide:
Connect 1-pole

Select the starting point for the wire

Draw the wire horizontally to the next point

L-30 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Click the left mouse button

Note that CADdy ++ ET automatically inserts contact points!

Draw the wire vertically down through the circuit breaker to the next point.
Note that CADdy ++ ET automatically opens the wires on each side of the circuit breaker.

Click the left mouse button.

Draw the line horizontally to the finishing point.

Click the right mouse button.

Continue in the same way until all 3 connections through contactor K2 have been
drawn.

Relay Coil on Sheet 1

You will now insert a relay coil in path 5:

Quick Guide:
2C

Relay coils

1-pole
Select the place on the sheet where you want to insert the relay coil (the symbol is
attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbols

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-31 Project Example 1

Click the right mouse button to end

Exercise 2
You can change relay coil types the same way as described in section "Insert Type and
Function" on page L-19.
Relay coil type:
HINT 1:

Type "3TB4011" (A fictitious type number)

The updated database contains both coils and contacts. With a little practice, you
can use this database to track contacts that are not connected to coils and vice
versa. For example, if K5 is only inserted in the project as a NO contact, but you
have "forgotten" the coil, K5 will appear alone on the list and the coil above it is not
shown.
Therefore, you can check for errors on coils and contacts in the database!

L-32 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Connect Relay Coil on Sheet 1

You will now connect relay coil K1 with potentials L3 an N.

Quick Guide:
Connect 1-pole

Select potential L3 in an exact straight line above relay coil K1

Draw the connection down through K1 and end on potential N

CADdy ++ ET automatically inserts contact points!

You can see that a wire has been drawn from potential L3 - via K1 to potential N.
-

Click the right mouse button to end

Circuit Breaker in a Connection on Sheet 1

So far, you have only inserted symbols and connected them with wires.
You will now try to insert the symbols in existing wires.
Every time you insert a symbol in a wire, the wire will automatically break and the symbol will be
connected correctly.
HINT 1:

If CADdy ++ ET does not break the wire or cable when you insert a symbol, you have
by mistake used an ordinary line instead of a wire to connect your symbols.

Insert a circuit breaker in path 5 in the existing connection.

Quick Guide:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-33 Project Example 1

2C

Switchgear, one-pole

NO general

Select the place where you want to insert the circuit breaker (the symbol is
attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

Note that when you have inserted the symbol in a connection, the wire automatically
opens (please refer to HINT 1 above).

Click the right mouse button to end

Exercise 3
You can change the type of circuit breaker the same way as described in section "Insert Type
and Function" on page L-19.
Circuit breaker type:

Type "TPS" (A fictitious type number)

The symbol has connection numbers 3 and 4, and it is these numbers you have to apply.
If you wish to change one or more numbers, do as in the other fields.

Break Contact on Sheet1

You will now insert the break contact symbol in path 5:

Quick Guide:
2C

Relay contacts, NC

1-pole, NC

L-34 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Select the place where you want to insert the symbol (the symbol is attached to the
cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

In the dialog box, indicate the relay coil where the break contact belongs.

Name (-)

K2
This symbol is only applied when associated with a relay coil and therefore not given a
connection number. You must manually insert these numbers. For example:

Connection Text 00

21

Connection Text 01

22

OK

Click the right mouse button to end.

HINT 1:

When you insert a contact in the sheet, the information is instantaneously updated in
the database.

Copy a Path on Sheet 1

You have now drawn all the elements in path 5.
Path 6 will be exactly like path 5, with the exception of the text related to the symbols.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-35 Project Example 1

Therefore, it is easier to copy all of path 5 to path 6.

There are several ways of copying, but the easiest way is shown below.

Quick Guide:
You must select all the symbols in path 5 with a frame: Select a fixed point for the bottom left
corner of the window. For example, below the cross reference under K1.
+

Press the left mouse button once (marks one corner of the window)
Drag the frame in place so that all the symbols in path 5 are included.

Press the left mouse button once (marks the end of the window)
The marked symbols are highlighted red on the sheet.
Alternatively, you can select the symbols and connections one at a time, by pointing at
the symbol and clicking the left mouse button. If you want to select more than one
symbol or wire (group) at a time, press and hold SHIFT while selecting.

Press and hold the left mouse button while you move the symbols (the marked
group is moved).

Press and hold CTRL (Windows standard: Copy while moving).

Move the group to the position where you want it inserted (path 6).
CADdy ++ ET automatically changes the names of the symbols which have been copied.
However, you must rename the break contact in path 6 to "K1". This is done by double
clicking the symbol and changing the name in the dialog box.

Click the right mouse button

Path 6 is now an exact copy of path 5.

L-36 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Lamp on Sheet 1

You will now insert a lamp in path 7.

Quick Guide:
2C

Lamps

Lamp

Select the place where you want to insert the lamp (the symbol is attached to the
cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

Click the right mouse button to end

Exercise 4
You can change the type of lamp the same way as described in section "Insert Type and
Function" on page L-19.
Lamp type:

Type "ZLA558" (A fictitious type number)

The symbol has connection numbers 1 and 2. These are the numbers that you must apply.
If you wish to change one or more numbers, do as in the other fields.
C

OK

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-37 Project Example 1

Relay Contact on Sheet 1

You will now insert a NO relay-contact in path 7.

Quick Guide:
2C

Relay contacts, NO

1-pole, NO

Select the place where you want to insert the symbol (the symbol is attached to the
cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

In the dialog box, indicate the relay coil where the make contact belongs

Name (-)

K1
This symbol is only applied when associated with a relay coil and therefore not given a
connection name. You must manually insert these numbers. For example:

Connection text 00

13

Connection text 01

14

OK

Click the right mouse button to end

L-38 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

The two symbols are now to be connected between potential L3 and N.

Terminals on Sheet 1
You will now insert 4 terminals in path 5 and 6:

Quick Guide:
2C

Terminals

1 terminal 0, horizontal

Select the place where you want to insert terminal X2:1

(At the top of path 5 the symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

The following dialog box will appear (terminal 1):

Name (-)

X2

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-39 Project Example 1

Terminal number
1 (first available number in the terminal strip)

Terminal index

If you wish to insert a type, do as in the other fields.

C

OK

Select the place where you want to insert terminal X2:2

(At the bottom of path 5 the symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

The dialog box for the next terminal appears. CADdy ++ ET automatically increases the terminal
number and terminal index with +1. All you have to do is confirm the proposal.
If you wish to insert a type, do as in the other fields.
C

OK

Select the place where you want to insert terminal X2:3

(At the top of path 6 the symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse to insert the symbol.

The dialog box for the next terminal appears. CADdy ++ ET automatically increases the terminal
number and terminal index with +1. All you have to do is confirm the proposal.
C

OK

L-40 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Select the place where you want to insert terminal X2:4

(At the bottom of path 6 - the symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse to insert the symbol

The dialog box for the next terminal appears. CADdy ++ ET automatically increases the terminal
number and terminal index with +1. All you have to do is confirm the proposal.
C

OK

Click the right mouse button to end

Cable on Sheet 1
You will now define the connection in path 2 between terminal block X1 and motor M1 as a
cable:

Quick Guide:
Create cable

Select the starting point of the cable

Select the end point of the cable

The following dialog will appear:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-41 Project Example 1

Name (-)

W1

Cable-core No.

OK

Click the right mouse button to end

HINT 1:

According to EN 61346-2 table 1, the letter code for cables must be W.

The next cable-core no. is automatically suggested as #2. Continue accepting the automatic
suggestions, until all 4 cores has a number.

L-42 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Sheet 1 Illustrated
You have now drawn the first sheet in this project example. The sheet is illustrated below:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-43 Project Example 1

Draw Sheet 2
This chapter shows you, step by step, how to draw the circuit diagram on sheet 2.

Create Sheet 2
You will now create the second sheet in the project.

Quick Guide:
Select PROJECT as shown below:

The workspace will appear as shown below:

Click with right mouse button on circuit diagram

Click onto New Page

The following dialog box for a new page will appear:

L-44 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

The following information is to be written in the dialog box:

M

Page

Sheet number: 2 (automatically suggested by CADdy ++ ET ).

HINT 1:

If you want to add a sheet between sheet 1 and 2, you can use the index and add
sheet 1"A".
For example:

Index

A
NB!: Do NOT use in this example project.

OK

Sheet 2 will appear on the screen.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-45 Project Example 1

HINT 2:

You can flick the sheets in the project by using function the keys PAGE UP and
PAGE DOWN.

L-46 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Draw Potentials on Sheet 2

You will now insert 5 potentials as shown below:

The potentials are to be identical to the potentials in the previous sheet.

Therefore, it is most practical to copy the potentials from sheet 1 to sheet 2.

Show Two Sheets Simultaneously

When you copy the symbols from one sheet to another, it is an advantage to have both sheets
on the screen at the same time.

Quick Guide:
*

Window

Tile

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-47 Project Example 1

Now both sheets are shown on the screen.

Copy Potentials
You will now copy all potentials from sheet 1 to sheet 2.

Quick Guide:
+

Select the first potential on sheet 1 (for ex. the top potential)

Press and hold SHIFT down while you select the other potentials

Release SHIFT
(The chosen potentials are highlighted in red)

Press and hold CTRL down

Press left mouse button and drag a copy of the potentials to sheet 2

"Drop" the copy in sheet 2 in the desired place

L-48 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Electrical Symbols on Sheet 2

You will now insert electrical symbols in the sheet:

Insert symbols on sheet 2 the same way as you did on sheet 1.

Prepare CADdy++ ET to work with symbols as follows:
Select SYMBOLS as shown below:

When the cursor points at the symbol name, it will graphically appear in the window at the
bottom of the dialog box.
Drag the symbol with the cursor to the desired place in the sheet.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-49 Project Example 1

Fuses on Sheet 2

You will now insert a 3-pole fuse in path 2 and 3.

Quick Guide:
2C

Fuses

3-pole fuse

Select the place where you want to insert fuse 1

(Path 2 the symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

Select the place where you want to insert fuse 2

(Path 3 the symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

Click the right mouse button to end

Exercise 5
You now have to change the fuse type the same way as described in section Insert Type and
Function" on page L-19.
Fuse type:

Type "E3" (A fictitious type number)

The symbol has connection numbers 1-6. These are the numbers that you have to apply.
You are always able to change the numbers in the dialog box.
C

OK

L-50 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Contactor on Sheet 2

You will now insert contactors in path 2, 3 and 4.

Quick Guide:
2C

Relay-contacts, MAIN

3-pole NO contactor

Select the place where you want to insert contactor 1

(Path 2 the symbol is attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol on the sheet

The following dialog box will appear:

Name (-)

K3

HINT 1:

By clicking onto

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

a list of avaiable names within the project will appear.

L-51 Project Example 1

The symbol has connection numbers 1-6. These are the numbers, that you must apply.
If you wish to change one or more numbers, do as in the other fields.
C

OK

Select the place where you want to insert contactor 2

(Path 3 the symbol is still attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol on the sheet

The dialog box will appear again (contactor 2).

*

Name (-)

K4

OK

Select the place where you want to insert contactor 3

(Path 4 the symbol is attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol on the sheet

The dialog box will appear again (contactor 3).

*

Name (-)

K5

OK

The symbol has connection numbers 1-6. These are the numbers, that you must apply.
If you wish to change one or more numbers, do as in the other fields.

L-52 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Click the right mouse button to end

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-53 Project Example 1

Motor on Sheet 2

You will now insert a motor in path 3, beneath the

bottom potentials.

Quick Guide:
2C

Motors and generators

Three-phase, Y/D + PE

Select the place where you want to insert the motor

(Path 2 the symbol is attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

Click the right mouse button to end

Exercise 6
You will now change the motor type the same way as described in section Insert Type and
Function on page L-19.
Type of motor:

Type "M30" (A fictitious type number)

The symbol has connection numbers U1, V1, W1, W2, U2, V2 and PE. These are the numbers
that you must apply.
If you wish to change one or more numbers, do as in the other fields.
C

OK

L-54 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Connect Symbols on Sheet 2

You will now connect the inserted symbols on sheet 2.
NOTE:

There is a big difference between drawing lines and wires. Wires are regarded by
CADdy ++ ET as real electrical connections lines are not.
CADdy ++ ET automatically inserts contact points, when you connect the symbols
with each other.
Therefore, the symbols are always connected with wires as if they were actual
components.

Quick Guide (3-pole):

Connect 3-pole

Select potential L1
Be sure to select potential L1 in an exact straight line above M2:U1
Select terminal U1 on motor M2

3 wires are now drawn:

From potential L1 to terminal U1

From potential L2 to terminal V1
From potential L3 to terminal W1

Connect 3-pole

Select potential L1
Be sure to select potential L1 in an exact straight line above M2:W2

Select terminal W2 on motor M2

3 wires are now drawn:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

From potential L1 to terminal W2

L-55 Project Example 1

From potential L2 to terminal U2

From potential L3 to terminal V2

You will now connect potential PE to terminal PE.

Quick Guide (1-pole):

Connect 1-pole

Select the potential PE

Select terminal PE on the motor

A wire is now drawn from potential PE to terminal PE.

HINT 1:

You can also use different function keys (CTRL + F1 .. F6) to activate the connecting
functions.

HINT 2:

Practice connecting as much as possible in one turn for example 3-pole from the
top potential to the bottom symbol in each path. The more you can connect at a time,
the faster the task is achieved also when deleting connections!

Wires on Sheet 2
You will now connect from the vertical wires in path 3, through the contactor 2K7 in path 4, and
back to the vertical wires in path 3.
Connect 1-pole

Select the starting point for the wire

Pull the wire horizontally to the next point

Click the left mouse button

L-56 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Pull the wire vertically up through the contactor to the next point
Note that CADdy ++ ET automatically opens the wires on each side of the contactor.

Click the left mouse button.

Click the right mouse button to end

Repeat this procedure until all the connections have been drawn.
Remember to connect a horizontal wire above contactor K5.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-57 Project Example 1

Terminal Strips on Sheet 2

You will now insert a terminal strip with 3 terminals in path 2 and 3

and a single terminal between path 2 and 3.

Quick Guide:
2C

Terminals

3 terminals 90, vertical

Select the place where you want to insert the first terminal strip (the symbol is
attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

The following dialog box will appear (terminal 1):

Name (-)

X3

Terminal number

L-58 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

1 (the first available terminal number in the terminal block).

*

Terminal Index

If you wish to insert a type, do it the same way as in the other fields.

You don't have to indicate the name of the terminal strip, since CADdy ++ suggest 'X3' from the
former terminal strip.

CADdy ++ continues the sequence on terminal number and terminal index.

C

OK

Select the place where you want to put terminal block 2.

(Path 3 the symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

The dialog box for the next terminal appears. CADdy ++ ET automatically increases the terminal
number and terminal index with +1. All you have to do is confirm the proposal.
C

OK

Click the right mouse button to end

1 terminal 90, vertical

Select the place where you want to insert the terminal

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-59 Project Example 1

(Between path 2 and 3 the symbol is attached to the cursor).

+

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

The dialog box for the next terminal appears. CADdy ++ ET automatically increases the terminal
number and terminal index with +1. However, you must change the terminal number to PE.
*

Terminal number

PE

OK

Terminal strip X3 is numerated as follows: X3: 1-2-3-PE-4-5-6.

-

Click the right mouse button to end.

HINT 1:

The sign for functional earthing conductor

in the fourth connection on the motor
appears by pressing and holding ALT + 161 on the numeric keyboard (ASCII code
161) and an shows. This only applies if you use the ISO 3098 font.

HINT 2:

If you prefer to use a protective conductor,

in the fourth connection, press and
hold ALT + 160 on the numeric keyboard (ASCII code 160); and an appears. This
only applies if you use the ISO 3098 font.

L-60 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Relay Coils on Sheet 2

You will now insert a relay coil in path 5, 6, and 7.

Quick Guide:
2C

Relay coils

1-pole

Select the place where you want to insert relay coil 1

(Path 5 the symbol is attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

Select the place where you want to insert relay coil 2

(Path 6 the symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

Select the place where you want to insert relay coil 3

(Path 7 the symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

Click the right mouse button to end

Exercise 7
You will now change the relay coil type, the same way as described in section Insert Type and
Function on page L-19.
Relay coil type:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Type "3TB4011" (A fictitious type number)

L-61 Project Example 1

The symbols has connection numbers A1 and A2. These are the numbers that you must apply.
If you wish to change one or more numbers, do as in the other fields.
HINT 1:

If you repeat the same text while writing, the Windows standard function keys can be
used to either copy (CTRL + C) or paste (CTRL + V).

L-62 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Connect Relay Coil on Sheet 2

You will now connect relay coil K3 between potential L3 and potential N.

Quick Guide:
Connect 1-pole

Select the starting point of the wire

(potential L3 in the center of path 5)

Pull the wire vertically down and through the relay coil K3 to potential N
Note that CADdy ++ ET automatically opens the wire and inserts contact points

Press the left mouse button to connect to N

Click the right mouse button to end

A wire is now drawn from potential L3 to relay coil K3 and on to potential N.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-63 Project Example 1

Circuit Breaker on Sheet 2

You will now insert various circuit breakers in path 5 and path 7. First
you have to insert a NO in path 5 and path 7:

Quick Guide:
2C

Switchgear, one-pole

NO general

Select the place where you want to insert 1st circuit breaker (NO)
(Path 5 the symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

Select the place where you want to insert 2nd circuit breaker (NO)
(Path 7 the symbol is attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

Click the right mouse button to end

You now have to insert a NC in path 5:

Quick Guide:
2C

Switchgear, one pole

L-64 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Break

Select the place where you want to insert the circuit breaker - NC
(Path 5 the symbol is attached to the cursor).

Click the right mouse button to end

Exercise 8
You will now change the type of the circuit breakers, the same way as described in section
Insert Type and Function on page L-19.
Circuit breaker, make contact:

Type "TPS" (A fictitious type number)

Circuit breaker, break contact:

Type "TPB" (A fictitious type number)

The symbols have connecting numbers 1 and 2 respectively 3 and 4. These are the numbers
you must apply.
If you wish to change one or more numbers, do as in the other fields..
C

OK

Break Contacts on Sheet 2

You will now insert break contacts in path 5 and 7:

Quick Guide:
2C

Relay-contacts, NC

1-pole, NC

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-65 Project Example 1

Select the place where you want to insert the 1st break contact
(Path 5 the symbol is attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

In the dialog box, indicate the relay coil where the break contact belongs

Name (-)

K5
This symbol is only applied when associated with a relay coil and therefore not given
connection numbers. You must manually insert these numbers. For example:

Connection Text 00

21

Connection Text 01

22

OK

Select the place where you want to insert 2nd break contact
(At the top of path 7 the symbol is attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

In the dialog box, indicate the relay coil where the break contact belongs

Name (-)

K3

OK

L-66 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Select the place where you want to insert 3rd break contact
(At the bottom of path 7 the symbol is attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

In the dialog box, indicate the relay coil where the break contact belongs

Name (-)

K4

OK

Click the right mouse button to end

HINT 1:

The information is instantaneously updated in the database when a contact is

inserted.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-67 Project Example 1

Make Contacts on Sheet 2

You will now insert various make contacts in path 5, 6, and 8.

Quick Guide:
2C

Relay-contacts, NO

1-pole, NO

Select the place where you want to insert 1st make contact
(Path 5 the symbol is attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

In the dialog box, indicate the relay coil where the make contact belongs:
*

Name (-)

K4

This symbol is only applied when associated with a relay coil and therefore not given connection
numbers.
You must manually insert these numbers. For example:
*

Connection Text 00

13

Connection Text 01

L-68 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

14

OK

Select the place where you want to insert 2nd make contact
(Path 6 the symbol is attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

In the dialog box, indicate the relay coil where the make contact belongs:
*

Name (-)

K3
Add terminal numbers 13 and 14 on the contact in the same way as you did with the
previous make contact

OK

Select the place where you want to insert 3rd make contact
(Path 8 the symbol is attached to the cursor)

Click the left mouse button to insert the symbol

In the dialog box, indicate the relay coil where the make contact belongs:
*

Name

K5
Add terminal numbers 13 and 14 on the contact in the same way as you did with the
previous make contact

OK

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-69 Project Example 1

Click the right mouse button to end

L-70 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Draw Wires on Sheet 2

You will now connect vertical wires in path 5 to the symbols in path 6, 7 and 8.

Quick Guide:
Connect 1-pole

Select the starting point for the wire (between S5 and S3 in path 5)

Pull the wire horizontally to path 8

Pull the wire vertically down and through the make contact K5 in path 8

Click the left mouse button

CADdy ++ ET automatically opens the wires and inserts the necessary contact points as
you draw!

Pull the connection horizontally to path 7 between S4 and K3

Click the left mouse button

Click the right mouse button to end

Repeat the above procedure until all the connections have been drawn.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

L-71 Project Example 1

Sheet 2 Illustrated
Congratulations! You have now completed the second sheet in the project example.
The sheet is illustrated below :

L-72 Project Example 1

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Project Example 2

Introduction
CADdy ++ ET economy:
Project Example 2 is intended for experienced CADdy ++ ET users that either have completed
Project Example 1, or users that have a background knowledge of constructing electrical circuit
diagrams.
It is an advantage, if you have basic knowledge of the standards for symbols on electrical
engineering drawings.
In this project example, there is special emphasis on the technical review of a specific project.
The purpose of the project is not to draw the diagrams from the beginning, but to enlighten you
with some of the special functions that CADdy ++ ET manages.
Project Example 2 expires the technique of function (=) and location (+) as described in EN
61346-1. Classification of objects; functions (=) as well as components (-), are in accordance
with EN 61346-2 table 1.
You will find a complete edition of project example 2 in the project folder PROJECTS.

Reference Designation
This chapter introduces the philosophy of reference designation: The function (=), location (+)
and product (-) aspect as described in EN 61346-1.

Definition
A reference system is typical a number and letter system. It enables simple and precise
orientation in a factory or in machinery, for example.
The reference system must be based on the international standard IEC 61346-1.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Project Example 2 M-1

This standard states that the three prefix signs =, + and - can be used to construct a
system, which inspects an object. An object can be a component, machine or installation, for
example.
The prefix signs can be provided with a combination of letters and numbers, which indicate a
specific and unique technical description. Therefore, these signs are independent of profession
and sub-suppliers language.

A reference system is therefore a correct technical abbreviation used to describe the

construction, function and location of the machinery.

NOTE:

It is of great importance to note, that the three prefix signs =, + and - each and
individually carries the respective information about an objects function (=),
location (+) and product (-), and that each information is not dependent on any
other.

With a little preparation, the system can be constructed, so that later changes, such as
expansions and dismantling can be added easily.

Example
The factory Production Ltd. wishes to describe a section of a process, which produces slices.
The process includes Blockpress no. II, which is physically located in the production hall.
Without a reference system, it would be necessary in writing to describe following:
- the Blockpress II is part of a larger process,
- an explanation of the entire process,

and the physical location of the blockpress. For example, the written description of the
placement of the blockpress would be, the blockpress is placed in the production hall beside
the other blockpresses.
This description is not very precise, and therefore can be easily misunderstood.
Employees, who are at the factory on a daily basis, would be able to understand this description.
However, guest workers, technical documentation and computer based maintenance would
have difficulty comprehending long written descriptions.

M-2 Project Example 2

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

If a reference designation system is established, the above description could be as follows:

=T1=R2
+11A2

=T1=R2 explains that blockpress 2 (R2) is part of a process (T1), which stabilises material
forms.
+11A2 is the precise physical location (for example, a co-ordinate or zone) that cannot be
misunderstood.
Likewise, components can be named. This is done by using -, which indicates that it is a
product.
It is an advantage that letter codes in a reference system are in accordance to the new
standard; EN 61346-2 table 1 and 2.

CE-marking
According to EN 60204-1 clause18, electrical equipment of machines must have a reference
designation system in accordance with EN 61346-1.
A reference system gives an excellent overview of the complete installation and facilitates the
compulsory account required by the Machine Directive.

Empirical advantages
A factory or a machine will typically need a reference system, when the installation or machinery
is of a certain size. However, this need could apply to nearly all factories.
If the system is well structured and thorough, following is accomplished:
1.)

All professions speak the same language, because everyone refers to the same
system.

2.)

The documentation for all of the installations is understandable and accessible.

3.)

New workers and guest workers etc. can easily be guided to understand complex
installations.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Project Example 2 M-3

4.)

The location of the components is 100 % clear.

5.)

A systematic computerised maintenance is possible.

Experience shows that there are certain economical and practical advantages, by using a
reference system from the beginning of a project, in contrast to establishing it later on in the
process.

Abbreviations
In Example Project 2 you can see, that the following reference designations appears:

Function (=) structure

Within the function structure, you will find the following:
=E1

Lightning and outlets

=G1

Power Supply

=K1

Control unit (PLC)

=V1

Process 1

=V2

Process 2

=X1

Terminals for external connections

NOTE:

In this example, all lettercodes in the function structure above are in accordance
with EN 61346-2 table 1.

Location (+) structure

Within the location structure, you will find the following:

M-4 Project Example 2

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

+A1

Incoming power cabinet and power distribution. Components regarding the

process 1 and 2 (=V1 and =V2) are also located here.

+A2

PLC cabinet. Physically separated from +A1 and +A3 due to EMC.

+A3

Cabinet for common installations such as outlets and lightning system.

Physically separated from +A1 and +A2.

+A4

Cabinet for PLC (=K1) and other controlling devices.

NOTE:

In this example, all lettercodes in the location structure above are fiction. Still, the
lettercode A indicates two or more functions in accordance with EN 61346-2
table 1.

Product (-) structure

On the left side of each component you will find a product code (-) and a number.
These product codes are in accordance with EN 61346-2 table 1, and describes the purpose of
the object. In Example Project 2, the numbers describe the sheet and path where the
component is documented.
For example: "-K125": means relay (K) + sheet (12) + path (5). In this case, the element can be
found on sheet 12 path 5.
Please note, that this numbering only is suitable for sheets with a maximum of 10 paths of 1 digit
each, e.g. path 09., path 18 etc. The maximum of 1 digit in the path avoids confusion.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Project Example 2 M-5

Hotkeys

Overview
Key

Function

F1

Help

F2

Edit text in field (standard Windows command)

F3

Zoom Original

F4

Zoom Window

F5

Select

F6
F7

Select in Group

F8

Select All

F9
F10
F11

Potential Top

F12

Potential Bottom

User's Guide CADdy++

Hotkeys N-1

CTRL + F1
CTRL + F2
CTRL + F3
CTRL + F4
CTRL + F5
CTRL + F6

Toggle between open windows (standard Windows command)

CTRL + F7
CTRL + F8
CTRL + F9
CTRL + F10
CTRL + F11
CTRL + F12

CTRL + A

Select All

CTRL + C

Copy

CTRL + INS

Copy

CTRL + O

Open Workspace

CTRL + P

Print

CTRL + S

Save Workspace

CTRL + V

Paste from clipboard

CTRL + X

Cut to clipboard

N-2 Hotkeys

User's Guide CADdy++

CTRL + Y

Redo last command

CTRL + Z

Undo last command

DEL

PAGE DOWN
PAGE UP

SHIFT + F1

Erase selected elements

Next Page
Previous Page

Help

SHIFT + F2
SHIFT + F3
SHIFT + F4
SHIFT + F5
SHIFT + F6
SHIFT + F7
SHIFT + F8
SHIFT + F9
SHIFT + F10
SHIFT + F11
SHIFT + F12

SHIFT + DEL

Cut to clipboard

User's Guide CADdy++

Hotkeys N-3

SHIFT + INS

Paste from clipboard

Turns symbol or element 90 counter clockwise during move or

insert from clipboard.

Turns symbol or element 90 clockwise during move or insert

from clipboard.

Scales symbol or element by factor during move or insert from

clipboard.

Scales symbol or element by factor 2 during move or insert from

clipboard.

SHIFT + CTRL

N-4 Hotkeys

Select component in group

User's Guide CADdy++

Glossary of Terms

ActiveX
Microsoft ActiveX is a relatively new concept. It covers an
advanced opportunity to use data from different programs.
It is therefore possible to open one program while in another.
For example, it is possible to open a Microsoft Word document
with buttons and menus while using CADdy ++ ET or vice versa.
The whole workspace can be saved as a compound file.
The programs will automatically add their format to Windows, if
they support the ActiveX technology.

Automatic text
An Automatic text is a text which is generated by CADdy ++ ET.
This could for example be the cross references beneath the relay
coils.

Circuit diagram
EN/IEC 61082-1 clause 2.2.1.10, circuit diagram: Diagram
showing the implementation of the circuits of a system, subsystem,
installation, part, equipment etc., depicting parts and connections
by means of graphical symbols arranged to show the functions but
without necessarily talking into account the physical sizes, shapes,
or locations of the items.

Compound
A compound file is a file within a file, introduced by Microsoft
2000. This enables you to save all data from different programs
within the same file.

DWG
AutoCAD standard format. Besides AutoCAD, there is a group
("Open DWG Alliance"), that can save in this format. Most CAD
programs are included in this group.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Glossary of Terms Y-1

DXF (Data Exchange Format)

An exchange format that can be considered as a standard for the
exchange of drawings. The exchange works with the help of coordinates and is suited for lines etc. The logic, if any, is not
transferred between the systems via this format.

FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions is where you can find the answer to
the most commonly asked questions, in this case concerning
CADdy ++ ET.

Function Groups
A way of handling information within the documentation. The trick
is to divide information into separate groups (e.g. power supply,
control device, emergency stops etc.), and draw/construct each of
them separately.
Each function must begin with the prefix = (function) in
accordance with EN 61346.
Please refer to Example Project 2, where a basic introduction is
given.

Index
An index is a supplement to a page number. With CADdy ++ ET you
can optionally choose different indexes, for example "2A", "2AA".
2B" etc.

OLE
OLE objects give you the possibility of inserting other documents
into a CADdy ++ ET drawing. For example, a Microsoft Word
document can be inserted into a CADdy ++ ET drawing, and
likewise a picture (or photo) be inserted into Word or CADdy ++ ET.
The programs will automatically add their format to Windows, if
they support the OLE technology.

Template
A template is a drawing or a project which can be opened in
CADdy ++ ET and worked with. The template can be empty, or
consist of circuit diagrams.

Terminal Index
The sorting index that is used to decide the order of terminals in a
terminal strip. CADdy ++ ET automatically counts + 1 for the next
terminal. If the sorting index is identical (for example 1) on all
terminals, then they will be arranged according to terminal name.

Vector Font
A vector font is a CAD font, which is constructed of small lines.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Glossary of Terms Y-2

The text is made in a matrix of 200 x 200 dots. It is the height and
width of the matrix, which is stated in CADdy ++ ET.
The text in a vector font is somewhat angular in comparison to
Windows true-type font.
On the contrary, the vector font ISO 3098 is the only well defined
text font, which can be used on technical drawings according to
EN 61082.
If you have to exchange drawings with other formats than CADdy ++
ET, it is recommended, that you use vector font instead of truetype font.

Windows META file

A META file is a file within the Windows format, which can be read
and understood by an increasing number of Windows programs.
This format can easily exchange drawings and data with other
programs.

Work Space
An area where CADdy ++ ET has all kinds of documents, like
drawings or circuit diagrams from CADdy ++ ET, Word texts, Excel
spreadsheets, AutoCAD drawings etc.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Glossary of Terms Y-3

Index

#
# Text reservations F-5, F-6, F-7, F-8, F-9, F-10, F-11,
F-12, F-13, F-14, F-16

1
1 Wire Dynamic C-2, E-48E-50

3
3 pages A-3
3 Wires Dynamic E-49

A
A3 E-17, E-19, H-1, L-6
A3 format K-3
A4 E-19 , H-1, K-3
Abbreviations E-14, L-1
Access G-1
Access97 L-19
Add selected E-36
Add to Print List G-9
Additional graphics J-25
Additional tools E-91
Arc E-61
Archive Workspace E-2
A-symbol E-19E-20

Clear selected wire number E-84

Clear wire number E-84
Close End E-60
Close Mid E-60
Close Page E-6
Close Workspace E-6
Colour Codes H-2

Colour control E-46

Common information D-4
Complex information J-15
Compound D-1
Compress Workspace E-3
Connection Points E-40
Consecutive E-83
Contents of Symbol Database J-9
Copy E-24, E-26, L-62
Copy page D-5
Create Form F-3
Create Sheet C-1, L-7, L-44
Creating a New Project C-1, L-3
Cross-reference E-91
Customise E-44
Cut E-23E-24, E-26

D
Database Lists G-2
Database Utilities G-1
Debugger E-38
Defining a Symbol J-3
Delete page D-5
Delete Page E-10
Demo mode A-3
Dimension btw. 2 lines E-55
Dimension btw. 2 pts. E-56
Dimension Horizontal E-53
Dimension Settings E-57
Dimension Vertical E-54
Doublename check C-3, G-14, J-15
Draw K-6, L-1L-2
Drawing Sheet H-1
Drawing-sheet E-30
DWG E-5, E-8, E-9, E-69, K-3
DXF E-5, E-8, E-9, E-69, K-3

Auto detect =/+ J-16

ECAD norm E-75

Autodiagram E-90

Edit E-23E-38
Edit Component E-72
Edit Symbol J-7
Edit text E-70
Element Properties E-37
Ellipse E-61
EN 60204-1 E-81
EN 61346-2 H-12
Erase E-30
Exit E-6, E-21
Expand view D-3
Export project E-9
Extend E-31

B
Baseline distance E-60
Bitmap E-25
Bottom E-47
Break E-30
B-symbols E-20

C
Cables E-51E-53, L-15, L-41
CADdy++ drawing-sheet K-3
Change Normsheet E-90
Circle E-61
Circuit diagram D-1, D-5, L-1, L-14L-15

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

F
Fail-safe E-82
FAQ C-1

Index Z-1

File E-1

Fill Style E-46

Filter G-4
Folder for projects E-1
Folder for templates E-2
Font E-69
format E-69, H-1
Function (=) E-14, H-7
Function/Location Box E-53

G
Generate list(s) F-4
Getting started A-2

Goods-group E-75
Graphical Lists F-1, F-2
Graphical symbols H-9, J-12, L-15
Grid E-17, E-39E-40
Group Selected E-32, J-5

H
Hatch Area E-62
Help A-1, B-1B-2, B-6

Hide =/+ J-16

Hide All Functiontexts E-41

Hide information J-17

High-risk circuits E-82
homepage A-1
Hotkeys C-3, N-1

I
IEC 61346-2 H-12
IEC 750 H-7H-8, H-16
Import E-5, K-3
Import from Excel E-76

Import type E-75

Index B-2B-3, B-6, E-4, E-11, H-9

Insert new type E-76

Insert page D-5
Insert symbol J-14
Install A-2
ISO 3098 E-69, L-20, L-60

J
Join E-32

K
Kind of document G-8

L
Language E-74
Layer E-60

Layer control E-45

Letter Code L-42
Letter Codes E-15, E-52, H-7, H-12
Line B-3, E-59
Linewidth E-40
Link symbols J-24
Linked objects J-15

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Links E-26
List of Cables F-8
List of Cables Sorted F-10
List of Documents F-5
List of Multicores F-16
List of Parts F-14
List of PLC I/O F-12
List of Products F-6
List of Terminals F-7
List of Wires F-13
Lists of Cable-Wires F-9
Lists of Cable-Wires Sorted F-11
Location (+) E-14, H-7
Lock workspace D-4

M
Managing symbols J-12
Manipulating Multiple Data G-6
Manipulating Single Data G-5
Manipulating Symbol Database J-8
Manipulating the Symbol Folders J-11
Margin E-16

Merge =/+/- J-16

META file E-9
Mirror E-30
Mirror-contacts E-79
Mirrordatabase E-78, E-87, E-88
Mirror-exploring E-79
Move E-23, E-26, E-28
Multicore E-89
Multicores F-16, G-16
Multiline E-59
Multiline Settings E-60

N
Navigator E-91
New page D-5, K-3
New Page C-1, L-44
New Text E-64
New Workspace E-4, E-7, L-3
Next Page E-10
NormSheet E-33, K-1K-6
numbering E-15

O
Object E-25
OLE E-25, K-3
Open a list F-1
Open Page E-4
Open Workspace E-4E-9
Other documents D-7
Overbooked contacts G-15
Own PLC symbols J-25
Own symbols J-1

P
Page Information E-11
Page Properties E-16
Page template K-2
Page Template F-3
Page/Consecutive E-83
Parallel E-63

Index Z-2

Paste E-24, E-70, L-62

Path E-15, E-16E-17, L-15

Show Marked Functiontexts E-41

Pen style E-46

Pen-width E-46

Show Wire Direction E-41

Snap E-42
Sorting G-4
Standards H-1, K-3
Style Bar E-45

PLC Construction-set J-23

PLC Documentation J-18
PLC Link J-24
PLC Reference Card J-21
PLC Signal Card J-20
Polygon Area E-62
potential L-12
Potential - Any E-48
Potential numbering E-82
Preparation of documents H-5
Previous Page E-10
Print E-18, L-2
Print list G-15
Print List E-19
Print Setup E-17
Printing the Manual B-7
Project bar D-2
Project Example 1 C-1, L-1, M-1
Project Example 2 M-1
Project Information L-6
Project properties D-4
Project Template K-1
Properties Diagrams E-13

Show sequence E-75

Supplier E-75
Symbol Assistant J-12
Symbol Database J-8
Symbol dialog J-15
Symbolfolder J-9
Symbols E-2, J-1, L-1, L-49
System Settings E-1

T
Template D-2, E-2, L-4, L-6
Templates K-1
Terminal Matrix F-15
Terminal Matrix Graphic F-15
Text E-10, E-64E-70, J-3
Text attributes E-65
Toolbar E-44E-45, E-59E-61
Trackers E-42
Translate Text E-73
Trim E-31
Type Database E-75

R
Reactivate Archived Workspace E-3
Rectangle E-61
Redo E-23
Redraw E-39
Reduce view D-3
Reference designation D-6
Reference Designation H-7
Regenerate E-17
Remove from Print List G-15
Remove gap(s) D-5
Rename cables G-13
Rename objects G-1, G-12
Rename terminals G-13
Rename wires G-14
Renumber all wires E-83
Renumber new wires E-83
Renumbering terminals G-1

Revision date E-14

Rotate E-29

S
Save Page Template E-5, E-8
Save Position E-45
Save Workspace D-2
SCALE E-29
Select E-26E-37, E-48, J-5, K-3
Select All E-27, K-4
Select Component in Group E-91
Select in Group E-27
Sequence E-80

U
Undo E-23
Ungroup E-37, K-3
Uninstall A-2
Unlock workspace D-4
Update Connection Number E-87
Update Type Information E-78

V
Vector font E-69
View E-4, E-39

W
Window Cascade E-22
Window Tile E-22
Windows Explore J-8
Wire Direction E-84
Wire numbering E-82
Wire Properties E-85
Workspace C-1, D-1, K-3
Workspace Information E-10
Workspace Template F-3

Z
Zoom Original E-39, N-1
Zoom Window E-39, N-1

Show =/+ J-16

Show All Elements E-43
Show All Functiontexts E-41

Show information J-16

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Index Z-3

E.

CADdy Commands

File
The commands, which are important for the use of CADdy++ ET, are illustrated in the following
section. All commands can be found by selecting FILE from the menu bar.

System Settings
FILE SYSTEM SETTINGS

The parameters for executing CADdy++ ET can be found in the system settings command.

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

Option:
Backup - Automatic backup of drawings: enables CADdy++ to make automatic backup of the
drawings that are being processed. The time interval states the slot between each backup.
CADdy++ makes 3 backups in a circle with the desired time interval. Setting the time interval to 5
minutes will establish backup no. 1 after 5 minutes. After 10 minutes, backup no. 1 is moved

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-1

forward as backup no. 2, a new backup is made as no. 1 and so on each 5 minutes. A total of 3
backups are made (e.g. backup time of 15 minutes is possible, depending on the selected time
interval).
The backup can be restored by selecting the page in the workspace bar, clicking onto the right
mouse button and select "Load backup". See Create new drawings in chapter D for further
details.

Documents - Use visual document tabs: will provide CADdy++ to display a separate tab for
each open page on the bottom of the drawing area.

Example:

Documents - Maximum Opened Document Views sets the maximum number of windows to
be open within CADdy++ to save menory. Example: 4 will keep the last four windows / drawings
/ lists open. The null value sets the value to unlimited.

Option:
Workspaces: defines where the workspace file will be saved.
Templates:

defines where the standard template can be found.

Symbols:

defines where the symbol databases can be found.

HINT 1:

If possible, you should put the system folders on a central network drive, which
enables other authors to share the workspace, templates and symbols with you.

HINT 2:

With the

E-2 CADdy Commands

button, you can select the folder directly.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

The following example illustrates how to choose the folder, Workspaces . Note that the directory
has to be open in order to be correctly registered:
RIGHT:

Right: The directory "Workspaces" is open.

WRONG:

Wrong: The directory "CADdy" is open.

Option:
Optional colour can be set for Selected elements, Background, Paper background, Paper frame,
Cursor cross etc.

Option:
Licence number and unlock codes must be stated here. For further details please refer to
Getting Started in chapter A.

Archive Workspace
FILE ARCHIVE WORKSPACE

This command archives a CADdy++ workspace.

Archived workspaces are compressed, gets a new extension (*.cpa) and are stored in the same
folder as the original workspace.

Quick Guide:
1.) Open workspaces must be closed. See Close Workspace (page E-17).

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-3

2.) Select this command.

3.) Pick the workspace you want to archive.
4.) The workspace is compressed and archived.

Archived workspaces can be reactivated with the Reactivate Archived Workspace (see page E4) function.

Reactivate Archived Workspace

FILE REACTIVATE ARCHIVED WORKSPACE

This command reactivates a CADdy++ workspace, which has been archived with the Archive
Workspace function (see page E-3).
CADdy++ archived workspaces are compressed files, and must be de-compressed before use.
The archived workspaces have the extension (*.cpa) and are stored in the same folder as the
original workspace.

Quick Guide:
1.) Open workspaces must be closed. See Close Workspace (page E-17).
2.) Select this command.
3.) Pick the workspace you want to reactivate (extension *.cpa).
4.) The workspace is de-compressed and reactivated.

Compress Workspace
FILE COMPRESS WORKSPACE

All data in CADdy++ ET are stored in Windows Compound Files, within a Microsoft Access
database. While working with CADdy++ ET these files expand.
This command compresses the Compound File containing the workspace.

E-4 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Compress Type Database

FILE COMPRESS TYPE DATABASE

All data in the CADdy++ ET Type Database (see page E-155) are stored in a Microsoft Access
database. While working with the Type Database, these files expand.
This command compresses the database containing the Types to the minimum size.

New Workspace
FILE NEW - WORKSPACE

CTRL + N

This command is used to create a new Workspace.

For detailed information, please refer to Workspace (chapter D).

New Page
FILE NEW PAGE

ALT + N

This command is used to create a new page.

You can create a new page by clicking the right mouse button while in the main folder.
HINT 1:

You can use an index to define a page, for example "2A", "2B", "2ABC" etc. Please
note, that only a maximum of 5 characters can be used.

Open Workspace
FILE OPEN - WORKSPACE

CTRL + O

This command is used to open an existing workspace from CADdy++ ET or to import CADdy
Classic (*.prj) workspaces.
HINT 1:

CADdy++ ET workspace files are saved as <name>.CPJ on your hard disk.

HINT 2:

You may import several workspaces from CADdy Classic in one sequence by
holding [Ctrl] while clicking onto the desired workspaces.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-5

Quick Guide - Importing CADdy Classic workspaces

1.) Before importing CADdy Classic workspaces, be sure to Import CADdy ET1 Databases (see
page E-56) first, such as wires (*.bla), types (*.dbf), mirrors (*.dbf) and cables (*.kty).

If you which to import single drawings from CADdy Classic, or merge drawings from CADdy
Classic into existing workspaces, you must use the Open CADdy Drawing (see page E-8)
function instead.

IMPORTANT
NOTE 1:

It is essential to import all databases from CADdy Classic, before importing the
workspaces. If these data are not present, workspaces are not imported properly.
However, this only applies if the different databases options was used in CADdy
Classic (e.g. wires, types, mirrors and cables). "Non-intelligent" drawings from
CADdy Classic are not affected by missing data sources, except missing A-symbols.
In general, it is recommended to transfer all basic data once from CADdy Classic to
the new environment in CADdy++

NOTE 2:

If layers was used in CADdy Classic to control the Pen Color, Pen Width and / or the
Pen Style, you must carry out this operation once before importing:
1.) Create a New Workspace based on a template you prefer.
2.) Create diagram page 1 in the new workspace, and open this page.

3.) Click onto

to activate the CADdy++ Layer Database.

4.) Set up ALL layers in CADdy++ with the same parameters as in CADdy Classic,
e.g. Pen Style, Pen Width etc. by typing the information.
5.) Delete the diagram page 1 created in step 2.)
6.) Save the new layer settings in CADdy++ by saving the workspace as a Template
using the Workspace Template (Save as) function.
7.) Workspaces imported from CADdy Classic must be based on the Workspace
Template saved in step 6.).

2.) Select this command.

E-6 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

3.) Pick one or more CADdy Classic workspace you whish to transfer to CADdy++ ET and click
OK. CADdy Classic version 12 17 are supported.
4.) A dialog with the available templates appear. Click onto the template, on which new page(s)
within the workspace shall be based upon (see IMPORTANT NOTE 2 - step 6 - above).
5.) The following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

6.) CADdy++ ET automatically reads the path to existing A-symbols in the *.prj file from CADdy
Classis. Please check file(s) and location of the A-symbols before importing.
7.) If desired, set the checkboxes in the Layer / Attributes section, according to what kind of
information you whish to take from the CADdy++ Layer Database. You may adjust each layer
individually by clicking onto [Layer Database].
8.) Click onto OK. The workspace are now transferred into CADdy++ ET. Logic is transferred
from CADdy Classic to CADdy++ ET, therefore no data is lost.
9.) When converting is completed, the following dialog appears:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-7

Open Page
FILE OPEN PAGE

ALT + O

This command is used to open an existing page in your workspace.

It is a good idea to get a general view of the workspace, so that you can see all the
available pages in the workspace at once.

HINT 1:
Example:

In this example, you can see that pages 1, 2, and 2A are available.
Double click the pages to open them!

Open Page Template

FILE OPEN - PAGETEMPLATE

This command is used to open a Page Template, which has been saved with the command
Page Template.

Read more about:

Templates in chapter K.

Open CADdy Drawing

FILE OPEN CADdy DRAWING

This command imports and translates CADdy Classic drawings version 12 17 into CADdy++
ET drawings. Via this function it is possible to merge drawings from CADdy Classic into new
CADdy++ ET workspaces.
Logic is transferred from CADdy Classic to CADdy++ ET, therefore no data is lost.

E-8 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

If you which to import CADdy Classic workspaces automatically, you must use the Open
Workspace (see page E-5) function instead.

Quick Guide:
1.) Before importing CADdy Classic drawings, be sure to Import CADdy ET1 Databases (see
page E-56) first, such as wires (*.bla), types (*.dbf), mirrors (*.dbf) and cables (*.kty), if the
CADdy Classic drawings contains this kind of information.

IMPORTANT
NOTE 1:

It is essential to import all databases from CADdy Classic, before importing the
workspaces. If these data are not present, workspaces are not imported properly.
However, this only applies if the different databases options was used in CADdy
Classic (e.g. wires, types, mirrors and cables). "Non-intelligent" drawings from
CADdy Classic are not affected by missing data sources, except missing A-symbols.
In general, it is recommended to transfer all basic data once from CADdy Classic to
the new environment in CADdy++

NOTE 2:

If layers was used in CADdy Classic to control the Pen Color, Pen Width and / or the
Pen Style, you must carry out this operation once before importing:
1.) Create a New Workspace based on a template you prefer.
2.) Create diagram page 1 in the new workspace, and open this page.

3.) Click onto

to activate the CADdy++ Layer Database.

4.) Set up ALL layers in CADdy++ with the same parameters as in CADdy Classic,
e.g. Pen Style, Pen Width etc. by typing the information.
5.) Delete the diagram page 1 created in step 2.)
6.) Save the new layer settings in CADdy++ by saving the workspace as a Template
using the Workspace Template (Save as) function.
7.) Workspaces imported from CADdy Classic must be based on the Workspace
Template saved in step 6.).

2.) Select this command.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-9

3.) Create a New Workspace and create a fictitious page, (ex. page 9999).
4.) Make sure that the folder "CADdy A-symbol" points at the old A-symbols. You can add
additional symbol folders as desired.
5.) Click the Drawing/workspace button, and select the item that you want to import.
HINT 1:

You can choose whether to import one or more drawings at a time (choose *.PIC),
or select one workspace at a time (choose *.PRJ).

6.) Click OK to start import.

1.) By repeating step 4-6, it is possible to merge more workspaces into the
workspace created in step 3.)

NOTE:

2.) If possible, try to import old workspaces in sequence to avoid confusion.

3.) Make sure that the page numbers in CADdy Classic and CADdy++ ET arent
equal. If they are equal, CADdy++ ET will over write the existing page with the
page imported from CADdy Classic.

Read more about:

Import CADdy Classic workspaces via command Open Workspace on page E-5
Import CADdy ET1 Database on page E-56

Open AutoCAD DXF/DWG Drawing

FILE OPEN AUTOCAD DXF/DWG DRAWING

This command is used to import one AutoCAD DXF, DWG and DXB drawing to CADdy++.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Create a New Page (see page E-5) on which to import the AutoCAD drawing.

2.)

Activate this command. The following dialog appears:

E-10 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

3.)

Adjust various settings as desired (see description below).

4.)

Select the type of file to import by clicking

5.)

Select the file to import by clicking on it (highlights).

6.)

Click "Open" to import the highlighted file or double-click the file.

7.)

The dialog closes when import is complete. The drawing is displayed in the drawing
area.

in "Files of type".

Settings
By selecting
the AutoCAD drawing will
overwrite the CADdy++ drawing.
To activate the manual adjustments, make
sure that the
is
unselected.
Drawing offset sets new co-ordinates for the

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-11

imported drawing relative to (X,Y) = (0,0).

Scale the imported drawing by setting the
parameters of Drawing scale. 1.0 equals no
scaling (1:1).
or

or

Select the
to make
CADdy++ adjust the imported drawing to the
actual page.
Select the "Read drawing Layer Information"
to import layer information (layer names) into
CADdy++

Advanced settings
Advanced settings for import is stored in the Windows Registry Editor (Start Run Regedit).
the following dialog appears:

By clicking

Click the

icon to expand each setting.

Font Face Settings

E-12 CADdy Commands

Since text fonts are very different from

system to system, it is possible to define

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

specific fonts to be translated during import.

As per default CADdy++ will translate
imported vector fonts to CADdy++ vectorfont1
(ISO 3098).
The left column within the dialog lists the
fonts found within the drawing, the right
column sets the CADdy++ font.
The left column list is checked and filled with
fonts each time an import takes place.
There is no restriction in the translation: Any
font within CADdy++ may replace any
imported font, e.g. a Windows Font can
replace a vector font and vice versa.
Font Width Settings

Due to differences within the fonts, the width

of the font can be set individually. "1.00"
equals 100% e.g. no adjustment.

Line Style Settings

AutoCAD has unlimited numbers of line

styles. This setting allows to define which line
type from AutoCAD to be translated into
CADdy++ (select between 5 CADdy++ types).

Line Weight Settings

LineStyle_Default_Weight - Allows the user

to key-in the desired line style to be used,
when AutoCAD line style is "default".
LineStyle_Minimum_Weight - Defines the
minimum pen size, when original AutoCAD
weight is zero (0).

Control Settings

Exclude_Empty_Texts (True/False): "True"

will omit empty texts from being translated.
Exclude_Invincible_Objects (True/false):
"True" will omit invisible objects from being
imported.
Explode_Hatch_Objects (True/False):
"True" will explode AutoCAD's hatch objects
when importing.
Import_Space_Name (True/False): "True"
will define which Modelspace or Paperspace

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-13

in AutoCAD to be imported. "False" will

default take the first space that has a content.

Read more about:

Open Multiple AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawings on page E-14
AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawing (Save as) on page E-19
Web DWF/SVG Page (Save as) on page E-23
AutoCAD DXF/DWG Workspace (Save as) on page E-24
Web SVG/DWF Workspace (Save as) on page E-25

Open Multiple AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawings

FILE OPEN MULTIPLE AUTOCAD DWG/DXF/DXB DRAWINGS

This command is used to import multiple AutoCAD DXF, DWG and DXB drawings ("projects")
to CADdy++ ET.
Please refer to chapter Open AutoCAD DXF/DWG Drawing on page E-10 for Settings and
Advanced Settings for importing AutoCAD drawings.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command. The following dialog appears:

E-14 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

2.)

Click [Add] to open a browser.

3.)

Select files to import. Use the common Windows selecting tools like CTRL+A, SHIFT and
CTRL to select / unselect files within the browser.

4.)

If desired, repeat step 2.) and 3.) to select more files from other folders.
The resulting CADdy++ page data are displayed to the right within the dialog, for example:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-15

5.)

Click on any page data to change the settings.

6.)

If desired, click [Renumber]. The following dialog appears:

Select the page type to renumber, change the other settings as desired, and click onto
[OK].
CADdy++ renumbers the selected type of drawings according to the settings. This is
practical when imported drawings has to be merged into an existing project.
7.)

If desired, set Import Options (see description below).

8.)

Click onto [OK] to start import.

E-16 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Import options:
Select the this option to define a fixed
rectangle into which all drawings will be
scaled.
Select this option to insert the default
template for each kind of drawing (type)
which is imported.

Please refer to Open AutoCAD DXF/DWG Drawing (see page E10) section "Advanced settings" for detailed description.

Read more about:

Open AutoCAD DXF/DWG Drawing on page E-10
AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawing (Save as) on page E-19
Web DWF/SVG Page (Save as) on page E-23
AutoCAD DXF/DWG Workspace (Save as) on page E-24
Web SVG/DWF Workspace (Save as) on page E-25

Close Workspace
FILE CLOSE - WORKSPACE

This command is used to close the active workspace.

HINT 1:

All open workspaces are closed, when you Exit CADdy++ ET

HINT 2:

Alternatively you may select the workspace path in the Workspace Bar (see chapter
D), click the right mouse button and then select Close Workspace.

See also "Close Page" on page E-18.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-17

Close Page
FILE CLOSE PAGE

This command is used to close a page in your workspace.

Save
FILE SAVE

CTRL + S

This command is used to save the active workspace with the currently used name.

Workspace (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS WORKSPACE

This command is used to save the active workspace with another name.
This enables you to copy an existing workspace and hereby to create a new workspace.

Workspace Template (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS WORKSPACE TEMPLATE

This command is used to create a new workspace template.

A template is the same as a workspace and it contains all the necessary setting for ex. pages
including standard circuit diagrams.
A selection of templates can be chosen, when you create a New Workspace.

Read more about:

Templates in chapter K.

E-18 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Page Template (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS - PAGE TEMPLATE

This command is used to save your active drawing as a template. The template can later be
loaded by using the command Open Page Template.
The templates can be loaded when you create a new workspace.

Read more about:

Templates in chapter K.

Enhanced META file (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS ENHANCED META FILE

This command saves a page as a Windows Enhanced Meta File (.EMF).

This format is the same that Windows uses in the clipboard.
HINT 1:

This command permits you to send drawings with EMF format to others. EMF format
can be read by most graphic programs. Please note, that logic is not transferred.

AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawing (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS AUTOCAD DWG/DXF/DXB DRAWING

This command is used to save a single drawing in various AutoCAD file formats in different
versions.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Open the CADdy++ page that you want to export.

2.)

Select this command. The following dialog appears:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-19

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

3.)

CADdy++ suggest a file name. The name can be changed as desired.

4.)

Select the file type of the drawings within the "Save as type:" field. The supported
formats are listed by clicking the .

5.)

Click the

6.)

Type the name of the file that you want to save.

7.)

Click onto [SAVE].

8.)

The dialog closes when export is complete. The original drawing remains in the drawing
area.

for special settings. See description below.

Advanced settings
By clicking

E-20 CADdy Commands

the following dialog appears:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Click the

icon to expand each setting.

As a contrast to the Open AutoCAD DXF/DWG Drawing (see page E-10), the settings within this
dialog are permanent and are not subject to change.
Font Face Settings

Since text fonts are very different from

system to system, it is possible to define
specific fonts to be translated during export.
As per default CADdy++ will translate vector
fonts to vector fonts, and Windows fonts to
Windows fonts.
The left column within the dialog lists the
fonts within CADdy++, the right column sets
the font within the exported drawing.
There is no restriction in the translation: Any
font within CADdy++ may be replaced by any
other font, e.g. a Windows Font can replace a
vector font and vice versa.

Font Width Settings

Due to differences within the fonts, the width

of the font can be set individually. "1.00"
equals 100% e.g. no adjustment.
Non_ Proportional_WidthFactor replaces
the non-proportional texts from CADdy++ with
a scale (0.20 equals 20%). WindowsFont

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-21

Width Factor stretches the Windows fonts

with a certain %.
Control Settings

Exclude_NonTransparent_Objects
(True/False): "True" will omit non transparent
objects (for example objects from House
installation and Cabinet).
Exclude_Text_Position_Calculation
(True/false): To gain a WYSIWYG export of
the texts, CADdy++ will include a calculation
of the text's position. "False" will omit this
calculation.
Export_As_Paper_Space: (True/False)
Toggles between export to AutoCAD
Modelspace and Paperspace. True =
Paperspace, False = Modelspace.

Read more about:

Open AutoCAD DXF/DWG Drawing on page E-10
Open Multiple AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawings on page E-14
Web DWF/SVG Page (Save as) on page E-23
AutoCAD DXF/DWG Workspace (Save as) on page E-24
Web SVG/DWF Workspace (Save as) on page E-25

E-22 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Web DWF/SVG Page (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS WEB DWF/SVG PAGE

This command is used to save a single drawing within a dynamic format (SVG or DWF) to be
displayed on the Internet.
NOTE:

You need special plug-ins to display the SVG or DWF format in your Internet
browser.
SVG: Please visit http://www.adobe.com/svg
DWF: Please visit http://www.autodesk.com

Quick Guide:
1.)

Open the CADdy++ page that you want to export.

2.)

Select this command. The following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-23

3.)

CADdy++ suggest a file name. The name may be changes as desired.

4.)

Decide in which file type the drawings shall be saved as. Click the
type:" to select between the supported formats.

5.)

Click the

within the "Save as

for special settings.

See "Advanced settings" in chapter AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawing (Save as) on

page E-19 for detailed description.
6.)

Type the name of the file that you want to save.

7.)

Click onto SAVE.

8.)

The dialog closes when export is complete. The original drawing remains in the drawing
area.

Read more about:

Open AutoCAD DXF/DWG Drawing on page E-10
Open Multiple AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawings on page E-14
AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawing (Save as) on page E-19
AutoCAD DXF/DWG Workspace (Save as) on page E-24
Web SVG/DWF Workspace (Save as) on page E-25

AutoCAD DXF/DWG Workspace (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS AUTOCAD DXF/DWG WORKSPACE

This command is used to save the active page in AutoCAD DXF and DWG format in different
versions.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Open the project that you want to export.

2.)

Select this command. The following dialog appears:

E-24 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

to browse.

3.)

Set the Output Directory by typing or clicking

4.)

Select the file type of the drawings within the "Save as type:" field. The supported
formats are listed by clicking the .

5A.)

Click the
to store the files within a folder structure. The
folder structure follows the kind of drawings that are being exported. For example Circuit
diagrams are stored in folder "Circuit Diagrams" etc.

or
5B.)

Unclick the
to store all files within the same directory.
Each file will be given the file kind as pre-name. Type any File Prefix in as desired.

6.)

Click OK.

Read more about:

Open AutoCAD DXF/DWG Drawing on page E-10
Open Multiple AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawings on page E-14
AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawing (Save as) on page E-19
Web DWF/SVG Page (Save as) on page E-23
Web SVG/DWF Workspace (Save as) on page E-25

Web SVG/DWF Workspace (Save as)

FILE SAVE AS WEB SVG/DWF WORKSPACE

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-25

For easy on-line access to documentation created in CADdy++ the SVG or DWF format are
supported for displaying on the Internet. By exporting whole projects, CADdy++ automatically
generates web pages for instant display and publishing.
Export to DWF (various versions) and SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics). Both formats are
designed for on-line Web-documentation.

NOTE:

You need special plug-ins to display the SVG or DWF format in your Internet
browser.
SVG: Please visit http://www.adobe.com/svg
DWF: Please visit http://www.autodesk.com

Quick Guide:
1.)

Open the project that you want to export.

2.)

Select this command. The following dialog appears:

3.)

Set the Output Directory by typing or clicking

4.)

Select the file type of the drawings within the "File Format:" field. The supported formats
in various versions are listed by clicking the .

5A.)

Click the
to store the files within a folder structure. The
folder structure follows the kind of drawings that are being exported. For example Circuit
diagrams are stored in folder "Circuit Diagrams" etc.

to browse.

or

E-26 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

5B.)

Unclick the
to store all files within the same directory.
Each file will be given the file kind as pre-name. Type any File Prefix in as desired.

6.)

Click OK.

7.)

CADdy++ automatically generates a full Web-project for distribution. The main page is
"Index.htm" located in the root of the output directory.

To modify the automatic output (Web Page Layout), modify the files located in
...\Templates\AcadToWeb\ as follows:
The file Contents.htm contains the basic settings and layout for the Web-project. To
automatic create a Table of Contents, the Contents.htm file shall contain the string
"<!-- CADdy++ Pages Index -->".
Similar Main.htm shall contain the string
"<!-- CADdy++ Settings Index --".
Please take a copy and study the files closely before editing or modifying these.
The files are automatically copied into the destination folder of the project when generating new
projects, so the destination directory contains a full Web-project for distribution.

Read more about:

Open AutoCAD DXF/DWG Drawing on page E-10
Open Multiple AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawings on page E-14
AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawing (Save as) on page E-19
Web DWF/SVG Page (Save as) on page E-23
AutoCAD DXF/DWG Workspace (Save as) on page E-24

Delete Page
FILE DELETE PAGE

This command is used to delete the active page.

HINT 1:

You can point at the page in the folder, press the right mouse button and choose
DELETE PAGE.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-27

DELETE PAGE.

Next Page
FILE NEXT PAGE

PAGE DOWN

This command is used to turn to the next page in a workspace (only in the active window).

Previous Page
FILE PREV PAGE

PAGE UP

This command is used to turn to the previous page in a workspace (only in the active window).

Workspace Information
FILE INFORMATION - WORKSPACE

This command opens the dialog which describes the general workspace information e.g. the
information about the project.
For example, this could be information concerning the customer name, workspace title, or other
relevant information regarding the whole workspace.
When you type in data in the dialog, the information is automatically written on-line on your
drawings as text.
For detailed information, please refer to Workspace Properties in chapter D.
NOTE:

You must select (highlight) the workspace in the workspace bar before activating
this command.

economy:

The workspace dialog permits you to correct information which is common to all
drawings. CADdy++ ET automatically corrects the drawing(s) on-line at the same
time.

professional: To modify the contents of the dialog, please refer to User Attribute Definition in
chapter D.

E-28 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Page Information
FILE INFORMATION PAGE

This command shows information, which only refers to the active page:
NOTE:

You must select (highlight) the desired page in the workspace bar before
activating this function.

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

Function (=)

economy: States the common function (=) for all objects on the
page.

Location (+)

economy: States the common location (+) for all objects on the
page.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-29

page.
Page:

Page number. If the page number is altered, the page is

automatically moved in the workspace.

Index:

Optional supplement of the page number for example "A".

Page Created date:

Date of the creation of the drawing. CADdy++ ET automatically

states the date, but this can be changed manually.

Page Created by:

Optional space for name, initials etc.

Description line 01, ... 30:

Can be used to describe pages.

professional: To modify the contents of the dialog, please refer to User Attribute Definition in
chapter D.

Properties - Circuit Diagrams

FILE PROPERTIES CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
exclusively

This command is used to define various properties for electrical circuit diagrams.

Quick Guide:
in the workspace bar so it becomes blue.

1.)

Select (highlight) the module

2.)

Click onto the right mouse button and select PROPERTIES, or select the function via the
menu.

3.)

The following dialog appears:

E-30 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

Option:
States which template new circuit diagrams
should be based on. Select from a range of
templates by clicking .
CADdy++ ET offers several ways for the
numbering of objects. See detailed
information below.
Selects the text reservation "Revision date"
to be updated automatically when changes
are made to the active page.
economy:
Function / Location defines that the
workspace will work with Function(=) and
Location (+) according to IEC 61346-1.
Please refer to the chapter concerning
Reference Designation (Chapter H).
Group pages will cause CADdy++ ET to
sort all pages according to the function (=) in
which they belong:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-31

Terminal states which separator to use

for terminals. According to IEC 61666 a : is
the correct separator.
Online messages (e.g. error messages
etc.) can be switched on or off as desired.

PLC operand can be numbered decimal,

octal, hexadecimal or free.
The size of the connection point nodes
can be set for a range between 0.1, 100
as desired. The size only effects the output
of the diagram (e.g. the print). By setting the
value to 0.1 the connection dots will
disappear on the print.

Component numbering:
CADdy++ ET provides following possibilities for the numbering of components (objects):
Free

You can decide the reference designation (number) yourself.

Code/Number

Letter Code (classification) according to IEC 61346-2 + serial number.

For example: "K34": means relay (K) + number (34).
NOTE: This is the exact way of adding reference designations to
objects, according to IEC 61346.

Page/Code/Number

Page number + Letter Codes (classification) according to IEC 61346-2

+ serial number. For example: "11K2": means page (11) + relay (K) +
number (2). The serial number starts from the beginning on every new
page.

Page/Code/Path

Page number + Letter Codes (classification) according to EN 61346-2

+ path. For example: "12K5": means page (12) + relay (K) + path (5).
In this case, the element can be found on page 12 path 5.

User defined

By enter the codes in the dialog, the user may specify any sequence:

E-32 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

EXAMPLE 1:
Typing "&$%" in the dialog, components are numbered [Component
code][Pagenumber][Path] - for example [K3256] for a relay coil on
page 325 path 6.
EXAMPLE 2:
Typing "&>3$%" in the dialog, components are numbered
[Component code][Pagenumber(nnn)][Path] - for example [K0075] for
a relay coil on page 7 path 5.
NOTE:

If you place several identical elements in the same path, they will
automatically be given consecutive numbers with a sub number. For
example, if there are several circuit breakers on top of each other
like "13Q4.1".

All letter codes for electrical objects can be found in the chapter concerning Letter Codes in
chapter H.

Option:
economy:
CADdy++ ET provides several options for defining
and mixing the format in cross references used
on pages.
When working with function groups, it's often
practical to include the function (=) and/or location
(+) in the page reference.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-33

Various separators can be chosen in addition.

NOTE: According to IEC 61082 a "/" is used in
front of a page reference and a "." is used
to separate page and path: "/2.7" is a
reference to page 2 path 7.
The user can specify any reference format in any
sequence.
The format is specified by clicking onto [Define]
and select among the following codes:

EXAMPLE 1:
Typing "=$%" in the dialog, references are given
as [Function][Pagenumber][Path].
EXAMPLE 2:
Typing ">3$" in the dialog, references are inserted
as [Pagenumber(nnn)] - for example [007] for
page 7.

Option:
Here you can define which abbreviations will be
used by CADdy++ ET to define the headings of the
cross references.

E-34 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Defines the font size of all cross references in the

workspace. See New Text for detailed information
about sizes etc.

CADdy++ ET provides two ways of adding cross

references between a relay and it's related
contacts: Either via a contact mirror or via a
ordinary text reference.
Select
Use contactmirror only, will provide
CADdy++ ET to insert a contact mirror as a
reference, if the selected type are available and
stated in the Type Database as a channel. If no
match are found, no contact mirror or
contactcross will be inserted.
Select
Use contactmirror and
Use
contactcross will provide CADdy++ ET to insert a
contactcross as a reference, if no type are
available and stated in the type database.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-35

Option:
economy:
Select the general method for wire logic.
Read more about wire numbering in this
chapter (E): [FUNCTIONS - WIRES - WIRE
NUMBERING].

professional:
Wires can be assigned with any signal
designation as desired. By selecting
the
is activated. See description below.
When active, the Signal Control Toolbar is
activated in the toolbars:

Select to show or hide the wire numbers.

Select to show the wire direction. Otherwise a
dot is displayed at the connections.
Read more about wire direction in this chapter
(E): [FUNCTIONS - WIRES - WIRE
DIRECTION].
By clicking this option, CADdy++ will ask for a
wire dimension each time a new wire is
created.

Quick Guide - Signals setup:

1.)

Activate the

2.)

Click the

E-36 CADdy Commands

.
. The following dialog appears:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

Designation

Signal designation e.g. the signal name.

Format

The format is specified by selecting among

the following codes:

EXAMPLE 1:
Typing "&.%" in the dialog, references are
given as [Signal designation][.][Path].
For example "Control.15"

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-37

Start no.

States the value to count from (0, 1, , n).

Step no.

States the step to the next number from the

previos number. For example steps in 5,
counting from 0 will result in "0, 5, 10, " (see
"Start no." above).

Show signal no.

Toggles the display of the individual signal

designation (including additional number) ON
and OFF on the drawing.

Wire Format

, signal
When using
designations (including additional numbers)
AND wire numbers can be inserted on wires.
The format of the wire number is specified by
selecting among the following codes:

EXAMPLE 1:
Typing "$.%" in the dialog, references are
given as [Pagenumber][.][Path].
Wire Start no.

States the value to count from (0, 1, , n).

Wire Step no.

States the step to the next number from the

previos number (1, 2, , n).

Show wire no.

Toggles the display of the wirenumber ON

and OFF on the drawing.

Text Height

States the text height to be used on the

drawing when inserting automatic wire
numbers. Values 2.50, 3.50, 5.00 etc. are
recommended.

Text Width

States the text width to be used on the

drawing when inserting automatic wire
numbers. Using the same values as Text
Height (2.50, 3.50, 5.00) etc. is
recommended.

E-38 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Text Dist

Distance between letters. Text Height divided

by 5 (TextHeight/5) is recommended.

Min. Length

Occasionally space within diagrams can be

very limited. This parameter controls when to
insert numbers, since it states the minimum
length a wire shall have before the number is
inserted.

HINT 1:

See an example of signal- and wire numbering in Wire Numbering in this chapter.

HINT 2:

Signal designations shall be in accordance with IEC 61175.

Option:
professional:
Remove cables on print allows the circuit
diagrams to be printed without cable
information on it (cable information are hidden
not removed)
Compress textinformation on cables
adjusts the information on a cable to be in
succession (aligned) on the screen, even if
some of the information is blank.
NOTE: It's not possible to undo the
"Compress textinformation on cables"
command.

4.)

State the values as desired.

5.)

Click OK.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-39

Properties - Installations
FILE PROPERTIES INSTALLATIONS
exclusively

This command is used to define properties for Installation Plans.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select (highlight) the module

in the workspace bar so it becomes blue.

2.) Click onto the right mouse button and select PROPERTIES, or select the function via the
menu.
3.) Select the desired template for new installation plans.
4.) Click OK.

Properties - Cabinets
FILE PROPERTIES CABINETS
exclusively

This command is used to define properties for cabinet layout.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select (highlight) the module

in the workspace bar so it becomes blue.

2.) Click onto the right mouse button and select PROPERTIES, or select the function via the
menu.
3.) Select the desired template for new cabinet layouts.
4.) Click OK.

Properties Page Circuit Diagram

FILE PROPERTIES PAGE
exclusively

E-40 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

This command is used to set properties individually for the active page when working with circuit
diagrams.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select (highlight) the desired page (circuit diagram) in the workspace bar so it becomes blue.
2.) Click onto the right mouse button and select PROPERTIES, or select the function via the
menu.
3.) Select the desired properties for the active page:

(*) Number of path in the drawing:

States number of paths.

(*) Pathnumber in the first path (0, 1):

States with "0" or "1" the first path

number.

Position for the first top potential:

Y-position (mm) from the lower left

corner.

Position for the first bottom potential:

Y-position (mm) from the lower left

corner.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-41

corner.
(*) Margin potential left side:

Margin (mm) prior to the beginning of the

potential.

(*) Margin potential right side:

Margin (mm) after the end of the

potential.

(*) Margin left path:

Margin before the left path.

(*) Margin right path:

Margin after the last right path.

Distance from lower potential to contact mirror:

Distance (in mm) from lower potential to

cross reference in the mirror.

(*) X-Extension of drawing

X (mm) (420 mm is A3-format)

(*) Y-Extension of drawing:

Y (mm) (297 mm is A3-format)

Grid size in X:

A grid size of 5 mm is normally

recommended.

Grid size in Y:

A grid size of 5 mm is normally

recommended.

Scale:

Scale for the drawing. Relevant for

installation plans only, and not for
diagrams. Usually scale 1:1 is used.

Symbolscaling:

Scale for inserted symbols. Relevant

when inserting symbols on installation
plans only. Should not be used preparing
diagrams. Usually scale 1:1 is used.

Grid X-Origin

Sets the X-coordinate for the origin of the

grid.

Grid Y-Origin

Sets the Y-coordinate for the origin of the

grid.

Orientation grid X

Sets the size of the orientation grid in Xcoordinate.

Orientation grid Y

Sets the size of the orientation grid in Ycoordinate.

Print in Landscape

When selecting this parameter, the page

is printed in landscape, when the option

E-42 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

"Use drawing properties for printing" is

selected in the Print menu. This allows
you to mix drawings in landscape and
portrait, and print them in one sequence.

(*) NOTE:
The stated values are used by CADdy++ ET to calculate, in which path the elements are placed,
so that they can be named automatically. Therefore, it is essential that these values are correct.
4.) Click OK.
HINT 1:

The properties can be individual for each page in the workspace.

Properties Page Installations

FILE PROPERTIES PAGE
exclusively

This command is used to set properties individually for the active page when working with
installation plans.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select (highlight) the desired page (circuit diagram) in the workspace bar so it becomes blue.
2.) Click onto the right mouse button and select PROPERTIES, or select the function via the
menu.
3.) Select the desired properties for the active page:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-43


Default wall width:

States the default width when creating

new walls. However, the value can be
modified as desired before creating each
new wall.

Symbol offset from wall

When inserting symbols on installation

plans, this value states the distance from
the wall to the symbol.

Symbol offset from other symbol

When inserting symbols on installation

plans, this value states the distance for a
symbol on top of another.

Default symbol height

States the default symbol height (in mm)

relative to Z co-ordinate zero.

Default cable height

States the default height for cables (in

mm) relative to Z co-ordinate zero.

X-Extension of drawing

X (mm) (420 mm is A3-format)

Y-Extension of drawing:

Y (mm) (297 mm is A3-format)

Grid size in X:

A grid size of 5 mm is normally

recommended.

Grid size in Y:

A grid size of 5 mm is normally

recommended.

E-44 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Grid X-Origin

Sets the X-coordinate for the origin of the

grid.

Grid Y-Origin

Sets the Y-coordinate for the origin of the

grid.

Orientation grid X

Sets the size of the orientation grid in Xcoordinate.

Orientation grid Y

Sets the size of the orientation grid in Ycoordinate.

Scale:

Scale for the drawing. Relevant for

installation plans only, and not for
diagrams. Usually scale 1:1 is used.

Symbol scaling:

Scale for inserted symbols. Relevant

when inserting symbols on installation
plans only. Should not be used preparing
diagrams. Usually scale 1:1 is used.

Print in Landscape

When selecting this parameter, the page

is printed in landscape, when the option
"Use drawing properties for printing" is
selected in the Print menu. This allows
you to mix drawings in landscape and
portrait, and print them in one sequence.

4.) Click OK.

HINT 1:

The properties can be individual for each page in the workspace.

Properties Page Cabinets

FILE PROPERTIES PAGE
exclusively

This command is used to set properties individually for the active page when working with
cabinets.

Quick Guide:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-45

1.) Select (highlight) the desired page (circuit diagram) in the workspace bar so it becomes blue.
2.) Click onto the right mouse button and select PROPERTIES, or select the function via the
menu.
3.) Select the desired properties for the active page:

X-Extension of drawing

X (mm) (420 mm is A3-format)

Y-Extension of drawing:

Y (mm) (297 mm is A3-format)

Grid size in X:

A grid size of 5 mm is normally

recommended.

Grid size in Y:

A grid size of 5 mm is normally

recommended.

Grid X-Origin

Sets the X-coordinate for the origin of the

grid.

Grid Y-Origin

Sets the Y-coordinate for the origin of the

grid.

Orientation grid X

Sets the size of the orientation grid in Xcoordinate.

Orientation grid Y

Sets the size of the orientation grid in Ycoordinate.

Scale:

Scale for the drawing. Relevant for

installation plans only, and not for

E-46 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

diagrams. Usually scale 1:1 is used.

Symbolscaling:

Scale for inserted symbols. Relevant

when inserting symbols on installation
plans only. Should not be used preparing
diagrams. Usually scale 1:1 is used.

Print in Landscape

When selecting this parameter, the page

is printed in landscape, when the option
"Use drawing properties for printing" is
selected in the Print menu. This allows
you to mix drawings in landscape and
portrait, and print them in one sequence.

4.) Click OK.

HINT 1:

The properties can be individual for each page in the workspace.

Regenerate Database
FILE REGENERATE DATABASE

All data in CADdy++ ET are stored in Windows Compound Files, within a Microsoft Access
database. Occasionally data within the database is out of synchronisation with the content of the
drawings.
This command refreshes the contents of the Microsoft Access database.

Print Setup
FILE PRINT SETUP

This command is used to change the settings of your print (Windows standard setting).
You are also able choose another printer with this command.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-47

Print
FILE PRINT

CTRL + P

This command is used to print the active page, a selection of pages, or the entire workspace.
Below a separate description of each option appears:
Name states the selected printer, chosen for
output. Select from a range of printers by
clicking onto .
Update Plot text(s) will update automatic
texts on each pager before printing.
Print to file will send the output to a file
rather than to the actual printer.
Print in colours should be used only if the
output device can handle colours.
Invert Order makes the pages printed in
reverse order (backwards).
Use drawing properties for printing makes
CADdy++ pick the orientation from each
drawing properties, so a drawing set can be
mixed with pages in portrait and landscape.
Print current zoom on drawings maintains
the current zoom window to the printer.
Margin for drawing states the offset (in mm)
for the output. This is relevant, when the
scale (see blow) is stated, and especially
when drawing size exceeds A3.
For circuit diagrams, the margin should be
included in the original drawing, and should
not be stated here, since scaling from A3 to
A4 will consequently be more precise.

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Number of copies can be selected here. If

more than one copy is selected, the output
can be collated (each copy is printed in a
set, before next copy is printed).
On the 0:0 scale CADdy++ ET calculates the
range, so that an A3 page can be printed as
a A4 page etc.
It is possible to define the scale manually. For
example Drawing = 1 and Plot = 2 will
reduce the size of the drawing by 50 % on
the plot (scale 1:2).
Print range defines the desired output:
All prints all documents in the workspace.
Active page prints the active page/page.
Selection provides you with the table of
contents for your workspace. You can use
the Window standard when selecting: SHIFT
"from page to page", CTRL certain pages
or CTRL+A for all pages.
Print List displays the user defined Print List
(see chapter G).
(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog
may appear)

Print List Selection displays the print list as

described above, but offers in addition
options for further selection to the print range.

Select the various settings and click OK for printing.

HINT 1:

If you arent satisfied with the print, you can change the settings in the Print
Setup(see page E-47).

Print Crystal Report

FILE PRINT CRYSTAL REPORT

This command is used to print data, which belongs to the workspace in a special Report.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-49

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) If any changes are made to the workspace, you are asked to save it before you continue.
3.) Select among the pre-defined reports (*.rpt) and click onto OK.
4.) The report is generated, and presented in the dialog.
5.) Print the report by clicking onto
6.) Export the report by clicking onto

(if desired).
(if desired).

7.) Close the dialog.

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

List and Label

FILE LIST AND LABEL

This command is used to print data, which belongs to the workspace in list format or as labels.

Quick Guide printing information in a list or as labels:

1.) Select the command.
2.) A pre-defined form containing a list or a label must be present (see separate description
below).
3.) Select the desired form to print the information from by clicking onto it (highlights):

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

HINT 1:

You can select more than one list / label to be printed by holding [SHIFT] or
[CTRL] as you select (standard Windows command).

4.) Select [FILE PRINT REPORT(S)] from the menu or select the command by clicking onto
the right mouse button.
5.) The printer dialog appears:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-51

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

6.) Click [START] to print the list and / or labels.

HINT 2:

You can preview the print via the field

and select

7.) Quit the List and Label command by pressing [ALT F4].

Quick Guide setting up a new form:

1.) Select the command.
2.) If any changes are made to the workspace, you are asked to save it before you continue.
3.) A separate dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

4.) Select FILE and [New List] or [New Label]

E-52 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

The following description is common for Lists and Labels, however a description of creating
labels is given.
The setup of lists is indicated by (*.lst) and setup of labels is indicated by (*.lbl).
5.) Enter a name for the new form in the dialog:

6.) Select among the valid data sources in the pull down menu:

professional: You may define your own data source via the User Attribute Definition (see
chapter D).
7.) Click onto [NEXT]

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-53

8.) The Workspace Wizard appears:

9.) Follow the instructions in the wizard to set up the labels.

10.) When completed, the specific CADdy++ ET data must be inserted in the form:
11.) Expand the Variables in the separate dialog [List of Variables]
12.) Drag and drop the desired information from the list to the new form:

13.) Replace the pre-defined texts Double click here and as desired.
14.) [Save] the new form when the label is completed,
15.) Close the dialog via [ALT + F4]
16.) The new label can now be selected for printing.

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Import CADdy Symbols

FILE IMPORT CADdy SYMBOLS

This command is used to import CADdy Classic B-symbols to a new symbol library in CADdy++
ET.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select this command. The following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear)

2.) State the folder that contains CADdy A-symbols by clicking

. Make sure that the folder

with "CADdy A-symbol folders" is correct. Folders can be deleted from the list by clicking

3.) You can add additional symbol folders to the above.

4.) Click the
B...

button and indicate what is to be imported in the field Select CADdy A or

5.) Click the

button and indicate, which symbol library you wish to import to.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-55

6.) Click START

CADdy++ ET will now import the B-symbols.

HINT 1:

While importing, you could get a message stating that CADdy++ ET is unable to find
an A-symbol within the specified B-symbol. This could indicate that it doesnt exist,
but more likely, the problem is that you havent added a folder for the A-symbols.
Investigate this possibility!

You cant import or manipulate symbols in databases provided by CADdy++ ET

(ex. EN 60617, Siemens etc.) due to conflicts with updates. The icon in front of

NOTE:

each database appears red if it is locked:

HINT 2:

The import of symbols is only possible to your own symbol database. You can create
an exclusive database for this purpose.
A new symbol database can be created by clicking the right mouse button in the
symbol area and then selecting NEW SYMBOLFOLDER.

Import CADdy ET1 Database

FILES - IMPORT - CADdy ET1 DATABASES

professional:
This command is used to import CADdy Classic ET1 databases like wire-database, coildatabase and cable-database..

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Classic wire database states the

name of the original wire database from
CADdy classic, which are to be converted
into CADdy++.
Pick the CADdy classic database by clicking
. Fill in the fields and press "Convert
onto
Wire Database".
The database are per default converted into
CADdy++ in the file "Wires.msw".

The wire database are used when option

"Ask for wire dimensions when creating
wires" are selected in Properties Circuit
Diagrams.
CADdy Classic type database states the
name of the original type database from
CADdy Classic, which are to be converted
into CADdy++. The typical CADdy Classic file
is "Type.dbf".
CADdy Classic mirror database states the
name of the original mirror database from
CADdy Classic, which are to be converted
into CADdy++. The typical CADdy Classic file
is "Mirror.dbf".
The classic databases are converted into the
deafult CADdy++ Type Database as channels
to specific types.

Pick each file by clicking onto

Fill in one or both fields and click onto

"Convert coil Database".

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-57

CADdy Classic cable database states the

name of the original cable database from
CADdy classic, which are to be converted
into CADdy++.
The classic cable databases are converted
into the default CADdy++ Type Database.
Select "Cable-type with core-number" to
import the core number import the core
number instead of the core colour.

Pick the file by clicking onto

Fill in the fields and click onto "Convert Cable

Database".

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

NOTE:

Relays, Auxiliary contacts, Components

with auxiliary contacts and Cables are
converted into the CADdy++ Type
Database as stated below :

Supplier

Goods group

CADdy Classic
K

Relays

K_AUX

Auxiliary contacts

Component with auxiliary

contacts

Cables

Read more about:

- Import CADdy Classic drawings or workspaces in Open CADdy Drawing on page E-8.
- Import CADdy Classic symbols in Import CADdy Symbols on page E-55.
- Import CADdy ET2 Database on page E-59.

Import CADdy ET2 Database

FILES - IMPORT - CADdy ET2 DATABASE

professional:
This command is used to import CADdy Classic ET2 databases.

Read more about:

- Import CADdy Classic drawings or workspaces in Open CADdy Drawing on page E-8.
- Import CADdy Classic symbols in Import CADdy Symbols on page E-55.
- Import CADdy ET1 Database on page E-56.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-59

List of Previous Workspaces

FILE <workspace name >

The previous entered workspaces can be seen here.

Double click on a workspace to open it.

Exit
FILE EXIT

ALT + F4

This command ends and closes CADdy++ ET.

When this command is chosen, CADdy++ ET asks which workspace you want to save.

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Window
The commands which are important when working with Windows are illustrated in the following
section. All commands can be found by selecting WINDOW from the menu bar.

Window Cascade
WINDOW CASCADE

This command rearranges the drawings (the windows) as a cascading stack.

The Windows can also be adjacently arranged (Window Tile) (see below).

Window Tile
WINDOW TILE

This command shows the drawings (windows) adjacently arranged.

The drawings (the windows) can also be shown as an cascading stack (Window Cascade) (see
above).
HINT 1:

By using this command, you can easily see which drawings are active.

HINT 2:

Hotkey Ctrl + F6 toggles between open windows.

Decide which drawing you want to work with, and then double click the bar of the topmost
window.

Windows
WINDOW WINDOWS

Very often many windows are open during use of CADdy++. This command displays all active
windows, and enables the user to [Activate], [Save], [Close] etc. these as desired.
HINT 1:

Use the standard MS Windows commands [SHIFT] and/or [CTRL] to select more
than one open window to control. As an example, all open windows can be selected
for closing: Select the first window listed press and hold [Shift] and select the last

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-61

window listed. When the list displays blue (e.g. selected), activate [Close] to close all
selected windows.

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Edit
Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting EDIT from the menu bar.

Undo
EDIT UNDO

CTRL + Z

This command is used to undo or reverse the last actions.

Redo
EDIT REDO

CTRL + Y

This command is used to redo or repeat the last actions.

Cut
EDIT CUT

CTRL + X

This command is used to move the drawing element from one place to another within the
drawing or to another drawing.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the element(s), that you want to move or cut. Select the command (CUT).
2.) Find the place, where you want to insert the element(s). Select PASTE to insert the element.
You can paste the elements repeatedly in different places or to other drawings.

Read more about:

Copy on page E-64.
Paste on page E-64.
Select on page E-69.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-63

Copy
EDIT COPY

CTRL + C

This command is used to copy drawing elements from one place to another within the drawing
or to another drawing.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the element(s), that you want to copy. Select the command (COPY).
2.) Find the place, where you want to insert the element . Select PASTE to insert element. You
can paste the elements repeatedly in different places or to other drawings

Read more about:

Cut on page E-63.
Paste on page E-64.
Select on page E-69.

Paste
EDIT PASTE

CTRL + V

This command is used to paste drawing elements to a selected drawing, which either have been
cut or copied to the clip board.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the page where the clipboard contents are to be pasted.
2.) Select PASTE or press CTRL+V
3.) Press the left mouse button and drag the contents in position.
4.) Drop the drawing elements in the desired place on the page.
HINT 1:

You can "drop" the contents at any page in the workspace environment, even if it's
not open.

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Read more about:

Cut on page E-63.
Copy on page E-64.
Select on page E-69.

Insert Bitmap Object

EDIT INSERT BITMAP OBJECT

This command is used to insert bitmap objects into your drawing.

Supported formats are: BMP, JPG, GIF, PNG, ICO CUR, TIF, TGA, PCX, WBMP, WMF EMF,
JP2, JPC, PGS, RAM and PNM.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Select the command.

2.)

The cursor appears to define the area on where to insert the bitmap. State the first
corner by clicking onto the left mouse button.

3.)

Move the cursor and define the other corner of the area and click onto the left mouse
button.

EXAMPLE:
4.)

The following dialog appears:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-65

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

in "Files of type". All files are

5.)

Select between the supported formats by clicking

displayed if no selection is made.

6.)

Select the bitmap to insert by typing or browse to locate the file.

7.)

Select
at "Insert as link" so a link to the bitmap is created from it's original source
file. If you create a link to the bitmap, this bitmap will always be updated.

8.)

Click [Open] to insert the bitmap.

9.)

Repeat from step 2.) or click the right mouse button to quit the command.

The bitmap is now inserted into the drawing. To modify the shape and size of the bitmap,
activate the Trackers on Selected Elements command (see page E-91) first.

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Insert New OLE Object

EDIT INSERT NEW OLE OBJECT

This command is used to insert OLE objects in to your CADdy++ drawing.

OLE objects are documents such as drawings, pictures, letters, etc. from other Windows
programs.
You can either define new OLE objects based on the program which is supported, or as a copy
of existing objects.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Select the command.

2.)

The cursor appears to define the area on where to insert the bitmap. State the first
corner by clicking onto the left mouse button.

3.)

Move the cursor and define the other corner of the area and click onto the left mouse
button.

EXAMPLE:
4.)

The following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

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CADdy Commands E-67

5A.)

Click
to create a new object. The list in the dialog box informs, which
objects can be inserted into the drawing. The list is different from each computer, since
the supported types of files are depending on the programs installed on your specific
computer. Select the type and click onto [OK] to launch the desired application (for
example Microsoft PowerPoint).
Click the
contents.

"Display as icon" to display the object as an icon instead of it's actual

Example:
. The Microsoft PowerPoint presentation will be displayed as
an icon within the CADdy++ drawing.

or
5B.)

to insert an existing object based on a file (of the supported types).

Click
The following dialog appears:

Click [Browse] to select the file. Select

"Insert as link" to create a link to the
original source file. If you create a link to the object, this object will always be updated.
NOTE:

If the "Insert as link" option is selected, it is recommended to locate the OLE file
within the same folder as the active workspace, since CADdy++ will search in this
folder by default. However it is free to the user to locate the files anywhere as
desired.

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Click the
"Display as icon" to display the object as an icon instead of it's actual
contents (see example above).
6.)

Click [OK] to insert the object

7.)

Repeat from step 2.) or click the right mouse button to quit the command.

The object is now inserted into the drawing. To modify the shape and size of the bitmap, activate
the Trackers on Selected Elements command (see page E-91) first.

HINT 1:

You can paste CADdy++ ET drawings as OLE objects into other Windows programs,
if they support this technique.

HINT 2:

You can also paste photographs of electrical switch boards, etc. which can be part of
the project documentation. In this case, it is necessary to have a digital camera.

Select
EDIT SELECT GROUP/WINDOW

CTRL +U

This command is used to select one element, a window, or symbol at a time.

The selected elements are highlighted red on the screen (depending on the System Settings
see page E-1).

IN GENERAL
CADdy++ ET operates with a method called selection - action. This means that you first have to
choose the element, that you want to process. Secondly, you must choose how you want to
process the element.
To be able to copy, cut or move elements, the respective command must initially be selected.

ELEMENT
The elements in CADdy++ ET are wires, lines, circles, symbols, etc. You can either choose to
process them separately or together.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-69

With a little practice, you quickly learn different routines, such as selecting several elements
simultaneously, thereafter rejecting the elements which are not to be processed. This exercise is
highly recommended since it illustrates the foundation of CADdy++ ET commands.
HINT 1:

If you want to select more than one element with this command, press and hold
SHIFT, then select the next elements (standard Windows command).

HINT 2:

If you wish to reject the elements with this command, press and hold SHIFT, then
reject the chosen elements.

Read more about:

Cut on page E-63.
Copy on page E-64.
Paste on page E-64.
Select All on page E-72.
Deselect All on page E-72.

Select Single Element

EDIT SELECT SINGLE ELEMENT

F5

This command is used to select element(s) within a group (e.g. symbol).

Example:
A line within an existing symbol shall be deleted:

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

1.)

Activate the command (or press F5).

2.)

Select the line (which is a single element) within the symbol by clicking the left mouse
button. The line highlights in red.

3.)

Press [Delete] to delete the line.

Read more about:

Cut on page E-63.
Copy on page E-64.
Paste on page E-64.
Select All on page E-72.
Deselect All on page E-72.

Select Component
EDIT SELECT COMPONENT

F6

This command is used to select groups (for example a component) within a group.
For example you may select a relay within a group of symbols, illustrating a motor starter.

Read more about:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-71

Cut on page E-63.

Copy on page E-64.
Paste on page E-64.
Select All on page E-72.
Deselect All on page E-72.

Select All
EDIT SELECT ALL

CTRL + A

This command is used to select all the elements in a drawing.

Read more about:

Cut on page E-63.
Copy on page E-64.
Paste on page E-64.
Select on page E-69.
Deselect All on page E-72.

Deselect All
EDIT DESELECT ALL

CTRL + B

This command is used to deselect all elements which have been chosen.

Read more about:

Cut on page E-63.
Copy on page E-64.

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Paste on page E-64.

Select on page E-69.
Select All on page E-72.

Move Selected
EDIT MODIFY SELECTED - MOVE

This command is used to move selected elements.

Below, a detailed Quick Guide description in cursor-mode appears. Please refer to the chapter
"Construction / Modification via Keyboard" on page E-192 for details concerning exact
construction.

Quick Guide (cursor only):

1.) Select the elements that you want to move (see page E-69).
2.) Select the command.
3.) Choose a fixed point to ensure a sense of orientation. Press the left mouse button.
4.) Drag the elements to the desired destination. Press the left mouse button again.
While you are moving the elements press the buttons +, -, * and / to change form and
position.
Note that CADdy++ ET opens and closes the electrical wires automatically when the electrical
symbols are moved.

exclusively: To make the lines follow the symbols, activate the Rubber band
command (see page E-91).

Copy Selected
EDIT MODIFY SELECTED - COPY

This command is used to copy selected elements.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-73

Below, a detailed Quick Guide description in cursor-mode appears. Please refer to the chapter
"Construction / Modification via Keyboard" on page E-192 for details concerning exact
construction.

Quick Guide (cursor only):

1.) Select the elements that you want to copy (see page E-69).
2.) Select the command.
3.) Choose a fixed point to ensure a sense of orientation. Press the left mouse button.
4.) Drag the copy to the desired destination. Press the left mouse button to insert the copy.
While you are moving the elements press the buttons +, -, * and / to change form and
position.

Rotate Selected
EDIT MODIFY SELECTED - ROTATE

This command is used to rotate the selected elements.

Below, a detailed Quick Guide description in cursor-mode appears. Please refer to the chapter
"Construction / Modification via Keyboard" on page E-192 for details concerning exact
construction.

Quick Guide (cursor only):

1.) Select the elements that you want to rotate (see page E-69).
2.) Press the command.
3.) Indicate the first point of orientation.
4.) Indicate the second point of orientation.
5.) The elements can be rotated by moving the mouse.
6.) Press the left mouse button, when the rotation is as desired.

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Scale Selected
EDIT MODIFY SELECTED - SCALE

This command is used to select the scale of a chosen element.

Below, a detailed Quick Guide description in cursor-mode appears. Please refer to the chapter
"Construction / Modification via Keyboard" on page E-192 for details concerning exact
construction.

Quick Guide (cursor only):

1.) Select the elements that you want to scale (see page E-69).
2.) Select the command.
3.) Pick a point of orientation.
4.) Change the scale by moving the mouse.
5.) When the elements have the correct size, click the left mouse button.
6.) To leave the command, click the right mouse button or press ESC.

Mirror Selected
EDIT MODIFY SELECTED - MIRROR

This command is used to mirror selected elements.

Below, a detailed Quick Guide description in cursor-mode appears. Please refer to the chapter
"Construction / Modification via Keyboard" on page E-192 for details concerning exact
construction.

Quick Guide (cursor only):

1.) Select the elements that you want to mirror (see page E-69).
2.) Select the command.
3.) Pick a point of orientation.
4.) You can mirror the elements around a fixed point by moving the mouse.
5.) If you want a COPY of the mirrored element, press and hold CTRL while you mirror!

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-75

6.) When the elements are mirrored, click the left mouse button.
7.) To leave the command, click the right mouse button or press ESC.

Erase Selected
EDIT MODIFY SELECTED - ERASE

DEL

This command ERASES selected elements from the drawing.

If the drawing-page is selected, it will be deleted too.
It is possible to Undo actions (see page E-63).

HINT 1:

Fillet Selected
EDIT MODIFY SELECTED FILLET

This command is used to fillet selected elements.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the elements (min. two) that you want to fillet (see page E-69).
2.) Select the command.
3.) Enter a fillet radius in mm. The radius describes a radius of a imaginary circle.
Example: Fillet of 5 mm between two (black) lines:

(the red circle is included for illustration purposes only).

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Chamfer Selected
EDIT MODIFY SELECTED CHAMFER

This command is used to chamfer selected elements.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the elements (min. two) that you want to chamfer (see page E-69).
2.) Select the command.
3.) Enter a chamfer radius in mm.
Example: Chamfer of 5 mm between two (red) lines:

Break
EDIT EDIT ELEMENT BREAK

This command is used to break elements.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Select the elements that you wish to break.
3.) Indicate the first breaking point.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-77

4.) Indicate the second breaking point.

5.) The element is now broken between the two points.
6.) To leave the command, click the right mouse button.

Extend
EDIT EDIT ELEMENT EXTEND

This command is used to extend elements.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Indicate the element you wish to extent to.
3.) Select the element that you wish to extend.
4.) The first element is now extended to the second.
5.) To leave the command, click the right mouse button.

Trim
EDIT EDIT ELEMENT TRIM

This command is used to trim an element in relation to another crossing element.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Select the element that you want to trim from. The element turns red when chosen.
3.) Select the element that you want to trim.
4.) Continue selecting elements until you have finished trimming.
HINT 1:

You can also choose elements you want to trim from, even though they dont cross
the elements you want to trim.

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

the elements you want to trim.

This means that you are able to trim elements relatively compared to other elements
in the plan, assuming that they eventually cross each other.

Join
EDIT EDIT ELEMENT JOIN

This command is used to join two lines with one another.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Select the first element that you want to join with another by clicking the left mouse button.
3.) Select the other element you want to join (to) by clicking the left mouse button.
4.) The two lines are extended or cut to join each other at their point of intersection.
NOTE:

If the point of intersection is outside the screen-area, the lines are extended anyway.
If the lines are not joined, the point of intersection does not exists.

HINT 1:

If the point of intersection is outside the screen area and the lines are joined, use the
command Show all Elements to view the result.

Group Selected
EDIT GROUP - GROUP SELECTED

This command is used to group different elements (lines, circles, text, etc.)
This could be a symbol composed of several elements.

Quick Guide:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-79

1.)

Select the elements that you want to group. Point at an element and press the left mouse
button. To choose several elements, hold SHIFT down while selecting.

2.)

Select the command. The following dialog box will appear:

HINT 1:

You easily select this command by pressing CTRL+G or right click the mouse when
the elements are selected.

3.)

Select the appropriate property for your symbol, for example, Coil, Drawing Sheet, etc.

4.)

Click OK. The following dialog appears:

To make the symbol "transparent" so wire numbers will be equal on each side of the
symbol click onto "YES". If wires numbers shall be different on each side, click onto "NO"
(default).
5.)

The elements are now assembled in a group with their respective properties.

The group can now be saved in the Symbol Database (see chapter J).

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the elements that you want to save. The group is highlighted red when chosen. Hold
down the left mouse button.
2.) "Drag" the group to the symbol folder where you want it to be placed and drop it.

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

3.) The following dialog box will appear:

4.) Type the symbol name and a additional description if desired. Press OK.
5.) The group has now been saved in the symbol database, and can be loaded whenever
needed.
You cant save symbols in symbol databases provided by CADdy++ ET (ex. EN
61346-2, Siemens etc.) due to conflicts with updates. The databases which are

NOTE:

locked are displayed with a red icon:

LIST OF SYMBOL TYPES

The following symbol types are available in CADdy++ ET:

No.

Type

Function

01

Cable

Cable.

02

Change-over

Ordinary change-over contact

03

Change-over, slow release Contact changer-over with slow release.

Please refer to symbol no. 4 also.

04

Changer, slow operating

Contact changer-over with slow operating.

Please refer to symbol no. 5 also.

05

Coil

Coil

06

Coil, neutral - Not in list

Coil which is not listed.

07

Coil, Slow Operating

Coil with a slow operating

08

Coil, Slow Release

Coil with a slow release

09

Component

A component which is not covered by the

symbols described above.

10

Component with Aux.

contact

Component with dependent contact, e.g. a

circuit breaker with auxiliary contacts.

11

Contactor, Main Contact,

Change

Main contact (power). Changer.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-81

Change
12

Contactor, Main Contact,

NC

Main contact (power). NC.

13

Contactor, Main Contact,

NO

Main contact (power). NO.

14

Drawing Sheet

Drawing Sheet (e.g. with electrical paths).

15

Info text (target, no

component).

Info text to be used by end of connection

line.

16

Macro/group

A selection of completed symbols e.g. a

motor control.

17

Multi Switch

Complex switch, for example a rotary

wafer.

18

Multi Switch

Multi switch

19

NC

Normally Closed contact

20

NC, change-over

Contact closed with change-over function

21

NC, slow operating

Contact closed with slow operating

22

NC, slow release

Contact closed with slow release

23

Neutral component not

in lists

A symbol which is not listed in any list.

24

NO

Normally Open contact.

25

NO, change-over

Contact open with change-over function

26

NO, slow operating

Contact open, with slow operating

27

NO, slow release

Contact open, with slow release

28

PLC Component

PLC reference card, to where symbol no.

21 refers.

29

PLC signal

PLC signal which refers to a PLC

reference card (see symbol no. 8)

30

Signal Reference

Reference to potentials etc. to enable

cross referencing between potentials on
the individual pages.

31

Terminal (Normal, Special,

with Type)

Symbol for a terminal in a terminal block.

Can include special terminals and
terminals with type.

E-82 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Add selected to group

EDIT GROUP - ADD SELECTED TO GROUP

A group is regarded by CADdy++ ET as a assembly of elements, for example, wires, lines,

circles, text, etc.
This command can be used to add single elements or groups to existing groups. This is useful if
you want to add more graphics or text to existing symbols, and want to treat this as a unit.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the elements that you want to add. Point at an element and press the left mouse
button. To choose several elements or groups, hold down SHIFT while selecting.
2.) Select the command ADD SELECTED TO GROUP from the edit menu.
3.) Select the group where you want the elements to be added.

Ungroup Selected
EDIT GROUP - UNGROUP SELECTED

ALT + G

A group is regarded by CADdy++ ET as a assembly of elements, for example, wires, lines,

circles, text, etc.
Several text lines are regarded by CADdy++ ET as a group.
The UNGROUP command should be used if you want to alter a group so that it only contains
single elements.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the elements that you want to ungroup. Point at a group and press the left mouse
button. To choose several groups, hold down SHIFT while selecting.
2.) Select the command UNGROUP from the edit menu.
3.) The selected groups are collapsed and now composed of single elements.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-83

Align Horizontal
EDIT ALIGN COMPONENTS HORIZONTAL

This command is used to align selected components (e.g. symbols with connections), so they
are in the same horizontal line.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Select the symbols (minimum two) that you want to align (see page E-69). Press and
hold SHIFT while selecting the symbol(s) to align.

2.)

Select the command.

3.)

The selected symbols are all aligned in a horizontal line, adjusted to the Y-coordinate of
top-left symbol of the selected symbols.

HINT 1:

It's easy to reset an alignment by using the undo command.

Align Vertical
EDIT ALIGN COMPONENTS VERTICAL

This command is used to align selected components (e.g. symbols with connections), so they
are in the same vertical line.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Select the symbols (minimum two) that you want to align (see page E-69). Press and
hold SHIFT while selecting the symbol(s) to align.

2.)

Select the command.

3.)

The selected symbols are all aligned in a vertical line, adjusted to the X-coordinate of
top-left symbol of the selected symbols.

HINT 1:

It's easy to reset an alignment by using the undo command.

E-84 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Properties Selected
EDIT PROPERTIES SELECTED

This command is used to change the properties of the selected element(s).

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the elements that you want to change (see page E-69).
2.) Select the command.
3.) The following dialog box will appear:

4.) Set the new parameters (pen type, colour, layer, width, etc.).
5.) Mark the parameters, which you want to change:
6.) Press OK.
HINT 1:

You can also change the properties of a random element by pointing and doubleclicking on the selected element.

Debugger
EDIT DEBUGGER

The command DEBUGGER in CADdy++ ET enables you to see the structure of the elements in
the drawing.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-85

View
Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting VIEW from the menu bar.

Toolbars
VIEW TOOLBARS -

This command is toggle each toolbar on or off within the environment of CADdy++.

Style Bar
VIEW TOOLBARS STYLE BAR

In the style bar, you can find options as follows:

Layer control

Max. 512 layers are available. You can define the layer
title, pen-style, -colour, -width, brush-style and brushcolour individually for each layer.
By selecting
the current layer.

you can hide or show all elements in

Layer control and information are saved in a workspace

template with the function Workspace Template (Save
as) (see page E-18).
Pen-width

E-86 CADdy Commands

Sets the width of the pen. Size 0.18 0.25 0.35 0.50
0.70 and 1.00 are ISO standard. You can define your
own size by clicking Other. You can see the actual
size of each element by selecting the function Show Line
Width.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Colour control

Sets the colour of all selected or new elements including

fillings and hatching.

Fill style

Controls filling style for the command Fill/Hatch Area (see

page E-120).

Pen style

Controls pen style for all drawing commands.

Toolbars - Customize
VIEW TOOLBARS CUSTOMIZE

It is possible to change the settings for each toolbar in CADdy++, add and define a new menu, or
define shortcut keys for the most present application as desired.
For detailed description please refer to Customize Interface in chapter A.

Redraw
VIEW REDRAW

This command is used to redraw the window in order to eliminate impurities.

Zoom Original
VIEW ZOOM ORIGINAL

F3

This command enables you to see the drawing in full size.

Read more about:

Zoom Dynamic

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-87

Zoom Window
VIEW ZOOM WINDOW

F4

This command enables you to enlarge a section of the drawing.

To view the whole drawing again, press Zoom Original.
Print (see page E-48) the current zoom as desired, by selecting the "Print current zoom on
drawings" feature within the print dialog.

Read more about:

Zoom Dynamic

Show Grid
VIEW GRID

This command is used to switch the visible grid on and off.

Following grids can be chosen:

You can design your own grid by clicking Other.

A grid distance of 5 mm is appropriate for drawings containing circuit diagrams.

E-88 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Show Line Width

VIEW LINEWIDTH

Normally all elements are shown without actual line width, so that all elements appears identical.
This command shows the actual line width (in mm) for each element within the drawing.

Show Connection Points

VIEW CONNECTION POINTS

Normally, connection points on symbols are hidden.

This command shows the actual connection point (only the top-left corner), so you can identify
where the symbol is inserted (reference-point).

Show Wire Direction

VIEW WIRE DIRECTION

economy: This command toggles between showing the actual wire direction and a simple dot in
each connection point.

If you want to change the direction of a connection point, you must use the command Wire
Direction (see page E-176).

Show All Functiontexts

VIEW SHOW ALL FUNCTION TEXTS

Automatically displays the descriptive text of each object (symbol) on the active page.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-89

Show Marked Functiontexts

VIEW SHOW ALL MARKED FUNCTION TEXTS

Automatically displays the descriptive text of each marked object (symbol) on the active page.

Hide All Functiontexts

VIEW HIDE ALL FUNCTION TEXTS

Automatically hides the descriptive text of each object (symbol) on the active page.

Snap to Points
VIEW SNAP TO POINTS

This command enables CADdy++ ET to snap line ends, intersections and centre while you are
drawing.

Quick Guide:
1. Choose a drawing command such as Line (see page E-115).
2. Activate SNAP ON/OFF by pressing S, or click onto the icon.
3. CADdy++ ET automatically snaps the ends, centres and intersections of the lines, while you
move the cursor on the screen.
The centre is marked with a triangle:

The end is marked with a square:

The intersection is marked with a cross:

4. The command can be turned on and off as desired.

E-90 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Trackers on Selected Elements

VIEW TRACKERS ON SELECTED ELEMENTS

This command enables trackers on selected elements, likewise other objects in Windows.
When trackers are on, you are able to manipulate the objects directly by dragging the
highlighted marks (trackers).
Its simple to manipulate selected elements via trackers, but its not very precise.
You should only use this function, if this is of no importance.

NOTE:

Rubber band
VIEW RUBBER BAND
exclusively

This command enables easy modification of the contents of within a circuit diagram.
Click onto the icon to toggle the command ON and OFF.
The rubber band is ON when the icon

is blue.

When the command is ON , all wires connected to a symbol behaves like a rubber band, e.g.
will remain attached to symbol(s) when these are moved.
The command makes the wires (lines) flexible without any limit, e.g. the lines are not restricted
to move horizontal or vertical.
Use to Undo command (see page E-63) to reset a modification.

EXAMPLE:
Rubber band command is OFF. The symbol (-C1) is moved:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-91

The wires attached to the symbol remains in the original position.

E-92 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Rubber band command is ON. The symbol (-C1) is moved:

The wires attached to the symbol follows the new position of the symbol:

HINT 1:

Selecting more wires than the wires connected next to the symbol, will enable these
wires to behave like a rubber band too (see example above).

HINT 2:

The command is very useful. When you are familiar with this command, modification
of circuit diagrams is made extremely easy.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-93

Show All Elements

VIEW ALL ELEMENTS

Occasionally, elements are moved or placed out of basis.

This command shows all elements within the drawing, and resizes the drawing dimension to fit
all elements.

E-94 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Draw - Circuit Diagrams

Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting DRAW from the menu,
exclusively when Circuit Diagrams are constructed.

Potential - Top
DRAW POTENTIAL TOP / F11
exclusively

This command is used to place a potential at the top of a circuit diagram.

The potential is placed on the Y-co-ordinate, as mentioned in Properties - Circuit Diagrams on
page E-30. Subsequently, the potential is 5 mm under the previous and so on.
You can also insert a bottom potential or optional potential (see below).
When you name potentials or conductors, the supply conductors should be named
according to IEC 60445 (see chapter H).

HINT 1:

According to this standard, a semicolon (;) is used as a prefix in front of the

potential name.
Example:

Potential L1, L2 and L3 from circuit breaker -Q8 are named "-Q8;L1", "-Q8;L2" and
"-Q8;L3".

Potential - Bottom
DRAW POTENTIAL BOTTOM / F12
exclusively

This command is used to insert a potential at the bottom of a circuit diagram.

Please refer to the technical description about potentials at "Potential - Top" on page E-95.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-95

Potential - Any
DRAW POTENTIAL ANY
exclusively

This command is used to insert a potential anywhere in a circuit diagram.

Please refer to the technical description about potentials at "Potential - Top" on page E-95.

1 Wire Dynamic
DRAW WIRES 1 WIRE DYNAMIC
exclusively

This command is used to optionally insert wires between electrical symbols in a circuit diagram.

Quick Guide:
1.).

Select the command.

2.)

professional only:
Select the desired signal designation as desired in the toolbar:

(if active see Properties - Circuit Diagrams on page E-30).

3.)

Draw the connections one at a time by clicking the left mouse button.

You can draw the connections without considering the symbols - CADdy++ automatically breaks
the wires see example below.

Wire assignment by layer

economy: When the
is set
in Properties - Circuit
Diagrams (see page E-30) CADdy++ will ask for the layer on which to insert the connection. This
enables you to add selected properties to each wire drawn in the circuit diagrams. A dialog
appears. Pick a desired property by double-clicking on the
to the left of the record.
The wire properties also takes effect in the List of Wires (see chapter F).
Wire assignment from CADdy Classic ET1 are imported to this feature in CADdy++ ET via the
Import CADdy ET1 Database function (see page E-56).

E-96 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering


NOTE 1:

CADdy++ automatically "cleans up" in the background: If a connection has to be

changed or continued from a previous end-point, simply click somewhere in the
existing connection to continue CADdy++ automatically cleans up, and make the
right connections!

EXAMPLE:
1.)

A wire has to be connected via a make contact:

2.)

Select the wires starting point:

3.)

Draw the wire through the element:

4.)

CADdy++ ET automatically breaks the wire:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-97

CADdy++ ET automatically inserts a contact point when 2 electrical connections meet each other
in a "T".
NOTE 2:

There is a big difference between drawing wires and lines. Wires are regarded as
real electrical connections, while lines are not.

The wire has a number of properties, which can be defined in via the Wire Properties (see page
E-177).

3 Wires Dynamic
DRAW WIRES 3 WIRES DYNAMIC
exclusively

This command is used to optionally insert 3 wires between electrical symbols in a circuit
diagram.
The command is applied, when 3 phases are to be connected to a multi-polar symbol. To
connect symbols with potentials as N or PE, you have to use the command, which draws 1
Wire Dynamic" (see page E-96.).
An example is illustrated in the section 1 Wire Dynamic" on page E-96.

Quick Guide:
1.).

Select the command.

2.)

professional only:
Select the desired signal designation as desired in the toolbar:

E-98 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

(if active see Properties - Circuit Diagrams on page E-30).

3.)

Draw the connections one at a time by clicking the left mouse button.

You can draw the connections without considering the symbols - CADdy++ automatically breaks
the wires.
CADdy++ ET automatically inserts a contact point where 2 electrical connections meet each
other in a "T".

Wire assignment by layer

economy: When the
is set
in Properties - Circuit
Diagrams (see page E-30) CADdy++ will ask for the layer on which to insert the connections.
This enables you to add selected properties to the wires drawn in the circuit diagrams. A dialog
appears. Pick a desired property by double-clicking on the
to the left of the record.
The wire properties also takes effect in the List of Wires (see chapter F).
Wire assignment from CADdy Classic ET1 are imported to this feature in CADdy++ ET via the
Import CADdy ET1 Database function (see page E-56).

NOTE:

There is a big difference between drawing wires and lines. Wires are regarded as
real electrical connections, while lines are not.

The wires has a number of properties, which can be defined in via the Wire Properties (see
page E-177).

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-99

Cables
DRAW CABLES
exclusively

This command is used to define a cable between symbols, terminal strips, etc.

NOTE:

Whether the cable starts at a terminal strip or component is not important.

However, be aware that the connection is electrical and therefore must be drawn
as electrical wires.

Quick Guide:
1.) First, draw the electrical connection between the symbols.
2.) Select this command.
3.) Draw a line across the electrical connections which compile the cable:

4.) The following dialog box will appear:

E-100 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

CABLE INFORMATION
Function (=), Location (+) and Name (-): The cable receives a reference designation (a name).
If you wish to link the cable to an existing cable, you can view a list by pressing. .
HINT 1:

The letter code for a cable must include a "W" according to Letter Codes in chapter
H.

Description:

The function of the cable, for example "Motor cable".

Type:

The type of the cable. By clicking

the Type Database opens, for
selection of cables (see page E-155).

Cable Dimension:

The dimension of the cable, for example "3x1.50 mm".

CORE INFORMATION
Cable-Core no.:

CADdy++ ET suggests a continuous core number.

The cores are numbered in succession, from left to right, on the line being drawn.

Cable-Core colour: If you prefer to identify the core by colour, it can be done as described
below.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-101

HINT 2:

According to Colour Codes in IEC 60757, the core color has to be abbreviated.
Please refer to chapter H.

Cable-core Size: The size of each core is indicated here.

HINT 3:

You are able to handle multi-cables, if the separate squares for each core are stated!

CABLE MANAGER: Handling Cable Core information

economy: By clicking the
at core no. CADdy++ ET finds the next free core-number in the
cable if no valid type is selected.
Clicking the
when a valid type is selected will open the special dialog for cable management
to allow the user to pick the desired core among non-used cores. The counter is reset to 1 if the
cable is new.
NOTE:

To activate the cable manager, a valid type must be selected for the cable. The type
must be present in the CADdy++ ET type database. Via the information in the
database, CADdy++ ET determines the number of non-used cores, and warns the
user if the cable is over-booked.

Cable cores can be numbered with numbers or colors.

HINT 4:

If an improper type is selected to a cable, and the type appears to be wrong, you
simply change the type of the cable (on any of the cores within it). CADdy++ ET will
automatically assign the new cable information to each existing core.

The cable manager controls the information Cable-core No, Cable-core colour and Cablecore size via the selected type from the Type Database and informs the user if any selection is
not in line with existing information.
A special feature for the cable manager is an overall control function that identifies any error on
a cable when compared with the selected valid type in the database. The command is activated
via the database list Cable Editor (see chapter G).

Multicore
DRAW MULTICORE
exclusively

E-102 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

professional:
To simplify, one wire can be defined internally in CADdy++ ET as many wires, called a multicore.
Multicores are displayed in the database utility Multicore (see chapter G) and listed in the List of
Multicores (see chapter F) in the graphical list environment.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select this command. A

appears.

2.) Pick the wire you want to define as a multicore, and click the left mouse button.
3.) The cable are numbered as defined in Properties - Circuit Diagrams on page E-30.
4.) If desired, the cable can be edited by pressing CTRL + double-click on it.
5.) Continue adding wires to the cable by repeating step 2-4.
6.) Edit and add cores within the cable by using the function Edit Multicore on page E-139.

Function/Location Box
DRAW FUNCTION/LOCATION BOX
exclusively

economy: This command is used to draw a box in which all components are given the same
function (=) and/or location (+).

NOTE:

The function (=) or location (+) are intended to be different from the function or
location stated in the title field of the drawing.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) State the first point of the box, e.g. top-left corner.
3.) State the second (opposite) point of the box, so the box contains all desired components.
4.) A dialog box appears.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-103

5.) State the function (=) and location (+) for the new group.
6.) Click OK.
HINT 1:

Pressing the [<] key toggles between two ways of controlling the symbol's (e.g. the
object's) relation to the function (=) and location (+). Please refer to Managing
symbols (chapter J) for further details.

E-104 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Draw - Cabinets
Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting DRAW from the menu, when
Cabinets are designed.

Panel
DRAW PANEL
exclusively

This command draws panels in cabinet layouts.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Before drawing, check carefully the settings for the lay-out in Properties Page Cabinets
(see page E-45).

2.)

Select this command.

3.)

Select the starting point of the panel, and click the left mouse button.

4.)

Select the end point of (the size) of the panel, and click the left mouse button.

NOTE:

The panel includes a reference designation and a type. By double-clicking on the

panel, a dialog appears and type etc. can be corrected if desired. The panel are
included in the Productlist (see chapter G).

Read more about:

- Rail on page E-105
- Cable / Wire Channel on page E-107

Rail
DRAW RAIL
exclusively

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-105

This command draws rails (e.g. DIN-rail) in cabinet layouts.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Before drawing, check carefully the settings for the lay-out in Properties Page Cabinets
(see page E-45).

2.)

Select this command. The following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

3.)

Type the dimensions of the rail and clock onto [Ok] or press [Enter].

4.)

Select the position of the first rail and click onto the left mouse button.

HINT 1:

5.)

While the rail is attached to the cursor, use the [*] and [/] keystrokes to enlarge or
reduce the size. Use the [+] and [-] to rotate the rail clockwise or counter-clockwise.

Continue inserting rails be clicking onto the left mouse button or click the right mouse
button to quit.

NOTE:

The rail includes a reference designation and a type. By double-clicking on the

rail, a dialog appears and type etc. can be corrected if desired. The rail are
included in the Productlist (see chapter G).

Read more about:

- Panel on page E-105
- Cable / Wire Channel on page E-107

E-106 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Cable / Wire Channel

DRAW CABLE / WIRE CHANNEL
exclusively

This command draws cable / wire channels in cabinet layouts.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Before drawing, check carefully the settings for the lay-out in Properties Page Cabinets
(see page E-45).

2.)

Select this command. The following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

3.)

Type the dimensions of the channel and clock onto [Ok] or press [Enter].

4.)

Select the position of the first channel and click onto the left mouse button.

HINT 1:

5.)

While the channel is attached to the cursor, use the [*] and [/] keystrokes to enlarge
or reduce the size. Use the [+] and [-] to rotate the rail clockwise or counterclockwise.

Continue inserting channels be clicking onto the left mouse button or click the right
mouse button to quit.

NOTE:

The channel includes a reference designation and a type. By double-clicking on

the channel, a dialog appears and type etc. can be corrected if desired. The
channel are included in the Productlist (see chapter G).

Read more about:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-107

- Panel on page E-105

- Rail on page E-105

E-108 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Draw - Common Commands

Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting DRAW from the menu, and are
available during construction of any kind of document.

Dimension Horizontal
DRAW DIMENSION HORIZONTAL

This command calculates and sets the optional dimension between 2 points horizontally:

Example:

Dimension 15.00 mm horizontally.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) State the first point by clicking the left mouse button.
3.) Move the mouse (up and down, left and right) to place the dimension text and second point
in one step. The calculation is locked horizontally.
4.) Continue indicating new points by moving and clicking the left mouse button.
5.) Quit the function by clicking the right mouse button.

Read more about:

Dimension Vertical on page E-110.
Dimension btw. 2 lines on page E-111.
Dimension btw. 2 pts. on page E-112.
Dimension Settings on page E-112.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-109

Dimension Vertical
DRAW DIMENSION VERTICAL

This command calculates and sets the optional dimension between 2 points vertically:

Example:

Dimension 15.00 mm vertically.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) State the first point by clicking the left mouse button.
3.) Move the mouse (up and down, left and right) to place the dimension text and second point
in one step. The calculation is locked vertically.
4.) Continue indicating new points by moving and clicking the left mouse button.
5.) Quit the function by clicking the right mouse button.

Read more about:

Dimension Horizontal on page E-109.
Dimension btw. 2 lines on page E-111.
Dimension btw. 2 pts. on page E-112.
Dimension Settings on page E-112.

E-110 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Dimension btw. 2 lines

DRAW DIMENSION BTW. 2 LINES

This command calculates and sets the dimension between 2 parallel lines:

Dimension 15.05 mm between two parallel lines.

Example:

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Pick the first line by clicking the left mouse button (highlights in red).
3.) Pick the second line by clicking the left mouse button.
4.) Move the mouse (up and down) to place the dimension text. The dimension text is locked
between the two lines.
5.) Click the left mouse button to insert the dimension text.
5.) Quit the function by clicking the right mouse button.

NOTE:

This function only calculates the dimension between two parallel lines. If you have
difficulties picking the second line, the lines are probably not parallel.

Read more about:

Dimension Horizontal on page E-109.
Dimension Vertical on page E-110.
Dimension btw. 2 pts. on page E-112.
Dimension Settings on page E-112.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-111

Dimension btw. 2 pts.

DRAW DIMENSION BTW 2 PTS

This command calculates and sets the optional dimension between 2 points:

Example:

Dimension 15.81 mm optional.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) State the first point by clicking the left mouse button.
3.) Move the mouse (up and down, left and right) to place the dimension text and second point
in one step.
4.) Continue indicating new points by moving and clicking the left mouse button.
5.) Quit the function by clicking the right mouse button.

Read more about:

Dimension Horizontal on page E-109.
Dimension Vertical on page E-110.
Dimension btw. 2 lines on page E-111.
Dimension Settings on page E-112.

Dimension Settings
DRAW DIMENSION DIMENSION SETTINGS

This command states the settings for dimensioning:

E-112 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Attributes: Following attributes are available:

Arrows: You can specify arrows as desired:

Text: Text attributes are set here. Please refer to New Text on page E-122 for further
information.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-113

Read more about:

Dimension Horizontal on page E-109.
Dimension Vertical on page E-110.
Dimension btw. 2 lines on page E-111.
Dimension btw. 2 pts. on page E-112.

E-114 CADdy Commands

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Line
DRAW LINE

This command is used to draw lines.

The line has a number of properties, which are defined in the format toolbar, such as pen-style,
pen-width, and layer.
These line properties can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on page E-85.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Pick the starting point of the line, and click the left mouse button.
3.) Move the cursor and pick the end point of the line. Click the left mouse button.
4.) Repeat step 3 to continue the line or
5.) Click the right mouse button to quit.
Please refer to the chapter "Construction / Modification via Keyboard" on page E-192 for details
concerning exact construction.

MultiLine
DRAW MULTILINE MULTILINE

economy:
This command is used to draw multi-lines. Multi-lines are several (maximum of 5) lines parallel
to one-another.
Example:

5 lines (1 .. 5, from left to right) with

individual preferences.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-115

Quick Guide:
1.) Make sure the MultiLine Settings (see page E-116) are as desired.
2.) Select the command.
3.) State the first point by clicking the left mouse button.
4.) Move the mouse (up and down, left and right) to draw lines
5.) Continue indicating new points by moving and clicking the left mouse button.
6.) Click the right mouse button to quit.

MultiLine Settings
DRAW MULTILINE MULTILINE SETTINGS

economy:
This command states the settings for drawing a MultiLine (see page E-115).

Line 1 .. 2

2 lines (1 .. 2, from left to right) with individual

preferences. Click onto [Add Line] or [Delete
Line] as desired. A maximum of 5 lines is
possible.

Baseline Distance

Distance from cursor cross to first line.

Default is zero. Use positive (+) and negative
(-) digits to state the distance (in mm).

Pen width

Actual width (in mm) of the pen.

Pen colour

Colour of the pen (black, red etc.).

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Pen style

Style of the pen (solid, dashed etc.)

Layer

States the layer of the actual line.

Attribute:

Draws a line at the beginning and the end of

the multi-line:

Close End
Close Mid

Draws a line at each bend of the multi-line:

Rectangle
DRAW RECTANGLE

This command is used to draw rectangles.

The rectangle has a number of properties, which are defined in the format toolbar, such as penstyle, pen-width, and layer.
These rectangle properties can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on page E-85.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Pick the starting point of the rectangle, and click the left mouse button.
3.) Move the cursor and pick the end point of the rectangle. Click the left mouse button.
4.) Repeat step 2-3 to draw another rectangle or
5.) Click the right mouse button to quit.
Please refer to the chapter "Construction / Modification via Keyboard" on page E-192 for details
concerning exact construction.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-117

Circle
DRAW CIRCLE

This command is used to draw circles.

The circle has a number of properties, which are defined in the format toolbar, such as penstyle, pen-width, and layer.
The circles properties can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on page E-85.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Pick the center of the circle, and click the left mouse button.
3.) Move the cursor and pick radius of the circle. Click the left mouse button.
4.) Repeat step 2-3 to draw another circle or
5.) Click the right mouse button to quit.
Please refer to the chapter "Construction / Modification via Keyboard" on page E-192 for details
concerning exact construction.

Arc
DRAW ARC

This command is used to draw arcs.

The arc has a number of properties, which are defined in the format toolbar, such as pen-style,
pen-width, and layer.
The arcs properties can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on page E-85.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Pick the center of the arc, and click the left mouse button.
3.) Move the cursor and pick radius of the arc. Click the left mouse button.

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4.) Move the cursor to draw the arc. Click the left mouse button when complete.
5.) Repeat step 2-4 to draw another arc or
6.) Click the right mouse button to quit.
Please refer to the chapter "Construction / Modification via Keyboard" on page E-192 for details
concerning exact construction.

Ellipse
DRAW ELLIPSE

This command is used to draw ellipses.

The ellipse has a number of properties, which are defined in the format toolbar, such as penstyle, pen-width, and layer.
The properties of the ellipse can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on page E-85.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Pick the center of the ellipse, and click the left mouse button.
3.) Move the cursor to draw the ellipse. Click the left mouse button when complete.
4.) Repeat step 2-3 to draw another ellipse or
5.) Click the right mouse button to quit.
Please refer to the chapter "Construction / Modification via Keyboard" on page E-192 for details
concerning exact construction.

Polygon Area
DRAW POLYGON AREA

This command is used to draw and fill optional geometrical shapes.

Below, a detailed Quick Guide description in cursor-mode appears. Please refer to the chapter
"Construction / Modification via Keyboard" on page E-192 for details concerning exact
construction.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-119

Quick Guide (cursor only):

1.) State first point
2.) State second point
3.) State third point (the geometrical shape is filled while drawing)
4.) Click the right mouse button to quit.
The Polygon Area command has a number of properties as selected in the Style Bar (see page
E-86).
The properties of the hatch/fill area can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on
page E-85.
A fill is always considered as one element in the same way as lines or circles. Likewise, they
can be chosen individually.

Fill/Hatch Area
DRAW FILL / HATCH AREA

This command is used to fill optional geometrical shapes.

Quick Guide:
1.) Pick the geometrical shape(s) that you want to fill or hatch one by one.
2.) Click the right mouse button to quit.
The fill/hatch area command has a number of properties as selected in the Style Bar (see page
E-86).
The properties of the hatch/fill area can be altered. Please refer to Properties Selected on
page E-85.
A fill is always considered as one element in the same way as lines or circles. Likewise, they
can be chosen individually.

Parallel
DRAW PARALLEL

This command is used to construct one ore more parallel element(s).

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Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Pick the element you wish to make a parallel copy of, and click the left mouse button.
3.) Move the mouse (up, down, left and right) until the copy is as described.
4.) If descried, continue making parallel(s).
5.) Click the right mouse button to quit.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-121

Text - Common Commands

Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting TEXT from the menu, and are
available during construction of any kind of document.

New Text
TEXT NEW

This command is used to insert various forms of text in a drawing.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Activate the command. The following dialog appears.

2.)

Type one ore more text(s) in the white area.

professional: Type a text (or a part of it) and press F2 or click
to look up a
phrase in the translation database. This is effective to harmonize the phrases that are
used within the project, which again will limit the number of phrases to be translated.
Please note that the translation database shall be activated at least once (please see
Translate Text in this chapter) before there are any phrase to look up.
professional: By selecting
CADdy++ will look up phrases
within strings. For example by typing "Motor", ++ will find "Motor control center" and
"Lock motor".

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

3.)

Drag the text onto the drawing by using the mouse, and

4.)

click onto the left mouse button to insert it.

5.)

Continue inserting the text by repeating step 4.) or click the white area within the dialog
to type or adjust new text.

HINT 1:

Several text lines can be written. To invoke a new lines press ENTER within the
dialog. You can copy and paste text from other programs by pressing CTRL+C
(copy) and CTRL+V (paste).

HINT 2:

The text dialog are automatically closed, when any other CADdy++ command is
selected.

There is a number of possibilities if you want to change the text. For example, the contents,
adjustment, etc.
The height, width and distance of a text can
be changed. See table below.
The angle and line distance to next text line
can be set.

Actual size of the font and the corresponding size in CADdy++.

ISO 3098 B

Text height in
CADdy++

Text width in
CADdy++

Text distance in
CADdy++

Pen width in
CADdy++

(height/5)

(mm)

True size

2.50 mm

3.50

3.50

0.70

0.25

3.50 mm

5.00

5.00

1.00

0.35

5.00 mm

7.00

7.00

1.40

0.50

7.00 mm

10.0

10.0

2.00

0.70

10.0 mm

14.0

14.0

2.80

1.00

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-123

JUSTIFIED: The text can be chosen to be

aligned left, centre or right.
PROPORTIONAL: The text can be chosen to
be proportional (equal spacing between every
letter) or non proportional.
ITALIC: This attribute italicizes the text.
TRANSLATABLE: This attribute enables the
text to be translated. See Translate Text in
this chapter for further details.

TEXT ATTRIBUTES

Select from a range of attributes by clicking

It is necessary to allocate attributes to be able
to distinguish between the text's functions, for
example when defining symbols. This means
that a text is interpreted as a component
name, connection etc. See table below.

NOTE:

The contents of the "Attribute" pull-down menu are related to the kind of drawing that
is present (active) when inserting new text: Some texts are only relevant for circuit
diagrams, others for a terminal matrix etc. Therefore the contents of the dialog vary
according to the kind of drawing present.

Common text attributes

The attribute Normal Text is used for ordinary text.
No.

Attribute

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Normal Text

Ordinary text with no specific meaning.

Workspace

Miscellaneous information about the customer, which can be inserted

in the drawing frame.
The various texts are updated in the respective fields in the MS

Access database that saves the workspace.

2.01

Project-name

The text in the drawing frame, where the workspace / project name is
inserted.

2.02

Customer

If desired, the text reservations can be used for other purposes.

2.03

Address 1

2.04

Address 2

2.05

Zip code

2.06

City

2.07

Telephone

2.08

Fax

2.09

E-mail

2.10

Attention 1, 2, 3

2.11

Proj. Description-line 01 10

This text describes the workspace and its contents.

The various texts are updated in the respective fields in the MS

Access database that saves the workspace.

2.12

Proj. Created Date

Date of creating the workspace.

2.13

Proj. Created By

Workspace created by (initials)

2.14

Free 01 .. 10

These texts can be used as desired.

The various texts are updated in the respective fields in the MS
Access database that saves the workspace.

Content

Information in the drawing sheet about the contents.

3.01

Page

These texts define the page number (page number) and the
corresponding index, if chosen.

3.02

Index

3.03

Page Created Date

3.04

Page Created By

3.05

Plot Date

3.06

Plot Time

3.07

Plot Page

3.08

Number of all Plot Pages

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

This text states information concerning the creation of the drawing,

such as the created date and the author's initials.

Plot information for individual identification of each sheet.

CADdy Commands E-125

3.09

Prior Number

3.10

Next Number

3.11

Last Number

3.12

Number of all Pages

3.13

Page Description-line 01 30

Contents of the page, line 1 .. 30.

Function/Location

Information concerning function (=) and location (+)

4.01

Function (=)

According to IEC 61346-1

4.02

Location (+)

According to IEC 61346-1

Component

Information concerning the component.

5.01

Name (-)

Name of a symbol. The minus-sign (-) indicates the productstructure according to IEC 61346-1.

5.02

Description

These texts contains the description of the component - for example

"Start" and the type(s) number(s) of the component.

5.03

Type 01 10

5.04

ComponentPart Separator

5.05

ComponentPart Name

5.06

ComponentPart Sorting

5.07

Length

5.08

Cable-dimension

Cable-dimension (e.g. PAA)

5.09

Cable-core No.

Number of the core in the cable

5.10

Cable-core Colour

Colour of the core in the cable

5.11

Cable-core Size

Size of the core (typically in mm)

5.12

Terminal Number

This text describes the terminal symbols, for example the terminal
number and terminal index .

5.13

Terminal Sorting

5.14

Terminal row picture

5.15

Sheet/Path Reference

This text is used for cross references between different pages and
paths in a workspace.

5.16

Fuse Circuit

States the group for the object.

5.17

Power

States the power for the object.

5.18

Free text 01 50

Up till 50 free texts for any information.

Connection

Information concerning connections.

Connection Text

This text consists of the symbol's terminal number text and a

connection point. The texts can be moved independently after

Text reservations for multiple terminals.

This text must be used together with text attribute no. 5.01.

6
6.01

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insertion.
6.02

Target Information

Internal text reservation.

6.03

Symbol-name

Internal text reservation.

6.04

PLC Operand

This text is used to describe the operand, address and description in

a PLC symbol.

6.05

PLC Symbol-address

6.06

PLC Description

6.07

Wire-size

Size of the wire (in the circuit diagram) (internal)

6.08

Wire-color

Color of the wire (in the circuit diagram) (internal)

6.09

Wire number

Number of the wire (in the circuit diagram) (internal)

6.10

LINK-type

Type of LINK in the terminal-strip.

6.11

Wire-type

Type of the wire (in the circuit diagram) (internal)

6.12

Lock wire

Internal text reservation.

6.13

ComponentPart Free Text

Free text for component part.

6.14

Free con. text 01 10

Up till 10 free texts for any information re. connection.

Other

Other texts.

Please consult PLC Documentation (chapter J) for further information.

Typically texts which are relevant to the active kind of drawing.

7.01

Non-Translatable text

Internal text reservation. Texts are translatable unless this attribute is

chosen.

7.02

Function+Location+Component

7.03

Merged Part Component Name

Text reservation to be used when the designation (=/+/-) are merged

into one line. If this text reservation exists within a symbol, it will have
a higher priority than designations on separate lines.

7.04

Component code

7.05

Symbol End marker

7.06

Symbol Start marker

Text reservations for Autodiagram.

Special text attributes related to graphical lists (see chapter F).

7

Other

7.51

Amount

7.52

Terminal Strip

7.53

Target Left

7.54

Terminal Number

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

Text reservations for Terminal Matrix and Terminal Matrix Graphic.

Please see chapter for detailed description.

CADdy Commands E-127

7.55

Target Right

7.56

Number. of terminal lines

7.57

Terminal Sheet

7.58

Terminal Path

7.59

LINK Type

7.60

Cable name Left

7.61

Cable-core number Left

7.62

No. of cable lines Left

7.63

Cable name Right

7.64

Cable-core number Right

7.65

No. of cable lines Right

7.66

Cable type Left

7.67

Cable Description Left

7.68

Cable Type Right

7.69

Cable Description Right

7.70

Terminal Index

7.71

Cable-core square Left

7.72

Cable-core square Right

7.73

Terminal Type

7.74

Spare-Terminal

7.75

Terminal Description

7.76

Terminal Sheet Index

7.77

Cable-dimension Left

7.78

Cable-dimension Right

7.79

Terminal Page-Function (=)

7.80

Terminal Page-Location (+)

7.81

Terminal Connection Text (L)

7.82

Terminal Connection Text (R)

7.83

Target reference: Page Function

7.84

Target reference: Page Location

7.85

Target reference: Sheet

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

7.86

Target reference: Sheet Index

7.87

Target reference: Path

FONT. A vector font or a Windows font can

be selected. See description below.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Click onto

the following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

2.)

Select the desired font by clicking onto it.

Font names with "!" are true Vector-fonts. Font names with "@" are Unicode-fonts.

HINT 3:

It is recommended that you use a vector font as format, if you export to the AutoCAD
DXF/DWG format.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-129

3.)

If alternative scripts are available, the Script menu is activated. Click onto
alternative script for the font.

to select

Alternative scripts are typically used for translating texts from one language to another.
4.)

Click OK to close the dialog.

NOTE:

The text in all CAD systems (including CADdy++ ET) are called vector fonts. A
vector font is constructed of small lines.
These lines can be seen by magnifying a letter (by zooming). Vector fonts are not
the same as "True Type" fonts used by Windows, which you also can choose.
The text is made in a matrix of 200 x 200 dots. It is the height and width of the
matrix, which is stated in CADdy++ ET. However, there is no guarantee, that the
text you use has the height you define this depends how the individual font is
defined in the matrices.

ISO 3098
IEC 61082 clause 4.1.5 instructs, that ISO 3098/1 B should be used as the text font for all
technical drawings and circuit diagrams. This text is delivered in CADdy++ ET as Vectorfont #1,
and must be set as proportional text.
HINT 4:

IEC 61082 recommends that a minimum height of 2.50 mm is used on all technical
drawings. Experience shows that this is the smallest pen width that can be used
when faxing, without smudging!

HINT 5:

As any other format in the ISO standard, each step increases by

Ex. 1:

ISO paper size A4 * 2 = paper size A3.

Ex. 2:

ISO 3098 font size 2.50 * 2 = font size 3.50.

2.

NOTE:

The ISO 3098 font are constructed in a matrix of 200 x 200 pts. It is the size of
this matrix that is stated as height and width in CADdy++ ET.

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Edit text
TEXT EDIT

This command is used to edit one or more text(s).

The "source language" is always displayed when using this command see
Translate Text, even if a text is translated into other languages.

NOTE:

This command is also used when you paste a text in to your drawing. Please refer to New Text
on page E-122.
HINT 1:

You can display any information (e.g. the attribute) on existing text by following the
Quick Guide below.

Quick Guide Edit single text:

1.)

Select the command. A

2.)

Pick any text on the drawing

3.)

The text dialog appears, initialized with the actual properties.

4.)

You may change the text itself and the properties as desired. To change components,
use the Edit Component (see page E-133)instead.

5.)

Quit the command by clicking the

appears.

Quick Guide Edit multiple text:

1.)

Select (see page E-69) the texts to be modified. Press "CTRL + A" to select all texts.

2.)

The text dialog appears, initialized with the default properties.

3.)

You may change the properties for the texts as desired.

4.)

Quit the command by clicking the

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-131

HINT 1:

Edit multiple texts is an easy way to set parameters like "Translate" on many texts in
one sequence.

Align Vertical
TEXT ALIGN VERTICAL

This command is used to align text(s) to a common vertical position e.g. the text(s) gets the
same X co-ordinate.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select (see page E-69) a text to be aligned.
2.) If desired, select more texts for alignment by press and hold the SHIFT key while selecting
(standard Windows operation).
3.) Select this command (Align Vertical). The cursor cross appears.
4.) Select the desired position (X co-ordinate) for the text(s) and click onto the left mouse button.
5.) The texts are aligned to the selected position.

Align Horizontal
TEXT ALIGN HORIZONTAL

This command is used to align text(s) to a common horizontal position e.g. the text(s) gets the
same Y co-ordinate.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select (see page E-69) a text to be aligned.
2.) If desired, select more texts for alignment by press and hold the SHIFT key while selecting
(standard Windows operation).
NOTE:

To align more that one text to the same Y co-ordinate, the texts must have different
justification. Equal justification attributes (center/left/right) on the texts will cause the

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texts to be aligned onto one another.

3.) Select this command (Align Horizontal). The cursor cross appears.
4.) Select the desired position (Y co-ordinate) for the text(s) and click onto the left mouse button.
5.) The texts are aligned to the selected position.

Edit Component
TEXT EDIT COMPONENT

This command is used to edit text which is connected with the elements.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Select an element (group), that you want to edit (highlights in red).
3.) A dialog box appears and you are able to edit your text, which belongs to the element.
4.) Click OK.
If you change the name of a relay-coil, the name on its contacts are changed
automatically.

HINT 1:

Find and Replace

TEXT FIND AND REPLACE

This command is used to find any text string and replace it with another.

CAUTION:

Its not possible to undo this command.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-133

Quick Guide find and replace on the active page:

1.) Select the command.
NOTE: When the command is activated from this menu, only texts on the active page are
being processed. All texts can be processed in one sequence when the command is
activated via the workspace explorer. See description below.
2.) The following dialog appears:

3.) Type the text string you want to find. The text must match the target exactly since CADdy++
ET finds whole words only.
4.) Type the text string you want to replace it with.
5.) Click onto OK: The active page is processed.

Quick Guide find and replace in the selected kind of documents:

1.) Select the kind of documents that you want to process (for example: Circuit Diagrams):
2.) Click the right mouse button and select the command:

3.) The following dialog appears:

4.) Type the text string you want to find. The text must match the target exactly since CADdy++
ET finds whole words only.

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5.) Type the text string you want to replace it with.

6.) Click onto OK: All pages in the selected kind of documents are processed.

Quick Guide find and replace in the active workspace:

1.) Select the workspace that you want to process:
2.) Click the right mouse button and select the command:

3.) The following dialog appears:

4.) Type the text string you want to find. The text must match the target exactly since CADdy++
ET finds whole words only.
5.) Type the text string you want to replace it with.
6.) Click onto OK: ALL pages in ALL kind of documents are processed.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-135

Translate Text
TEXT TRANSLATE TEXT

professional:
This command is used to translate text, e.g. from one language to another.
The CADdy++ ET translate command operates with a Microsoft Access database
"Translation.MDB" (located in the same folder as templates).
The database is updated with new words from the active workspace by pressing the "Load Texts
from Project" button in the dialog. When a specific term exists in the database, it's never
replaced.
NOTE 1:

The words in the database are case-sensitive. For example "Date" and "date" are
not the same term.

Besides the original ("Source") language, CADdy++ ET can handle up till 20 different languages
with individual fonts and scripts.
NOTE 2:

to be translated. The
The text for translation shall have the attribute
default parameter for any text is to be "Translatable", however you may change
this as desired. By omitting some texts from translation, the "Source Language"
list will be more clear.

NOTE 3:

also effects all text reservations . The text

The attribute
reservation is used by CADdy++ to fill in forms with text from the databases. If the
text has the
attribute set, the attribute will be set on the automatic
inserted texts as well and vice versa.

NOTE 4:

Projects are always translated from the original language to a source language,
when the project is complete e.g. all lists are generated etc. If there is a change in
any text string (source or translated text), the project must be re-translated.

Use the command New Text (see page E-122) to insert a new text for translation.
Use the Edit text (see page E-131) to change the existing text attributes.

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Quick Guide:
1.)

Select the command.

2.)

The following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog box may appear).

3.)

If the database is empty or need new terms from the active project: Press the "Load texts
from project" button.

4.)

Type the translation for each text in the "Language1", "Language2", field.

5.)

Set individual font and script as desired for each language by clicking onto "Setup".

6.)

Select the desired language for your workspace to be translated into by clicking
to the "Translate into language" at the top of the dialog.

7.)

Click onto "Translate project". The terms which exists in the database are translated into
the selected language (1, 2, , 20). If a translation doesn't exists for a certain term (e.g.
the translation is "blank"), the term are left unattended.

8.)

When the translation is complete, CADdy++ will display:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

next

CADdy Commands E-137

9.)

Click "Close" to exit the dialog.

HINT 1:

The translation can be reset to the original language by selecting "Source Language"
as the translation language, and the click "Translate project".

HINT 2:

Within the New Text command, it's easy to look up existing phrases in the translation
database (type words and press F2). This is practical to limit and harmonize the
number of phrases which are used.

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Text - Circuit Diagrams

Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting TEXT from the menu,
exclusively when Circuit Diagrams are constructed.

Edit Multicore
TEXT EDIT MULTICORE
exclusively

This command is used to edit wires created with the command Multicore (see page E-102).

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the command.
2.) Select a wire created as a Multicore (see page E-102), that you want to edit (becomes red).
3.) The following dialog box appears and you are able to edit your text, which belongs to the
multicore:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

4.) Click in any field to add a core. If desired, insert the values for wire size, color and additional
information.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-139

NOTE:

The terminal number is written like "F2:14" in the lists. The ":" is stating the
terminal number (14).

5.) Repeat step 4 for the required number of wires.

6.) Click OK.

HINT 1:

Press CTRL + double-click a wire to activate this command.

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Building
Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting BUILDING from the menu, when
Installation plans are constructed.

Walls - Create
BUILDING - WALLS CREATE
exclusively

This command draws walls on installation plans.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Before drawing, check carefully if the default wall width and scale fits the lay-out in
Properties Page Installations (see page E-43).

2.)

Select this command. The Wall Width dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

3.)

The default width as stated in Properties Page Installations (see page E-43) are
displayed in the dialog. If desired, change the width of the wall and click onto OK.

4.)

Select the starting point of the wall, and click the left mouse button.

5.)

Select the end point of the wall, and click the left mouse button.

6.)

Repeat step 4 and 5 until the wall is complete.

7.)

Quit the command by clicking onto the right mouse button.

HINT 1:

The easy (and fastest) way to draw walls, is to draw these in an approximate
position. When complete, simply move or adjust the position with the [Wall] [Move]
command.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-141

Walls - Move
BUILDING - WALLS MOVE
exclusively

This command moves existing walls on installation plans and changes the aspect ratio of the
building.
Use the Dimension command (see page E-148) to change the length of the walls while
maintaining the aspect ratio of the building.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Select this command

2.)

Pick the wall to be moved, and click onto the left mouse button
NOTE:

Depending on the shape, clicking left to the centre of the wall will adjust
the wall and connected walls left-hand side of centre. Clicking right to
the centre of the wall will adjust the wall and connected walls right-hand
side of centre.

The length of the wall(s) attached to the wall you are attempting to move are displayed on the
drawing so that dimensions are easily set when moving the walls
Example:

3.)

Move, with the mouse, the wall to the right or to the left. The walls attached to the wall
being moved are moved in the same sequence.

4.)

Click onto the left mouse button when walls are in position.

5.)

Click onto the right mouse button to quit the command.

Walls - Angle
BUILDING - WALLS ANGLE
exclusively

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exclusively

This command displays and/or modifies the angle on any existing wall on installation plans.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Select this command.

2.)

While moving the cursor on the drawing, the angle on the wall near by the cursor are
displayed (for example 270):

3.)

Click onto the desired wall to change the angle.

NOTE:

Clicking left to the centre of the wall will adjust the angle of the wall and
connected walls left-hand side of centre. Clicking right to the centre of
the wall will adjust the angle of the wall and connected walls right-hand
side of centre.

4.)

A dialog appears.

5.)

Type in the new angle and click onto OK.

6.)

Repeat step 3 and 4 for any other wall or

7.)

Click onto the right mouse button to quit the command.

Walls - Length
BUILDING - WALLS LENGTH
exclusively

This command displays and/or modifies the length on any existing wall on installation plans.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-143

Quick Guide:
1.)

Select this command.

2.)

While moving the cursor on the drawing, the length on the wall near by the cursor are
displayed (for example 9000):

3.)

Click onto the desired wall to change the length.

NOTE:

Clicking left to the centre of the wall will adjust the angle of the wall and
connected walls left-hand side of centre. Clicking right to the centre of
the wall will adjust the angle of the wall and connected walls right-hand
side of centre.

4.)

A dialog appears.

5.)

Type in the new length and click onto OK. The length will change, and the walls
connected to it (left / right - if any) will be adjusted to fit the new length.

6.)

Repeat step 3 to 5 for any other wall or

7.)

Click onto the right mouse button to quit the command.

Opening
BUILDING - OPENING
exclusively

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This command creates an opening in an existing wall.

Quick Guide:
1.) Wall(s) must be inserted before activating this command.
2.) Select this command.
3.) A dialog appears.
4.) Type in the width for the opening and click onto OK.
5.) Pick the desired place to make the opening in the wall.
6.) Click onto the left mouse button to insert the opening.
7.) Repeat step 6 to create more openings or
8.) Click onto the right mouse button to quit the command.

Example:

Door - Create
BUILDING DOOR - CREATE
exclusively

This command inserts doors in existing Walls (see page E-141) on installation plans.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-145

Quick Guide:
1.) Wall(s) must be inserted before activating this command.
2.) Select this command.
3.) A dialog appears. Type the width of the door to insert and click onto OK.
4.) Pick the place to insert the door. Invoking the [spacebar] will make the door rotate in steps of
90.
5.) To insert, click onto the left mouse button when the door is in position.
6.) Repeat step 5 to insert more doors or
7.) Click onto the right mouse button to quit the command.
HINT 1:

The easy (and fastest) way to insert doors, is to insert these in an approximate
position. When complete, simply move or adjust the position with the [Door] [Move]
command.

Door - Move
BUILDING - DOOR MOVE
exclusively

This command moves existing door(s) on installation plans.

Quick Guide:
1.) Doors must be present on the drawing before activating this command.
2.) Select this command.
3.) Pick the door to modify by clicking the left mouse button.
4.) Move, with the mouse, the door to a new position. Invoking the [spacebar] will make the door
rotate in steps of 90.
5.) Click onto the left mouse button to insert the door in the new position.
6.) Repeat step 5 to modify more doors or
7.) Click onto the right mouse button to quit the command.

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Window - Create
BUILDING WINDOW - CREATE
exclusively

This command inserts windows in existing Walls (see page E-141) on installation plans.

Quick Guide:
1.) Wall(s) must be inserted before activating this command.
2.) Select this command.
3.) A dialog appears. Type the width of the window to insert and click onto OK.
4.) Pick the place to insert the window. The angle of the window are automatically adjusted to fit
the wall.
5.) To insert, click onto the left mouse button when the window is in position.
6.) Repeat step 5 to insert more windows or
7.) Click onto the right mouse button to quit the command.
HINT 1:

The easy (and fastest) way to insert windows, is to insert these in an approximate
position. When complete, simply move or adjust the position with the [Window]
[Move] command.

Window - Move
BUILDING - WINDOW MOVE
exclusively

This command moves existing window(s) on installation plans.

Quick Guide:
1.) Window(s) must be present on the drawing before activating this command.
2.) Select this command.
3.) Pick the window to modify by clicking the left mouse button.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-147

4.) Move, with the mouse, the window to a new position. The angle of the window are
automatically adjusted to fit the wall.
5.) Click onto the left mouse button to insert the window in the new position.
6.) Repeat step 5 to modify more windows or
7.) Click onto the right mouse button to quit the command.

Dimension
BUILDING - DIMENSION
exclusively

This command is used to change the dimension of the building, while maintaining the aspect
ratio of the building.
Use the Walls - Move command (see page E-142) to change the length of the walls and change
the aspect ratio of the building.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select this command
2.) Pick the wall to be modified. The length of the wall next to the cursor are displayed on the
drawing so that dimensions are easily inspected.
3.) Click onto the left mouse button to change a dimension.
4.) A dialog appears. Type in the new dimension and click onto OK.
5.) Repeat step 4 to modify more dimensions or
6.) Click onto the right mouse button to quit the command.

Rooms - Area
BUILDING - ROOMS AREA
exclusively

This command calculates the area of any room on the drawing.

Quick Guide:

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1.) Select this command.

2.) CADdy++ calculates and displays the area of the room(s) present on the drawing.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-149

Cable / Wire
Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting CABLE/WIRE from the menu,
when Installation plans are constructed.

Spline
CABLE / WIRE SPLINE
exclusively

This command draws connections (cables) between symbols on installation plans.

IEC 61082-4 describes two different methods of illustrating an installation plan
(e.g. installation diagram): Either with straight lines or with curved lines ("splines").
CADdy++ supports both methods.

NOTE:

This command supports curved lines ("splines").

CADdy++ can calculate the length of a given cable / wire by identifying heights on symbols and
connected cables. This requires the cable / wire to be drawn with the Cable / Wire - Line
command (see page E-151) instead of this command.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Symbols must be present on the drawing before activating this command:

2.)

Select this command.

3.)

Pick the first symbol from where the connection shall begin:

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4.)

Pick the second symbol where the connection shall end. CADdy++ ET automatically
connects the symbols in a straight line.

5.)

Move the cursor slightly so a curved line occurs. Adjust the curved line as desired and
click onto the left mouse button when in position.

6.)

Click onto the right mouse button when the connection is completed:

7.)

To continue the connection: Repeat step 4-6 until complete.

8.)

Quit the command by clicking onto the right mouse button.

9.)

If desired: Double-click on any cable to display and/or modify the properties.

10.)

The following dialog appears:

11.)

Change the values as desired, and click onto OK.

HINT 1:

The cable / wire is handled as a Multicore Cable. Press and hold [Ctrl] key and
double-click on any cable to display and modify the multicore properties.

Line
CABLE / WIRE LINE
exclusively

This command draws connections (cables) between symbols on installation plans.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-151

IEC 61082-4 describes two different methods of illustrating an installation plan

(e.g. installation diagram): Either with straight lines or with curved lines ("splines").
CADdy++ supports both methods.

NOTE:

This command supports straight lines.

CADdy++ can calculate the length of a given cable / wire by identifying heights on symbols and
connected cables. This requires the cable / wire to be drawn with this command. If calculation is
not required, the command Cable / Wire - Spline command (see page E-150) can be used as an
alternative way to illustrate the connections on the installation plan.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Symbols must be present on the drawing before activating this command:

2.)

Check carefully the default cable height setting in Properties Page Installations (see
page E-43).

3.)

Select this command.

4.)

Pick the first symbol from where the connection shall begin:

5.)

Pick the second symbol where the connection shall end. CADdy++ ET automatically
connects the symbols in a straight line.

6.)

Keep the cursor in the position and click onto the left mouse button:

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7.)

Click onto the right mouse button when the connection is completed:

8.)

To continue the connection: Repeat step 4-6 until complete.

9.)

Quit the command by clicking onto the right mouse button.

10.)

If desired: Double-click on any cable to display and/or modify the properties.

11.)

The following dialog appears:

12.)

Change the values as desired, and click onto OK.

HINT 1:

The [Length] is calculated by CADdy++. See detailed description in chapter Cable /

Wire Height (see below).

HINT 2:

The cable / wire is handled as a Multicore Cable. Press and hold [Ctrl] key and
double-click on any cable to display and modify the multicore properties.

Height
CABLE / WIRE HEIGHT
exclusively

This command modifies the height on any cable drawn with the Cable / Wire - Line command
(see page E-151).

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CADdy Commands E-153

By default, cables (drawn as a line) are set with the height as stated in Properties Page Installation plans (see page E-40).

Quick Guide:
1.)

One or more cable / wires drawn as a line must be present on the drawing before
activating this command:

2.)

Select this command. A

3.)

Pick the desired cable / wire, and click onto the left mouse button.

4.)

A dialog appears, displaying the actual height.

5.)

Type in the new height and press [Enter].

6.)

Repeat step 3 - 5 for any other cable or

7.)

Click the right mouse button to quit.

appears.

Example:
Two symbols are inserted on an installation plan. The height on both symbols is stated as 1.000
(mm above floor level).
The distance between the symbols is 2.500 mm, which is equal to the cable length, if the height
of the cable is = 1.000 (mm above floor level).
Changing the height of the cable to 2.000 mm will change the cable length to 4.500, since the
cable has to change the route from symbol 1 (H = 1.000 mm) + up (2.000 1.000 = 1.000 mm)
+ across (2.500 mm between symbols) + down to symbol 2 (2.000 1.000 = 1.000 mm). This
gives a total length of 1.000 + 2.500 + 1.000 = 4.500 mm.

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Functions - Common Commands

Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting FUNCTION from the menu, and
are available during construction of some or all kind of document.

Type Database
FUNCTIONS TYPEDATABASE

economy: This command is used to manipulate the type database.

HINT 1:

Types for objects are selected by double-clicking on a symbol. Within the symbol
to view the contents of the type database and pick a desired
dialog, click onto
type.

Please note, that its only possible to manipulate the type database via this command. When
picking types from the dialog box, its only possible to select.
The type database can handle sub-types, sub-sub types etc. This is convenient when handling
types-in-types.

Example:

For example, a signal lamp itself could be the main type, that are picked from the
Type Database to the object. However, the lamp in fact consists of various subtypes such as lamp glass, transformer, lamp holder, incandescent lamp etc.

TYPE 1234

- Signal lamp 1

- SUBTYPE

ABC

- Lamp glass (red)

FGH

- Transformer 230/12 V

JKL

- Lamp Holder

PQR

- Incandescent lamp 12 V

CCA

- Lamp glass (green)

FGH

- Transformer 230/12 V

JKL

- Lamp Holder

PQR

- Incandescent lamp 12 V

and

TYPE 6789

- Signal lamp 2

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

- SUBTYPE

CADdy Commands E-155

To be able to pick type 1234 (red signal lamp) and type 6789 (green signal lamp) from the
database, the following types must be created separately:

ABC

- Lamp glass (red)

CCA

- Lamp glass (green)

FGH

- Transformer 230/12 V

JKL

- Lamp Holder

PQR

- Incandescent lamp 12 V

After creating the sub-types, the main types can be created:

1234

- Signal lamp (red)

Includes item no. ABC,

FGH, JKL and PQR.

6789

- Signal lamp (green)

Includes item no. CCA,

FGH, JKL and PQR.

The total parts list including various sub-types, sub-sub types etc. are generated via the List of
Parts Exploded (see chapter F).

NOTE:

All relevant information from the type database is transferred and saved within the
workspace. This ensures, that the workspace file (*.cpj) contains all the necessary
information to open the workspace without external references.

When the command is activated, the Type Explore dialog box appears with various options.
Supplier enables you to add or delete
supplier(s) to the type database as you wish.
Goods-Group: Each supplier consists of a
various numbers of goods-groups. In the
example above, K Coil is the first goodsgroup of the supplier Demo. You may add
or delete goods-groups as you wish.
(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog(s)
box may appear).

E-156 CADdy Commands

The Show function toggles between two

different ways of presenting the contents of
the type database: Supplier -> GoodsGroup > Type OR GoodsGroup -> Supplier -> Type
CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

> Type OR GoodsGroup -> Supplier -> Type.

Functions allows for various properties for
each type to be set up. See description
below.
You may Import from an Excel spread page
or from a file who supports the ECAD norm.
See description below.
The types, which belongs to the selected
type, are displayed in the tree-structure and
in an additional window.
The contents of the folder marked with a "V"
(for example
) are displayed in a separate
part of the dialog. The active type are marked
with a
.
New types are inserted by clicking onto the
empty field marked with a
and type.
The database can handle types-in-types. See
description above.
The property of the active type (see above)
are displayed in a separate window.

New properties are inserted by clicking onto

and select
the empty field marked with a
a kind of property by clicking onto . The
property options are set up via FUNCTIONS TYPE PROPERTY SETUP (see description
below).
Sub types are assigned to the current type
by clicking onto
. This will open the Select
Type dialog, e.g. the sub type shall exist to
be assigned to the current type.
Channels for the current type are defined by
clicking onto
within the bottom of the
dialog (see description below).

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CADdy Commands E-157

Channel principle:

The CADdy++ channel tool is a multi functional tool. The primary purpose is to keep track of the
utilization for each component in the different kind of documents where it is represented.
The channel tool is initialized by selecting a specific type from the Type Database (this chapter).
The tool will then take over control of numbers of contacts, inserting contact mirror's allocating
correct symbols within each kind of documentation etc.

NOTE 1:

The channel tool are 100% relating on the information defined by the user within
the Type Database. Make sure that the definition for each type is correct to make

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the Type Database. Make sure that the definition for each type is correct to make
the channel tool work properly.
NOTE 2:

The sequence of channels within any type is of no importance. For example the
coil of a relay coil may be defined as Channel 4, while contacts may be
Channel 1, 2, 3 etc.

Quick Guide - Define channels

Within the Property part of the dialog, a separate line is used to define separate channels for the
active type, which are always marked with a
.
1.)

Activate the command by clicking onto

at [Channels]. The following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

2.)

Modify (or delete) any existing record marked with a

is displayed.

3.)

Select the type ID Circuit diagrams for the current type by activating the field and click
onto the .

3.)

Type the connection text(s), separated by a "," for example "11,12".

4.)

Symbol Circuit diagrams: Pick a symbol representative within the circuit diagrams by
clicking onto
. The symbol selector will appear, listing the symbol databases which are

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

or add a new record where the

CADdy Commands E-159

available. Find an appropriate symbol by exploring the databases. Click OK to select the
symbol.
5.)

CADdy++ will automatically fill in the "ID Circuit diagrams" based upon information from
the selected symbol in step 4.)

6.)

Reference Symbol Circuit diagrams: Pick a symbol for reference purposes within the
circuit diagrams by clicking onto
. The symbol selector will appear, listing the symbol
databases which are available. Find an appropriate symbol by exploring the databases.
'Mirror contacts' are stored within the 'Types' database. Click OK to select the symbol.

7.)

If desired: Repeat step 4.) re. symbol representation within installation drawings and / or
cabinet representation.

NOTE 3:

To make full control of connection points, ANY symbol attached shall have
electrical connection points included.

NOTE 4:

A main contact (for example the breaker within a contactor) shall be defined as
one channel opposite the technique in CADdy Classic. For example the main
contacts can have the terminals 'U1,V1,W1,U2,V2,W2' (all written in one line as
one channel).

Type Property Setup

By selecting FUNCTION - TYPE PROPERTY SETUP the property dialog appears. Below a
separate description of each option are given.
(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog(s) box may appear).
In the Property filed, an internal CADdy++ number are
given. If the text within the fields appears in red, it can not
be changed. If the text appears in black (e.g. if you add a
property yourself), the text is changeable.
You may add properties yourself at the end of list, at the
record are marked with a
.
In the Description field, a descriptive text can be inserted.
Please note, that most of the existing texts within CADdy++
ET are in line with the German ECAD exchange format for
type databases.
Selecting Show will enable the property to be shown in the
main dialog, when adding new properties to a type.

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Selecting Default will automatically feed the selected

property to the class of properties attached when new
types are created in the Type Database.

Import from MS Excel spread page

By selecting IMPORT - IMPORT FROM EXCEL the import dialog appears. Below a separate
description of each option are given.
NOTE:

Microsoft Excel shall be installed on your computer to enable this feature in

CADdy++.

(NOTE: Various contents within the following dialog(s) box may appear).
Select the actual page to import
from.

This part of the dialog indicates

which column from Excel should
be imported to dedicated
standard columns in the
typedatabase.

In this section, other data fields

may be linked with optional
columns in the spreadpage.
The selection of fields in the
typedatabase can be selected by
clicking onto .
Various fields in the database
matches the ECAD norm.

Former settings can be loaded

by clicking onto "Load settings"
(
d
* t f)

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-161

(saved as *.tpf)
Actual settings can be saved by
clicking onto "Save settings"
(*.tpf).

Import from ECAD norm

By selecting IMPORT - IMPORT FROM ECAD NORM the import ECAD dialog appears.
Quick Guide:
1.) State the ECAD filename (*.vgr) and assign a
supplier name.
2.) Press "Import" to import from the ECAD file.

(NOTE: Various contents within the

dialog(s) box may appear).

Update Type Information

FUNCTIONS UPDATE TYPE INFORMATION
exclusively

economy:
Each type in the Type Database contains multiple information.
When a specific type in the database are selected (and linked to a component), all information
are transferred from the database to the workspace itself. Hereby all relevant information are
included in the workspace, so this can be distributed as a unit.
However, types in the database are occasionally updated.
This command updates all data from the database to types used within the active workspace.

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Change Norm page

FUNCTIONS CHANGE NORMPAGE

professional: This command is used for changing the drawing page (normpage) on every page
within the workspace.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the function.
2.) A dialog appears. Select a new template from a range of templates, and click OK.
3.) The drawing page are automatically changed in all pages in the workspace.
CAUTION:

Its not possible to undo this command.

Pick List
FUNCTIONS PICK LIST

professional: This command is used for tracking components on the desired kind of document.
The pick list is a global function, which works on any kind of document (circuit diagram,
installation plan, cabinet lay-out etc.) within CADdy++.
The basic function is to feed the user with components which exists in the database, but not on
the actual kind of document.
Example:

Assuming the document kind is a cabinet lay-out, the pick list will show all
components which are inserted in the circuit diagrams etc., but not in the cabinet
layout, and vice versa.

NOTE 1:

If the pick list is empty, it's because all components (objects) already exists on the
actual kind of document!

NOTE 2:

The basis for CADdy++ ET to insert symbols on for example the cabinet layout is,
that the selected type of each object contains symbols of various kinds, to be
inserted on the desired kind of document. This must be indicated in the Type

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-163

Database to ensure correct functionality.

Quick Guide:
1.) Be sure to pick the right kind of document (for example
this kind of document before activating the command.

) and open a page within

2.) Select the command from the menu or by clicking onto the icon.
3.) The following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

4.) If desired, set various filters on the present information by pointing at any field, and click onto
the right mouse button. See a detailed description in Viewing a DB list in chapter G.
5.) If desired, extra types may be added to the list from the Type Database (see page E-155) by
clicking onto "Add component from type library".
6.) Select the objects to be inserted on the page by pointing at each item. Press and hold the
[SHIFT] key adds groups of components in sequence, while press and hold the [CTRL] key
picks various objects (basic Windows commands).
7.) If desired, state the position and distance for the selected components to be inserted on the
page.

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8.) Click onto "Load".

9.) State the starting point for inserting the objects, and continue this operation until all selected
objects are inserted.
If CADdy++ reports "Symbol xxxx not found in symbol folder yyyyy in symbol
database." while inserting objects, this may be because of incorrect or missing
type in the selected object.

NOTE:

Add database component

FUNCTIONS ADD DATABASE COMPONENT

professional:
If you are familiar with the exact type of the component that you want to insert on the circuit
diagram, you may use this command to select the component.
When selected, this command will provide you with the specific graphic representation and
prevent you for using wrong graphics or insert duplicate contacts.

NOTE 1:

It is essential that types are defined with channels within the typedatabase to make
the full benefit from this tool.

NOTE 2:

Any component with a attached with a specific type will be displayed according to the
information set within the type database. For example, contact numbers of a relay
will at any time overrule any attempt to insert contact numbers manually.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-165

Quick Guide
1.)

Select the command. The following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

2a.)

Click onto to expand the desired folders and select type(s) by double-clicking on the
desired items.

or
2b.)

Type a name that you are looking for at "Filter:" and press [ENTER] or click onto
to
look up strokes. You may type whole names or parts of it to look items up. Type "*" to
look up all types. The result(s) is listed in the middle of the dialog.
By default, CADdy++ will search for items among all suppliers. By typing a name and in
addition click on (e.g. expand) "Suppliers", the search will be limited to the selected
supplier.
The search expression is displayed as you navigate, for example searching for "lamp"
within supplier "Demo" will result in the following string:

. Click [Reset] to reset the search expression.

3.)

If desired, click the right mouse button to set one or more filters on the search results.

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4.)

If desired, click [Properties] to display the properties of the selected type. Contents of the
properties dialog are controlled via [Settings], whereas any information from the type
database can be switched on and off.

5.)

Double click on a desired type to select it. The selected type are displayed within the
right area of the dialog.

6.)

Click onto OK.

7.)

The Channel Selector appears. Pick the desired symbol to insert on the drawing by
clicking the left mouse button.

8.)

Insert the symbol on the drawing, and name the symbol.

The selected symbol are redrawn from the list of unused channels within the specific type. This
prevents you from multiple use of specific contacts within objects which has the same reference
designation.

NOTE 3:

The sequence of inserting symbols related to a specific object are of no importance.

For example you may select a contact from a relay coil first, and give the contact a
name (for example -K5). Later on you may insert the symbol for the relay coil itself
and add this to the reference designation -K5 and so on.

Read more about:

Complete database component on page E-167.
Symbol Dialog in chapter J.

Complete database component

FUNCTIONS COMPLETE DATABASE COMPONENT

professional:
This command is used to proceed inserting symbol(s) when a specific type are selected via the
Add database component (see page E-165) command.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-167

Quick Guide
1.)

Make sure that at least one symbol representation are present within the project. The
symbol shall have a reference designation (e.g. a name) to be identified.

2.)

Select the command. The following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

3.)

Select among present components to complete by typing keystrokes within the [Filter]
(optional).

4.)

Double click onto on a name to select it. The Channel selector appears:

5.)

Click onto the desired symbol to pick it.

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6.)

Insert the symbol on the drawing.

When the symbol is inserted on the drawing it will not longer be available for
inserting via this command, since it is already used. If you delete the symbol from the
drawing, it will be available again via this command.

NOTE:

Functions - Circuit Diagrams

Following are descriptions of the commands found by selecting FUNCTION from the menu,
exclusively when Circuit Diagrams are constructed.

Wire Numbering
FUNCTIONS WIRES WIRE NUMBERING
exclusively

economy:
The identification of wires is required when constructing machines in accordance with EN
60204-1 clause 14.7. CADdy++ ET conforms with this norm.
This command numbers or renumbers all wires within the active workspace.
professional:

Select between two different ways to enable numbering:

See Quick Guide Basic Wire Numbering or
Quick Guide Signal Numbering below.

Use the function Clear Numbering (see page E-175) to remove all wire numbers from the active
workspace.

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CADdy Commands E-169

Quick Guide Basic Wire Numbering:

1.)

Select the command.

2.)

The following dialog appears:

3.)

Select the method (Logic, Format) for numbering by clicking

below).

4.)

Click [RENUMBER]

(see description

CAUTION:

Its not possible to undo this command.

Wire Logic Potential numbering

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The logic potential numbering will provide any wire with the same electrical potential to be equal
numbered. Other wires with the same potential (see example below) gets the same equal
number.
High-risk circuits may need a fail-safe way of identifying each wire with a unique number. If so,
use the logic wire numbering instead.

Example potential numbering (consecutive numbers):

Wire Logic: Wire numbering

The logic wire numbering provides a fail-safe way of identifying wires, by giving each wire a
unique number. This is especially intended for high-risk circuits.

Example wire numbering, consecutive:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-171

Wire Logic: Number wires between different Function/Location

The logic Number wires between different Function/Location will enable CADdy++ to insert a wire
number on any wire between two symbols where either function (=) or location (+) is different
between these. Usually, a difference indicates that such a the wire is a cable, but this option
allows CADdy++ to insert a wire number anyway.

Format potential numbers

The format potential numbers makes the user define the start number as well as the step value.
Selecting
at Use potential names as wire numbers makes CADdy++ ET use the potential
name as a designation on the wire.

Format wire numbers

The format wire numbers provides various opportunities for numbering wires. The start number
and step value for "Number" are set individual.
Number

1, 2, 3, 4 etc. Numbers will be individual on all pages.

Page/Number

[Page].[Number]. The separator, start number and step

value can be set as desired.
Example: "23.5": Page 23, wire number 5.

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Page/Path/Number on page

[Page].[Path].[Number on page]. The separator, start

number and step value can be set as desired.
Example: "23.2.5": Page 23, path 2, wire number 5.

Page/Path/Number in path

[Page].[Path].[Number in path]. The separator, start

number and step value can be set as desired.
Example: "23.2.1": Page 23, path 2, wire number 1 in
path 2.

means that numbers is increased as indicated in the field start number and step value.

Separator
You may choose any separator for use between page (path) and number from the pick list.

Range: Renumber all wires and

The renumber all wires means that all wires in every page will be (re)numbered with the
selected style and format.
You may select all wires (including locked wires) or non-locked wires.
NOTE:

Wires are locked by double-clicking on it, and set the field [Lock wire]

You can edit any wire number by double-clicking on it. If the line represents more
than one wire (e.g. has two numbers on it), the dialog box will appear in
sequence.
By default CADdy++ sets the wire number to "@", which means that the wire has
no number (no designation). This applies to all wires until the wire numbering
command has been used once. The "@" is not transferred to any lists.

Quick Guide Signal Numbering:

professional:
is set within Properties If Signal handling of wires is active e.g. the
Circuit Diagrams on page E-30, another dialog appears for customizing the wire logic:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-173

1.)

Select the desired signal(s) to number by clicking the pull-down menu [Signal(s)]. Select
"All signals" to number all present signals.

2.)

Select to generate (insert) or delete number on the selected signals as desired.

3.)

If desired: Select additional numbers to include (Non-locked wires and/or locked wires).

4.)

Click [OK] to execute the command.

Example:
The following example illustrates two connections, -K1:12 to P1:1 and K2:1 to P1:1. Wires
are assigned with:

Wire numbers (in BLUE text, marked with a

) as well as

Signal designations (in GREEN text, marked with a

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):

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

The wire numbering starts from "1" in steps of "1".

The signal designation is "CON", start numbering from "50", divided by separator "."
The example illustrates, that two wires may have individual wire numbers (respectively "1" and
"2") as well as a common signal designation "CON.50". Both wires carries the same signal, in
this case an electrical potential.

Clear Numbering
FUNCTIONS WIRES CLEAR NUMBERING
exclusively

economy:
This command clears all wire numbers in the active workspace.
professional: To clear signal numbers as well as wire numbers, use the Wire Numbering (see
page E-169) command, and select the option "Delete numbers on signal(s)".

CAUTION:

Its not possible to undo this command.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-175

Clear selected
FUNCTIONS WIRES CLEAR SELECTED
exclusively

economy:
This command clears selected wire number(s) in the active workspace.
CAUTION:

Its not possible to undo this command.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select the wires for which the numbers should be deleted. By pressing SHIFT while selecting
wires, you can add or remove as many wires to the selection as desired.
2.) Select the command. The selected wire-numbers are deleted.

Wire Direction
FUNCTIONS WIRES CHANGE WIREDIRECTION
exclusively

economy:
This command toggles the direction of a junction point.
CADdy++ ET always works with wire direction in the background, even though its not shown on
the drawing. This ensures, that you are able to decide in what direction the wire must go, if this
is of importance.
The properties for wires are set up in the dialog for Properties - Circuit Diagrams on page E-30.
The wire direction takes effect in the List of Wires.

Quick Guide:
1.) Select this command. The direction of all wires appears.
2.) Point exactly at the connection point to change (toggle) the direction. CADdy++ ET only
suggests the legal directions.
3.) Quit the command by clicking the right mouse button.

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There are 8 possible directions.

NOTE:
Example 1

Direction: From down to right.

Example 2

Direction: From up to right.

Example 3

Direction: From down to left.

Wire Properties
FUNCTIONS WIRES PROPERTIES / Double-click on wire
exclusively

economy:
This command enables you to add properties to each wire separately. The wire properties take
effect in the List of Wires (see chapter F).

Quick Guide:
1.)

Select this command. A

appears.

HINT 1:

You can double-click on a wire to activate this command. In this case, go to step 3.).

HINT 2:

You can assign properties for more than one wire be selecting (highlight) and
double-click on the drawing. The properties within the dialog will be assigned to all
selected wires when clicking [OK].

2.)

With the
present, identify the wire to which you wish to add properties, and click the
left mouse button.

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CADdy Commands E-177

HINT 3:

3.)

Select all wires by pressing CTRL+A. Double-click anywhere on the drawing to open
the wire dialog.

The following dialog box appears:

You may fill in the different properties as desired.

By marking
at the Wire-number, you can make it visible on the drawing if desired.
++
Default CADdy sets the wire number to "@", which means that the wire has no number
(no designation). This applies to all wires until the Wire Numbering (see page E-169)
command has been used once. The "@" is not transferred to any lists.
To fix any wire number, type in the value in "Wire-number" and set the field [Lock wire] to
.
Signal designation may be assigned to a wire. Please see Properties - Circuit Diagrams
on page E-30 for further details.

4.)

Click onto [OK] to assign the values to the wire(s).

5.)

Quit the command by clicking the right mouse button.

HINT 4:

Colour Codes shall be in accordance with IEC 60757.

HINT 5:

You can manipulate multiple information about wires in the database. See Wire
Editor in chapter G.

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Swap Connection
FUNCTIONS SWAP CONNECTION
exclusively

This command enables you to swap connections on symbol(s).

Any terminal within a terminal row on a circuit diagram has two connections: "Up" and "Down".
CADdy++ determines this as connection point 0 and connection point 1:

It is possible to swap "up" with "down" e.g. connection point 0 with connection point 1 as
desired. This is practical, since there are no specific rules for drawing "up" and "down" (or
"inside" versus "outside") in a circuit diagram.
Swap connection takes effect in the List of Wires (chapter F) and the Terminal Matrix (chapter
F).

Quick Guide:
1.)

To determine connection point 0, activate the command Show Connection Points (see
page E-89). Connection point 0 are identified as the black dot:

2.)

Select (see page E-69) the symbol(s) on which terminals are to be swapped.

3.)

Activate this command.

4.)

Connection point 0 are swapped with connection point 1 on the selected symbol(s):

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CADdy Commands E-179

Example:
Two terminals (-X11:1 and X11:2) are connected to a pushbutton (-S1:3 and S1:4) "outside"
(+A4) the switchboard. Since the terminals and the pushbutton are drawn in the same path, it is
necessary to swap the terminal points on the terminal below the pushbutton:

Redefine Target(s) on Terminal(s)

FUNCTIONS REDEFINE TARGET(S) ON TERMINAL(S)
exclusively

This command enables you to redefine connections on terminals e.g. define if the connection
is internal or external and reset this selection if necessary.
Whereas the command Swap Connection (see page E-181) changes the orientation of
connections permanent, this command only change the orientation by manipulating the
information within the project database, and an therefore provides a more comprehensive reset.

Quick Guide:
1.)

Select the terminal(s) you wish to manipulate. Press SHIFT while selecting to select
more than one terminal.

2.)

The following dialog appears, initialized with the first terminal:

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(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

3.)

Swap the connection between internal or external by clicking the

desired.

4.)

Change the sorting order by changing the value in column Sort.

5.)

If desired: Reset the sorting value by clicking the [Set default value: Sort] button.

6.)

If desired: Reset the internal / external value by clicking the [Set default value: External]
button.

7.)

Click onto [OK] to continue to the next selected terminal (if any).

at Extern as

NOTE:

Multi stock terminals (terminals in more than one layer) is displayed in one
sequence.

Update Connection Number

FUNCTIONS UPDATE CONNECTIONNUMBER FROM
CONNECTIONTEXT

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

exclusively

CADdy Commands E-181

This command enables you to toggle the sequence of the connection numbers on any contacts.
In the Type Database (see page E-155), the sequence of the numbers on contacts is given via a
separator ;. If the number sequence on the graphical symbol doesnt fit the database, this
function is used to re-define them. The correction only takes effect on the actual symbol in the
drawing.
If the sequence must be kept, the symbol must be saved again in the symbol-library .

Example:
1.) When taking-over the numbers from the database, the sequence of the
numbers are wrong, since the COMMON, NO and NC numbers are
switched:

2.) Double-click on the symbol, to activate the dialog box:

3.) Type the correct sequence of the connection texts, e.g.:

IMPORTANT: The first connection MUST begin with zero (0).

4.) Click OK. The contact numbers are changed:

5.) Select the symbol (highlighted in red), and activate this function
(FUNCTIONS UPDATE CONNECTION NUMBER FROM
CONNECTIONTEXT).
When the numbers are wiped out, the sequence is changed:
6.) Re-link the symbol to the coil, by double-clicking on the symbol, and add a
name (e.g. 1K1) in the dialog box. Click OK.

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name (e.g. 1K1) in the dialog box. Click OK.

7.) The sequence is changed now:

Autodiagram
FUNCTIONS AUTODIAGRAM
exclusively

professional:
This command enables you to generate diagrams automatically from a MS Excel spread page
or a MS Access Database. Subsequently this manual only describes the spread page as an
example, however the same functionality can be carried out via the database.
The function AUTODIAGRAM almost eliminates the manual construction of diagrams. Before
this can be executed, careful planning must be carried out, and a consequent use of modules is
assumed.
This function operates by having a symbol library with a number of modules, showing the
electrical circuits etc. which are to be used in the documentation. Text reservations within the
modules could include a code ( ), which makes AUTODIAGRAM to insert texts from the spread
page instead. The modules shall include a begin point and an end point, before they are stored
in the library.
Via a MS Excel spread page the formula for which modules are to be picked from the library
and stored in a new workspace are given. Besides the modules, various new texts (referring to
code " " in the modules), page breaks etc. can be stated in the spread page as a part of the
formula. A batch job is stated in the spread page, and carried out via the AUTODIAGRAM
function.
Subsequently two steps in AUTODIAGRAMMING are described: Step one describes the basic
tasks there must be done before the function can be activated, while step two describes the
daily routine using the function.

STEP ONE- Basics - Quick Guide:

1.) Define the necessary basic drawing frame(s), which are to be used within the workspaces.
Read more about drawing frames in the chapter Templates (chapter K).

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CADdy Commands E-183

2.) Investigate, plan and define the necessary number of various modules, which are required
for your specific documentation.

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Example - module with a circuit breaker and a contactor:

The module shall as a minimum include two text reservations: begin-point and end-point
(shown above with a "B" (Begin) and a "E" (End)). The co-ordinates (X,Y) of each text indicates
the beginning respectively the end of the module. The begin-point and end-point are two texts
with the text attribute "Symbol Start Marker" and "Symbol End Marker". Pay close attention for
the location of (X,Y) for each text.
In addition to this, the modules can contain symbols, texts, electrical connections etc. Provided
that texts with a " " are inserted, AUTODIAGRAMMING can automatically change these texts
with texts from the spread page. As an example of this feature, the texts " D" ... " S" are
shown in the example above, whereas the connections on the contactor (connection 1 ... 6) are
permanent, and cannot be changed automatically.
NOTE:

No special attributes are required for texts including a " ". The text only need the
attribute required as for ordinary use. E.g. a "normal text", which are to be filled
automatically, shall have the attribute "Normal", a text reservation carrying the
type of a component shall have the attribute "Type" etc..

3.) When the modules are created, they must be stored in a dedicated library and in a dedicated

folder. For example "Autodiagrams" in the folder "My modules":

4.) When modules are stored, this can be done with or without activating the function Group
Selected (see page E-79). If symbols are stored without grouping selected, then editing each
item within the group will be possible without using Ungroup Selected (see page E-83) first.
5.) Create a MS Excel spreadpage, which at least contains the following information:

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CADdy Commands E-185

a.)

Workspace-information: A page containing the information usually given in

Workspace Information. This page contains general information such as the name
of customer, job no. etc.

b.)

Page-information: A page containing the information usually given in Page

Information. This page contains information like date, contents of each page etc.
The text(s) are inserted uniform on each page.

c.)

Module overview: A page containing an overview over all available modules and
related data.

d.)

Alias: A page containing alias names. An alias makes it possible to use a more
descriptive name within each texts ( ) inside each module.

e.)

Formula: A page containing the specific formula of which modules from the module
overview c.) to be used when activating the function "Autodiagram".

It is possible to insert more pages in the spreadpage, for example extra information of each
module, calculations etc., but this has no influence on the way that "Autodiagram" works.
HINT 1:

It is possible to use optional names for each page!

6.) Start CADdy++ and select the function "Autodiagram".

7.) Fill in the dialog "Autodiagram" as follows:
Workspace data range determines the page within the spreadpage,
which contains basic information for the workspace (see clause 5a.
above). It is necessary to obtain information about the different Text
ID's which can be seen in the chapter graphical lists (Chapter F).

(NOTE: Various
contents within the
dialog may appear).

I the example above, the information are located in the page

"Workspaceinform" from column A1 to column N4. Text ID are located
in row A, and related texts in column C.

Page data range determines the page within the spreadpage, which
contains the information for each page that are generated with the
function (see clause 5b. above). It is necessary to obtain information
about the different Text ID's which can be seen in the chapter
graphical lists (Chapter F).
(NOTE: Various

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

contents within the

dialog may appear).

In the example above, the information are located in the page

"Pageinformat" from column A5 to column N7. Text ID are located in
row A and related texts in row D.

Symbol data range determines the page within the spreadpage,

which contains information about the composition of the workspace
(see clause 5e. above). The page contains the "recipe" of the
workspace e.g. name on modules to be used, texts to be inserted etc.

(NOTE: Various
contents within the
dialog may appear).

In the example above, the information are located in the page

"Symboldata" from column A1 to column AA50. The symbol name
(module name) shall be located in column B, the name of the
normpage shall be in column C, and possible page break or similar
codes in column L.
If the name of the normpage linked to specific modules are identical
(in sequence), the Autodiagram function will feed the modules on the
same page until it's full. A new page are will be inserted, if the name
of the normpage are different from the previous module.
Code "S" inserted in column (L) in the spreadpage, will cause an
automatic page break after the module are inserted.

Alias data range, if used determines the page within the spreadpage
which contains information about alias (see clause 5d. above). An
alias offers the opportunity for more flexibility when inserting " " texts
in the modules.

(NOTE: Various
contents within the
dialog may appear).

In the example above, the information about alias shall be found in the
page "Alias-setup" from column A1 to column B10. The Aliasname
(indicated without " ") shall be found in column A, while the actual

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-187

name shall be found in column B.

Example: Alias " MY ALIAS" are typed in as "MY ALIAS" in column
A, and translated in column B to "F", which is the real
column F in the page used for symbol data range (see
above).
If alias not are used in the workspace, or if a name of an alias can't be
located in the table, then CADdy++ will see a " " as a direct address
to a column.
As an example " D" is a direct address to seek in column D, while for
example " MY ALIAS" first must be translated via the list of alias to
column "F".
CADdy++ will always seek any " " texts up in the list of alias, before
addressing directly. This means, that it is possible to "translate"
column " D" to column Z, by inserting "D" as an alias in the list of
alias.

Symbol database / folder determines in which database and in

which folder the modules must be loaded from.
(NOTE: Various
contents within the
dialog may appear).

In the example above, the database is "Autodiagrams" and the folder

is "My Modules".
NOTE: It's only possible to use one folder in one database for each
job.

Source file name determines which source file to be used for a

given job.
(NOTE: Various
contents within the
dialog may appear).

Position for symbols determines start point (X,Y) for the first
module. Max X determines maximum allowed X co-ordinate for the
last inserted module. If the size of the last module exceeds the Max X
value, CADdy++ will automatically swap to a new page (page break).

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CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

(NOTE: Various
contents within the
dialog may appear).

I the example above, the first module are inserted in co-ordinate (X,Y)
= (50,250). The next modules begin-point are inserted in the previous
modules end-point etc. until the end-point of a module are greater
than the Max X value. Subsequently a new page are inserted, and the
process begins again, until all modules stated in the formula (in the
spreadpage) are inserted into the workspace.

Start page determines the page number from where the job shall
begin with.
(NOTE: Various
contents within the
dialog may appear).

This enables more jobs to be run in the same workspace. For

example, the first job could begin on page 1, the next one on page
301 etc.

8.) Click onto "Create Diagrams" when the dialog are filled. Ignore eventual error-messages
stating that the start page shall be = 1000 (see step 2 below).
NOTE:

The contents of the dialog "Autodiagram" are stored in the Windows Registry
Editor when "Create Diagrams" are activated. It is possible to export these data.

STEP TWO- Using the function - Quick Guide:

1.) It is a condition, that all jobs in Step One (above) must be completed before going to this step
two.
2.) Fill in the spread page with the modules to be used in the actual job.
3.) Start CADdy++ and create page 1000.
4.) Open page 1000 (if any other page is opened, the function can't be activated).
5.) Select the function "Autodiagram" in CADdy++.
6.) State eventually a new "Start page".
7.) Click onto "Create Diagrams".
8.) The diagrams are now automatically created. CADdy++ indicates "Working on page: nnn" in
the lower window. When the job is done, the information "Diagrams Created!" are displayed
in the lower window.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-189

9.) Repeat step 5 - 8 if desired.

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Additional Tools
This section describes tools, which it not directly located in any menu or icon. These tools are
very practical and will improve your performance with CADdy++.

Navigator
IN CURSOR MODE ONLY: DOUBLE-CLICK ON ANY CROSSREFERENCE

economy:
This command enables you to jump easily to the page of the selected cross-reference.

Quick Guide:
1.) Pick a cross-reference on any relay, contact, potential etc.
2.) Double-click the "page.path" reference to jump to the actual page.
If nothing happens, it's probably because you're already on the actual page!

NOTE:

Select Component in Group

IN CURSOR MODE ONLY: PRESS CTRL + SHIFT TO SELECT A
COMPONENT IN A GROUP

When inserting groups (e.g. a collection of symbols including wires, stored in the
symboldatabase), the symbols included in the group are treated as one object.
If you don't want to Ungroup Selected (see page E-83) to modify the group, you can use this
command instead.

Quick Guide:
1.) Pick or insert any group on any page.
2.) Press and hold [SHIFT] and [CTRL] down while selecting objects (components) within the
group by clicking the left mouse button.
3.) The selected objects will highlight in red.

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-191

4.) Move, Copy or Erase Selected elements as desired.

Construction / Modification via Keyboard

DURING CONSTRUCTION OR MODIFICATION: USE THE
KEYBOARD FOR INPUT

[SPACEBAR]

Usually lines, circles, arcs etc. are constructed directly in a selected grid by clicking onto the left
mouse button. However, this is only useful when constructing diagrams, since the contents often
are related to a certain grid.
When more accuracy are required, for example when constructing small symbols or items with
many details, the cursor mode are often insufficient.
This command enables you to use the keyboard for exact input in co-ordinates, angles, lengths
etc. on-the-fly.
The following description covers EDIT functions like Move Selected, Rotate Selected, Scale
Selected, Mirror Selected, and DRAW functions like Line, Rectangle, Ellipse, Circle, Arc and
Polygon Area.

Quick Guide:
1.) Pick the EDIT- or DRAW-function you want to use (see above).
2a.) When stating the first point (starting point, centre etc.) press onto the left mouse button for
construction or modification via the cursor only
OR
2b.) Press the [SPACEBAR] for exact construction or modification via the keyboard, by filling in
the fields in the dialog which appears.
3.) Repeat step 2a or 2b as you please. This means, that the first step can be stated via exact
co-ordinates, and the next step via the mouse only - or vice versa or both!

Example:
The following example illustrates the constructing of a Circle: First step gets through with the
cursor only, while the next step gets through input via the keyboard.
1.) Pick the drawing function Circle (click onto

). The cursor-cross appears.

2.) Click onto the left mouse button anywhere to state the center of the circle:
3.) When moving the mouse, the diameter of the circle increases:

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However, this diameter (10,0 mm) is not precise enough. A diameter of 9,25 mm are desired.
4.) Press the [SPACEBAR]. The following dialog appears:

(NOTE: Various contents within the dialog may appear).

5.) Click onto the field "R" (Radius) and type "9.25":
6.) Press OK.
7.) A circle with the exact diameter of 9,25 mm now appears on the drawing:

CADdy++ Electrical Engineering

CADdy Commands E-193

Zoom Dynamic
IN CURSOR MODE ONLY: SCROLL THE MOUSE WHEEL

By press and hold [CTRL] while scrolling the wheel on the mouse (if present) it is possible to
zoom dynamically.

Quick Guide:
1.) Place the cursor in the center position of the desired zoom.
2.) Press and hold [CTRL] and gently push the mouse wheel to zoom in or out. The zoom will
center around the arrow.
3.) Reset the zoom to original size by selecting Zoom Original (see page E-87).

Pan Drawing
IN CURSOR MODE ONLY: USE THE MOUSE WHEEL

By using the wheel on the mouse (if present) it is possible to pan within the selected area of a
zoom.

Quick Guide:
1.) Make a zoom on the drawing. Use command Zoom Window or Zoom Dynamic.

2.) Pan the drawing by clicking onto the wheel mouse and move the cursor. A
to show the orientation of the selected move.

appears

3.) Reset the zoom to original size by selecting Zoom Original (see page E-87).

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Training Manual
SEE Electrical

V4R1:
Edition 01.06.2006
Modified: Oct. 2007

SEE Electrical
COPYRIGHT 2006 IGE+XAO. All rights reserved

Copyright
Copyright (c) June 2006 IGE-XAO. All rights reserved. No part of this manual, or any
portion of it, shall be reproduced, transcribed, saved or translated, under whatever form and
by whatever means, without written authorization from IGE-XAO, 25-27 bld Victor Hugo,
Immeuble Pythagore 31773 COLOMIERS CEDEX FRANCE.

Page A-2 / 309

Introduction

SEE Electrical

SEE Electrical
COPYRIGHT 2006 IGE+XAO. All rights reserved

Table of Contents
A

Introduction
A.1.

The Workspace ................................................................................ A-9

A.2.

Folders and files ............................................................................. A-11

Creating a new workspace

B-12

Drawing a circuit diagram

C-16

C.1.

Create Page 1 ................................................................................C-16

C.2.

Grid.................................................................................................C-17

C.3.

Draw Page 1...................................................................................C-17

C.4.

Work with a frame ..........................................................................C-24

C.5.

Create page 2.................................................................................C-25

C.6.

Draw page 2 ...................................................................................C-26

C.7.

Define cables..................................................................................C-46

C.8.

Using cross-reference symbols......................................................C-48

C.9.

Using Info text symbols ..................................................................C-50

C.10.

Page index .....................................................................................C-51

C.11.

Texts...............................................................................................C-52

C.12.

Print ................................................................................................C-55

Workspace lists

D-57

D.1.

Generate graphical lists .................................................................D-61

D.2.

Generate all desired graphical lists in one step .............................D-63

Insert other documents

E-64

Creating components

F-66

F.1.

Create a component: example ....................................................... F-66

F.2.

Change available symbols ............................................................. F-71

F.3.

SEE Electrical

A-9

F.2.1.

Delete elements................................................................ F-71

F.2.2.

Add elements.................................................................... F-72

F.2.3.

Add texts........................................................................... F-73

F.2.4.

Move texts ........................................................................ F-75

Graphics handling .......................................................................... F-79

Introduction

Page A-3 / 309

SEE Electrical
COPYRIGHT 2006 IGE+XAO. All rights reserved

F.4.

Using available components .......................................................... F-81

F.5.

Information about special components .......................................... F-82

F.5.1.

Contacts............................................................................ F-82

F.5.2.

Terminals .......................................................................... F-83

F.5.3.

Cross-reference symbols.................................................. F-84

F.5.4.

Info text symbols............................................................... F-85

F.5.5.

Components with auxiliary contacts ................................. F-85

F.5.6.

PLC-components .............................................................. F-87

F.6.

Information about inserting components ........................................ F-90

F.7.

Information about Symbol databases............................................. F-91

Groups
G.1.

Create a group: example................................................................G-95

G.2.

Ungroup Selected elements.........................................................G-100

G.3.

Motor Terminals and Similar Components...................................G-100

G.4.

Using Black Boxes .......................................................................G-100

Templates and Normsheets

Create a normsheet......................................................................H-101

H.2.

Create a Page template ...............................................................H-105

H.3.

Create a Workspace template......................................................H-107

H.4.

Create Forms/Templates for Graphical lists ................................H-109

H.5.

Formatting Graphical Lists .............................................H-113

Quickreference Templates and Normsheets ...............................H-116

External Data Transfer

I-118

I.1.

Data transfer through DWG/DXF/DXB format .............................. I-118

I.2.

Pixel Images Transfer ................................................................... I-119

Easy editing in Database lists

J-121

Contact mirror and Type Database

K-122

K.1.

Manipulating the Type Database ................................................. K-122

K.2.

Using types in Circuit diagram ..................................................... K-127

K.3.

Auxiliary contacts overlapping and subtypes ............................... K-129

K.4.

Management of cables ................................................................. K-132

K.5.

Import and export article master data .......................................... K-134

Wire properties
L.1.

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H-101

H.1.

H.4.1.

G-95

L-138

Wire direction ............................................................................... L-138

Introduction

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COPYRIGHT 2006 IGE+XAO. All rights reserved

Change targets............................................................................. L-139

L.3.

Define a LINK ............................................................................... L-142

L.4.

Working with automatically generated connections ..................... L-143

L.5.

Graphical wire numbering ............................................................ L-145

L.6.

Signal properties, wire colour and wire size................................. L-145

Personal notesTerminal matrix

M-148

M.1.

Generate a terminal matrix.......................................................... M-148

M.2.

Create a template for a terminal matrix....................................... M-149

M.3.

Search objects via potentials ...................................................... M-156

M.4.

Handling deck terminals .............................................................. M-156

More about cables

N-159

N.1.

User-defined cable symbols.........................................................N-159

N.2.

Cable management with the help of the Type database..............N-160

Cable plan with graphics

O-162

O.1.

Create a Cable plan with graphics ...............................................O-163

O.2.

Create a template for cable plans ................................................O-164

Function and Location

P-166

Revision management

Q-171

Complex changes in the database lists

R-172

SEE Electrical

L.2.

R.1.1.

Product editor .................................................................R-172

R.1.2.

Terminal editor ...............................................................R-172

R.1.3.

Cable editor ....................................................................R-173

R.1.4.

Wire editor ......................................................................R-174

R.1.5.

Function/Location editor .................................................R-174

R.1.6.

Document editor .............................................................R-174

Advanced processing of a project

S-175

S.1.

Add and delete pages .................................................................. S-175

S.2.

Copy pages .................................................................................. S-175

S.3.

Change page templates ............................................................... S-175

S.4.

Translate ...................................................................................... S-176

S.5.

Lookup in the translation database .............................................. S-178

S.6.

Completing components .............................................................. S-179

S.7.

PLC- Functionalities: .................................................................... S-181

Introduction

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S.8.

Customizing Workspace/Page information window ..................... S-183

S.9.

User-defined SQL-queries ........................................................... S-184

S.9.1.

Creating an SQL-query for adding a database list in the

Workspace tree ............................................................................ S-184

S.9.2.
S.10.

User-defined workspace/page/component texts.......................... S-191

Terminal plan with graphics

Generate a terminal plan with graphics ....................................... T-194

T.2.

Create a form for a terminal plan ................................................. T-195

Symbols for terminal plan ............................................... T-199

Terminal Plan (multi level)

U-200

U.1.

Generate Terminal Plan (multi level)............................................U-200

U.2.

Generate a template for the Terminal Plan (multi level) ..............U-203

U.3.

Symbols available for the Terminal plan (multi level)...................U-208

U.4.

Header Symbols and End Symbols .............................................U-214

Multicores
V.1.

T-194

T.1.

T.2.1.

Definition of graphical formulas ...................................... S-190

V-215

Using multicores........................................................................... V-215

Auto Diagram - Introduction

W-218

W.1.

Introduction.................................................................................. W-218

W.2.

Create symbols (Groups) ............................................................ W-218

W.3.

Page templates ........................................................................... W-220

W.4.

Excel-spreadsheet....................................................................... W-221
W.4.1. Project data (ProjectInfo) ............................................... W-221
W.4.2. Page data (PageInfo) .................................................... W-222
W.4.3. Select symbol (Symbols) ............................................... W-223
W.4.4. Defining Alias names ..................................................... W-223

W.5.

Automatically generate the circuit diagram ................................. W-224

W.5.1. The function Autodiagram ............................................. W-225

W.6.

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Examples..................................................................................... W-234

List and label editor - introduction

X-235

X.1.

Create label template ................................................................... X-235

X.2.

Files for label templates ............................................................... X-241

X.3.

Change label templates ............................................................... X-241

X.4.

Print labels.................................................................................... X-241

X.5.

List template - objects .................................................................. X-241

Introduction

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COPYRIGHT 2006 IGE+XAO. All rights reserved
X.5.1.

List title (text object) ....................................................... X-242

X.5.2.

Header lines ................................................................... X-242

X.5.3.

Group header ................................................................. X-242

X.5.4.

Group Footer Lines ........................................................ X-243

X.5.5.

Data lines........................................................................ X-243

X.5.6.

Footer line....................................................................... X-243

X.5.7.

List footer line (text object) ............................................. X-243

X.6.

Files for list templates .................................................................. X-243

X.7.

Create a list template ................................................................... X-243

X.8.

Edit lists ........................................................................................ X-247

X.8.1.

Change column titles (header lines)............................... X-247

X.8.2.

Change a list (font size, fields order, add or delete fields) ... X-

249

X.9.

X.10.

X.8.3.

Change the list title ......................................................... X-251

X.8.4.

List title with questions ................................................... X-252

X.8.5.

List title with generation date.......................................... X-254

Filtering in lists.............................................................................. X-255

X.9.1.

List of parts for a particular manufacturer ...................... X-255

X.9.2.

List of parts without terminals......................................... X-257

Calculations.................................................................................. X-258
X.10.1. Calculation of order costs ............................................... X-258

X.11.

Line numbering............................................................................. X-260

X.12.

Define SQL-queries...................................................................... X-261

X.12.1. Join two lists ................................................................... X-261
X.12.2. Filtering double-records .................................................. X-265
X.12.3. Sorting a list .................................................................... X-266
X.12.4. Multiple printing of labels ................................................ X-271
X.12.5. Labels for component names with defined content ........ X-271

X.13.

Access tables ............................................................................... X-272

X.14.

Statement summary ..................................................................... X-273

X.14.1. SQL-statements:............................................................. X-273
X.14.2. Commands in lists and labels......................................... X-278

Cabinet Layout
Y.1.

SEE Electrical

Y-281

Draw cabinet layouts .................................................................... Y-281

Y.1.1.

Module Cabinets............................................................. Y-281

Y.1.2.

Without module Cabinets ............................................... Y-287

Y.2.

Using layers.................................................................................. Y-292

Y.3.

Dimension .................................................................................... Y-292

Introduction

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AA

Page A-8 / 309

System settings

Z-297

Z.1.

Properties for Circuit diagrams..................................................... Z-298

Z.2.

Page Properties............................................................................ Z-299

Z.3.

Customizing the Interface ............................................................ Z-301

Command Bar

Introduction

AA-307

SEE Electrical

SEE Electrical
COPYRIGHT 2006 IGE+XAO. All rights reserved

INTRODUCTION

You will gain SEE Electrical experience using this training manual step by step.
If you have already worked with CADdy++ /SEE electrical, you can follow the examples step by
step. You will learn the fundamental SEE Electrical functions. The first chapters contain
information about the features used further in this Training Manual.
Chapters "Easy editing in database lists" to "Function and location" apply to SEE Electrical

standard, chapters "Complex changes in database lists" to "List and label editor - introduction"
apply only to SEE Electrical professional. Chapter "Cabinet Layout" requires SEE Electrical

standard, and some examples require the Cabinets module in addition.

Abbreviations used in this Training Manual:

Inputs are described as follows:
M

Select from pull-down menu

Select an element with the cursor

Keyboard entry

>

Select a field in a window

<Input> Type text or select element etc.

T

Click on tab in window

Select icon within toolbars

A.1. THE WORKSPACE

A Project in SEE Electrical contains at first circuit diagrams. Graphical lists are generated
automatically using the diagram information, for example:
List of products
List of terminals
List of PLC
List of wires

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List of cables
List of documents
etc.
Project data is used for the generation of the graphical list of terminals (in standard level, terminal
matrix, too), list of cables and list of products.
You can create drawings for cabinets or installations within one project.

SEE Electrical contains several modules that provide functions for drawing circuit diagrams,
installations, or cabinets. The availability of the appropriate module enables the realization of the
examples.
Other documents can be added to the workspace in the Other documents area, for example WinWord
files or Excel spreadsheets.
After starting SEE Electrical, two areas appear on the screen by default.
The Workspace/Symbols area is located on the left hand side in the SEE Electrical window. The
drawing area is located on the right hand side in the SEE Electrical window.

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Introduction

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COPYRIGHT 2006 IGE+XAO. All rights reserved
To display a list, go to the Workspace area, open Database lists and select the desired list.
You can toggle between Workspace and Symbols.

A.2. FOLDERS AND FILES

SEE Electrical uses the following folders and files:
< SEE Electrical

The program files of SEE Electrical are saved in this folder.

folder>
...\PROJECTS

In this folder, you find the default workspace files of SEE

Electrical.
Workspace files have a .CPJ extension.
...\SYMBOLS

Symbol databases in SEE Electrical are saved in this folder.

Symbol databases have in SEE Electrical an .CPS extension.
The type database (TYPES.CPS required in the standard and
professional levels) is also stored here.

....\TEMPLATES

In this folder, you will save templates for projects and drawings,
lists and labels, and Crystal Reports. Fonts are saved here, too.
CPJ: Project templates
TDW: Page templates
RPT: Crystal Reports
DAT: Fonts

In addition, SEE Electrical professional uses the following folders and files:

....\AUTOGEN

In this folder, you can find Excel spreadsheets for the automatic generation
of circuit diagrams.

...\TEMPLATES

In this folder, you can find the translation database TRANSLATION.MDB

used by SEE Electrical professional.

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CREATING A NEW WORKSPACE

Exercise 2-1:

Create a new workspace.

1.M

File

2.M

New / Workspace

3.>

File name

4.#

My project
You can type another workspace name.

5.>

Save
The workspace is created. A list of available templates appears.

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Creating a new workspace

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COPYRIGHT 2006 IGE+XAO. All rights reserved

6.>

<Template>
Select a workspace template.
A workspace template contains, for example, the number of paths in the drawing, etc. The SEE

Electrical package contains templates. Choose the Electrical template.

7.>

Click OK.
A dialogue box containing Workspace Information appears.

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In the header line of the dialogue box, you can see the name of the project (<name>.CPJ).
8.>

Description-line 01

9.#

Project example

10.>

Workspace created date

If the Workspace created date line is not visible,, please scroll down.
The Workspace created date field is filled in automatically.
After activating the Workspace created date line, two buttons appear on the right.

11.>

If you click

in the Workspace created date line, you can choose

the date.
Choose the desired date. SEE Electrical shows the date in the Workspace created date line..
If you click

Page B-14 / 309

, you can change the day, month, or year. The date can be changed.

Creating a new workspace

SEE Electrical

SEE Electrical
COPYRIGHT 2006 IGE+XAO. All rights reserved
12.>

Workspace created by

13.#

Enter your name.

You can enter additional information, if you wish.
The project information will be automatically inserted in the norm sheet of the circuit diagram if
there are available text placeholders.

Personal notes

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DRAWING A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

C.1. CREATE PAGE 1

Exercise 33-1:
1.>

You will now create the first page of the project.

Create page

in the Workspace Information dialogue box.

Click on

SEE Electrical shows the Page information dialogue where you can enter page data.

2.>

Page Description-line 01

3.#

Motors

4.>

Page
Number of the page: "1" (automatically suggested)

5.>

Page Created Date

SEE Electrical automatically inserts the current date. You can change the date by clicking
the fields

and

in the "Page
Page Created Date" line.

You can enter several page data if desired, for example Drawing number in the field Page
DescriptionDescription-line 04.
04

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6.>

OK
Close the dialogue box.

SEE Electrical opens now a norm sheet.

The page data will be automatically inserted in the norm sheet of the circuit diagram if
there are available text placeholders.
You can start drawing the circuit diagram.

C.2. GRID
The grid enables exact working. You can select a grid by clicking the
Toolbars. After clicking on the

icon in the

icon, the list of the default grid sizes appears.

If you choose Other, you can set your own grid size.
There is a function in the Style bar

for switching on and off the visibility of the grid.

C.3. DRAW PAGE 1

Exercise 33-2:

Insert the Power supply group.

Change the Workspace view into Symbols view.

The solution explorer is located on the left hand side in the SEE Electrical window. There are two tabs
in the bottom of this pane: Workspace tab and Symbols tab.

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If the Workspace area is not visible, click on the icon

1.T

Activate the Symbols tab

Exercise 33-3:

. The Workspace area appears.

Select the database that contains the symbols you wish to work with. In this case,

select EN61346EN61346-2UK.
1.

Double-click the symbol database Groups_1.

SEE Electrical opens the symbol database.

Various symbol folders are displayed.
2.

Open the symbol folder Examples by double-clicking on it.

All symbols are listed in the Symbols area.

3.

Click the group Power supplies.

supplies
When the cursor points at the symbol name, the symbol appears graphically in the bottom
pane.

4.

"Drag" the symbol to the desired place in the drawing sheet

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COPYRIGHT 2006 IGE+XAO. All rights reserved

5.+

"Drop" the power supply in path 0

6.>

Name

7.#

X1
Enter the name of the terminal strip.
Do not change the terminal number.
A dialogue box for the name of the first potential appears.

8.>

Name
Enter the name of the first potential.

9.>

OK
Click OK to accept the suggested name.
Use the same approach and accept the suggested names for the next four
potentials.

10.>

OK

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Close the dialogue box. The next terminals are automatically assigned to the
terminal strip X1.
Exercise 33-4:
1.M

File

2.M

Save

Exercise 33-5:

1.

Save the project.

Insert the group ThreeThree-phase motor direct.

direct

Move the cursor into the Symbols area.

2. Click the ThreeThree-phase
phase motor direct group in the Example symbol folder.
3. Drag, with the cursor, the ThreeThree-phase motor direct group with the cursor to the
drawing area.

4.+

Drop the group on the desired place in the sheet.

5.>

Component Name
The identification of the first terminal is asked.
The terminal strip X1 is suggested. Accept the suggested value.

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6.>

OK
Close the dialogue box.
The dialogue box for the Main relay-contact NO appears.

7.>

Component name

8.#

K?
You can enter the name of the Main relay-contact NO. But do not change it now,
because you do not know it yet.

9.>

OK
Close the dialogue box.
The next terminals are automatically assigned to the terminal strip.

Exercise 33-6:

1.

Insert the symbols for ThreeThree-phase motor reverse.

Move the cursor into the Symbols area.

Open the Motors and Generators symbol folder..
Select the ThreeThree-phase + PE symbol and drag it with the cursor through the workspace.

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4.+

Click in path 4 to drop the symbol there.

5.

Double-click the RelayRelay-contacts, MAIN symbol folder to open it, and select the 3-pole

NO contactor symbol.
6.

Drag the symbol with the cursor to the desired place in path 4 for this particular

case.
Click to drop the symbol.
7.>

The Component properties dialogue box appears.

From the drop-down list suggesting values for the Product field, select the name of your contact
for example, K1.

8.>

Click OK
Close the dialogue.

9.>

Insert the second main contact at the desired place, proceeding in the same way.
The Component properties dialogue box appears again. Enter a name for this contact as
described above for example, K2.

10.>

Click OK

Close the dialogue.

11.

Insert now terminal strip with 4 terminals open the Terminals symbol folder and select the 4

terminals 90 vertical symbol.

Insert it at the desired place (for this example in path 4) following the same way as described for the
previous symbols.
Name the four terminals accept the names suggested in the corresponding Component properties
dialogues.
12.

Open the Protective devices folder.

Select the 3-pole trip breaker
breaker hand symbol, for example, and drag it to path 4. Drop the symbol
at the appropriate place by clicking with the mouse.

13.

Right-click to finish inserting symbols.

You have positioned your symbols.

Exercise 33-7: Draw the 3-pole connections.

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1. Activate the Draw / Wire(s) / 3 Wires function.

2. Select, by a click, the starting point for the wire on the potential L1 exact (vertically) above the
connections of the first terminal (X1:1).
3. Select, by a click, the second point for the wire on the top connection of the first terminal (X1:1).
4. Three connections are drawn automatically: between the potential L1 and the first terminal (X1:1),
between the potential L2 and the second terminal (X1:2), and between the potential L3 and the third
terminal (X1:3).
They are automatically broken where the symbols are placed (for example, at the main relaycontact).
5. Draw now a 3-wire connection between the potentials L1, L2 and L3 and the motor: click to select
the starting point for the wire on the potential L1 exact vertically above the connection of the motor,
and then the ending point on the first connection (U1) of the motor..
The 3-wire connection between the three potentials and the motor is automatically drawn.
6. Now draw multiple orthogonal wires proceeding as follows:
Activate the Draw/Wire(s)/Orthogonal wiring (DRC) functionality.

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Click, for example, the connection between the potential L1 and the motor somewhere below
the contactor. Then click the connection 6 of the second contactor.
Similarly, click the connection 5 of the same contactor and then click the connection between
the potential L3 and the motor somewhere above the first contactor.
Hint 1: As you are moving the cursor, a dynamic visualization of the connection and contact points
occurs allowing you to see if the wires you are trying to draw are overlapping existing ones or are
violating symbols.
In such case, drawing is restricted since SEE Electrical automatically controls whether the desired
connection is possible.

Hint 2: The orthogonal

orthogonal wiring adds orthogonal wires from the starting to the ending point in one
operation and will try automatically to re-route the orthogonal wires if the default direction is restricted.
By default, it will try multiple patterns and use advanced multi-mode wiring.
7. Right-click to exit the drawing mode.
You have completed Page 1 of the circuit diagram.
Exercise 33-8:
1.M

File

2.M

Save

Save the project.

Save frequently your projects. You can also click on the

icon to save your project.

C.4. WORK WITH A FRAME

It is often necessary to zoom parts of the drawing.
Exercise 33-9:

Enlarge a frame of the circuit diagram.

1.M

View

2.M

Zoom Window

3.+

Click the first point of the rectangle outlining the area you want to zoom.

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COPYRIGHT 2006 IGE+XAO. All rights reserved
The rectangle is defined by two diagonally opposite points.
4.+

Click the second point of the rectangle opposite to the first.

You can choose the Zoom Window command by pressing the hot key F4.
F4
Exercise 33-10: Switch back to the general view of the circuit diagram.
1.M

View

2.M

Zoom Original

You can see the whole drawing again.

You can choose the Zoom Original command by pressing the hot key F3.
F3

Hint:

It is possible to zoom with a mouse wheel, pressing and holding down CTRL while scrolling

the mouse wheel upwards (enlarge) or downwards (decrease).

If you have a mouse wheel, press and hold it, then you can move the current frame of the drawing.

C.5. CREATE PAGE 2

Exercise 33-11: Create page 2 of the project.
1.M

File

2.M

New

3.M

Page
If this function is not active, click on Circuit diagrams in the Solution explorer area.. Choose File
> New > Page again.
The Page information dialogue box will appear.

4.>

Page description-line 01

5.#

Control gear

6.>

Page
Page number 2 is automatically suggested. Do not change it.

7.>

Page created date

The current date is displayed in the Page created date line.

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8.>

Click OK to close the dialogue box

The empty norm sheet will appear on the screen.
Now, you can start drawing the second page of the circuit diagram.

C.6. DRAW PAGE 2

Draw potentials L1 and N, some components and wires on page 2.
Exercise 33-12: Draw potential L1.

1.M

Draw

2.M

Potential

3.M

Top

4.>

Product (-)

5.#

L1
Type the name of the potential.

6.>

OK

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Close the dialogue.
Left to the potential, the cross-reference to the potential on page 1 appears automatically.
Exercise 33-13: Draw potential N. Change the line style before drawing: select "Dash" and blue colour.
1. In the Toolbar, click on

in the

icon.

Select "Dash".
Then, you can draw with a dashed line.
2. In the Toolbar, click on

in the

icon.

Choose blue colour. Afterwards, you can draw lines with blue colour.
Exercise 33-14: Draw the potential N.
1.M

Draw

2.M

Potential

3.M

Bottom

4.>

Product (-)

5.#

6.>

OK
The dialogue box closes.
Change the line style again - choose "Solid" line and black colour.

7.

In the Toolbar, change the line style - choose "Solid" line.

8.

In the Toolbar, change the colour - choose black.

Exercise 33-15: Insert the components.

Insert the first relay.

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Select the Symbol database EN61346EN61346-2UK.

2UK
1.

Move the cursor into the Symbols area.

If the symbol folder is not visible, browse through the symbol tree.
Double-click the EN61346EN61346-2UK Symbol database or click on the plus sign left to the
.

symbol folder
The symbol database opens.

The symbol folders in the symbol database are displayed.

2.

Double-click the Relay coils folder to open it.

If the desired symbol folder is not visible, scroll down the symbol tree to find it.

3.

Click the Relay coils 11-pole component..

4.

Move the cursor to the drawing.

Drag the relay with the cursor (the symbol is attached to the cursor).

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5.+

Drop the relay in the drawing in path 2 as shown above.

Below the relay, the contact cross appears.

Hint:: You can move the contact cross as desired.

Exercise 33-16: Insert a Switchgear one pole.

1.

Move the cursor to the Symbols area.

2.

Close the Relay coils symbol folder by clicking the minus sign left to the symbol folder

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3.

Double-click the Switchgear, one pole symbol folder to open it.

4.

Click the NO turn detent component.

5.

Move the cursor to the drawing area.

Drag the switchgear with the cursor (the symbol is attached to the cursor).

6.+

Drop the switchgear in the drawing in path 2 as shown above.

Exercise 33-17: Insert a Relay-contact NO.

1.

Move the cursor to the Symbols tree.

2.

Close the Switchgear one pole symbol folder by clicking on the minus sign left to the folder

name.
3.

Double-click the RelayRelay-contacts NO symbol folder..

4.

Click the 1-pole NO symbol

5.

Move the cursor to the drawing area.

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Drag the relay-contact with the cursor (the symbol is attached to the cursor).
6.+

Drop the symbol in path 2.

7.>

Product (-)
Type the name of the component which the contact must be assigned to.

8.#

1Q2
Click on the icon

right in the input line, a list of available contacts opens. Choose the contact

from this list.

9.>

Connection 00

10.#

13

Type the contact number.

11.>

Connection 01

12.#

14

Type the contact number.

13.>

OK

Close the dialogue box.

Hint:
Hint

You can call Symbols from the graphical overview, too. Right-click on the symbol folder within

the Symbol tree where the Symbol is located - In our example on Relay-contacts NO.
The context menu appears. Select Graphical Overview from the context menu.

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You can scroll forward or backward through the symbols by clicking the "<<Backw
<<Backward
<<Backward"
ard and the
"Forward>>
Forward>>"
Forward>> buttons. If you want to select a symbol, click in the desired field.

Exercise 33-18: Insert the terminals.

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1.

Move the cursor to the Symbols tree.

2.

Close the symbol folder RelayRelay-contacts NO by clicking on the Minus sign left to the folder

name.
3.

Double-click the Terminals symbol folder..

4.

Click the 1 terminal 90

90 vertical component.

5.

Move the cursor to the drawing area.

Drag the terminal with the cursor (the symbol is attached to the cursor).

6.+

Insert the symbol above the switchgear in path 2, first.

The terminal name is asked.

7.>

Product (-)

8.#

X2
Enter the terminal name.

9.>

Terminal number

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10.#

Enter terminal number 1.

11.>

Terminal Index

12.#

1
The terminal index is used for sorting the terminals in the terminals list in order to insert
terminals PE or N in the right place in the terminals list.

13.>

Type

14.#

WDU 2.5

Enter the type of the terminal.

15.>

OK

Close the dialogue box.

16.+

Place the next terminal below the switchgear in path 2.

The terminal name is asked.

17.>

Enter component name, terminal number and terminal index.

18.>

Type

19.#

WDU 2.5

Enter the type of the terminal.

20.>

OK
The box closes.

21.

Righ-click to finish.

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Exercise 3
3--19: Draw the wire.

1.M

Draw

2.M

Wire(s)

3.M

1 Wire
4.+Select the starting point for the wire on the potential L1 above the symbols.
5.+Select the second point for the wire on the potential N below the symbols.

6.

Right-click to finish drawing the wire.

7.

Right-click again, do not draw another wire.

The wire is drawn and automatically broken at the symbol's places.

Exercise 33-20: Change the line style and the colour of the wire between the relay coil and the
potential N.
1.+

Click on the wire.

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Right-click with the mouse.
2.M

Click Properties from the context menu .

3.>

Penstyle

4.>

Select the line "Dash" style.

5.>

Pencolour

6.>

Select blue colour.

7.>

OK
The colour and the line style of the wire have been changed.

Exercise 33-21: Copy the drawn path.

1.M

Edit

2.M

Select Single Element

You must select all of the symbols to be copied with a frame. The frame can be defined as a
rectangle by marking two opposite corners.

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(The selection is also possible without choosing the Select function if the cursor appears as an
arrow
3.+

.)

Press the left mouse button to define the first corner of the frame left above in the just now

drawn path 2.
The symbols are selected, if they are located completely in the frame.
Hold down the left mouse button while dragging to define the second corner in the next step.
4.+

Select the second frame corner in the right bottom of the just now drawn path. All selected

components and wires have been highlighted.

5.

After you have selected the path, place the cursor near the top node. This point has to be

placed after copying. Press and hold down CTRL, press the left mouse button, and move the mouse.
A path copy has been created and can be inserted in the position you want - in path 3. (If you do not
press the CTRL key, the selected components are moved.)
6.+

Insert the copy in path 3.

The sequence of the dialogue boxes for the components depends on the sequence, in which
the components have been inserted or moved.
We suppose that the name for the normally open contact is asked. If this is not the case, insert
the number and the index of the terminal as described in step 10.

7.>

Product (-)
Name of the contact NO.

8.#

1Q4

9.>

OK
The dialogue box closes.

10.>

OK
The terminal name is asked. X2 is suggested. Type terminal number 3, if it does not appear
automatically.
Insert terminal index 3.
Close the dialogue box.

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Exercise 3
3--22: Deselect all the selected components.
1.M

Edit

2.M

Deselect All

Exercise 33-23: Insert the RelayRelay-contact1contact1-pole NC symbol. Place it in the existing wire in path 3.

1.

Move the cursor to the Symbols tree.

2.

Double-click the RelayRelay-contacts NC symbol folder to open it.

3.

Click the 1-pole NC symbol.

4.

Move the cursor to the drawing area.

Drag the contact (the symbol is attached to the cursor).

5.+

Place the symbol in path 3 above the relay coil.

The connection has been broken.
The dialogue box for the RelayRelay-contact 1-pole NC appears.

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6.>

Product (-)

7.#

2K4

8.>

Connection 00

9.#

21
Insert contact number.

10.>

Connection 01

11.#

22

Insert contact number.

12.>

OK

13.

Right-click to exit insertion mode.

Exercise 33-24:
24 Copy components and wires needed for path 4.

1.+

Define the first frame point so that the top terminal is located within the frame (in path 3).

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2.+

Define the second frame point right below the just now drawn group in path 3. All of the

components within the frame have been highlighted.

3.

After you have selected the required components and wires, click onto the top connection of

the relay coil. Press and hold down the CTRL key, press the left mouse button and move the mouse.
"Drag" the copy of the group to the desired place in path 4.
4.+

"Drop" the copy.

The dialogue boxes for the terminals and the contact appear.
The sequence of the dialogue boxes for the components depends on the sequence in which the
components have been inserted or moved.
We suppose that the name of the terminal is asked. If this is not the case, insert the contact
name first, as described in steps 8-10.

5.>

Terminal number

6.#

5
Insert the terminal number.
Insert the same value for the terminal index.
For the standard and higher levels of SEE Electrical, right in the Terminal number line and
Terminal Index line, the icon

appears. This function allows always finding out the highest

value for terminal number + 1 in the terminal strip, the same function is available for the terminal
index.
7.>

OK
The dialogue box about the name of the RelayRelay-contact 1-pole NC appears.

6.>

Product (-)
The value 2K4 is suggested.
Click the Product ((-)field. Right in this field, The

icon appears on the right in the field.

When you click this icon, a list of the available coils/relays is displayed.
7.>

2K3
Select the desired relay coil from the list.

8.>

OK

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Exercise 3
3--25: Deselect all of the selected components.
1.+

Click the left mouse button in an empty window area.

Exercise 33-26: Draw the missing wire.

1.M

Draw

2.M

Wire(s)

3.M

1 Wire

4.+

Place the first point of the wire on the existing vertical connection.

5.+

Place the corner point of the wire.

6.+

Place the end point of the wire onto the terminal.

7.

Click the right mouse button to end.

Exercise 33-27: Draw the first missing path. Copy the second path after that.

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Insert again terminals, a normally open contact, and a lamp from the symbol database. You can
find the lamp in the Lamps folder. Click the right mouse button to end.
For the Relay
Relaylay-contact 1-pole NC, choose the component name 2K2 from the coils/relays list.
Type numbers 13 and 14 for the contact. The terminals receive the suggested names and the
type UK5.
Draw the wire by choosing the Draw menu > Wire(s) > 1 Wire.
Wire Right-click to finish drawing.
Double-click the wire between the terminal and the potential N, change the line style and the
colour.
You can copy the second new path again using a frame. Afterwards the terminals receive the
suggested names, the normally open contact receives the name 2K3.

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Exercise 3
3--28: Copy the third normally open contact.

1.+

Click the contact that you want to copy. If the cursor does not look as an arrow, click Select

from the Edit menu,, and then click the contact.

The contact has been selected.
2.

Press and hold down the CTRL key, press the left mouse button and

"drag" the contact to the desired position in path 8.

3.

"Drop" the copy there.

The dialogue box for the contact name appears.

4.>

Product (-)

5.>

2K4
Choose the name from the list.

6.>

OK
The dialogue box closes.

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Deselect the contact.
7.

Click anywhere within the blank area.

Exercise 33-29: Draw the missing wire.

1.M

Draw

2.M

Wire(s)

3.M

1 Wire

4.+

Select the starting point for the wire onto the available wire.

5.+

Select the corner point for the wire.

6.+

Select the end point for the wire on the potential L1.

7.

Right-click to finish.

Exercise 33-30: Insert description for both lamps:

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1.+

Double-click the text of the left lamp.

A dialogue box appears where you can change all of the texts.

2.>

Description

3.#

Ventilator runs

4.>

OK
Close the dialogue box.

5.+

Identify the second lamp.

6.>

Description

7.#

Band runs

8.>

OK

Exercise 33-31: Switch to page 1. Look at the page. At the potentials L1 and N, cross-references to
page 2 have been created.
1.

To switch to the previous page, click the icon

or press the Page Up key on the keyboard.

Exercise 33-32: Change the contact names on this page.

1.+

Double-click the contact whose name you want to change.

2.>

Product (-)

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Click the Product
Product ((-)field. Right in the field, the icon

appears. When you click this icon, a list

of the available coils/relays is displayed.

Choose the relay coil. The first contact belongs to the relay coil 2K2, the second contact
belongs to the relay coil 2K3, and the third contact belongs to the relay coil 2K4. Close the
dialogue box by clicking OK.
Click the texts of the next component which you want to change.

Exercise 33-33: Switch to page 2. Look at the page. At the relay coils, cross-references to the contacts
on page 1 have been created.
1.

To switch to the next page, click on the icon

or press Page Down on the keyboard.

Exercise 33-34: Save the project.

1.M

File

2.M

Save

C.7. DEFINE CABLES

Exercise 33-35: Draw cables W1 W2 on page 1.

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1.

To switch to the previous page, click the icon

2.M

Draw

3.M

Cables

4.+

Select the starting point of the cable.

5.+

Select the end point of the cable.

6.#

Insert cable data.

or press the Page Up key on the keyboard.

Enter information in the dialogue box as shown below. Under Show, select the check boxes for
the data to be shown.

7.>

OK

8.>

OK
Cable-core No 2 is automatically suggested. Accept the number.

9.>

OK
Cable-core No 3 is asked. Accept the suggested data.

10.>

Cable-core No
To the terminal PE, it must not be assigned cable-core 4, but cable-core 5.

11.#

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Enter the cable-core number.
12.>

OK

Draw the cable W2 by using the same approach.

Enter data as shown below, and click OK to close the dialogue box.

Accept the suggested data for cable-cores 2 and 3. Change cable-core number 4 into number 5.

Exercise 33-36: Save the project.

1.M

File

2.M

Save

C.8. USING CROSS-REFERENCE SYMBOLS

If a wire cannot be drawn on the same page, symbols for cross-references are used. Cross-reference
symbols are available in a symbol database EN
EN in the References folder. Only two cross-references
may receive one and the same name because a definite reference is required. The look of the crossreference symbols is not important. The connection of two cross-reference symbols is possible via the
component name.

Exercise 33-37: Insert two cross-references in your example project.

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Switch to page 1. Open one symbol library EN....Open
the References symbol folder and
EN
choose Reference (right)
(right).
t) Insert it and type the component name, for example V1.
Switch to page 2. Select the Reference (left) symbol from the symbol libraries EN....
EN . Place it and
type the name V1 again. At both cross-references, a back-reference to the corresponding
reference is created automatically.

You can connect the cross-reference symbols using Draw > Wire(s) > 1 Wire

Exercise 33-38: A cross-reference can be used for the Power supply, too.
The potentials on the next pages are created via the functions for drawing a potential.

or

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Exercise 3
3--39: Save the workspace.
1.M

File

2.M

Save

C.9. USING INFO TEXT SYMBOLS

If wires begin or end as shown below, i.e. if your responsibility breaks at the end of a wire, this wire
has no target for SEE Electrical. The terminals of the terminal strip X0 have no target either.

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However, if you insert an info text symbol (it consist of graphics, a connection point, and a component
name) at the end of the wire, the wire, and herewith the terminal, has a target again.

C.10. PAGE INDEX

If an installation has been just built, it is often necessary to add pages in order to add additional circuit
parts in the project. If a page numbering for the component names is used, then the names of already
installed components must not be changed.
The page index allows inserting pages without changing the numbers of the existing ones.

Exercise 33-40: Insert page 1a in the Project.

Create a new page using the same approach as for the creation of page 2.

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1.>

Page
Change the page number.

2.#

3.>

Index

4.#

a
Enter the page index.

5.>

OK
The page has been created.
Place the symbol of the lamp on page 1a. It is named automatically 1aH1. When you draw the
potential L1 on page 1a, the cross-references on pages 1 and 2 will be updated.

Exercise 33-41: Save the project.

1.M

File

2.M

Save

C.11. TEXTS

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Exercise 3
3--42: You can insert comment texts in a page. Please insert the texts Motor control 1 and
Motor control 2 in page 2.

1.M

Text

2.M

New
You can click the icon

, too (the icon with a black A creates a new text, the icon with a red A

is used for editing existing texts).

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3.+

Move the cursor into the Text dialogue box.

4.#

<Text>
Enter the text.

5.>

Select the desired text attributes, such as size, and adjustment, Left Justified,
Justified or Center

Justified.
Justified
6.+

Insert the text in the drawing.

The Text dialogue box remains open!

7.+

Move the cursor into the Text dialogue box again.

8.

Change the existing text or enter a new text, place the text in the drawing, etc.

9.>

Click the

button to close the Text dialogue box.

Exercise
Exercise 33-43: Change the text you just inserted.
1.M

Text

2.M

Edit

You can click the icon

3.M

, too (the icon with a red A).

Click on to the text you want to change.

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4.+

Move the cursor into the Text dialogue box.

5.#

<Text>
Change the text "motor control 1" to "motor 1".
The change can be seen directly in the drawing.

6.>

If you want, change text attributes, such as size, and adjustment, Left Justified,
Justified or Center

Justified.
Justified
7.+

Click the next text you want to change: "motor control 2" to "motor 2" for example.
The Text dialogue box remains open!

8.+

Move the cursor into the Text dialogue box again.

9.

Change the existing text etc.

10.>

Click the

button to close the Text dialogue box.

C.12. PRINT
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Exercise 3
3--44: After the project is completed, it can be printed.
1.M

File

2.M

Print

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WORKSPACE LISTS

Exercise 4
4--1: View the workspace lists.
Switch from the Symbol data view to the Workspace data view by clicking the Workspace tab.

The Workspace tree opens. According to the level (light, basic, standard, or professional),
different database lists are displayed.

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Select the desired list, for example View, Products.

Products
1.

View, Products
Double-click the list, it appears in the right pane:

Exercise 44-2: You can sort or filter the information in the list.
1.>

Select the "Product" column

Click the right mouse button.

2.M

In the context menu, choose Sort descending on row.

row

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The components will be sorted in descending order and the components on page 2 (i.e. with 2
as the first character in their names) will be displayed previous to the components on page 1.
Select the "Product" column again.

3.>

Click the right mouse button.

4.M

In the context menu, click Set Filter On -> Product?.

Product?

5.#

*K*
Enter the Filter-value. If you are searching one component, you can type its complete name.
You may use the wildcards characters ? and * for filtering according to any single character (?)
or more characters (*).
If you press ENTER, only the records will be displayed that satisfy the filter condition.

6.>

Select the "Product "column again.

Click the right mouse button.

7.M

In the context menu, choose Remove Filter/Sort.

Filter/Sort
All of the records are displayed again.

Exercise 44-3: You can save the lists in other files, for example in MS-Excel or MS-Word files.
1.

Launch MS-Excel or MS-Word.

2..>

Click the top left field in the database list as shown above.
The database list is selected.

3.#

CTRL + C
The selected area has been copied.

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4.

Paste the copied data area within MS-Excel or MS-Word by clicking CTRL + V.

Exercise 44-4: Save the project.

1.M

File

2.M

Save

Personal notes: Graphical lists

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D.1. GENERATE GRAPHICAL LISTS

The graphical lists allow filling the project information in forms.

Exercise 55-1:
1.

Create a graphical product list for the workspace.

Click Products beneath Graphical Lists in the

Workspace tree

Open the Graphical Lists by clicking the plus + sign on the left of Graphical Lists.

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According to the level, various contents may be shown within the Graphical Lists.
2.

Click the right mouse button.

3.M

Generate
The graphical list has been generated.

4.

0001
Select page 1 in the graphical list of products by double-clicking0001 beneath Products in the
Workspace tree.

Exercise 55-2: Generate other graphical lists using the same approach. Look at the graphical lists
afterwards.
Terminal matrix can be generated only in SEE Electrical standard and professional.
Terminal plan with graphics and Multicores can be generated in SEE Electrical professional.
Terminal row picture plan can be generated only in SEE Electrical professional.

Exercise 55-3: Save the project.

1.M

File

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2.M

Save

D.2. GENERATE ALL DESIRED GRAPHICAL LISTS IN ONE STEP

Within SEE Electrical, you are able to generate all desired graphical lists in just one click. The
knowledge how to do so, you will get, when designing normsheets for grafical lists (Chapter 9).

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INSERT OTHER DOCUMENTS

You can insert other documents into the workspace, such as WinWord-files or Excel-spreadsheets.
The kind of these documents depends on the Windows programs installed on your computer and
supporting the ActiveX technology. When you select such a document to view, the suitable program
will be activated.

Exercise 66-1: Insert a document from another Windows-application, which supports the ActiveX
technology, as follows:
1.

Select Other documents in the Workspace tree.

2.M

File

3.M

New

4.M

Page

SEE Electrical opens the page information dialogue box.

4.>

Page Description-line 01

5.#

Other data

6.>

Page
Page number 1 is suggested automatically. Do not change it.

7.>

Page Created Date

The current date is suggested.

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You may enter other information too.
8.>

OK
The dialogue box closes.
Choose the other document to be inserted. In the dialogue box appear the Windows
applications that are installed on your computer and support ActiveX technology.

9.>

Choose one of the displayed applications.

10.>

OK
The dialogue box closes.The functions of the selected application are now available for editing
the document.

11.

Edit your document.

Exercise 6
6--2: Save the project.
1.M

File

2.M

Save

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CREATING COMPONENTS

Components for circuit diagrams must be created in accordance to explicit rules in order to identify the
connections and to manage the components properly. For example, a contact cannot be listed in the
Product list.

F.1. CREATE A COMPONENT: EXAMPLE

Using the example of the black box we illustrate how to create components.

Hints:
Hints It is recommended to set a 5 mm grid for the drawing of circuit diagrams. You can draw new
components using a grid of 5mm, 2,5 mm or less. Make sure that the created symbol fits into a 5 mm
grid, i.e. the connections have to end at appropriate grid points. You can set the grid via Toolbars.
There is a function under Toolbars for showing the grid.

The line width should be controlled. The line width for drawing connections must be identical with the
line width for drawing wires. Most included symbols are drawn using a 0,25mm line width.

Exercise 7
7--1: Draw the graphics for the component. You must use only the ordinary drawing
functions, such as Line, Rectangle, Circle etc., but not wires!
Create a new page in your workspace using the given functions.
Construct the graphics.

1.M

Draw

2.M

Rectangle

Draw a rectangle with width 20 mm and height 5 mm. This is possible on the default grid of
5mm. The width and height of the rectangle are shown beneath the drawing area as you draw.

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3.+

Select the left top corner point for the rectangle.

4.+

Left-click the right bottom corner point for the rectangle.

5.

Right-click to quit drawing the rectangle.

6.M

Draw

7.M

Line

Draw two connection lines above and below the rectangle. These connection lines should be 5
mm long. The length of the lines is shown beneath the drawing area as you draw.
8.+

Left-click the starting point of the line.

9.+

Left-click the second line point.

10.

Right-click to finish, do not draw a polygon.

Afterwards, you can draw the next line.

11.+

Select the starting point.

12.+

Select the second point.

etc.
Right-click to finish drawing, do not draw a polygon.
Right-click to finish drawing, you must not draw more lines.

Exercise 7
7--2: Define the symbol.
The graphics must be defined as a symbol.
1.M

Edit

2.M

Select Single Element

3.+

Left-click the first point of the frame.

The frame (rectangle) must include all of the graphics.

4.+

Click the second point of the frame.

5.

Right-click.

6.M

Choose the Block function from the context menu.

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7.>

Block/Component definition
Choose the desired property for the symbol.

8.>

OK
The chosen Block/Component definition determines the kind of database list or graphical list
where the symbol will be listed. A contact cross appears beneath Coil symbols, but not beneath
Component symbols.

9.#

A
Assign the letter code to the component name.

10.>

OK
The graphics has been now completed with texts for the name, description, type and
connections. The graphics and the texts have been grouped as a symbol Component.
Component
The letter code A for the component is replaced with the right identification of the component,
for example 2A8.
A8

Hints for the automatically located connections:

connections Connection points are located automatically at all of
the lines, which stick out of the symbol horizontally or vertically (they are surrounded by an imaginary
rectangle).

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At the diode, there are too many connections. In the following tasks, you will learn how to delete these
connections.
If a symbol already has connections, no other connections will be automatically placed
(otherwise the diode connections could never be removed). In this case you must, for example,
copy the existing connections.
The order of placing the connection points corresponds to the order of creating the lines
(drawing or copying).
The default settings for the automatically inserted texts are made in the symbol library SYSTEM.
SYSTEM

Exercise 77-3: Save the symbol in the symbol library.

If the new symbol is used not only in the current workspace, but it must be available for future projects,
you must save it in the symbol library. If the new symbol is used only in the current workspace or it will
be copied from the current page into another place if needed, it is not necessary to save it in the
symbol library.
1.

Activate the Symbols area.

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If the Workspace area is visible, click the Symbols tab

to activate

the Symbols area.

2.

MySymbols
Double click the database Favorites to open it..
You can save only in this database or in a new database that you have created.

3.

Right-click with the mouse.

4.M

New Folder

5.#

Relay coils
Type the name of the new symbol database.

6.M

Edit

7.M

Select Component

8.+

Identify the new symbol.

9.+

Drag the symbol into the just now created folder in the symbol database. Hold down the left

mouse button while you are dragging the symbol.

Important!!!!!
Drag always the upper left connection of a symbol into the database.
database. The symbol point that you hold
while dragging into the database will be later the point that you place!

10.>

Name

11.#

Relay coil

Type the symbol name and a symbol description.

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12.>

Click OK
The symbol has been saved in the symbol database.

Now, you can place the symbol again. But do not do it, press the right mouse button.

F.2. CHANGE AVAILABLE SYMBOLS

F.2.1. DELETE ELEMENTS
Exercise 77-4: Draw a diode. Create a symbol with Component properties using the diode. Use the
known functions.
The diode will receive 4 connections because the end points of the crosslink finish at the imaginary
"surrounding rectangle" too.

Exercise 77-5: Change the diode symbol. Ungroup the symbol first.
1.+

Click the symbol.

2.

Right click.

3.M

Explode

Choose the function from the context menu.

4.

You can work now with the single component parts as if they have been created just now.
Delete both connections. (The connections consist always of the connection symbol and the
connection text.

When you select the text, the connection symbol is automatically

selected too.)
5.

Group the symbol again into a Component.

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6.

Save the symbol in the MySymbols symbol folder.

7.
Pay attention to the symbol point that you drag into the database: left upper connection!

F.2.2. ADD ELEMENTS

Exercise 77-6: Add one connection to the Blackbox created at the beginning of this chapter.
1.+

Left-click the symbol.

(If the symbol is not available in the circuit diagram, insert it from the symbol library.)
2.

Press the right mouse button.

3.M

Explode

Choose the function from the context menu.

4.

Draw a new line in the already known way.

5.

You can either remove all the available connections or copy one available connection text.

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F.2.3. ADD TEXTS

Exercise 7
7--7: The automatically inserted texts are often not enough. For example, for the first
created Blackbox, the description "Power supply" must appear, and the text 12V must appear at
another place in addition.
Add the texts to the blackbox that you created first.
1.+

Click the symbol.

(If the symbol is not available in the circuit diagram, insert it from the symbol library.)
2.

Right click.

3.M

Explode

Choose the function from the context menu.

4.M

Text

5.M

New

New texts are required.

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6.>

Attribute
Define the text attributes. Select the Attribute from the list.
In the list, you can find the following attributes:
Workspace
Content
Function/Location
Component
Connection
and
Other.

7.>

Component
Open the Component area in the list. Under Component, you can find the texts for product
name, index, description and type, additional texts called Free connection texts.
texts

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8.>

Description 01
Double-click the Free connection text attribute under Component.
Component

9.#

24V
Type the desired text in the input box.

10.>

Right justified
The text has to be right justified.

11.+

Insert the text into the desired position in the drawing, left to the coil.
If the Text dialogue box is located over the place where you want to insert the text, you can
move it as follows: Left-click the blue bar of the dialogue box, hold the left mouse button and
drag the box to another location. Drop at the location you like, release the left mouse button.

12.

Group the symbol to a Component again.

13.

Double-click the symbol.

You can change the Free text 01 in the Component properties dialogue box.

14.

Save the symbol in the symbol folder MySymbols

Pay attention to the symbol point that you drag into the database: left upper connection!
15.

Open the Products database.

In the Free text column,, you will find your new text.
Select all the elements of the symbol again and Group the elements into a Component symbol..

F.2.4. MOVE TEXTS

If a symbol is ungrouped, all the texts including connection texts can be easily moved using Drag and
Drop.
Connection texts and corresponding symbols always compose a whole, so that connection text and
connection symbol always move together using Drag and Drop.
If a symbol is already used in a connection, it is not recommended to ungroup the symbol if you want
to move the component name.
In this chapter, a function for relocating simple texts will be presented, even though they are part of a
connection or a symbol.

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Attention: Do not ungroup the connection between the connection symbol and the connection text
using the Explode function!!!

Exercise 7
7--8: Move the component name and the connection texts. Ungroup the symbol before that.
1.+

Left-click the symbol.

(If the symbol is not available in the circuit diagram, insert it from the symbol library.)
2.

Right click.

3.M

Ungroup selected

Choose the function from the context menu.

4.+

Move the component name.

To do this, click the text, hold the left mouse button and move the text to the desired location.
Release the left mouse button. (Move via Drag and Drop)
Then, move any connection text.

5.M

Edit

6.M

Select Single Element

Connection and connection text usually belong together. Use the Select Single Element function
to select apart the connection text or the connection.

7.+

Identify any connection text.

8.

Right click.

9.M

Choose the Move function from the context menu.

10.+

Pick the reference point for the movement on the text connection point.

11.+

Place the text in the desired position.

Proceed in the same way for other connection texts.

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12.

Then, group the parts into a symbol Component again.

13.

Exercise 77-9:

Move the component name of the Blackbox.

Do not ungroup the symbol!

1.M

Edit

2.M

Select Single Element

Connection and connection text usually belong together. Use the Select Single Element function
to select apart the connection text or the connection.

3.+

Identify the component name.

4.

Click the right mouse button.

5.M

Choose the function Move from the context menu.

6.+

Pick the reference point for the movement on the text

connection point.
10.+

Place the text in the desired position.

You can move all the texts without ungrouping the component.

Exercise 77-10: Rotate the texts for the connection numbers.

Do not ungroup the symbol!
1.M

Text

2.M

Edit

3.+

Identify the text you want to rotate.

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4.>

Angle
5.#

90

Change the angle from 0 degree to 90 degree for example.

You can change more texts now, but please dont do so.
6.>

Close the Text window.

7.M

Edit

8.M

Select Single Element

9.+

Identify the next connection text you want to rotate.

10.+

Press CTRL on the keyboard and identify a second text you want to rotate, etc.

11.M

Text

12.M

Edit
The window Text is opened.

13.>

Angle

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14.>

90

The angle is changed for all texts selected.

15.>

Close the Text window

F.3. GRAPHICS HANDLING

Exercise 77-11:
11: Draw a symbol for a coil.

Fill in the rectangle. Use the Fill/Hatch area function from the Draw menu.

Exercise 77-12:
12: Create a signal lamp.

You cannot draw the lines on the grid so that they end at the circle. By using the Trim function from the
Edit menu > Change element,
element you can truncate too long cutting lines. By using the Extend function
from the same menu, you can extend too short lines to the cutting edge.
Trim
1.+

Click the cutting edge at the circle.

2.M

Trim

Select the function from the Edit menu > Change element.
3.+

Click the element of the graphics that must be removed:

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4.+

Click another element of the graphics that must be removed up to the cutting edge selected in

the first step.

Extend
1.+

Click the cutting edge at the circle.

2.M

Extend

Select the function from the Edit menu > Change element.
3.+

Click the end of a line to be extended:

4.+

Click the end of another line that must be extended up to the cutting edge selected in the first

step.

Exercise 77-13:
13: Draw the shown smoke detector.

Draw the arrows at 0 degrees first. In this way, the arrowheads can be drawn slight symmetric. Use
the Rotate function from the Edit menu > Modify Selected to rotate the arrow afterwards.
Rotate
1.+

Select the graphics of the arrow.

2.M

Rotate

Choose the function from the Edit menu > Selected.

3.+

Fix the point to be a rotation centre:

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4.+

Define the rotation axis:

5.+

Move the cursor. The selected elements are rotated.

6.+

Place the selected elements at the desired rotation angle.

F.4. USING AVAILABLE COMPONENTS

Exercise 77-14:
14: Create a new symbol for Lamp Switchgear pushbutton using the available Switchgear
one pole NO push detent symbol and the lamp symbol .

1.

Call the needed symbols from the symbol library.

Ungroup the first symbol.

2.+

Left click the symbol.

3.

Right click.

4.M

Ungroup selected.

Choose the function from the context menu.

Ungroup the second symbol in the just now described way.
Remove all the unnecessary elements or move the needed elements to an empty place on the
screen.
Group then the elements into the Component symbol Lamp Switchgear pushbutton.
pushbutton
Save the symbol in your symbol database.
Exercise 7rectifier Use the graphics of any diode symbol from the library as a
7-15:
15: Create a Diode rectifier.
basis.

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Attention!!! Draw the nodes as Graphics, for example as filled circles.

Exercise 77-16:
16: If you need a component that can be easily created after deleting graphics elements
from one available component, you can proceed as follows:
You need this component:

This component is available:

Insert the available component. Right-click to activate the context menu and click Select single
element. Then identify the element and delete it. (You can identify several elements when you hold
down the CTRL key.)
If the new symbol will be used only in the current workspace, it is not necessary to save the symbol in
the symbol library; otherwise you can save it in the symbol library.

F.5. INFORMATION ABOUT SPECIAL COMPONENTS

F.5.1. CONTACTS
Contacts require texts for component names, connection texts and a cross reference text.

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If the contact has a description text placeholder, the description will be assigned from the coil, if it has
been entered there.
contacts Place the connections in the order: root, normally open contact side, normally
ChangeChange-over contacts:
closed contact side.
Main contacts and auxiliary contacts

SEE Electrical differentiates between main contacts (main normally open contact, main normally
closed contact) and auxiliary contacts (normally closed contact, normally open contact, change-over
contact).

F.5.2. TERMINALS
Terminals require at least the texts: component name, terminal number and terminal index, and one
connection text at least.
For a terminal number, you should type any number, ?, x or X, if the number has to be incremented. In
this way, terminal numbers L1, N, or PE can be obtained.
For connection texts, the following peculiarity arises: as a connection name is not managed for
terminals, it must be deleted from the connection text, so that only the connection symbol remains.
(Press the F6 hot key to Select single element, select the connection text, and then delete the text). If
the terminal has several connections, you can copy the connection symbol and place it at all of the
connections.
If texts are placed automatically as you create a symbol in SEE Electrical, the connections are created
automatically as described in the paragraph above, i.e. without texts. If you wish to have connection
texts for diode terminals, you have to place the connection texts manually. Of course, texts should not
be deleted in this case.
If you would like to display terminal strip name and terminal number in one text, such as X2:17, you
have to define the text attribute Terminal name + Terminal number merged under Other attributes.
Place in this case only the text with the Terminal name + Terminal number merged attribute into the
graphics.. Group the terminal symbol afterwards.
Multi Deck Terminals (standard)
Deck terminals are characterised by that several terminals having the same number and the same
index are placed in the Circuit diagram, and are grouped as a combined component (deck terminal
block). The single terminals present the decks. They differ in the designation of the decks, and in the
deck number.

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All elements of a Multi deck terminal have the same type.

In the List of parts (standard level), only one record exists. If the Cabinet module is available, only one
symbol is available.
Multi Deck Terminals differ from the "Normal" terminal in that they need additional text placeholders to
identify the deck number, and the deck name, as well as the deck separator between terminal number
and deck name.

F.5.3. CROSS-REFERENCE SYMBOLS

Cross-reference symbols consist of the graphics and the texts for Component name, Reference (Text
Editor > Attributes > beneath Components)
Components and Connection point. As for terminals shown above, the
connection text has to be deleted, so that only the connection symbol remains. (Press the F6 hot key
to Select Single Element, select the connection text and then delete the text).

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F.5.4. INFO TEXT SYMBOLS

Info text symbols enable to manage targets for Terminal list, Cablelist, List of Cable-wires, List of
Wires, List of Multicores (only for professional). The designation of the symbols "Info text" is not
automatically assigned/changed.
Info text symbols consist of the graphics, the component name, and the connection point. Exactly as
for terminals, the connection text must be deleted so that only the connection symbol remains (Press
the F6 function key (Select
Select single element),
element highlight the connection text, and delete the text
afterwards).
No characters (and no blanks) may be entered while creating the symbol for the component name in
order to prevent automatically changing the component's name. Therefore, while creating the symbol
automatically, finish the request about component name without input by clicking directly OK.
OK

F.5.5. COMPONENTS WITH AUXILIARY CONTACTS

A component with auxiliary contacts consists of the graphics and the texts for the component:
component name, connection texts etc. The available contacts within the component are needed too.
The single elements are integrated into a Component with Auxiliary
Auxiliary Contacts using the Block function.

F.5.5.a

COMPONENTS WITH AUXILIARY CONTACTS - EXAMPLES

Contacts for the component with auxiliary contacts

If a cross-reference must go out of a component with auxiliary contacts to a contact, you
must place contact symbols in the component.
First, create the graphics.

Create the texts. Pay attention that the texts receive the specified attributes.

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Move the connection text if necessary.

Select then all the elements of the symbol and group them into a Contact symbol,
such as a normally closed contact or a normally open contact or a change-over
contact.
Component with auxiliary contacts
Draw the graphics.

Create the texts. Pay attention that the texts receive the specified attributes.

Move the connection(s) text(s) if necessary.

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Insert the required number of contacts. Call the contact symbol without a text
placeholder for the component name from the symbol database.

Select all the elements of the symbol and group them into a Component symbol
with auxiliary contacts. SEE Electrical deletes the component names from the
contact symbols.
Save the symbol in the symbol database.

F.5.6. PLC-COMPONENTS
For PLC-components, SEE Electrical differentiates between PLC-racks, and inputs or outputs.
When the symbols are created properly, the PLC-Racks receive cross-references to the inputs and
outputs, and the inputs and outputs receive a back reference to the Rack.
A single input/output consists always of the graphics and the texts: component name, connection
text(s), reference (optional, back reference to the Rack), Operand (optional), PLC-description
(optional), symbol address (optional). A PLCPLC-signal can be created using the Block function..
A PLC-Rack consists of the component graphics, the texts for the component: component name,
connection texts and the required number of PLC-signals (see above). You can integrate the single
elements into a PLCPLC-Rack using the function Group Selected.
Selected

F.5.6.a

PLC-COMPONENTS EXAMPLES

PLCPLC-signals
Draw the graphics.

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Create the texts. Pay attention that the texts receive the specified attributes. All of
the displayed texts including the texts for operands and descriptions are optional.

Move the connection texts if necessary.

Select all the parts of the symbol and create a symbol PLC-signal.
Save the symbol in the symbol database.
PLCPLC-signals for using in PLCPLC-Rack
If a cross-reference must go out of a PLC-Rack to a PLC-signal, you should place
symbols for PLC-signals in the Rack.
Draw the graphics first.

Create the texts. Pay attention that the texts receive the specified attributes.

Move the connection text if necessary.

Select all the parts of the symbol and create a symbol PLC-signal.

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PLCPLC-Rack
Create the graphics first.

Create the texts. Pay attention that the texts receive the specified attributes. One
connection text is necessary at least. (If no connections are needed for the
component, place the connection and define a space for the connection text).

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Move the connection text(s) if necessary.
Place the required number of symbols PLC-signal. Call the PLC-signal symbol
without a text placeholder for the component name from the symbol database:

Change the names of the PLC-connections.

Select all symbols and create a symbol PLC-component. SEE Electrical deletes the
component names from the symbols PLC-signal.
Save the symbol in the symbol database.

F.6. INFORMATION ABOUT INSERTING COMPONENTS

Components can be inserted from the database into the drawing by right-clicking with the mouse to
select the desired component and dragging it into the drawing (the left mouse button should not be
pressed thereby). The component is attached to the mouse and can be placed in the drawing.

F.6.1.a
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RELAY COILS
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If a relay coil is placed, a contact cross appears beneath the component.
The contact cross can be moved if needed.

F.6.1.b

TERMINALS

Terminals are named automatically using incrementing numbers, after they have been
inserted.
Terminals are sorted using an assigned index. Usually the index is defined automatically.
You can change the index as you insert the terminal or afterwards by choosing Text Edit.
For example, the index allows inserting PE terminals in the appropriate place.

F.6.1.c

ASSIGNING A COMPONENT NAME

You can define the method of assigning component names by choosing Properties for
Circuit diagrams.
diagrams
Choose project properties as follows: right click on Circuit Diagrams

Then left click on Properties. Within the Component numbering area,, select the desired
component numbering.
For some symbols such as contacts, it is possible to select the name of an available
coil/relay or component with auxiliary contacts in the Component name field. For
terminals, you can select the name of an available terminal strip. For PLC inputs/outputs,
you can choose the component name from the list of available PLC components.

F.7. INFORMATION ABOUT SYMBOL DATABASES

F.7.1.a

CREATING A NEW DATABASE

If you want to create a new empty symbol database, right click on a not locked symbol
database in the symbol tree. You will find the New Symbol Database function in the
context menu.

F.7.1.b

DIRECTORIES AND NAMES

SEE Electrical stores the symbol databases in the directory defined under System
settings in the File menu. The System settings function is accessible only if no project is
open.
A database consists of the file <name>.CPS.

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You can create symbols and save them in your own symbol databases. It is not allowed
to perform changes in the supplied symbol databases except in the MySymbols symbol
database..

F.7.1.c

WORKING WITH SYMBOL FOLDERS

When the symbol database or a symbol folder is highlighted and you right click, you can
choose the New
New Folder function from the context menu to create a new subgroup for
components..
Enter the name of the New Folder.
The new symbol folder is arranged in alphabetical order in the tree of symbol folders.
If you wish to Delete Folder or Copy Folder, mark the symbol folder, right click, and
choose the appropriate function from the context menu.. To rename a symbol folder,
choose the Properties function from the context menu, and type in its new name.
A warning message appears before deleting, you must confirm this process.
The symbol folder has been deleted including all symbols within it.
The renamed symbol folder can be relocated to another place within the database
because the symbol folders are arranged alphabetically.
After copying a symbol folder, it can be pasted into another place by using the Paste
Folder function from the context menu.

F.7.1.d

WORKING WITH SYMBOLS IN THE DATABASE

Right click after a symbol has been marked. You can delete, rename, and copy the
symbol.
A renamed symbol can be relocated to another place within the database because
the symbols are arranged alphabetically.
After copying a symbol, it can be pasted into another symbol database by using the
Paste Symbol function from the context menu.

F.7.1.e

FAVORITES SYMBOL FOLDER

You can create your own, user-defined symbol folder, named Favorites. By adding a
symbol to this folder, you will create a shortcut to the referred symbol whichever database
it belongs to.
Right-click on the desired symbol and, from the context menu that appears, execute the
Add to Favorites command. The selected symbol is added to the Favorites symbol folder.

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You can add any symbols, selected according to your needs, to the Favorites symbol
folder.
Favorites are stored as registry settings as a string list in key General\
General\Favorites.
The Favorites symbol folder is related to every module, e.g. Circuit Diagram, Installation,
etc. It automatically expands, and clears, and collapses at filtering.
When you right click on a symbol from this folder and execute the Properties command,
the favorites symbol properties for the present case will display the full link path.

Hint: The command is only active if the folder to which the corresponding symbol belongs to is not
locked. Otherwise, the command is dimmed.

F.7.1.f

SYMBOL DATABASE CONNECTION TO MODULES

Since the number of the symbol databases within SEE Electrical is considerable, the
symbol databases are allocated to the respective modules before they are displayed. So,
a particular symbol database is connected to the module used.
You can specify which databases to allocate. For this purpose, right-click within the
Symbol explorer and select the "Properties" command in the context menu. In the
window that appears, customize the visibility of the symbol databases (ON
ON or OFF)
OFF and
click OK:

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This also means that the appearance of the symbol manager (typically displayed in a
more simplified and limited way) will vary depending on the module that you have
activated, since all non-relevant symbol databases are left out.

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GROUPS

Several components including wires and potentials (such as Reverse circuit breaker, interlock) can be
saved in the symbol database.
Using circuit groups, you can save time working with repeating circuit groups.
Before saving the group in the symbol database, you can choose its performance.
Loose group
The single symbols, wires and potentials of the group are available for single manipulation, i. .
they can be moved, copied or deleted.
Group
The component group must remain grouped, i.e. it can be moved or deleted as a whole.
Single symbols, wires and potentials in the group can become accessible again and can be
used individually, if needed.
In both cases you can edit the component and the potential names.

G.1. CREATE A GROUP: EXAMPLE

Using the supply example, it will be illustrated how to create both kinds of groups.

Exercise 88-1: Draw the required elements, such as potentials. Insert the symbols for terminals and
switchgear. Use the known commands.

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Exercise 8
8--2: Save the group for further usage in the symbol database.
Before storing the group in the symbol database, choose the performance of the component group:
Single symbols, wires and potentials can be manipulated single again, i.e. they can be moved,
copied or deleted (Loose
Loose group).
group
The group must be manipulated as a whole (Component
Component Group),
Group i.e. it can be moved or deleted
as a group. (If desired, single symbols, wires and potentials in the group can become accessible
and can be used individually.)
In both cases you can edit the component and potential names at any time.

Exercise 88-2a: First, save the supply as a loose group.

1.

Activate the Symbol area.

2.

MySymbols
Double-click the MySymbols database.. You can save symbols only in this database or in a new
one.

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3.

Right-click with the mouse.

4.M

New Folder

5.#

Power supplies
Insert the name of the new symbol folder.

6.M

Edit

7.M

Select

8.+

Select all the components of the power supply using a frame.

Please pay attention that only the elements within the frame are selected.
Select the first point for the frame.
9.+

Select the second point for the frame.

10.+

Drag the symbol into the created new symbol folder Power

supplies.
supplies Hold down the left mouse button while dragging the symbol.
11.>

Name

12.#

Power supply 1

Type the group's name.

13.>

OK
The group has been stored in the symbol database.
For example, delete page 3 in your project (Edit menu > Select all, Edit menu > Selected >
Delete)
Insert the just now stored group. Afterwards, the switchgear can be single selected and deleted.
The group can be manipulated as a whole only if all the elements are selected within a frame
before.

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Exercise 8
8--2b: Save the group now as a Group.
Group
Before saving, you must integrate the elements as a group.
1.M

Edit.

2.M

Select

3.+

Select the first point of the frame.

All of the elements have to be within the frame.

4.+.

Select the second point of the frame.

5.

Right -click

6.M.

Block

7.>

Macro/Group
Select the symbol to be created.
The parts of the power supply are grouped.
Save the group.

8.

Activate the Symbol area.

9.

MySymbols
Double-click the MySymbols database to open it. You can store symbols only in this folder or in
a new one created by yourself.

10.M

Edit

11.M

Select

12.+

Select all components of the power supply within a frame.

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Please pay attention that only the elements within the frame are selected.
Select the first point for the frame.
13.+

Select the second point for the frame.

14.+

Drag the symbol into the just created new symbol folder Power supplies.
supplies Hold down the left

mouse button while dragging the symbol.

15.>

Name

16.#

Power supply 2

Type the group's name.

17.>

OK
The group has been stored in the symbol database.

Exercise 8
8--3: Ungroup the group Power supply 2 again.
Delete page 3 again (Edit menu > Select all, Edit menu > Selected > Delete).
Insert the group Power supply 2. Select the power supply. All of the elements can be selected
only together. If some single components must be accessible, the group must be ungrouped.
1.M

Edit.

2.M.

Select

3.+

Select the group

4.M.

Edit

5.M

Selected > Explode

The single elements are accessible again (symbols, potentials and wires).
Select the switchgear again. It is accessible again.

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G.2. UNGROUP SELECTED ELEMENTS

If a single symbol (such as a wire, potential) must be moved or deleted after inserting the group, the
group has to be ungrouped. (This does not apply to loose groups.)
Select the group by clicking on it.
Choose the Selected > Explode function from the Edit menu.
menu The group has been ungrouped.

G.3. MOTOR TERMINALS AND SIMILAR COMPONENTS

If several terminals together are frequently needed, such as terminals for a motor, then several
terminals must be defined as a group. For the second one terminal and every next terminal, you can
disable the view of the terminal strip using the Edit Component function.

G.4. USING BLACK BOXES

If you often need components with not specified contents, you can work with Black Boxes.
Save a black box with the required size, if needed with n connections.
Insert the black box. Draw the graphics to illustrate the functionality. It is not essential to ungroup the
symbol in this case.
Select the component Black Box and the additional elements and right click. Choose the Block
command from the context menu. Integrate the selected elements into a Macro/Group
Macro/Group.
/Group
Now, you can save the new group in the symbol database and/or move, copy or delete as a whole.
If you must add connections to the black box, ungroup the symbol, add the required objects, select all
and use the Block command from the context menu to create a component (see chapter Create
component, usage of available components).

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TEMPLATES AND NORMSHEETS

There is a significant difference between templates for a Workspace and templates for Pages for a
circuit diagram or for graphical lists in SEE Electrical.
Workspace templates
Workspace templates can be saved using the Save as Workspace template command from the File
menu and can be chosen as you create a new workspace.
A Workspace template consists of data about the component numbering, text size of cross-references,
page template (norm sheet) for circuit diagrams, and forms for graphical lists.
A Workspace template may also contain a completed standard circuit diagram to be inserted if
necessary, saved under another name and then changed as desired.
Templates for single pages for circuit diagrams (Page templates)
Page templates can be saved using the File menu
menu > Save as Page template command and they can
be chosen using the File menu > Open Page template command at any time..
A Page template can be also assigned to the Workspace template, then it will be used automatically
for creating a new workspace.
In addition to the norm sheet, a page template involves the properties of the current page, such as
page size, position of the first top potential, position of the first bottom potential, grid etc.
Templates for graphical lists
You can create your own templates (forms) for graphical lists. In addition to the graphics of the norm
page, you can define which records from a database list must be recorded into the graphical list.
Before creating the graphical list, you can choose the template to be used. Click on the graphical list,
right click, and choose Properties from the context menu. Select the new template and close the
dialogue box by clicking OK. Now, the new template will be used if you create the graphical list.
The template chosen for each graphical list is saved in the workspace template. The forms for
graphical lists have to be set before storing the workspace template. They are used by default for
creating the relevant graphical list.

H.1. CREATE A NORMSHEET

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Norm sheets are created user-specific. This chapter will give you general information on how to create
a normsheet.

Exercise 9
9--1: Switch to an empty page of the workspace (there must be nothing in it except the
normsheet).
Delete the existing normsheet (Edit menu > Select All > Selected >Delete).
You can disintegrate the existing norm sheet into its single parts later (Edit
Edit menu > Select All,
right click and choose Explode from the context menu), edit and create a new norm sheet. It is
important that there is nothing on the current page.

Exercise 99-2: Change the properties of your new norm sheet as desired. Define the number of paths
in drawing too etc.
A norm sheet for circuit diagrams is usually approximated to the format A3 or A4. For cabinet's
drawings, you will need a norm sheet on a scale 1:1.
1.

Select the page in the workspace tree that you are editing now.

2.

Right click.

3.M

Select Properties from the context menu.

4.>

X-Extension of drawing
If the field is not shown, scroll down by clicking on the vertical scroll bar right in the dialogue
box.
Enter the new drawing size in the field X-extension of Page.

5.#

<new size>

6.>

Y-Extension of drawing
Enter the new Y-extension of Page.

7.#

<new size>
Look at the other settings in the dialogue box, such as number of paths, path number in the first
path 0 or 1, position for the first top potential etc. Change other properties as desired. The
number of paths should correspond with the setting for the norm sheet. The position for the first
top potential must be high enough, but within the norm sheet etc.

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8.>

OK
Close the Page Properties dialogue box.

Draw menu > Line > Rectangle, etc.).

Exercise 99-3: Construct the graphics for your norm sheet (Draw
The complete norm sheet or your Logo can be imported using the Import CADdy drawing or
Import AutoCAD DXF/DWG function (see File menu > Open > AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB
DWG/DXF/DXB
Drawing or File > Open > CADdy drawing(s)). You can find information about importing
DXF/DWG/DXB
DXB drawings in the relevant chapter of this training manual.
(You can insert the company logo as a pixel image by using the Insert Picture function from
the Edit menu.
menu You can find information for inserting Bitmap Objects in the relevant chapter in
this training manual.)

Exercise 99-4: Insert the texts you need into the norm sheet, such as project name, page name etc.
There is a difference between unchangeable texts and texts customizable to the current project
or page. You can fill in current data into texts using text placeholders. For example, you can
write a ? sign there.
1.M

Text

2.M

New

3.>

Attribute
First, insert the unchangeable texts. They must have a "Normal
Normal Text"
Text attribute.

4.>

Text

5.#

<Type the text>

6.+

Insert the text

Enter the fixed texts and place them into the desired positions.

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To insert a text:
Type the text in the input field, for example: "Project:"Go out of the Text dialogue box with
the cursor and place the text into the drawing. Go into the input field of the Text dialogue
box again and enter the next text, etc.
After you have inserted all of the fixed texts, place the changeable texts.
7.#

?
Type a question mark for the text placeholder.

8.>

Attribute
Select the kind of the text placeholder.
The data for the Workspace Information window are available under the Project attributes,, they
belong to the whole project and apply to all of the pages.
The data for the Page Information window are available under Page,
Page and they are specific for
the current page.

9.>

<Choose an attribute>

10.+

Insert the text

Choose the kind of the changeable text, drag it into the drawing, and drop it on the desired
location.

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To choose an attribute:
attribute
Choose the kind of text, for example FileFile-name beneath the Workspace area in the Text
dialogue box. If you go out of the dialogue box, the question mark that you have entered in step
7 is attached to the cursor, and can be placed into the drawing. Go into the Text dialogue box
again and select the next kind of text in the Attribute scroll-down box, for example Content >
Page or Content > Page Created date. Place the question mark again.
After you have inserted all texts, close the "Text
Text"
Text dialogue box.

Exercise 9
9--5: Select all of the elements that belong to the norm sheet. Group the selected elements
to a norm sheet.
1.M

Edit

2.M

Select All

3.

Right-click with the mouse.

4.M

Block

Select this function from the context menu.

5.>

Normsheet

6.>

OK

You have now created the first normsheet. To use the normsheet for the next pages, create a page
template.

H.2. CREATE A PAGE TEMPLATE

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You can save the norm sheet created in the previous section as a page template. Before you save the
page template, look at the current properties, because a page template consists of the norm sheet and
the appropriate properties.
Exercise 99-6: Verify or change the properties for the page template.
1.

In the Workspace tree, select the page that you are editing now.

2.

Right-click with the mouse.

3.M

Choose Properties from the context menu.

Look at the properties that you can set in this dialogue box. Change some properties as desired.

4.>

OK
Click OK to define the page template properties and close the Page Properties dialogue box.

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Exercise 9
9--7: Save the page template.
1.

In the Workspace tree, select the page that you are editing now.

2.M

File

3.M

Save as

4.M

Page template

5.#

<name>

6.>

OK.

The page template has been created. You can load it at any time or assign it as a norm sheet template
to a project template, as described in the next chapter.

Exercise 99-8: Open the page template on another page.

1.

<page>
In the Workspace tree, select the page that you are editing now (page 1 or 2).

2.M

File

3.M

Open

4.M

Page template

5.>

<Your template>

6.>

No

The new page template has been loaded, the project data and page data have been inserted into the
norm sheet, and the existing circuit parts on the page have been kept.

H.3. CREATE A WORKSPACE TEMPLATE

Exercise 99-9: Open an existing workspace template, change it and save it with another name.
1.M

File

2.M

Open

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3.M

Workspace

4.>

Click the

in the "Look in" field of the dialogue box

You can search projects in another directory. Projects are saved in the directory ...\Projects,
templates - in the directory...\Templates by default.
5.>

Select the directory ...\Templates under SEE Electrical.

6.>

SEE Electrical
Select a project template.

7.

Open
The Workspace information dialogue box appears.

8.

Select Circuit diagrams in the Workspace tree.

9.M

File

10.M

Properties

11.M

Module

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12.>

Page template

13.

Select your page template.

Verify all of the properties in this window and the properties of the circuit diagrams.
Select a method for naming the components in the workspace from the Component numbering
pop-up box within the Circuit Diagrams Properties dialogue box.
14.>

OK

15.>

Exercise 9
9--10: Save the new workspace template.
1.M

File

2.M

Save as

3.M

Workspace template

4.#

<name of the template>

5.>

Save

If you create a new workspace by using this template, the just now created norm sheet applies to all
new pages of the workspace. If you need to use different norm sheets on different pages, it is possible
to change the norm sheet by choosing the File menu > Open >Page template function,, as described
above..

Exercise 99-11: Close the workspace template to prevent undesired changes.

1.

Click on the project name in the Workspace tree.

2.

Right-click with the mouse.

3.M

Close the workspace

H.4. CREATE FORMS/TEMPLATES FOR GRAPHICAL LISTS

Exercise 99-12: Create templates for graphical lists.

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1.

Open the Graphical lists area by clicking on the plus sign "+" on

the left to "Graphical lists" in the Workspace tree.

2.

Select the graphical list you wish to create a template for.

3.

Right-click with the mouse.

4.M

Select the Load Page Template function from the context menu.
The just now created form can be loaded and changed. After you delete this form, it is possible
to create a new form. (The form opens in its own window, i.e. it does not exist as a page in the
Workspace tree).
It was described in the Normsheet chapter how to delete an available standard sheet (Edit
Edit
menu > Select All, right-click > Delete).
Delete Now, you must change the available normsheet.

5.M

Edit

6.M

Select All

7.

Right-click

8.M

Explode from the context menu

After ungrouping the symbol, all the elements become accessible again.

9.

You can add lines, erase lines, and move lines as needed.

10.

Edit texts, erase texts or add texts. There is a difference

between unchangeable texts and texts that have to be entered with data from the database lists.
All of the texts in a form for graphical lists have the "Normal Text" attribute.
Texts to be filled in with data from the database lists, must be presented always in the format
#<number>, such as #120010 for page number. You can find a list of available numbers for text
placeholders at the end of this section or in the "List Construction Set.CPS" symbol library.
11.

A special text placeholder "#Lines 30 7.5" must be presented in

the template in order to state the number of lines available in the template (for example 30) and the
line-distance (for example 7.5).
Enter the text exactly in the format
#Lines <number of lines> <line-distance>
The point is required as a decimal delimiter in the line-distance.
After you have created the form, save it as a symbol again.

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12.M

Edit

13.M

Select All

14.

Right click

15.M

Select Block from the context menu

16.>

Drawing sheet

17.>

OK

Exercise 99-13: Save the form.

1.

In the Workspace tree, select the current page under Graphical lists.

2.M

File

3.M

Save as

4.M

Drawing sheet

5.#

<name>

6.>

OK

Exercise 9
9--14: Select a template for a graphical list as follows:
.M

Properties

You can select the template for the graphical list in the Properties
Properties dialogue box..
1.

In the Workspace tree, select the graphical list, which you would

like to select a new template for.

2.

Right click

3.M

Properties

4.>

Select your new template.

Click on the icon

to select the desired template. A pop-up list appears including all of the

templates for graphical lists.

Select the template.

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5.>

OK
The setting for the template has been saved within the workspace.
If you create a new workspace template, you can select new templates for graphical lists, too.

Examples ffor
or text placeholders from database lists:
You will find detailed information about all the lists in the User manual in the chapter Graphical lists.
List of products
Number

Description

120010 Page number

120020 Page Index
160020 Path
140020 Function (=)
140050 Location (+)
160010 Product
160030 Description
160040 Type1
160041 Type2
160042 Type3
160043 Type4
160044 Type5
160045 Type6
160046 Type7
160047 Type8
160048 Type9
160049 Type10
165150 Free text 01

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165151 Free text 02
12000170

Manufacturer

H.4.1. FORMATTING GRAPHICAL LISTS

The format of graphical lists (except for Terminal matrix/Terminal plan with graphics, Terminal row
picture plan and cable plan with graphics) can be customized by using: sorting, filtering, defining first
page, page break after changing the defined values.
The control is realized via the page template using some keywords defined with the sign "#":

#PageBegin <page number>

The graphical list will start from the defined page number.
Example (for List of Products):
#PageBegin 100
The first graphical List of Products begins automatically always from
page number 100.
#PageBegin ?
Each time you generate the List of Products, a question about the
start page number will appear.

#PageBreak <value>

A new page will begin, if the defined value changes.

Example (List of Products):
#PageBreak 140020, 140050
Each time the Function (140020) or Location (140050) changes, a
pagebreak is inserted and the list continues on a new page.
The list can be sorted by the function in this way.

#LineBreak <value>

SEE Electrical

An empty line is inserted if the defined value changes.

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#OrderBy <values>

The graphical list is sorted according to the defined values

whoseCodes (#number) are stated after the keyword #OrderBy.
Example (List of Products):
#OrderBy 140020, 140050, 160010
The List of Products is ordered, at first, by Function of the products
Ascending, then by Location of the products Ascending, and then by
Component Names Ascending.
You can sort the List of Products according to types,
#OrderBy 160040
or according to Component Names
#OrderBy 160010.
Sorting in Descending order is also possible:
#OrderBy 140050 DESC, 160010
The List of Products is ordered at first by Function of the products
Descending, then by Component Names Ascending.

#Where [argument]

Records in the list are filtered according to the defined value.

Example (List of Products):
#Where [140050] = "+P1" AND [120010]>10
The List of Products will contain only components with Location "+P1"
and placed on page number >10.
Or
#Where [160040] = "M10" OR [160040] = "M20"
The List of Products will contain only components with types M10 and
M20.
Example (List of Documents):
#Where [180010] <> "List of Documents"
The List of Documents contains all of the diagrams without the pages
of the graphical List of Documents.
Example (List of Parts)
#Where NOT [160040] IS NULL
or
#Where [160040] IS NOT NULL
Filtering out (not displaying) of all the records without type.
You can use Access Standard SQL Syntax.
Arguments must be enclosed in square brackets ([ ]).

Generate all desired graphical lists in one step

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Within SEE Electrical, you are able to generate all desired graphical lists in just one click. The
knowledge how to do so you will get when designing normsheets for grafical lists (Chapter 8).
Using internal codes within the graphical lists, you can define a "chain reaction" at graphical lists
generation. The internal codes also allow you to specify consecutive page numbering valid for all lists,
e.g. the first document obtains page = 1, the next - 2 and so on, until completed. This enables more
flexible handling of graphical lists.
The following attributes are to be specified within the list:
#NextList List ID

Ex:
#NextList 3100
There are no brackets [ ] allowed For this example, the next list generated will be 3100. This code must be inserted in the first list
that you generate. The first list starts a "chain reaction", i.e. this code will automatically call and
generate the next kind of graphical list (in this example, list type 3100).
Please refer to the latest basic English manual for detailed description of the lists IDs.
# PageBegin [List ID]

Ex:
# PageBegin [3000]
The brackets [ ] must be used!
The page number on the current list will continue the pages numbering from the last page
number generated in the list with ID 3000 (page numbers will continue after the last page
number in list ID no 3000).
# PageBegin [List ID] $
The brackets [ ] must be used!

Ex: [3000] $ - Pages will have the numbers in the function groups in list 3000 - consecutive
page numbering independent from the type of the list in which the data is inserted.
# PageBegin <page number> (for ex. 20)

Ex: 20 - The page numbering will start at page 20.

# PageBegin <page number> % (for ex. 20%)

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Ex: 20% - Page numbering will start at page 20 for each function group.

H.5. QUICKREFERENCE TEMPLATES AND NORMSHEETS

(-> File, Open, Workspace, Select templates directory, Select template

Workspace template
<Name>.CPJ)

Circuit diagramdiagram-Properties

(->Circuit diagrams in the Workspace tree, context menu)

Set the Component numbering

etc.
Select template
Page template

<Name>.TDW

Create Normsheet
Draw graphics
Block: Normsheet
Page Properties

(-> Page in the Workspace tree, context menu)

Number of paths
Height of the Potentials
Grid
Save Page template

(-> File, Save as, Page template)

Cabinets Properties

(->Cabinets in the Workspace tree, context menu)

Select page template

etc.
Page template

<Name>.TDW
see above

Graphical Lists List of documents - Properties (->List of Documents in the Workspace tree,
context menu)

Select page template,

etc.

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Page template

<Name>.TDW
see above

Graphical Lists - List of products - Properties

(->List of Products in the Workspace tree, context

menu)
etc.

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EXTERNAL DATA TRANSFER

I.1.

DATA TRANSFER THROUGH DWG/DXF/DXB FORMAT

Data transfer between various CAD-systems is possible through the DWG/DXF/DXB format. However,
it is not possible to transfer data about electro-technical logic while transferring data through these
formats.
Exercise 1010-1: Import data into SEE Electrical.
Create a new empty page first.
1.M

File

2.M

Open

3.M

AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawing

5.>

Files of Type

6.>

AutoCAD DXF files (*.dxf)

Select the desired type of file.

7.>

Look in
Select the folder where the file is located.

8.>

Select the file.

9.>

Fit contents to Page

The properties of the imported drawing have to be adjusted. The setting must be active.

10.>

Delete Page before import

The available drawing (i.e. the empty norm sheet) must be deleted. The setting must be active.

11.>

Open
The file has been imported and shown as a drawing.
You can edit it now as usual.

Exercise 1010-2: Save data within DXF format.

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External Data Transfer

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1.

Switch to any page in the workspace that you want to save

within a DXF/ DWG or DXB format.

2.M

File

3.M

Save as

4.M

AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Drawing

5.>

Save as type

6.>

DXF v2004 File format (*.dxf)

Select the desired type of file.

7.>

File name

8.>

<name>

Type the name of the file.

9.>

Save in

10.>

Select the folder where the file must be saved.

11.>

Save
The file has been saved.
Using the same approach, you can save DWG/DXF/DXB files in all pages of your project by
activating the Save as > AutoCAD DWG/DXF/DXB Workspace function from the File menu.

I.2.

PIXEL IMAGES TRANSFER

You can insert pixel images (JPG, BMP, etc.) in SEE Electrical drawings.

Exercise 10
10--3: You can import a logo as a Bitmap object.
1.M

Edit

2.M

Insert Picture

The following formats are supported: PCX, JPG and BMP.

3.+

Select the first point of the frame, where the Picture is to

be inserted. The frame is defined as a rectangle by two opposite corner points.

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4.+

Select the second point of the frame for the Picture.

5.

Select the desired file as you work under Windows.

6.>

Open
You have just inserted the Bitmap object into the drawing.
Modify the Bitmap Object.

7.

Click on the

8.+

Left-click the bitmap object:

icon to enable trackers on selected elements.

You can see the trackers on each corner point and between them.
9.+

You can change the size of the bitmap object via trackers.

10.+

Click within the bitmap object, hold the left mouse button and

move the object to the desired position.

11.

Click on the

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icon again to switch the trackers off.

External Data Transfer

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EASY EDITING IN DATABASE LISTS

(standard)
In SEE Electrical standard, there are editors available in the Database lists.
You can change data via these Editors. The changes are saved in the circuit diagrams.

Exercise 11
11--1: Make changes in the Product editor.
1.

Select the row of the record you want to change, for example

the component Q1.

Q1
The component data are displayed in the pane on the right.
2.

In the right pane, select the row you want to change,

for example Circuit breaker.

breaker

3.#

Circuit breaker
Enter the desired text.

Click the next component you want to change.

Look at the page of the circuit diagram, where the changed components are located.

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CONTACT MIRROR AND TYPE DATABASE

(standard)
In SEE Electrical standard, you can choose to add cross references between a relay coil and its
related contacts: using either a contact mirror or a contact cross.

Exercise 1212-1: Control the properties for the project. A contact mirror instead of a contact cross must
be used in the future. (You can save this setting in your workspace template.)
1.

Click Circuit diagrams in the Workspace tree.

2.

Right-click with the mouse

3.M

Properties
The Circuit Diagrams Properties dialogue box appears.

4.T

Coil

Select the Coil tab.

5.>

Use contact mirror

Activate the setting.

6.>

OK

K.1. MANIPULATING THE TYPE DATABASE

The contact mirror provides information about contacts available in a relay coil, and about contacts
already used. The contact mirror can be created correctly only if it is known which contacts are
available in the coil, i.e. what type the coil possesses.
The way of constructing the contact mirror is defined in the so-called Channel definition. This is
possible to be performed in the Type database.

Exercise 1212-2: Create a new Supplier.

1.M

Functions.

2.M

Types > Database

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The Type Database Manager window appears.

The Type Database Manager window is composed of three areas. You can move the borders of
the areas and the borders of the columns in the right panes. Adjust the Type Manager window
to the picture above. Do the next steps as described.
Create the new supplier "Training".
3.M

Select the Supplier menu.

4.M

Add

5.#

Training
Enter the name of the new supplier, i.e. Training.
Training

6.>

OK
The supplier has been created.

Exercise 1212-3: Define a new type of a relay-coil.

Types must be unique, i.e. one type designation must appear only once.
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1.M

Select the Type column in the top right pane.

2.#

Example type 1
Enter the new type designation.

3.#

Relay coil AC
In the Description field, you can write the description of the new type, for example AC relay coil.

4.>

You can choose the desired supplier from the list by clicking within the relevant

Supplier field.. The supplier "Training" is already available..

5.>

Click the Goods Group column. Right in the input field, the icon

appears. If you click on

this icon, a list with the available goods groups opens. Select the desired goods group, in our case "K"
K".
K"
The goods groups are used for structuring the goods information. For example, in SEE

Electrical standard or professional level, you can enter data about types for all kinds of
components, i.e. switch gears, terminals, relay-coils etc. But, when you assign a type to a
component, the relevant type is to be shown only. The goods groups enable this pre-selection.
6.>

Open the "Training"

Training" supplier by clicking on the plus sign "+" left to the supplier.
The goods groups assigned to this supplier are shown, i.e. "K".
"K"

7.>

Open the goods group "K" by clicking on the plus sign "+" left to the goods group.
The new type appears now in the Type Database Manager, too.

8.>

Select the type you wish to assign information to, by clicking on it in the Type field.

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In the bottom right pane of the Type Database Manager, all properties of a type are displayed
by default. (You can select the Settings command,, which opens the Type Explorer window, from
the Functions menu.)

9.>

Click the Value column in the right bottom pane in the Type Database Manager window.
Enter the following values:

Height: 100 (used in module Cabinets)

Width: 100 (used in module Cabinets)
Description 1: AC relay-coil
Order number: 123A

10.>

Click the Property column in the line beneath "Order

Order number".
number"

Click on the

icon. A list is displayed for choosing a form. Choose the property to be added to

the type, for example manufacturer, price, etc. A relay-coil or a component with auxiliary
contacts needs the information about the contact mirror that must be used.
11.>

Select Define channels.

channels
When a contact mirror must be shown under the relay-coil symbol, this property is essential for
a relay-coil type.
This property is also essential for a component with auxiliary contacts if an automatic contact
numbering is to be performed.

Exercise 12
12--4: Define channels for your coil. Herewith, you will define the data for the contact mirror
and for the contact numbering.
1.

Define channels

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Perform the Channel definition.

2.>

Connection

3.#

1,2,3,4, 5, 6
Type the contact numbers of the main contact.
The contact numbers are separated by commas ",".
4.>

Click on the
5.>

Reference symbol Circuit diagrams

button within this field.

You can select the contact mirror symbol from the symbol databases.
Open the TYPES database, and then open the Mirrors folder.

6.> Connection
7.#

13, 14
Type the contact numbers of the first contact NO.

Reference symbol Circuit diagrams

Click on the
9.>

button within this field again.

You can select the contact mirror symbol from the symbol databases again.
Open the TYPES database, and then open the Mirrors folder by double clicking on it.

10.> Connection
11.#

21, 22

Type the contact numbers of the first contact NC.

12.>

Reference symbol Circuit diagrams

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Click on the
13.>

button within this field once again.

You can select the contact mirror symbol from the symbol databases again.

Open the TYPES database, and then open the Mirrors folder by double clicking on it, select the
Contact NC symbol.
14.>

OK

Finish the Channel definition.

Exercise 1212-5: Copy the just created type.

1.> Click the type in the type database

2.M

Functions

3.M

Copy Selected Type

A copy with the type name "Copy
Copy of <type>"
Copy
<type> appears, now it is "Cop
Copy of Exampletype1".
Exampletype1

4.>

You can close the Type Database Manager window by clicking the

K.2. USING TYPES IN CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Use the just defined type in the current circuit diagram.
Exercise 1212-6: Switch to page 2 of your training workspace, and define a type for the relay coil 2K2.
1.+

Double-click the relay-coil.

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You can enter the type in the Type field by typing on the keyboard.
You can select the type from the type database too.
2.>

Click

The Type Database Browser window opens.

3.>

Open the manufacturer Training by clicking on the plus sign "+"

on the left to the supplier.

4.>

Open the goods group K by clicking on the plus sign "+" on the

left to the goods group.

5.>

Select the type by clicking the field on the left to the type, now Exampletype
Exampletype 1.

The type is selected.

6.>

Close the Type Database Browser window by clicking on the

7.>

OK

Close the Component Properties dialogue box.

The contact mirror appears.
!!! Line deleted

Exercise 1212-7: Assign types to the next both coils.

You can filter in the type database.
1.+

Double-click one of the coils.

2.>

Click on

3.>

Filter

4.#

3TB

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in the Type field.

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Press ENTER to confirm.
Afterwards, all the types containing "3TB
3TB"
3TB in their name are displayed.
Please use types that provide a suitable number of contacts.
5.>

Select a type by double-clicking in the field left to the Type, now 3TB4011 or 3TB4022.
The type is selected.

6.> Close the Type database browser window by clicking the

7.>

field.

OK
Close the Component Properties dialogue box.

Exercise 1212-8: Assign types to both motor protecting switches on page 1.

Exercise 12
12--9: If contactors or components with auxiliary contacts have a type with a channel
definition, the contact numbering is performed automatically. If no free contact of the relevant type is
available in the component, an error message appears.
1.+

Place a new contact, and assign it to an available contactor or a motor protecting switch.

K.3. AUXILIARY CONTACTS OVERLAPPING AND SUBTYPES

Components don't always consist of only one element, they are often assembled from several
elements or elements can be added to an article.
Fuses are typical examples for components assembled from several articles. They always consist of a
socket, a fuse link, a screw cap and a fitting screw. These parts are called in SEE Electrical Subtypes.
Subtypes
For a relay coil, an upper part is needed sometimes, but sometimes not.
Therefore, SEE Electrical offers two different approaches.
All of the articles must be stored in the type database.

Exercise 1212-10: Assign an upper part to a relay coil.

1.+

Double-click the relay coil.

2.

Go into the type database and select a second type.

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3.

Close the type database.

3.

Both types are separated by a semicolon in the Type field of the Component Properties

dialogue box..
You can assign up to 10 types to a component.
Look at the Products list. A column Type 02 with the second type is created. Look at the Parts list
afterwards. The types remain on single lines there.
Overlapping contacts must be added to relay coils always using this approach .

Exercise 1212-11: Define and use a type for a fuse.

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1.+

Insert a fuse into your drawing. Double-click the fuse.

2.

Go into the type database and create a type "Fuse

Fuse".
Fuse
The needed elements for the fuse are available. Otherwise, define them before you create the
fuse type.

3.

In the Property column, you can find the Assign sub types property..

4.

Select Assign sub types.

5.

You can choose all the types needed as elements for your fuse.
If several sockets or melt inserts are needed, choose the appropriate type multiple.

6.

Close the type database by clicking onto

Define then the next fuse type.

The subtypes are displayed.

7.

Assign the type to the fuse.

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Look at the Products list. For the component "Fuse", only one type is recorded in the list of
products, as in the Spare parts list also.
In the Spareparts, simple list each element of the fuse appears on a single line.
Look in the Parts list.. You only find the main type, too.
In the Parts, simple list the spare parts are on single lines.

Types of components with subtypes once determined must not be

changed afterwards again.
If a fuse sometimes has a splash guard, and sometimes not, the type for the splash guard can be
defined as a second type for the fuse.
If you need a 16A fuse today, but you need a 4A fuse tomorrow, define two types with different
subtypes, etc.

K.4. MANAGEMENT OF CABLES

SEE Electrical can manage information about Cable-cores in the type database and Cable-cores used
in a cable.

Exercise 1212-12: Define a cable type.

1.

Open the type database and create a cable type as usual.

2.

In the Property pane, find the Number of cores attribute.

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3.

Click on Number of cores and define a colour and a cross-section for the Cable-cores.

4.

Click OK to finish the definition.

5.

Close the type database.

Exercise 1212-13: Draw a new cable. Use the defined type.

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Colour and cross-section for the cable-core are accepted from the type database.
Click on

in the CableCable-core No. line,, a database opens, where all the free cores of the

current cable are displayed. You can choose a core here.

Exercise 1212-14:

Draw more cable-cores than already available. You will receive an error

message.
Look in the Cable editor to see which cable has too many cores.
1.

Open the Cable editor.

editor

2.

Right click.

3.

Click Check cables from the context menu.

K.5. IMPORT AND EXPORT ARTICLE MASTER DATA

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You can receive article master data from the component manufacturer or from another source and use
them. SEE Electrical offers the possibility to import data with ECAD or Excel format in the type
database.
You can find both import functions under Functions > Types > Database > Import/Export.
Here, you are also given the opportunity to import types from a XML spreadsheet file, for example
created with a Microsoft Excel application. However, a XML file may be generated from many other
external programs. As well, exporting types to a XML spreadsheet is possible.
The XML spreadsheet represents an ASCII formatted text file presenting the data structured in rows
and columns in a standard, predefined with tags, file structure.
It is possible to open/edit/save XML Spreadsheets using a Microsoft Excel application.
For the SEE Electrical XML parser, a Simple XML Format is used i.e. the <Row>, <Cell> and <Data>
tags are required for it. Below you can find an example of a manually written XML file:
<Table>

<Row>
<Cell><Data>160040</Data></Cell>
<Cell><Data>12000005</Data></Cell>
<Cell><Data>12000006</Data></Cell>
</Row>
<Row>
<Cell><Data>Type</Data></Cell>
<Cell><Data>Description</Data></Cell>
<Cell><Data>Goodsgroup</Data></Cell>
</Row>
<Row>
<Cell><Data>3TB4011</Data></Cell>
<Cell><Data>My description</Data></Cell>
<Cell><Data>Coils</Data></Cell>
</Row>
</Table>

Exercise 1212-15:

Importing types from XML spreadsheet into SEE Electrical

1. Open the Type Database Manager using the Functions > Types > Database functionality.

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2.

Select the Import from XML Spreadsheet command from the Import/Export menu. A dialogue

box appears:

3. Select the file and import all types from the XML spreadsheet file.
Exercise 12
12--16:

Exporting types to XML spreadsheet

1. Open the Type Database Manager using the Functions > Types > Database functionality.
2.

Select the Export

Export to XML Spreadsheet command from the Import/Export menu. A dialogue

box appears:

3. Type in file name and click Save.

Save

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Personal notes:

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WIRE PROPERTIES

(Standard)

L.1. WIRE DIRECTION

SEE Electrical standard offers you the option to use wire direction instead of the node.

You can change the wire direction by choosing Functions > Wire> Direction. Click on the node, the
wire direction will be changed.
Right-click on Circuit Diagrams within the Solution Explorer. Select Properties > Wires tab and activate
the Show Wire directions option to show wire directions permanently.
By using the wire direction, you can change the appearance of the terminal matrix and in professional
level,, the terminal plan with graphics as well.

Example 1:

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Example 2:

L.2. CHANGE TARGETS

In the terminal matrix, internal and external targets must appear on one defined side.

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In the example above, internal and external targets are shown in colour either on the right or on the left
side.
This comes from the circuit diagram as terminals find usually the internal targets at their upper
connection, and the external targets at their bottom connection.
This can be propitious in some cases but in others - not:

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Exercise 13
13--1: Swap the internal and external target for both bottom terminals in the right displayed
example.
1..M

View

2..M

Internal Connection
Each first connection within a component is now highlighted.
The first connection of a terminal manages the internal target.

3.

Select the terminals which you wish to swap the connections

of.
4..M

Functions.

5..M

Internal Component Connections > Swap

The connections of the highlighted terminals have been swapped.

Exercise 1313-2: For terminals with more than 2 connections or Deck terminals, you can define more
external/internal targets.
1. Select the terminals which targets you wish to redefine.
2.M

Functions

3.M

Internal Component Connections > Redefine target(s) on terminal(s)

The connections of the selected terminals are redefined.

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L.3. DEFINE A LINK

Links are indicated automatically from the SEE Electrical standard level. Two types of Links are
created: Links identified via potentials and links identified via wires.
You can assign another type to the links, as well as the standard type. In this way you can differentiate
between inlaying links, wire links etc.
In the terminal matrix, the different link types can be displayed on various locations.
Following definitions are used:
P

Links identified via potentials

Links identified automatically via wires (main link type)

Link type 1, you can assign it instead of the Wire type, for example inlaying link

Link type 2

etc. up to
10

Link type 10

Exercise 13
13--3: Switch to page 2 of your workspace Training. Place a new terminal X2:11 beneath the
terminal X2:1. Define the link type between the terminals X2:1 and X2:11.
1..M

Functions.

2..M

Wire

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3..M

Properties

4.+

Identify the wire which LINK-type you want to change.

5.>

LINK-Type
The value "Wire"
Wire" in the LINKLINK-type line means that a link type is not defined. In the training, the
LINK type "Wire"
Wire" must represent inlaying links. Bridge type 1 would represent wire links.

6.>

Bridge type 01
Select another link type.

7.>

OK

The link type has been changed and you can identify the next wire or close the function.

L.4. WORKING WITH AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED

CONNECTIONS
When adding symbols you can view the relevant wires by means of the View/Autoconnection
functionality. It is also accessible through the relevant icon in the Electrical bar:

If enabled, the command automatically adds vertical/horizontal wires when new symbols are being
added.

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The example below shows screen shots (of the graphical representation) before and after adding a
symbol:

Hint: Autocomplete Wiring will complete wires automatically when selecting a connection or a contact
point.

When using the automatic wiring tool, you are enabled to define the route direction of the connection
pin by the Functions/Internal component connections/Direction command.
By analyzing the shape of a given symbol, SEE Electrical in most cases will calculate the possible
directions for connecting the symbol (up, down, right, left). However, the shape of some special userdefined symbols may cause SEE Electrical fail a calculation. In such case, SEE Electrical will look for
the basic definition of directions set by the user.
The command is, therefore, used to set this parameter as a default one. So, after activating it, specify
the connection direction:

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Important!
The command is only active and available when using the automatic wiring tool.

L.5. GRAPHICAL WIRE NUMBERING

The graphical wire numbering is frequently requested. SEE Electrical standard provides this feature.

Activate this setting in Properties for Circuit diagrams. When the setting for graphical wire numbering
is activated, functions for automatic numbering and removing wire numbers are available in the
Functions menu (Functions menu > Wire > Numbers > ).

L.6. SIGNAL PROPERTIES, WIRE COLOUR AND WIRE SIZE

Signal properties
It is possible to assign Signal properties when drawing wires - for example, for control circuit or for
power circuit.
First, it is necessary to activate the "Signal handling of wires" setting by using the Properties
contextual function for Circuit diagrams and selecting the Wires tab.
Afterwards click the Signals setup button to define the desired Signal properties. For the standard
level, only 4 Signal properties are possible.

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If you work with signal properties, you can select the signal property from the menu
in the Electrical bar.

The properties, as you have specified them for the corresponding signal, are displayed subsequently
in the drawing.

Example:

Wire colour and wire size

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Wires have also colour and size. This information is important if you work with a Wires list.
If you double-click a wire, the following dialogue is displayed:

There exist various ways to assign the desired values to the wires.
The best method is to be individually considered.

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PERSONAL NOTESTERMINAL MATRIX

(standard)

M.1. GENERATE A TERMINAL MATRIX

The terminal matrix enables an easy installation of terminal strips.

Exercise 14
14--1: Generate a terminal matrix for the training project.
1.

Select Terminal matrix from within the Graphical Lists in the

Workspace tree.
Open the Graphical Lists by clicking on the sign + on the left to the Graphical
Graphical Lists.

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2.

Right-click with the mouse.

3..M

Generate

The Terminal matrix has been created.

Exercise 1414-2: Look at the terminal matrix. Each terminal strip appears on its own page.
1.

0001
Double-click the page 1 beneath Terminal matrix in the Workspace tree.

2.

0002
Double-click the page 2 beneath Terminal matrix in the Workspace tree.

M.2. CREATE A TEMPLATE FOR A TERMINAL MATRIX

Templates for terminal matrices are page templates with special Properties.

Exercise 1414-3: Create a template for a terminal matrix.

1.

Graphical lists

2.

Terminal matrix
Right-click

3.

Load Page Template

The current form of the terminal matrix has been loaded and can be edited.
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General approach for creating a terminal matrix:
1.

Create the graphics.

2.

Define text placeholders by choosing Text > New.

New

You need the following text placeholders (within Attribute > Other select an attribute):
-Workspace name
Terminal Sheet
Date
Terminal Sheet Index
Function
Location
Terminal strip

Position of the left target of the terminal (for example, Target??? behind Connection1)
If you enter here "+P1", a potential appears as a target only at the first terminal, if several
terminals are linked. If you enter another text, such as "Target1" as shown in the picture above,

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then each potential appears at each terminal for linked terminals too, as in the circuit diagram.
If you type "NoPot
NoPot"
NoPot as a text, potentials or reference symbols don't appear basically as targets
for terminals.
Terminal number (if the text placeholder for terminal number (such as NR??) doesn't
begin with a capital letter, a terminal number appears in each line where data about this
terminal are.) If the text placeholder begins with a capital letter, the terminal number
appears only in the first line.
Position of the right target
target of the terminal (for example, Target??? behind Connection2)
Number of lines available for terminals (for example 50 lines, the distance between the
position text of the left target and the number of lines defines how to record the third and
next lines for terminals in the terminal matrix.
o
o

Sheet (and Sheet Index) where the terminal is located

Text placeholder for the function and location of the page

Path where the terminal is located

o

Terminal type

Terminal description

Do you need reserve terminals? If yes, place the text Reserve terminals in the text placeholder for the
left target. The text with an attribute Reserve terminal defines the target in the terminal matrix, if
areserve terminal is entered. Enter the text Reserve.

There is a feature for defining the index of the first and the last terminal in the page template. If the first
available terminal in the Circuit diagram does not possess the index of the first terminal in the page
template, reserve terminals are filled up to the first available index. Behind the last terminal, reserve
terminals are filled up to the specified index.
To use this function, a text placeholder with the "normal text" property must be defined as follows:

#Spare +FirstIndex=<n> +LastIndex=<m> +N="<Text Reserveterminal> <Format Number>"

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The text is inserted at the place where the terminal number for terminals in the Circuit diagram is
located. No entry is made in the targets of the terminal left or right. (For more details, see chapter
"Graphical lists" in the User Manual).

Cable-name left (if you type a dash "-", cable-name, cable-type and cable-description are not
displayed)

Cable-type left (Type1 on the left) (if you type a dash "-", the cable-type is not displayed)

Cable-type (if you enter an article number as a cable-type, you can type the text, such as NYM-J 5x1,5
in the cable-type)

Cable-description left (on the left) (if you type a dash "-", the cable-description is not displayed)

Cable-core Number left, for example c- (on the left)

(A c (lower case letter) causes the Cable-core colour entry, and if this is not available - the Cable-core
number.
If you type the letter N as a first letter in the text placeholder, the cable-core numbers will be displayed.
If you type C (upper case letter) there, the cable-core colours will be displayed. If you type "-" there, no
data about cable-cores will be displayed.) To show graphical wire numbers, cable-core colours and

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cross-sections, use the second letter in the text placeholder. The letter codes N, C or a dash "-"apply
in the same way. If you do not want to show information about wires, type a dash "-" for the second
letter.

Cable-core section left (on the left)

The cable-core section can be entered for cable-cores and/or wires, too. Two signs are needed here
again. The combination Q- creates the section for cable-cores but not for wires, -Q creates the section
for wires but not for cable-cores.Numbers of cable-lines left, the same rules as for the numbers of lines
for terminals apply

Cable-name (right)
The same rules apply as for the cable texts left

Cable-type right
The same rules apply as for the cable texts left.

Cable-description right
The same rules apply as for the cable texts left.

Cable-core Number right

The same rules apply as for the cable texts left.

Cable-core section right

Numbers of cable-lines right, (the same rules apply as for the number of lines for terminals)

3.

additional texts that can be entered manually.

Define the text placeholders for the bridges.

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You need:
one text placeholder (with the LINK Type attribute);
If the bridge type is not in between 1 to 10: if this text contains the letter P, then bridges
identified via potentials are displayed; 0 => bridges identified via wires are displayed;
1 to 10: bridges of the appropriate LINK Type are shown)
6 symbols

Create the symbols as follows:

Draw the graphics

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Select the graphics of the symbol
Block to a symbol LINK Type 1 or LINK Type 2 or ... LINK Type 6
Drag the symbol into the symbol database
Delete the graphics used for the symbol
Pull the symbol out of the database and insert it.
After you have created and inserted all symbols:
Select 6 symbols and the text for the bridge
Block as Macro/Group
Move the symbol into the symbol database
Delete the graphics
Pull the symbol out of the database and insert it.

For each LINK Type, you must create a text placeholder (see the picture above - for example,
bridge placeholders for P, 0 and 1). If a LINK Type is not defined in the template, then a LINK
Type 0 is used.
If a LINK Type P is not placed, bridges identified via wires are not displayed. In this case, the
target terminal is shown.
Here, you cannot use all of the settings options available via the template. For more details see
chapter "Graphical lists" in the User Manual.
4.

Select All

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5.

Create a symbol Normsheet.

6.

Save the page template.

7.

Define the new terminal matrix as a template in the properties of Terminal matrix.

M.3. SEARCH OBJECTS VIA POTENTIALS

If a terminal is connected with a potential directly via wires, the potential is usually found as a target.
The same applies to the cross-references.
If you wish that components are always found as targets, you can change this as follows:
Open the workspace and enter, in the command line, the "POTREF" command. Run the "Regen
Regenerate
Regenerate
database"
File"
database function from the "File
File menu, save the workspace and close it. After reopening the
workspace, the terminal matrix or Terminal plan with graphics can be generated again and the next
component connected to the terminal is found as target.
In the List of terminals, always the first (found in the memory) target is shown. This can be the
component or the potential.
If you enter "POTREF" in the command line again (the workspace is open), regenerate databases,
save, close and open the workspace, you can switch off this target search.
If the target search method once changes, it is saved in the workspace.
If you wish to use always the new method of target searching for new workspaces, open your
workspace template, run "POTREF" in the command line, run the function "Regenerate databases"
from the "File
File"
File menu (you must create a new page in Circuit diagrams, and delete it before saving the
workspace template). Save your workspace template again. The workspaces created using this
template will implement the changed target search.

M.4. HANDLING DECK TERMINALS

You can handle deck terminals in the Circuit diagram as follows:
Place the deck terminals.
Enter the needed texts. Single decks are connected together when the terminal name, terminal
number, and terminal sorting are equal. (The terminal number can be also empty.)

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Select the answer "Yes" to the question if the components are to be combined.
In the terminal matrix, terminal number, deck separator and deck name are entered together in
the text placeholder for the terminal number.

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Personal notes:

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MORE ABOUT CABLES

(professional)
You are given the opportunity to define advanced cables yourself according to your needs and
preferences in order to use them later when necessary.

N.1. USER-DEFINED CABLE SYMBOLS

The functionality for creation of your own cable definition and layout is accessible through the "Cables
Setup" button within the Cables tab of the Circuit Diagrams Properties dialogue. This dialogue is
called by clicking the Properties command from the pop up menu that appears when you right-click
the Circuit Diagrams module in the Solution Explorer.
When you click on the "Cables Setup" button the following window appears:

In the Name field, you have to specify a cable name by your choice.
Clicking on the

button within the Start Symbol field, the Symbol browser opens where you can

select the additional symbol used at the first cable core. Its description will be displayed in this field.
In the same way, you choose the additional symbol to be used at the middle core and the additional
one for last core of the cable. Their names (descriptions) are displayed, respectively, in the Middle

Symbol and End Symbol fields.

In the Angle field you have to specify the fixed rotation of your cable at the insertion.
The defined cables are to be stored in the ...Template\Cables.mdb database.

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Hint 1: For creating advanced cables, the various cable symbols must be present in the symbol
database. Symbol must have all necessary cable symbol properties assigned.
Hint
Hint 2: The symbols must be created at such angle as it is defined for use.
When you want to use a cable or add an advanced cable, a dialogue listing all advanced cables
defined, appears.

Example:

If no advanced cable has been defined yet (possible list empty), no list will appear.
In case you choose an advanced cable, this will be inserted. Otherwise (if you cancel the dialogue),

SEE Electrical will add a basic cable.

N.2. CABLE MANAGEMENT WITH THE HELP OF THE TYPE

DATABASE
Using the Type database, you can carry out a cable core management, i.e., control of cable
overbooking can be performed. If the number, the cross section and the colour of the cable cores have
been previously entered and are stored in the database, then the wires can be selected from it when
inserting the cable in the circuit diagram.
A prerequisite for the insertion of the cable cores, their wire colours and cross-sections is that the
"Number of cores" entry is available as a type property.

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Via the

entry for the "Number of cores" value in the type properties, you reach the definition of

cable cores.

Here you enter the total number of cable cores, the colours and the cross-section of the single wires.

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CABLE PLAN WITH GRAPHICS

(standard)
The Cable plan with graphics enables a clearly-presented documentation of the cable cores and their
targets.

The targets of the cable-cores can be displayed as text information or graphics.

Examples:

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O.1. CREATE A CABLE PLAN WITH GRAPHICS

Exercise 15
1.

1:

Create the Cable plan with graphics for the training workspace.

Select Cable plan within the Graphical lists area in the Workspace tree.

If the Graphical lists area is not open, click the plus sign on the left to Graphical lists to open it.

2.

Right-click with the mouse.

3.M

Generate
The Cable plan with graphics is generated.

Exercise 1515-2: Viewing the Cable plan.

1.

0001

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Select page 1 of the Cable plan with graphics by double-clicking on 0001 beneath Cable plan
with graphics in the Workspace tree.
Have a look at the next pages, too

O.2. CREATE A TEMPLATE FOR CABLE PLANS

The template consists of the following parts:
Elements of the norm sheet -> Norm sheet symbol (see step 1 below)
Texts for first page number and page break (optional) (PageBreak=, + or -) (see step 2 below)
Header for Cable (Name, Type, etc.) (See step 3 below)
Data about Cable core number (see step 4 below)
Target left/ Target right (see step 5 below)
Number of lines for Cable cores (see step 6 below)

Quick guide Create a template:

1.

Draw the desired graphics and place the needed texts. Select All. Group Selected as

a "Norm sheet" symbol.

2.

Insert texts for the first page number and page break (optional) (PageBreak=, + or -)

3.

Create the Header for the cable:

3a.

Group graphics and text with the attribute "normal" as a "Graphical symbol".

3b.

Insert the texts for the cables. These are texts with the attribute "Cable name",

"Description", and "Type" etc.

(optional: A text of the form
Type: %s
provides the result, for instance Type: NYY 5x1,5.)
3c.

Group the "graphical symbol" and the texts for the cable as a symbol "Macro/Group".

4.

Define the view of the data for the Cable core number.

4a.

Group graphics and text with the attribute "normal" as a "Graphical symbol".

4b.

Insert texts for

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Cable core number (+c (colour/number) or +C (only colour) or + (only number) or
(nothing)
Cable core cross section (optional)
Function, Location, Sheet, Index, Path where the Cable core is located (optional).
4c.

Group Selected as a Macro/Group symbol.

5.

Define the targets left and right.

5a.

You need texts with the attribute "Target left" (or "Target right").

5b.

If Circuit diagram symbols must be placed, 2 routes and 1 text are required for the

position of the symbol (see Symbol folder "List of Construction set", "Cable plan with graphics").
6.

Define the distance between different cables on one page.

You can define the distance via the texts "Cable core" in the Cable core information, and "Cable
name" in the Cable information.
You can define the direction, in which cable and cable cores appear in the template, by
means of the distance between the texts "Target left" and "Number of lines" in the Cable
core information.

7.

Save the page template.

8.

Assign the new page template in the Properties of the Cable plan.

Here, you cannot use all of the settings options available via the template. For more details, see
chapter "Graphical lists" in the User Manual.

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FUNCTION AND LOCATION

(standard)
In SEE Electrical standard or professional, you can choose to work with function/location.
If you work with function and location, a component name consists of three parts: function (begins with
=), location (begins with +) and component name (begins with -). The function and location are
transferred from the legend of the norm sheet in most cases.
Exercise
Exercise 1616-1: Create a new workspace.
1.M

File

2.M

New

3.M

Workspace

4.>

File name
Give a new workspace name.

5.>

Save

6.>

Choose the workspace template.

7.>

Click OK to confirm.

Exercise 1616-2: Change the properties of the workspace. You are going to work with function and
location in your new workspace.
1.

Click Circuit diagrams in the workspace tree.

2.

Right-click with the mouse

3.M

Properties
The Circuit Diagrams Properties window appears.

4.>

Use Function/Location management

Activate the setting

5.>

Reference

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Click the Reference tab and set the format properties for the references.
Adjust the format if necessary.
6.>

OK

Exercise 1616-3: Create page 1 of the workspace and enter a function/location in the Page information
dialogue box and therewith in the legend of the standard sheet of page 1.
1.

Click Circuit diagrams in the workspace tree.

2.

Right-click with the mouse

3.M

New page

Type the function and location data in the Page information dialogue box.
4.>

Function

5.#

A1
Enter identification for the function.

6.>

Location

7.#

O1
Enter the location.

8.>

OK
Create pages 2 and 3 in the same way. Enter function/location for page 2, too.
Give other identification for page 3.
You can see, in the workspace tree, that the workspace has been restructured using function
and location.

Exercise 1616-4: Copy parts of the diagram of the already constructed Training workspace into the new
workspace.
1.

Select the part of the circuit diagram you wish to copy.

2.

Press CTRL + C.

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3.

Switch to the page in the new workspace where you wish to

paste the copy.
Press CTRL+
CTRL V. Paste the copy.

4.

When you work with function and location, all the component names obtain a dash "-".

Exercise 1616-5: If several components must have another function/ location, they could be assigned to
another function/location using the Function/Location Box.
Box
1.M

Draw

2.M

Function/Location Box

3.+

Fix the first point of the rectangle of the box.

4.+

Fix the second point of the rectangle of the box.

5.>

Function

6.#

Enter the new function value.

7.>

Location

8.#

Enter the new location.

9.>

OK
The input box closes.

10.

Yes
Confirm to rename all components inside this Function/Location box.
The identifications have been assigned to all components located within the drawn rectangle.

Exercise 1616-6: If the name of the Function/Location box has to be changed, proceed as follows:
1.+

Double-click the Function/Location box whose texts you want to change

2.

Enter the correct names in the corresponding fields.

3.>

OK
Close the input box.

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4.

Yes
Confirm renaming all components inside this Function/Location box.

Exercise 1616-7: If some components must have another function/location, they can be assigned to the
function/location as follows:
1.+

Double-click the component whose function and location you wish to change.

2.

Enter the correct values in the appropriate fields.

3.>

OK

Close the input box.

Exercise 1616-8: View the Products list and the Documents list.
1.

Open the Graphical lists area in the workspace tree.

2.

Select Documents.
Documents

3.

Select Products.
Products
The components are displayed with their different functions/ locations.

Hint:

If you use function/location, it is possible to choose the View for function/location in three

levels by editing the component: Auto (display only if the function/location is not equal to the record in
the legend),
), Hide (they are never shown),, Show (they are always shown). Furthermore, it is possible
to set the Merge option to show the function, location and product name in one line.

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The Merge option is helpful especially for potentials when they have a Function/Location different from
the page where they are located.
As you can see in the illustration below, the Merge option makes displaying the texts in one line. In this
way, potentials can be placed as usual with a distance of 5 mm between each other.

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REVISION MANAGEMENT

(standard)

The revision management system allows you to update automatically any page on which data has
been modified including cases when the change is a result from an automatic SEE Electrical
functionality. SEE Electrical automatically inserts the new date on the corresponding pages
This is done if you have checked the "Change Revision Date Automatically" option within the General
tab of the Circuit Diagrams Properties window accessible through the Properties contextual
command for the Circuit Diaglams module.

Hint::
Hint: Considering relays that typically are spread over more than one page: the coil is inserted in one
page with a corresponding mirror (or similar) below; the corresponding contacts may be spread within
the diagrams (detached representation) if the option referred above is enabled, SEE Electrical will
update the date in all relevant drawings when the corresponding data has been changed in another
page.
For example, you have enabled the option, and you move one contact in page 12 (with the relay coil in
page 7) and save the project afterwards. SEE Electrical will automatically change the revision date on
page 12 as well as on page 7.

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COMPLEX CHANGES IN THE DATABASE LISTS

(professional)
R.1.1. PRODUCT EDITOR
You can edit one or several records. If a record is selected, you can change everything within this
record in the right pane of the editor. If several records are selected in the list by pressing CTRL or
SHIFT, you can change only description, type, and function/location, if needed. The changes apply to
all of the selected components.
In the context menu, the Renumber all components on all pages function is available and allows you
to rename all the components on all of the pages, as long as the UserUser-defined Component Numbering
setting is not activated.

R.1.2. TERMINAL EDITOR

You can edit one or more records.
In the context menu, the Renumber all components on all pages and Renumber all shown terminals
(=filtered) functions are available.
Edit multiple records:

The sequence of defining the sorting criteria is important. The criteria are shown in the headline of the
window.
a)

Change the terminal names for the whole terminal strip:

Select all terminals in the terminal strip. Change the terminal names

b)

Renumber all terminals in the terminal strip

Select all terminals in the terminal strip.
In the Terminal number field, enter the following: 1>1 (start from terminal number 1,
increment 1)
or
1>10 (start from terminal number 1, the next terminal has an increment 10, therefore it is
11)
This method can also be used for terminal index.

c)

Renumber the terminals in a terminal strip as follows: all the terminals on page 1 in the

top line first, then all the terminals below (starting in path1) etc.

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The terminal editor sorts directly so renumbering in this way is possible. Select the
desired terminal strip in the Terminal strip column.. Right-click with the mouse. Set the
filter on. Right-click and select Renumber all shown terminals from the context menu..
d)

Renumber the terminals in a terminal strip not in the available sequence but all

terminals in path 1of page 1 first, then the terminals in path 2 etc.

Select the desired Terminal strip in the Terminal strip column. Right click. Set the filter on.
Select the Page column. Right-click and sort the column in ascending order. Select the
column X it is sorted in ascending order, and then the Y column is sorted in descending
order.

Right-click again and click Renumber all shown terminals from the context

menu..
e)

Renumber all excepting terminals with number PE, etc.

Sort by terminal strip, then by terminal-numbers, select all the terminals except these with
PE number etc. and change as described under b).

f)

Change the terminal type

Select all the desired terminals and enter a type.

R.1.3. CABLE EDITOR

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Multiple records can be edited at a time. By selecting the Check cables function from the context
menu, you can check out overfilled cable-cores.

R.1.4. WIRE EDITOR

Multiple records can be edited together.

R.1.5. FUNCTION/LOCATION EDITOR

Multiple records can be edited at a time. The position of the page in the Workspace tree can be
adjusted.

R.1.6. DOCUMENT EDITOR

You can select, within this editor, multiple documents from a project to delete them through a single
operation.
By using the Delete Selected command from the context menu available, you can delete all desired
documents, previously selected, in just one step.

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ADVANCED PROCESSING OF A PROJECT

(professional)

S.1. ADD AND DELETE PAGES

If you right-click with the mouse (the cursor is on a page in the workspace tree), a context menu
appears and you can add pages before the current page (Insert
Insert Gap(s) before this page)
page or remove
empty pages before the current page (Remove
Remove Gaps before this page).
page

If you use a page based numbering, you can choose whether to change the component names or not.
The functions are available for each kind of plans and for graphical lists also. After generating terminal
matrices, it is possible, for example, to start on page number 300.

S.2. COPY PAGES

If you right-click with the mouse (the cursor is on a page in the workspace tree), a context menu
appears, and you can copy the current page.

S.3. CHANGE PAGE TEMPLATES

It is possible to change page templates for all Circuit diagrams at a time or for a single page:
The Change Page template on all pages function in the Functions menu allows changing the page
template in all of the circuit diagrams by a single operation.
The Open > Page Template function in the File menu allows changing the Page Template. You can
choose whether other objects to remain on the page or not.

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In both cases, the page templates settings have an effect on the components, i.e. the component
names may be customized.

S.4. TRANSLATE
The Translate function in the Text menu allows you to translate texts contained in circuit diagrams at
once (consequently in the existing graphical lists, as well).

The language to be displayed in the "Displayed Language" field, and within the drawing as well, can
be previously chosen through the View > Language function.
The source texts and the translated texts are stored in the TRANSLATION.MDB file (in ... \SYMBOLS
folder). The translation database can be edited in CADdy or using MS Access.
The "Setup" button allows you to select a specific text font and to limit the texts to be translated
according to your proper needs. When you click on it, the following dialogue appears:

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Clicking on the "Component

Component text filter" button opens a window in which you can set the texts to be
translated (or not) selecting them by their IDs.
IDs Similarly, after clicking on the "Font" button you can
select the specific font for your translations.
Especially, if you are translating to languages that are not inside the range of the codepage you are
normally using, you can change here the settings for the font. (In Western Europe, normally the Script
is Western.
Cyrillic"
Western For Russian you have to use the Script "Cyrillic
Cyrillic instead. Scripts are only available for a lot
of Windows fonts for example for "Arial
Arial".
Arial

Attention:
Attention The Text > Edit function shows texts always in the source language. If the translatable text
must be changed, please change the source text if it is incorrect, or change the text in the target
language in the translation database. Then run the translation process again.

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S.5. LOOKUP IN THE TRANSLATION DATABASE

If you use a text frequently, it must be written at all the places in the same way.
In the Text > New or Text > Edit functions, you can look up in the translation database while entering
the text if the text is available and how it was written exactly. You can avoid different spellings by that
and reduce errors.

Click the Search text in Translation database button and type the text. All the texts from the
translation database (Source
Source language column) beginning with this text are displayed and can
be selected by double-clicking with the mouse.
If you activate Search any part of text,
text the whole phrase is searched in the translation database.
For the text "Cable", the "cable channel" term will also be found.

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S.6. COMPLETING COMPONENTS

If a component consists of several parts, you can use the Complete Component function from the
Functions menu or activate the

icon to call the parts that are not inserted yet.

Typical components consisting of several parts are:

Contactors: They consist of a coil and several contacts.
Some motor protecting switches: They consist of the component itself and of contacts not
located at the same place where the component is.
PLC-Racks: The Rack itself and several signals may be used.
Requirements:
It is required for this function to define in the Channel definition of the component and all its
parts (for contactors it is the coil and all contacts) which symbol must be used in the Circuit
diagram.
This applies to all components in the workspace.
At least one part of the component must be available in the plan.

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ChannelChannel-Definition
In the Type database, the Circuit diagram symbol must be specified in the Channel definition because
this symbol is to be inserted.

Components with auxiliary contacts/contactors/relays

A component with auxiliary contacts (contactors/relay) doesn't consist only of one symbol in the Circuit
diagram but dependent contacts (Slaves) are placed at other places in the Circuit diagram than the
main component (the Master) is located.

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The motor protecting switch below has 6 connections (1, .., 6) directly connected at the component
and each a dependent contact NO and NC located and connected at another place in the Circuit
diagram. There is only a cross-reference to the Slaves at the Master component and vice versa.

Hence, you will find 3 lines in the Channel-definition:

One line for the main component (with connections 1,2,3,4,5,6)
One line for the contact NO (with connections 13,14)
One line for the contact NC (with connections 21,22).

The Channel-definition for a contactor/relay is formed similarly.

S.7. PLC- FUNCTIONALITIES:

Automatic numbering of the operands
If you use SEE Electrical professional, you can set the PLC Operand Numbering Method in the Circuit
diagrams properties (Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal (i.e. lower case letters in operands, for example
E0.a) or HEXADECIMAL (i.e. upper case letters in operands, for example E0.A)). If you enter a value
for an operand (for example, in the Rack), the next based upon values are automatically numbered.

Review
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If a Rack is already placed, it will be checked while inserting the inputs/outputs if the operand is
already available, and if the number of connections at the input/output complies with the number of the
connections at the Rack input/output. An error message can appear.
In the Database list PLC Connection Check, such errors are documented if you do not correct them.

Import the PLC allocation list

There is a feature in SEE Electrical for importing a PLC allocation list if it is available as an Excel file.
PLC allocation lists don't usually contain information about the component name of the PLC in the
Circuit diagram. Instead of this, the PLC components are identified via module names. For this reason,
this module names are taken into consideration while importing the allocation list.

Import the Excel List

The Import of the Excel list in the workspace can be executed by running the PLCImportExcel function
in the Command bar.

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Define the text property for the group identifier of the PLC. This text property must be available in the
list of the importable text properties.
Symbols
The PLC-Rack symbols and PLC-connections symbols must contain all the texts that must be
imported, i.e. PLC-Rack symbols and PLC-connections symbols must contain in particular the "PLC
group identifier" and the "Operand" connections. For the import of the allocation list, it must be chosen
which text should receive the "PLC group identifier" (for example, Free text 01 or Free text 20 or
Description). It is important to decide which text is possible and you have to insert this text in your PLC
Rack und PLC connections.
Assign the information to the symbols.
Call the function by typing PLCImportAssign in the Command Bar. Afterwards identify the symbol that
you want to assign information to.

S.8. CUSTOMIZING WORKSPACE/PAGE INFORMATION WINDOW

You can change the texts in the Workspace information and Page information dialogue boxes. From
ProjectProject-description line 3 could become Commission number,
number for example. You can change the
sequence of displaying the texts in the windows, hide records, or add your own records.
You can find the options for changing texts in the Properties function by clicking the Workspace text
tab or the Page text tab. You can activate the Properties function when you right-click on the
Workspace name in the Workspace tree.

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Red highlighted records can be changed.

The IDs for user-defined Workspace texts must be within the range 102000 to 110000, and the page
texts within the range 122000 to 130000.
You can also hide not needed Database lists and Graphical lists.
You can find the customizing options for the workspace tree within the Workspace Properties dialogue
box by clicking the List definition tab..

S.9. USER-DEFINED SQL-QUERIES

(professional)

To enable you to create any kind of form, including summarization of different parameters, SQL is
available within SEE Electrical, embedded to the database.
It is possible to create your own Database lists and Graphical lists, and herewith your own SQLqueries. (However, it is not possible to add back the "Terminal matrix", "Terminal plan", "Terminal plan
(multi level)" or "Cable plan" into the Workspace tree again. Also Database editors are not
customizable.)
SQL-queries are created or modified by means of the SQL Builder.

S.9.1. CREATING AN SQL-QUERY FOR ADDING A DATABASE LIST IN THE

WORKSPACE TREE
For accessing the SQL Builder, right-click first on the workspace name in the Solution Explorer and
select the Properties contextual command to open the Workspace Properties window. Click then on
the

icon in an empty Query field within the List definition tab:

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The following dialogue appears:

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When you click on Create/modify queries button, the SQL Builder opens. Here, after clicking the
Select table / query button, the above dialogue window opens again. Now you can define your own
query.

Example of creating a list with a total amount of prices:

Select, within the Select Query / Table window, the Export_3010 query, for example, and click
OK:
OK

From the Export_3010 table that appears, select 160030, which is the ID of Description 00, and
click the Preview / Test Query button in the SQL Builder. A table is opened that contains the
"Description 00" column from the Product database list with all entries from your project:

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Close the Page Types dialogue.

Now, group the entries first, i.e. create a column containing all entries only once.
For this purpose, within the Group tab, select [Export_3010].[160030] and move it to the right
bottom pane using the corresponding directional button.
Then click the Preview / Test query button. The Page Types dialogue appears again but now
containing all the entries grouped no multiple entries are displayed:

The next step is to calculate the total number of each entry (item) which will be displayed in
another column next to the respective item entry to show what the existing quantity of that is.
So, close the Page Types dialogue and click the Compute tab.
o

Within the Function field, select Count from the scroll-down list that opens.

Then click within the Column field and select [Export_3010].[160030] from the pulldown list.

o
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In the Alias field, type in, ex. Amount for the type.
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o

Select afterwards the Compute field being already filled in, and then click the
Preview / Test Query button.

The Page Types dialogue again appears but now showing also the number of each kind
of item, i.e. the amount of each grouped entry. As well, this is the way in which the
respective database list will look within SEE Electrical:

Close the Page Types dialogue.

Hint: If you want to view the string of your query, click the Show SQL string button: a small message
dialogue appears displaying your SQL-query string. Click OK to close it.
Click the Save query button to save your already defined SQL-query, give it a relevant
name, ex. Product Amount,
Amount and exit the SQL Builder. Your query is added to the list in
the Select Query / Table dialogue window:

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Define now a new List Definition (Database list) in the Workspace Properties window and
choose for query the one just created.

Click OK to save it and close the workspace. When you re-open it, the new database list
will be displayed in the Solution Explorer.

User-defined Database Lists must receive an ID number within the range 4501 4999.
The number for user-defined Graphical lists must be within the range from 3501 to 3999.

In this new database list created with the user-defined query described above, all
Descriptions 00 concerning the various items are listed and what is more, all products
with the same description are counted and their total number is displayed for each
description:

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S.9.2. DEFINITION OF GRAPHICAL FORMULAS

Within the graphical lists, the query is inserted as a normal text containing the following syntax:
#QUERY [U_APd] #WHERE [APno]="1"
where #QUERY [U_APd] is the name of the table within the database, and #WHERE [APno]="1" is the
argument.

Example form:

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Consequently, the graphical list will be filled in as follows:

S.10. USER-DEFINED WORKSPACE/PAGE/COMPONENT TEXTS

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You are allowed to create your own, user-defined workspace texts, page texts or component texts
within the respective tabs of the Workspace Properties window.
This window is accessible through the Properties command from the context menu that opens when
you right-click on the workspace name in the Solution Explorer:

The example below illustrates how a user-defined workspace text is created. Similar procedures are
applicable for the creation of page texts and component texts as well.

Example:
1. Open the Workspace Properties window in the already described way and click the Workspace text
tab.
2. Scroll down to the very bottom of the window and click in the empty Description field.
3. Type in your text there, for example: "My own text".
A new empty line is automatically inserted:

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4. Fill in the other fields as desired and click OK to apply your new text.
A message appears informing you that you have to close the workspace and open it again in order to
activate the new setting(s).
5. Close the application and re-open it.
When you open the workspace again, the new text is displayed in the corresponding Workspace
information window:

Hint 1: If you click OK without entering the Text id field appears, informing you that your text ID must
be within a certain range.
For workspace texts this range is 102000 110000; for page texts it is
122000 130000; for the component texts: 162000 170000.
Hint 2: To delete any user-defined entry, select it and press the Delete key on the keyboard.

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TERMINAL PLAN WITH GRAPHICS

(professional)

T.1. GENERATE A TERMINAL PLAN WITH GRAPHICS

In terminal plans with graphics, the first target is assigned to each terminal as a symbol; the second
target is assigned to the terminal as a text.

Exercise 1919-1: Generate a terminal plan for the Training project.

1.

Select Terminal plan in the Graphical lists area in the Workspace tree..

If the Graphical lists area is not open, click on the plus sign "+" on the left to Graphical lists to open it.

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2.

Right-click with the mouse.

3.M

Generate

The terminal plan has been created.

Exercise 1919-2: View the terminal plan with graphics. Each terminal strip is displayed on a separate
page.
1.

0001
Select page 1 of the terminal plan by double-clicking on 0001 under Terminal plan in the
Workspace tree.

2.

0002
Select page 2 of the terminal plan by double-clicking on 0002 under Terminal plan in the
Workspace tree.

T.2. CREATE A FORM FOR A TERMINAL PLAN

Forms for terminal plans represent page templates with special properties. In general, they are created
as forms for terminal matrices.

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Two "routes" and one "text" are needed in addition, in order to define where the symbols must be
placed and how the wires are to be represented.

1. First route: Minimum connection route

The route must display a connection between the place where the text of the first terminal and the
place where the component symbol will appear.
This route will be extended to the first connection of the component symbol while generating the
terminal plan, if necessary.
Only vertical or horizontal lines are allowed.
2. Second route: The route defines the distance between the terminal row and the last remote object.

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If several connection lines exist, this route defines the distance between the connection lines; to be
more precise: the difference between the x and y values defines the distances between the connection
extension lines.
3. The text
The text defines where the reference point of the component is placed.

The "routes" and the "text" have special identifications. Insert the Routing symbol from the symbol List
construction set database into the Terminal plan and change it, if you want to create a completely new
Terminal plan.
plan
Routing
If the connection of a symbol is not located on the top side of the symbol, the connection lines are
drawn on the right side round to the symbol.

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If you insert the +RT1 text in the text placeholder for the left target, the connection lines are drawn
directly to the symbol connections.

Symbol scaling
+SF, +SX and/or +SY in the text placeholder for the left target defines the Symbol scaling in the Cable
plan.
+SF defines a scaling factor in X and Y direction.
Example: +SF0.8 makes all the symbols smaller by the factor 0.8.
+SX or +SY define limits for the component in X/Y direction. Example: +SX100: If the extension of a
symbol in X direction is greater than 100 mm, then the scaling factor for this special component is
defined so that its extension in X direction is less than or equal <= 100 mm. +SY applies adequately.
Explicit component texts insertion
The component texts Function, Location, Component name, Description and Type can be displayed at
places different from those where they are located within the symbol in the Circuit diagram.
The texts are located outside a rectangle that frames the symbol.

You must define the position of the texts in the Form for the Cable plan as follows:

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Insert a text with a Function, Location, Component name, Description and/or Type attribute. If
you do not work with Function/Location, you do not need to insert the placeholders. If the
Function must be shown at the place where the text is located at the symbol in the Circuit
diagram, do not insert this text, etc.
If the text placeholder for the component name contains the =+- signs, the Function and
Location, as well as the Component name appear consecutively in this text.
Enter one of the following definitions in the placeholder for the left target of the terminals:
+MTX0: place the text on the right to the component
+MTY0: place the text beneath the component
Group the component texts and the text for the left target as a "Macro/Group" symbol.
You cannot use here all of the settings options available in the template. Refer to chapter "Graphical
lists" in the User Manual for more details.

T.2.1. SYMBOLS FOR TERMINAL PLAN

At the terminal plan generation, the component symbols used in the circuit diagram are placed.
Drawing connecting lines in the terminal plan with graphics is better possible if the connections of the
components are stuck out upward:
So:

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TERMINAL PLAN (MULTI LEVEL)

U.1. GENERATE TERMINAL PLAN (MULTI LEVEL)

The Terminal Plan (multi level) enables you to insert a specific symbol for each terminal. For example,
if single terminals in a terminal strip are mixed with Multi-deck terminals, you can see directly which
these are. In addition, a diode terminal can be displayed in a different way than a Switching terminal,
etc.

Example:

It is possible, by means of a Header, to show additional information in front of the terminal as the one
shown above the cover plate of the terminal strip. The End symbol accomplishes the same.

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You can specify in three ways which symbol must be used for displaying the terminal:
Via the terminal type:
In the Type database, you can assign the symbol by selecting the "Symbol name for terminal
plan (multi level)" property or select the symbol by means of the Symbol browser.
You can also determine, in addition to the terminal symbol, which Header symbol and which
End symbol to be used in the Terminal plan (multi level). The definition must be formed as
follows: +T="<Terminal Symbol Name > +H="<Header Symbol Name>" +E="<End Symbol
Name>".
If you do not wish to place a Header Symbol, you can type +H0 behind the name of the terminal
symbol for the Terminal plan (multi level), therefore +T="<Name>" +H0.
If you wish to give, before each terminal, the Header Symbol indicated in the Symbol for the
Terminal plan (multi level), type +H1, therefore +T="<Name>" +H1.
If you wish to give, behind each terminal, the End Symbol indicated in the Symbol for the
Terminal row picture, type +E, therefore +T="<Name>" +E.
Via the terminal symbol in the Circuit diagram:
You can define a symbol by the "Symbol name terminal plan" text. The symbol is searched in
the TERMINALROWPICTURE Symbol library of the "Terminalplan" Symbol folder. If it must be
searched in another location, please specify <Symbol database>\<Folder>\<Symbol name>.
This symbol is also used if another symbol is assigned by the type.
You can also determine, in addition to the terminal symbol, which Header symbol and which

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End symbol must be used in the Terminal plan (multi level). The definition must be formed as
follows: +T="<Terminal symbol Name> +H="<Header Symbol Name>" +E="< End Symbol
Name >". (If you wish to enter Header and End Symbols here, you must always indicate the
Symbol for the Terminal plan (multi level), too!)
If you do not wish to place a Header Symbol, you can type +H0 behind the name of the terminal
symbol for the Terminal plan (multi level), therefore +T="<Name>" +H0.
If you wish to give, in front of each terminal, the Header Symbol indicated in the Symbol for the
Terminal plan (multi level), type +H1, therefore +T="<Name>" +H1.
If you wish to give, behind each terminal, the End Symbol indicated in the Symbol for the
Terminal plan (multi level), type +E, therefore +T="<Name>" +E.
If you want to assign, behind the last symbol of a terminal strip, the End Symbol defined in the
Symbol for the Terminal plan (multi level), and if the symbol for the Terminal plan (multi level), is
given in the Type, then type here, in the Circuit diagram, only an +E for this symbol.
In this way, you can assign the symbols for the Terminal row picture to the terminal types and
then set the end plate flexible via +E at the symbol, or accomplish varying definitions.
Default Symbol
If a symbol name is found neither in the terminal symbol nor in the type, the "0Terminal" symbol
from the TERMINALROWPICTURE Symbol database is inserted.

Exercise 2424-1: Generate the Terminal Plan (multi level) for the Training workspace.
Select Terminal Plan (multi
(multi level)
level) in the Graphical lists area of the Workspace tree.
If the Graphical lists area is not open, click the plus sign "+" on the left of Graphical lists to open
it.

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2.

Right-click with the mouse.

3.M

Generate

The Terminal Plan (multi level) is generated.

Exercise 2424-2: View the Terminal Plans (multi level). A separate sheet is created for each terminal
strip.
1.

0001
Select sheet 1 of the Terminal Plan (multi level) by double-clicking on 0001 beneath Terminal
Plan (multi
(multi level)
level) in the Workspace tree.

2.

0002
Select sheet 2 of the Terminal Plan (multi level) by double-clicking on 0002 beneath Terminal
Plan (multi
(multi level)
level) in the Workspace tree.

U.2. GENERATE A TEMPLATE FOR THE TERMINAL PLAN (MULTI

LEVEL)
Templates for Terminal Plans (multi level) represent page templates with special properties. In
general, they are created in the same way as the templates for Terminal plans are.

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In addition to the page template, you need symbols for displaying the terminals in the Terminal Plan
(multi level), and Header symbols and End symbols.
The page template consists of:
The objects of a "normal" Normsheet.
These objects must be grouped to the Symbol "Normsheet".
Afterwards, create the graphics and the texts as you usually do for templates. Select the
objects, use the Block function from the Edit menu and integrate the objects to a Title
Block.
The text for the terminal strip (this is not essential to be available): Text with Terminal
strip property.
The texts for the target and the line number (a placeholder for the target and the line
number must be available), see below
The cable information (Cable core symbol, this is not essential to be available):
The link information (this is not essential to be available):
The text for the spare terminal (this is not essential to be available):

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Target and Number of lines

These texts must be available!
To define the target, a text with the Target attribute must be inserted. You can define the line distance
and the number of lines by means of a text such as 55 lines with the Number of lines in the terminal
plan property. The direction for filling up the template results from the distance between both these
texts, too. => The texts must have the same value in one coordinate (X or Y coordinate, depending on
the direction for filling up the template).
In the text with Target property, the Start marker of the first terminal symbol is inserted while
generating the plans.
The best way is to insert both texts at the bottom sheet margin (that is, at the Y coordinate 0 in a
template in landscape format, and at the X coordinate 0 in a template in portrait format) because this

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way you know where exactly the texts are located while creating the symbols for displaying the
terminals, Header symbol, and End symbol.
The line distance defined by means of these two texts is also important for the symbol creation. Since
link symbols can be extended only line-by-line, they must also be defined in their height as a multiple
of this line distance as for the symbols (terminal, Header, End symbol and cable core symbol).

All symbols on 5-grid

Information on the cables/cable core symbol

The cable information is displayed as in the Terminal plan. Pay attention that special symbols must be
defined for the cable information (shown with bold lines).
The left vertical line must be defined as Start line group, i.e. Draw line, Select, right-click with
the mouse, select Block from the context menu, and create a Start line group symbol.
The right vertical line must be defined as End line group, use the same approach as for Start
line group.

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The six vertical lines must be defined as Trim line group,
group use the same approach as for Start
line group.
group
In this way, it will be possible to display the cable information area wider while creating plans in a later
version, if a terminal has not only one target but it receives an additional one.
The width of the cable core symbols must suit the line distance (see chapter "Target and number of
lines" above).
You can enter 2 kinds of data in the cable core placeholder: by the first entry, define the output format
for the cable core, by the second entry, define the output format of the wire number/wire colour. The
format is defined as follows:
"-": no number/no size is displayed
"+" or "N": number/ size are displayed if the number is not empty
"C": the cable core colour or the wire colour is displayed
"c": the cable core colour or the wire colour is displayed if available; otherwise, the number is
displayed.
By using the "Cable core Target symbol" placeholder, you can specify where the cable core must be
connected at the terminal. This information is particularly helpful for Deck terminals.

The graphics for the cable core symbol must be grouped with the texts for the cable core number and
cable core size to a symbol "Macro/Group".
Link information
The rules illustrated for the terminal plan apply for the links in the Terminal Plan (multi level).
The link symbols must suit the line distance in the page template for the terminal plan (multi level).
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Spare terminal information

The rules illustrated for spare terminals in the terminal plan apply to spare terminals in the Terminal
Plan (multi level). However, the definition can be accomplished here only by a normal text with the
#Spare identifier.
In addition it applies:
The symbol of the current terminal is used for drawing the spare terminal, i.e. this is the the first
terminal symbol (if the first terminal has an index higher than >1 and spare terminals must be inserted
before), or the symbol for the last used terminal (for filling gaps or after the last terminal).
If the name of a symbol follows the #Spare identifier, this symbol is inserted for spare terminals.

Example:
#Spare="Spare terminal Symbol " +Firstindex=1 +Lastindex=100.
If you want to insert an End symbol when your terminal strip contains a spare terminal as a last
terminal, the placeholder for the spare terminal must contain the +E identifier in addition.
Example:
#Spare=" Spare terminal Symbol" +FirstIndex=1 +LastIndex=100 +E
After the last spare terminal, the End Symbol defined in the last Terminal Symbol is inserted.

Hint::
Hint:

Here, you cannot use all of the setting options available in the template. Refer to

chapter"Graphical lists" in the User Manual for more details.

U.3. SYMBOLS AVAILABLE FOR THE TERMINAL PLAN (MULTI

LEVEL)

The single elements of the terminals must not!!! be integrated into a Macro/Group.

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The symbol size must fit the line distance in the page template for the terminal plan (multi level) where
the symbols are to be used.
The symbol for displaying the terminal must always have enough target placeholders. If a terminal with
4 connections is used in the Circuit diagram, 4 target placeholders are required, as well. Otherwise,
error messages appear while creating the plans. Refer to chapter "Creating symbols for displaying
terminals" for details about assigning targets to the positions in the symbol.
If two components are found in a terminal connection, only the last component is found and displayed
immediately. The display of all components will be implemented in a later version.
Graphics
Graphics can be within the symbol, but not necessarily.
Start/End marker
Both these texts are required:
Two texts with the "normal text" attribute and the contents "#SybStart" or "#SybEnd" determine the
starting point or the ending point of the symbol for the terminal display. The Start Text of the first
symbol is inserted at the "Target" text in the page template for the Terminal plan (multi level). The
texts for Symbol Start or Symbol End must lie at the same Y coordinate (in a template in landscape
format) or at the same X coordinate (in a template in portrait format) where the "Target" text in the
template is located.
The Start text of the second symbol is inserted upon the End text of the first symbol.
Terminal number
This placeholder, such as "Number" in the example above, generates the terminal number and must
have the "Terminal number" text attribute.
The placeholder is replaced by the information about the terminal number, component separator and
component name by default. If the placeholder contains the identifier +COMP, only the terminal
number is displayed. If the placeholder contains the identifier +PART, only the component name is
displayed.
Target definition
Target definition for terminals without decks

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Each target can contain the following text placeholders:

The target itself (target and cable core assignment if needed)
Reference texts for the target (Function/Location/Sheet/Sheet index/Path)
Terminal connection
Terminal number (or parts thereof, such as Deck name)
Reference texts for the position of the terminal in the Circuit diagram (Function/ Location/ Sheet/
Sheet index/ Path)
Target
The target entry needs the "Target" text attribute.
Two kinds of data can stay in the target entry. First, the target assignment (such as #1), and secondly,
the cable core target assignment (such as $A$ in the target placeholder #1).
The target assignment #<n> must be available. The target entry for the first connection is registered in
the placeholder #1, etc. By activating the "Redefine target(s) on terminal(s)" function from the
Functions menu in the Circuit diagram, you can see which target corresponds to the input #1, because
this "internal connection number" is shown here.

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In the target placeholder, a parameter for the cable core target assignment can be defined, too: $A$ in
the example (this is entered in the "Cable core target symbol" placeholder in the template for the
Terminal plan (multi level).
The usage of the parameter for the cable core target assignment has the following background: If a
cable is connected to several circuit points or to circuit points in different decks of a terminal, the
several cable cores must be displayed in a row together. By means of the parameters for the cable
core target assignment, you can detect the terminal connection where the cable core belongs to. The
input of $A$ at the terminal is shown at the cable core for this terminal connection A.

Reference texts for the target

The following options are available here:
Target reference: Function Page

Function of the Page where the terminal is located.

Target reference: Location Page

Location of the Page where the terminal is.

Target reference: Page

Number of the Page where the terminal is located.

Target reference: Page index

Index of the Page where the terminal is located.

Target reference: Path

Path of the terminal

Terminal connection
For example, for diode terminals, the output of the terminal connections names is desirable (text
placeholder "Connection" in the example above). The text placeholder must have the "Terminal
connection text" attribute.
Terminal number
Each target can contain the terminal number again if the terminal number placeholder (a text with the
"Terminal number" attribute) is available.
The terminal number can be assigned to each target once again because in this way, for example for
Deck terminals, you have the option to display the terminal number at the terminal but at each target
to display the deck name. You achieve that by using the code word +COMP in the terminal number

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placeholder in the target, because in this case, only the component name is displayed. Otherwise, the
same rules apply to the terminal numbers at both places.
Integrate the "Target group"
Group the Target placeholder (#1 $A$) and the Terminal connection text (for example connection
point), Terminal number and the Reference texts to a Target group Symbol.
The Target group Symbol must also be created if the Target text only is available.
Target definition for Deck terminals
In essence the same rules apply as for "normal" terminals.
Multi deck terminals differ from the "normal" terminals therein that the connection number must be
defined as different because it consists of a deck number and a connection number in the deck, i.e.
#101. (The first deck has the number 100; the second deck has the number 200, etc. The connection
number is added to the deck number. Consequently, the first connection in the first deck has number
101.)

If a text with the Terminal number attribute is used in a Target group (see "Number" above), the
terminal number can also be displayed in the target group. If the terminal number placeholder contains
the +COMP identifier (see below), the Deck name (component name) is displayed here.

Reference texts for the terminal position in the Circuit diagram

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By using texts with the specified attributes, you can enter the function of the Page (Terminal:
Terminal: Function
Page),
Terminal: Location Page),
Terminal:
Page the location of the Page (Terminal:
Page the Page (Terminal
Terminal Page),
Page the Page index
(Terminal:
Terminal: Page index),
Terminal: Path)
index and the Path (Terminal:
Path of the separate terminals.
Assign Header Symbols and End Symbols
You can insert automatically special Header Symbols or End Symbols at the beginning or at the end of
a terminal strip, or when the terminal type changes.
Header Symbols
If you want to insert a Header Symbol, add a text with the normal Text attribute and the content
#H="<Header-Symbolname 1>" to the terminal symbol for the Terminal plan (multi level). The Header
Symbols must be stored in the TERMINALPLANMULTI LEVEL database in the "Terminalplan" folder,
or the text must contain the name of the symbol database and the name of the symbol folder.
The Header Symbol assigned to the Terminal Symbol can be overwritten by a definition in the type
database.
+T="Terminal Symbol name" +H="Header Symbol name 2"
In this case, an available Terminal Symbol name must be recognized by +T=, the Header Symbol
name must be recognized by +H. The names of both symbols must be in quotation marks ". Blanks
are allowed, too.
The Header Symbol assigned to the symbol for the Terminal plan (multi level) using this way or via the
Type database can be overwritten by another definition in the Circuit diagram symbol in the "Symbol
name terminal plan" text.
+T="Terminal Symbol name" +H="Header Symbol name 3"
In this case, an available symbol name must also be recognized by +T=.
If a Header Symbol is not specified, the 0Header Symbol from the TERMINALPLANMULTI LEVEL
Symbol database from the "Terminalplan" folder is used.
The Header is automatically drawn before a terminal symbol in case the name of the assigned Header
Symbol changes.
If a Header Symbol is not to be drawn in, the entry +H0 must be inserted in one of the referred places.
If the Header must always be drawn in, use the +H1 entry.
End Symbols
If you want to insert an End Symbol, add a text with the "normal Text" attribute and the content
#E="<End Symbol name 1>" to the terminal symbol for the Terminal Plan (multi level). The End

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Symbols must be stored in the TERMINALPLAN(MULTI LEVEL) database in the "Terminalplan"
folder, or the text must contain the name of the symbol database and the name of the symbol folder.
The Header Symbol assigned to the Terminal Symbol can be overwritten by a definition in the type
database.
+T=" Terminal Symbol name" +E="End Symbol name 2"
In this case, an available Terminal Symbol name must be recognized by +T=, the Header Symbol
name must be recognized by +E. The names of both symbols must be in quotation marks ". This way,
blanks in symbol names are also allowed.
The End Symbol assigned to the symbol for the Terminal Plan (multi level) in this way or via the Type
database can be overwritten by another definition in the Circuit diagram symbol in the "Symbol name
terminal plan" text.
+T=" Terminal Symbol name" +E="Header Symbol name 3"
In this case, an available symbol name must also be recognized by +T=.
If an End Symbol is not specified, the 0Endsheet Symbol from the TERMINALPLANMULTI LEVEL
Symbol database from the "Terminalplan" folder is used.
The End Symbol is used only when +E is specified in the Type of the symbol or in the terminal symbol
in the Circuit diagram.

Hint
Hint:
nt

Here, you cannot set all of the options available via the symbols. Refer to chapter "Graphical

lists" in the User Manual for more details.

U.4. HEADER SYMBOLS AND END SYMBOLS

Header symbols and End symbols must be the multiple line distance relating to their size in order to
create the links correctly.
In Header or End symbols as well as for terminal symbols, texts with the "Normal text" attribute and
"#Startsyb" and " #Endsyb" contents are required.
You can group the entire Header symbol or the End symbol elements to a "Macro/Group"Symbol.

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MULTICORES

(professional)

V.1. USING MULTICORES

Multicores are used for drawing a wire that must contain multiple cables, for example, if you have to go
from one circuit board to another circuit board upon connectors.

Multicores can be displayed in the special database lists Multicores and Multicore-wires

Exercise 2121-1: Define a wire as a multicore wire.

1.M

Draw

2.M

Multicore

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3.+

Identify the wire you wish to define as a multicore.

The multicore receives a name.
You can define another wire as a multicore. Do not do this now. End the function.

4.

Double-click the text of the Multicore name. You can enter a description, type and length of the

multicores. You will find the corresponding data in the list of multicores afterwards.
5.

You can change the pen style and pen width, if you wish. In this way, you can highlight the

multicores graphically. Use the functions already known.

Exercise 2121-2: Assign wires to the multicores.

1.M

Text

2.M

Edit Multicore

3.+

Select the multicores that you wish to assign single wires to and

edit the wires.

The following dialogue box appears:

4.>

Click in the line to Add wire.

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Define the wires sorting, type then the connection of the first component, the connection of the
second component, wire-colour, wire-size and wire-type.
Select a wire with the mouse, you can erase it. If the line is marked, press the Delete key.
5.>

After you have defined all the wires in the multicore, close the dialogue box by clicking OK.
OK

Exercise 21Multicores-wires lists within the Graphical lists.

lists
21-3: View the Multicores and Multicores-

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AUTO DIAGRAM - INTRODUCTION

(professional)

W.1. INTRODUCTION
The automatic generation of circuit diagrams is executed by using special symbols (groups) and a
Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.
To use the Autodiagram function, you need to have knowledge about working with SEE Electrical,
especially about creating symbols and page templates and about Microsoft Excel.

W.2. CREATE SYMBOLS (GROUPS)

You can create symbols easily as they include regular components, their texts and wires and two
additional text placeholders to indicate the start-point and the end-point of the group.
Create the groups as usual by using components and wires or insert an existing group, ungroup
it, if it is a fixed group (if the elements have been grouped using Selected, Block, Macro/
Group).
Group

Component name, description and type must be replaced with texts from the Excel spreadsheet
by executing the Autodiagram function for the automatic generation of circuit diagrams. Replace
the texts at the component with texts from text placeholders.

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You can define placeholder texts in one of the following ways:
Specify the column from the Excel spreadsheet where the right identification is included
(if the column E includes the component name, then a placeholder with format #E is
required instead of the component name 1F2).

Specify an Alias name

Alias names allow entering descriptive names instead of the column names, such as
#Component instead of #E. You can assign the names of the Excel columns to the aliasnames in the Alias sheet within the Excel spreadsheet.
By using alias-names, the Excel columns can be changed without changing the texts in
the components groups. In this case, the Alias-sheet must be adapted.
The use of alias-names facilitates the implementation of text placeholders. However, it is
not compulsory to use alias-names.
If you work with alias-names, you have to choose free identification for the component
names and to use function/location.

Each group needs a marker for the start-point and a marker for the end-point. Over the
end marker of the first group, the start marker of the next group is placed, etc. The groups
follow each other in a chain. The programme can evaluate whether a group fits into one
page. If not, a new page is automatically created.
Use the marker B (Text > Attribute > Other: "Symbol
Symbol Start Marker")
Marker" and E (Text >

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Attribute > Other: "Symbol End Marker"). Place appropriate texts (select the Text > New
function you will find the text attributes in the Attribute field under Other).
Other

Create a group (Select objects, Edit menu > Selected > Block > Macro/Group
Macro/Group).
Group If the
group includes relay coils, do not select the contactmirrors or the contactcrosses within
the frame.
Save the groups in the symbol database which you use only for the automatic generation
of Circuit diagrams (select the group or the single objects and drag it into the symbol
database drag the point of the group where the letter B is placed).
All of the groups that could be combined with each other must be saved in the same
folder of the symbol database.

W.3. PAGE TEMPLATES

You can use any page templates for circuit diagrams but there must be three paths in the template at
least.
Through the Autodiagram function, you must define the X and Y position where to place the first
group, and the maximal position of X.
The circuit diagram is constructed as follows:

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W.4. EXCEL-SPREADSHEET
The Excel-spreadsheet includes multiple sheets with different functions. You can change the names of
the sheets. The illustration is made by using the included Excel spreadsheet PLC.XLS.
PLC.XLS
The Excel columns are indicated with letters and the rows with numbers. Fields are indicated as a
combination of the corresponding column name and row name.

W.4.1. PROJECT DATA (PROJECTINFO)

This area contains information entered in the Project information window. If the norm sheet contains
appropriate text placeholders, then the texts are displayed in the circuit diagrams as well.

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Do not change the TEXTID column in any case.

W.4.2. PAGE DATA (PAGEINFO)

This area contains information entered in the Page information window for each page. If the applied
norm sheet contains appropriate text placeholders, then the texts are displayed in the circuit diagrams,
too.

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Do not change the TEXTID column in any case.

W.4.3. SELECT SYMBOL (SYMBOLS)

Specify the groups to be used in the current project.
Specify also whether you want to insert special texts, for example, in the component names and also a
description or a type. You can do this if appropriate text placeholders exist in the group (see topic
Create symbols above in this chapter).

Add the groups to be used and delete the unnecessary lines.

Column A (Symbolname):
The column includes the names of the existing symbols. This name must be available in the SEE

electrical symbol database.

Column B (New page):
If you type the letter "s", a new page will be created while inserting the group indicated in this line
regardless of whether the new group fits into the current page or not.
Column C (Page template):
Define the page template to use, if a new page is required.
Next columns:
Here, you can define texts for the components. The texts will be inserted by using the automatic
generation function if corresponding text placeholders are available in the groups.

W.4.4. DEFINING ALIAS NAMES

The groups contain text placeholders, for example for component names etc. that will be filled in with
data from the corresponding columns of the Excel-sheet Symbols.
Symbols This text placeholders must be

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defined as <column identification>, i.e. E, F, etc. You can remember E difficult for the component
identification.
Alias names allow entering descriptive texts instead of the column names, for example "Component
Name" instead of "E", etc. The assignment of the internal column names of the Excel-program to the
descriptive alias names is executed in the alias table.
Working with alias names is useful since all of the components can be provided with text placeholders
with the Component Name format. It will be easy to change the assignment of the internal column
names to the descriptive alias names. If you use text placeholders of the <Column identifier> format in
the groups, you can change the assignment only by changing the symbols.
Using alias names facilitates the use of text placeholders, too. Using alias names is not compulsory.

W.5. AUTOMATICALLY GENERATE THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Requirements
Create a new project, for example AUTOMATIC.
If you use an existing project, it will be overwritten, i.e. all existing data will be lost!
Create page 1000. Page 1000 must be active and visible.
visible

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Hint:
Hint You can save an empty workspace with a page 1000 as a workspace template.

W.5.1. THE FUNCTION AUTODIAGRAM

If the project is created and the page 1000 is active and visible, launch the Auto

diagram function.

You will find the command in the context menu available for the module "Circuit Diagrams".

Enter the required settings (find more details below). Click the OK button to start the automatic
generation of the circuit diagram.
The circuit diagrams will be generated.
The settings are stored within Windows and are available for the next execution of the function.

Source data tab

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Enter first the sheet of the Excel-file and the fields where the data for your project come from.
The included Excel-file PLC.XLS, sheet Project data
data contains example data:

Source file name (Excel/Access)

Enter here the name of the Excel- or Access-file, that comprises the defaults about the
automatic generation of circuit diagrams.

First page

You specify here from which page the automatic project engineering must start.
Attention:
Attention No circuit diagrams must be present after the defined start page number in this field in
such case, they will be deleted.

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Workspace information tab

From:
From
The first field from the Excel-sheet that contains data about the project.
To:
To
The last field from the Excel-sheet that contains project information.
Sheet name:
name
For example: Project data, name of the Excel-sheet to be used; if you wish to change the sheet names
of your Excel-table, you must then type valid names.
Column TextID:
Type the letter of that column of the Excel-sheet containing the TextID data.
Column Text:
Type the letter of the column of the Excel-sheet that contains the entries about the workspace
information.

Page information tab

Enter first the sheet of the Excel-file and the fields on this sheet where the page data come
from.
All the pages of the project receive the same information.

Example data are illustrated in the Excel-file PLC.XLS, sheet Page Data:

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Entries in the Page information tab:

From:
From
Type in the first field of the Excel-sheet that contains data for page information.
To:
To
The last field from the Excel-sheet that contains data for page information.
Sheet name:
name
For example: Page Data, name of the Excel-sheet; if you wish to change the sheet names in your
Excel-table, you must type valid names.

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Column TextID:
Enter the letter of the column in the Excel-table that contains the TextID-records.
Column Text:
Enter the letter of the column in the Excel-table that contains the records about Page information.

Symbol data range

Type the sheet of the Excel-file and the fields on this sheet where the data come from about the
groups to be placed in.
Input data are illustrated in the Excel-file PLC.XLS,
PLC.XLS sheet Symbols:

Symbol information tab entries:

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From:
From
Type in the first field of the Excel-sheet that contains data about symbols.
To:
To
The last field in the Excel-sheet that contains data about symbols. You could specify a wider range
than the just now defined one, in order to avoid changes while adding component groups.
Sheet name:
name
For example: Symbols, name of the Excel-sheet; if you wish to change the sheet names in your Exceltable, you must type valid names here.
Column Page template
Enter here the letter of the column of the Excel-table that contains the name of the page template that
is to be used if needed.
Column module name:
Determine the letter of the column in the Excel-table that contains the symbol names.
Column code:
Enter the column letter in the Excel-table that contains "s"
s" for page break.

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Symbol database/folder area

Database:
Database
Name of the symbol database that contains the groups for the automatic generation of circuit
diagrams.
Folder:
Folder
Folder in the symbol database that contains all the groups needed for the automatic generation of the
circuit diagrams.

Module positions area

Activate "Use module begin and end markers" to determine the coordinates X and Y where the first
group must be placed.
The Max.X field specifies the maximum area available in the page template. The possibility to place
another group in one page depends on your end marker, if it can be placed on a position less than or
equal to the value of Max. X. Otherwise, a new page is created.
By selecting the "Use X and Y position" option, you can specify the coordinates for the symbol
positions from two columns in the Excel-list.

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You can define the page template in the Excel-spreadsheet. The values in the Module positions area
must comport with the used page template.
The number of groups that can be placed in one page depends on the size of the page template and
on the size of the groups that you must place, furthermore also, if there is an "s" record in the Excelsheet Symbols that causes a page to break or not.

Alias data range

Use alias names for the text reservation fields, define the sheet of the Excel-file and the fields on this
sheet where the data must come from.
Using alias names is not compulsory.
Data entries are illustrated in the example Excel-file PLC.XLS,
PLC.XLS sheet Alias:

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Alias information tab:

If something is defined here, it is assumed that you use alias names!

From:
The first field of the Excel-sheet that contains relevant information about alias names.
To:
The last field in the Excel-sheet that contains relevant information about alias names.

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Sheet name
For example: Alias, name of the Excel-sheet; if you wish to change the sheet names of your Exceltable, you must enter valid names here.
Column alias name:
Enter the letter of the column in the Excel-table that contains the alias name(for example #Component
Name).
Column for Alias lookup column:
Enter here the letter of the column in the Excel-table that specifies in which columns of the Excelspreadsheet the texts for the components must be searched (#T for alias name #Component Name in
our example).

W.6. EXAMPLES
The symbol database AUTOGEN.CPS in the SYMBOLS folder, and Excel-spreadsheets named
PLC.XLS and VTP.XLS are contained in the AUTOGEN subfolder of your SEE Electrical installation.
These files have been used for illustration of the Autodiagram description. By using them, you can
perform your first automatic circuit diagrams generation.

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LIST AND LABEL EDITOR - INTRODUCTION

X.1. CREATE LABEL TEMPLATE

Exercise 2323-1: Create a template for labels.
Only one label can be edited. When you print this label, it can be multiplied according to the specified
number of lines and columns in the page.
1.M

File

2.M

List and Label

3.M

File

Click the "File

File"
List and Label"
File menu in the "List
Label window.
4.M

New label

5.#

<name>
Type the name of the new template.

6.M

Save

The following window appears:

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7.>

Select data source

Select the database, from the included in SEE Electrical database lists where the fields come
from, to be recorded into the label. Only one list can be selected.

8.>

View, Products

9.>

Next

10.>

Next

Click Next to close the Project Wizard.

Wizard
11.

Select the printer and other print options.

12.>

Next

Close the dialogue box by clicking Next.

Next
13.>

Select the template for your label that you wish to print.

If the desired template for your label is not in the list, you may select UserUser-defined and enter the
size of the label manually.
Size of the often used labels can be saved in the CMBTL901.INF file in the folder of SEE

Electrical (you will find the description of this file structure in the User Manual).

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By the Only show templates for current page settings option you can specify whether all
templates have to be displayed or not.
14.>

Next

Close the dialogue box by clicking Next.

Next
15.

The dimensions of the label are displayed.

Now you can make changes as needed. (You have to correct the respective record in the
CMBTL901.INF. file). Adjust the format of your label if you have chosen UserUser-defined.
defined

16.>

Select the desired Print order.

order

17.>

Next

Close the dialogue box by clicking Next.

Next
18.>

Next

Close the dialogue box by clicking Next.

Next
19.>

In most cases, it is not necessary to generate a title line for the

labels. Uncheck the "Add

Add title line"
line option.
20.

Done!
Close the window.
The designer for lists and labels appears:

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Select the fields to be printed on your label.

Open the variables list by clicking on the plus sign

The displayed variables depend on the chosen database list.

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21.>

Click the desired variable.

You can find information about the list of variables in chapter "Graphical
Graphical lists"
lists in the User
Manual where each list is described.

22.+

Drag the variable into the label area above.

You can define the text area using two opposite points as for a rectangle.
You can move this window or change its size. When defining the size of the window, consider
the max. length of the text to be printed.
If Layout is active,

you will see the code number of the text field (for example 160010 for the component name).
If Layout Preview

or Preview
is active, you will see the text description of the field, for example "Component name".
23.

Double click the text to define attributes and alignment of the text, for example centered.
The following window appears:

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24.>

OK

Click OK to close the window.

25.

Choose and place several fields.

Did you place all the fields?
You have another possibility instead of working with blank characters: you can change the size
of the available text area via drag points.

26.M

File

27.M

Save

28.M

File

29.M

Exit

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Finish the label template designing.
The template can be used for creating of labels.

X.2. FILES FOR LABEL TEMPLATES

The label template always contains 5 CDS, LBL, LBP, LBV and ~LBL files. You must back up these
files. If you want to create a new label template using an existing template, copy these 5 files with
Explorer, a "Copy of .... *" is created.
Then, you can rename the label template in the start window of the List and Labels Designer.

X.3. CHANGE LABEL TEMPLATES

If changes of the Label Layout are required after the label has been created (for example, the result
after printing does not match the label or it is not positioned correctly), you can change your label
template.
Open the List and Label Designer, click your label and select Design from the context menu.
Click Next to reconfirm the chosen database. The List and Label Designer appears.
Choose Project > Page setup and then, in the "Layout
Layout"
Layout window, select the Page setup tab to change
the position and the size of the label. Click the Printer Selection tab to change the printer, too.

X.4. PRINT LABELS

Open the start window of the List and Label Designer and double-click the template.
Please, make sure that the print options are set correctly.
Select Start position to specify where to start printing (line 2, label 3 left). This setting allows continuing
after a paper break. Click Select, and then click on the field to start.
Then, print the labels.

X.5. LIST TEMPLATE - OBJECTS

List templates include
List title (text object)
Header lines (in tables)
Group Header (in tables)
Data lines (in tables)

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Group Footer lines (in tables)

Footer lines (in tables)

List Footer lines (in tables)

Example of a list without groups:

List of parts

Title

Project: 123456

Header line 1

(blank)

Header line 2

Supplier:
Supplier Danfoss

Group Header 1

Type

Number

Article description

VTL5032

frequency changer 11-37 kW

VTL5008

frequency changer 0,75-7,5 kW

Supplier:
Supplier MOELLER
Type

Number

RS/K10

Group Header 2
Data line
Data line
Group Header 1

Article description
Switch 2St.,1S

Page 1

Group Header 2
Data line
Title

X.5.1. LIST TITLE (TEXT OBJECT)

List titles are created automatically if you have activated the Add title option in the Project Wizard. The
list titles can consist of more than one line.
The list titles cannot contain parts of SEE Electrical projects (such as project name, project created
date, editor, etc.)

X.5.2. HEADER LINES

Header lines in a table are used to define column titles, if you are not working with a group structure.
Header lines can contain parts of SEE Electrical projects (such as project name, project created date,
editor, etc.).

X.5.3. GROUP HEADER

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Groups are used for structuring the list, for example, if all the products of a manufacturer must be
printed consecutively, and the name of the manufacturer has to appear as a group header.
You must define a condition for the group change in the header, i.e. if data in the specified field(s)
change, a new group starts. You can choose whether to continue on a new page and show the group
header again or not.
The group header may consist of more than one line, for example, a title and column titles.

X.5.4. GROUP FOOTER LINES

If you structure the list using groups, the group footer line can contain the article total price or the
article total length. Besides, it can contain only texts.

X.5.5. DATA LINES

Data lines contain fields that must be entered in the list.
The available fields depend on the chosen database list of SEE Electrical. However, the available
fields vary in the database lists too. For example, the "Free Text 01" field appears in the list of
products only if at least one component in the current project contains a text with such attribute.
If a desired field is not available for a data line, you must choose another database list or a
combination of two database lists (see below the definition of SQL-queries), or you must use a project
that contains the needed fields.

X.5.6. FOOTER LINE

If you do not work with groups, the footer line can include the total price of all the products or their total
length. Besides, it can contain only texts.

X.5.7. LIST FOOTER LINE (TEXT OBJECT)

Footer lines are generated automatically if you have activated the page numbering option in the
Project Wizard. Footer lines can contain more than one line.

X.6. FILES FOR LIST TEMPLATES

The list template contains 5 CDS, LST, LSP, LSP and ~LST files. You must back up these files. If you
would like to create a new list template by using an available one, copy the 5 files using the Explorer; a
"copy of ...". *" is created.
Then, you can rename the list template in the start window of the List and Label Designer.

X.7. CREATE A LIST TEMPLATE

Exercise 2323-2: Create a list template.
1.M

File

2.M

List and Label

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3.M

File

Select the "File

File"
File menu in the "List and Label" window.
4.M

New list

5.#

<name>
Type the name of the new template.

6.M

Save

The following window appears:

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7.>

Select data source

Select the list to be recorded into the labels from database lists contained in SEE Electrical
where the fields come from. You can select only one list.

8.>

Products

9.>

Next

10.>

Next

Press Next to close the Project Wizard window.

11.

You can specify whether to use one printer for all pages or to use different printers for first

page/following pages.
12.>

Next

After you have made your choice, click Next to close the dialogue box.
13.>

Specify the printer and the other printing options.

14.>

Next

Close the dialogue box by clicking Next.

Next
15.

You can define page numbering and add title.

If you want to add a title, specify if it is to be printed on the first page or on all pages.

16.>

Next

Close the dialogue box by clicking Next.

Next
17.>

Select Zebra pattern for the table to print the lines between rows and columns. You can

choose the Create summary option. The summary displays the number of records only on the last
page or on all the pages. Specify whether to create summary on all the pages or on the last page only.
18.>

Next

Close the dialogue box by clicking Next.

Next
19.>

Choose the fields for the list:

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(The fields in the list depend on the chosen database list, example: Product. You will also find
common fields in the list, such as project name, project editor etc. You do not have to select these
common fields but place them in the header line.
Choose to Add column titles or not before you select the fields.
Click then the desired fields and click on the

icon to move them into the Selected fields

area.
You can remove fields from the selection by clicking on the left arrow icon

. You can select

multiple fields and move them to the selection by clicking on the right arrow icon
moves all the fields to the selection and the icon

. The icon

removes all the fields from the

selection.
Using the

arrows, you can arrange the selected fields as desired.

You can find the variable list in the chapter Graphical lists of the User Manual, where each list is
described.
If the fields have been selected in the desired order, click "Done!" to close the dialogue box.
The list template is created.
In the next steps, you will find hints about changing the created list.
Did you place all the fields?

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20.M

File

21.M

Save

22.M

File

23.M

Exit

Finish creating the template.

The template can be used for generating lists.

X.8. EDIT LISTS

Exercise 2323-3: Change the available template.
1.M

File

2.M

List and Label

3.>

Select the template to change

4.

Right-click with the mouse. The context menu appears.

5.M

Design

6.>

Next
Changes are to be made in the "Layout
Layout Preview"
Preview area, as you see here, not only the field
number as in the "Layout
Layout"
Layout area, but also the text content of the field. You can activate the
"Layout
Layout Preview"
Preview tab in the bottom window's border.

X.8.1. CHANGE COLUMN TITLES (HEADER LINES)

1.

If you edit a list template, you can change column titles by double-clicking it.

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2.

In the Table contents > Header Line window, you can change the Layout of the text or the

Font in the right window area,, i.e. the size and the name of the font.
To change the column title, double-click on it, for example "F_100010", if you want to enter a header
line, for example "Project
Project name".
name"

3.

If you double-click any field, the following new window appears:

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4.

Double-click again and type the desired text. The text must be enclosed within double

quotation marks ".

5.

Close the dialogue box by clicking OK.

OK

6.

Change all header lines of the columns in this way and then click OK to close the "Table
Table

Contents"
Contents window.

X.8.2. CHANGE A LIST (FONT SIZE, FIELDS ORDER, ADD OR DELETE FIELDS)
1.

If the list template is open, double-click one of the fields in the table.

The Table contents window appears again but the Data Line tab is open now.

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to change the layout of a table line (Print margins, the font preference of

Click

the text). Besides, you can change the Font and the Layout in the right window's area.
Click the

or

arrows to move line down or to move line up.

After a field selection, click the

icon to delete the selected field. After you have closed this

window by clicking OK, you must double-click the column header line of the table and delete the
corresponding record.
Click on the

icon to insert a field. The Edit Table window appears. You can double-click the

Fields folder in the upper left pane and double-click the desired field code to select it.

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Click OK to close the Edit Table window.. You must afterwards double-click the column header
line in the table, insert the corresponding record and put it in the right place.

X.8.3. CHANGE THE LIST TITLE

1.

You can edit the list title by double-clicking on it.

2.

The following window appears:

You can change the alignment of the list to appear centred, make the font Bold or Underline, change
the type and size of the font (see properties under Font or Layout in the right area of the window).
You can delete the list title by clicking on the

icon.

You can insert an additional list title by clicking on the

4.

If you wish to change the text in the list title, double-click the text again in the above

example, double-click Title.

Title The following window appears:

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Change the text by double-clicking on it again. The texts must be enclosed within double
quotation marks, for example "List of products".
3.

Click OK to close the window.

4.

Close the "Paragraph

Paragraph Properties"
Properties window by clicking OK.
OK

X.8.4. LIST TITLE WITH QUESTIONS

1.

If the window shown in the following illustration is open, you can define questions to appear

while creating the list. (If the window shown in the following illustration is not open, double-click the list
title and the Paragraph Properties window will appear. Double-click the list title again.)

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2.

Define a question about the project name.

Click behind the text that must be displayed in the header line, e.g. "List of products".
Open then the Miscellaneous functions folder in the right window pane by double-clicking it.
Select "AskString$ {...} again by double-clicking it.

3.

The variable is displayed behind the text.

The variable "AskString {...} allows you to create a question by entering user-defined texts.

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You must enter the arguments, too.
Move the cursor to the place between the next two characters of the variable: Type then how
the variable must be named, for example, you can type "project name". The text must be
enclosed within double quotation marks ".

Move the cursor forward behind ("Projectname", .

Choose .F. from the automatically displayed context menu to specify that the dialogue with the
question will appear only once, at the beginning of the list.
Move the cursor forward to the position ("Projectname",.F., . Enter the value to be suggested
automatically, for example "Name", as the entry of the project name is expected. The text must
be within double quotation marks ".
Give the max. character number for the text. We suppose 200 characters for the project name.
Move the cursor to the position between the characters,).

Now, the variable for the question about project name (or another user-defined text) before
generation of the list has been defined.
4.

Click OK to finish editing the first header line.

X.8.5. LIST TITLE WITH GENERATION DATE

Enter the date of generation in the title of the list.
Double-click the title.
Double-click onto beneath the line of the list title
"Products + AskString$("Projectname",.F.,"Name",200).

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You will go into the window again where you can edit the texts. For example, type the text
"created:" on the keyboard in the text area. Click then behind the text (position the cursor behind
the text).
Open the "Date
Date functions"
functions folder in the "Functions" area by clicking the plus sign

. Scroll the

suggested variables until you see "Now() ->{Date}". This variable shows the current day.
Double-click on it.

The function is transferred to the text line.

X.9. FILTERING IN LISTS

It is possible to define multiple filters. By means of some examples, the definition of frequently used
criteria will be explained.

X.9.1. LIST OF PARTS FOR A PARTICULAR MANUFACTURER

1.

If the fields of the list template have been defined (List of parts), define then the filter using the

Project > Filter.

Filter

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2.

Double-click the Fields folder in the left window's area to open it and double-click the field

code you like to define a filter for. In the example, this is the manufacturer and the code is
F_12000007.

The field code is displayed in the bottom window's pane.

3.

Type here the manufacturer's name for the filter, behind a "=" sign. The name must be

between double quotation marks ". Uppercase and lowercase are taken into consideration.

You can type the expression "Ask String ...", too (see below), for example.

F_12000007 = AskString ("Manufacturer,.F.,"SIEMENS",200)

The "Ask String$ ..." executes a question about the manufacturer.
You will find an illustration about the "Ask String$ ..." expression in the chapter "List title with
questions" above how to enter the project name manually in the list.

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If you wish to be sure that the manufacturer will be found after using uppercase or lowercase,
you can use the command "Upper$...":

F_12000007 = Upper$(AskString$("manufacturer,.F.,"SIEMENS",200))
The expression "Upper$..." converts all the letters into uppercase.
4.

Close the dialogue box by clicking OK and save the list template.

X.9.2. LIST OF PARTS WITHOUT TERMINALS

Condition: All the terminal strips belong to the same article group, for example to X.
1.

If the fields for the list template are determined (for List of parts, simple), define the filter using

Project menu > Filter.

Filter
2.

Double-click the "Fields

Fields"
Fields folder in the left upper area and double-click the field code you wish

to define a filter for. In the example for the article group this is the code F_12000006.
The field code is transferred into the bottom area of the window.
3.

Type the expression

F_12000006 <> "X"

in the bottom area of the window.

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X.10. CALCULATIONS
To execute calculations, for example about costs of an order, it is necessary to define sum variables.
You can define sum variables by selecting "Project"
Project" menu > Sum variables.
variables

X.10.1. CALCULATION OF ORDER COSTS

1.

Define sum variables

Calculate the total price of the articles of a type first. The total price is calculated as follows:
Unit price (code 12000150) x Number (code
180040).
(
The sum variable "Total" is defined as follows:

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As the unit price and number are transferred from the SEE Electrical project as text (=character
string), the contents of the field is converted into a number using the Val command..
The option "Page sum" must not be activated, as otherwise the prices in one page will be
accumulated. However, the total price of all the articles in the list will not be calculated.
2.

Edit data line

If the sum variable is defined, the table can be edited. The data line includes the record Unit
price x Number in addition to the data fields.

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The result of the calculation Unit price x Number is a number. This number must be formatted (2
decimal places) by using the command:
Fstr$(<value>,"#####.##").
Fstr$(<value>,"#####.##")
in the form

3.

Edit Footer line

The total for the whole project is recorded in the footer line:

The number is formatted by using the command: Fstr$(<value>,"####&.##").

Fstr$(<value>,"####&.##")

X.11. LINE NUMBERING

If you wish to print a current number per line, each line number must be calculated.
Define a sum variable for the line numbers counter as described in the chapter "Calculations" using
"Project"
Project" -> Sum variables
1.

Define sum variable

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2.

Edit data line

After you define the sum variable, the table can be edited. The data line includes another record
<counter>+1 in addition to the data lines.

X.12. DEFINE SQL-QUERIES

SQL-queries allow generating lists that go beyond the simple ordering, filtering and grouping fields
from a database list.

X.12.1. JOIN TWO LISTS

It is possible to join data from two different database lists into one common list using SQL-queries in
the List and Labels area.
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X.12.1.a
1.

JOIN INFORMATION FROM CABLE LIST AND CABLE-WIRES LIST

Define a SQL-query

SELECT * FROM Cable001 LEFT JOIN Export_3031 ON Cable001.[160010] = Export_3031.[160010]

Example for SQL-query:

SELECT

The SELECT statement selects data from a table.

Syntax of the statement:
SELECT <fields> FROM <table in Access database>

All of the fields are selected.

LEFT JOIN

The second table is joined to the first table.

ON <value1>

It defines which values in the two tables have to match in order to join

= <value2>
2.

data. In the example above, it is the component name (code 160010). The
values must be defined in the form <table name>.[field name].

Defining Group header

Data within a list can be structured by inserting group headers.

Example:
The cable data is displayed in a group header area above the cable-wires data.

The definition of the group header is made in 3 lines:

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Cable Function - location

Cable name, type, length ...

Column titles

2.a

Insert page break after each group

It is essential in some cases to continue on a new page after fulfilling a specific condition,
although the previous page has not been finished yet. If you work with a group header, you can
define the condition for your list, too.

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Select
Select

to type the condition.

and define page break after group changing:

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The group must change when the cable name changes (field code 160010) that comes from table
"Cable001".

X.12.2. FILTERING DOUBLE-RECORDS

You can filter double-records using the SQL-statement SELECT with the predicate DISTINCT.
Example: A list including functions and locations on the pages must be created.
Each combination must be displayed only once.

X.12.2.a
1.

LIST OF FUNCTIONS/LOCATIONS ON PAGES

Define a SQL-query

SELECT DISTINCT Export_3001.[180015], Export_3001.[180018] FROM Export_3001

SELECT DISTINCT

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Each combination of the selected data is displayed only once by using
the predicate DISTINCT.
Syntax of the statement:
SELECT <fields> FROM <Table of Access database>
As the fields here do not have names, enclose the field code in square
brackets "[" and "]".

2.

Place fields for function and location.

X.12.3. SORTING A LIST

To sort lists in a specific way, use SQL-statements.

Examples:
If you want to receive an order list from the part list, the list has to be sorted by manufacturer.
If the lengths of equal cables must be added, the list must be sorted by cable type before

addition.

X.12.3.a

ORDER LIST

If you want to receive an order list from the part list, the list must be sorted by supplier/manufacturer.
Then the articles must be grouped beneath the supplier. It might be necessary to break the page, if the
supplier/manufacturer changes.
1.

Define a SQL-query

SELECT * FROM Export_3100 ORDER BY Export_3100.[12000007]

SELECT

The SELECT Statement selects data from a table.

Statement syntax:
SELECT <fields> FROM <table of Access database>

ORDER BY

This clause enables sorting of lists.

Syntax: ORDER BY<value>
The value must be defined under the following form: <table
name>.<[field name]>

2.

Define a Group header

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2a.

Define group change identification

, the group change identification is

Select

and specify to start on a new page, if the group changes.

Select then

X.12.3.b

CABLE LENGTH ADDITION

Add the length of cables of equal types.

1.

Define a SQL-query

SELECT * FROM Cable001 ORDER BY Cable001 [160040]

SQL-query:
SELECT

The SELECT Statement selects data from a table.

Syntax:
SELECT <fields> FROM <table in Access database>

ORDER BY

To sum the length of cables of equal types, sort the list by cable type
first. Use the ORDER BY clause. To sort then the cables by name,
specify the name as second parameter.
Syntax: ORDER BY <value>
The value must be defined under the following form <table name>.<[field
name]>.
Multiple sorting criteria must be separated with commas ",".

2.

Define Sum variables

To calculate the cable length, define a sum variable.

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You can define sum variables using Project menu -> Sum variables

Example: Calculate cable length

3.

Specify a Group header

line 1

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Line 2
4.

Data line must include the cable length.

5.

Define a Footer line

Calculation of cable length for multiple cable types is performed in the Group Footer.

6.

Define the group change identification:

X.12.3.c
1:

LENGTH CALCULATION FOR CABLE CHANNELS AND RAILS

Define a SQL-query

SELECT * FROM Export_3010A, Export_3011 WHERE Export_3010A.Name=Export_3011.[160010]

ORDER BY Export_3010A.ObjectType, Export_3010A.Name
Clauses SQLSQL-query:
SELECT

The SELECT Statement selects data from a table.

Syntax:
SELECT <fields> FROM <table in Access database>
Multiple tables are separated with commas ",".

WHERE

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WHERE <value1> = <value2>

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You can define which values from the two tables must be equal, in
order to calculate data. In this example, the values are component
name in the NAME field of the Export_3010A table and component
name in the 160010 field of the Export_3010A table.
The values must be defined under the following form: <table
name>.[field code].
ORDER BY

To perform printing of the cable channels first and rails after them,
the sorting by object types is first necessary. Use the ORDER BY
clause. Then, sorting by type must be done before sorting by
component name.
Syntax: ORDER BY<value>
The value must be defined under the following form: <table
name>.[field code].
Multiple sorting criteria must be separated with commas ",".

2.

Define sum variables. Compare the "Cable length addition" example and follow the steps

there.
3.

Define group header. It contains the record:

If(Contains(F_ObjectType,"19102"),"Cable channel", "Rail")+ ": "+F_160040+"

"+

F_12000005

The expression defines to print the "Cable channel" text for objects of type19102 only, and
otherwise the text "Rail".
Syntax
If (Contains (<field>,"value"),
<"Result, if condition is complied with">,
<"Result, if condition is not complied with (can be omitted)">)
<Field 1> + ": "+<Field 2>
This is also a possibility to join different fields in one line.
4.

The data line must contain the length; compare the "Cable length addition" example.

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5.

Define a Footer Line as in the "Cable length addition" example.

6.

Define group change identification as in the "Cable length addition" example but the change

must be executed by changing the object type, i.e. the condition is

F_ObjectType

X.12.4. MULTIPLE PRINTING OF LABELS

If you need to print labels multiple times, print all the labels first and then once again, or print the labels
twice over.
1.

Print multiple labels (List of products)

SELECT * FROM Export_3010 UNION ALL SELECT * FROM Export_3010

i.e. the SELECT-statement is repeated after UNION ALL.
The statement:
SELECT * FROM Export_3010 UNION ALL SELECT * FROM Export_3010 UNION ALL SELECT *
FROM Export_3010
executes three times repeated printing.
2.

Print multiple labels serially (List of products)

SELECT * FROM Export_3010 ORDER BY Export_3010.[160010] UNION ALL SELECT * FROM

Export_3010 ORDER BY Export_3010.[160010]
The same labels appear directly one after another, for example
1S1 1S1 1F1 1F1
1Q1 1Q1 1M1 1M1
3.

For Labels for terminals (List of spare parts), it is necessary to create a link to the List of

products in order to perform filtering on the components in the circuit diagram.

SELECT * FROM Export_3101 LEFT JOIN Export_3010 ON
Export_3101.[160010]=Export_3010.[160010] ORDER BY Export_3101.[160010] UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM Export_3010 LEFT JOIN Export_3010 ON
Export_3101.[160010]=Export_3010.[160010 ORDER BY Export_30101.[160010]

X.12.5. LABELS FOR COMPONENT NAMES WITH DEFINED CONTENT

It is possible to print labels only for defined component name content as follows:

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1.

Only records with defined content

SELECT * FROM Export_3010

WHERE (Instr (Export_3010.[160010],"K") OR Instr (Export_3010.[160010],"S") )
2.

Only records without defined content

SELECT * FROM Export_3010

WHERE NOT (Instr (Export_3010.[160010],"M") OR Instr (Export_3010.[160010],"Q") )

X.13. ACCESS TABLES

AllTypesDISTINCT

All types in the project (without types, incl. subtypes) no data about
article's information registry without number

Bom_Explode2

All types in the project (without types, incl. subtypes) no data about

Bom01

article's registry of information numbers.

Cable001

List of cables

ComponentTypes

Component names and types

ComponentTypesExploded

Component names and types

Export_3001

List of documents

Export_3010

List of products with components from Circuit diagrams and Cabinets

(channel, top hat rail, etc .)

Export_3011

List of products with type information

Export_3020

Terminal names and types as well as article's registry of information

Export_3020A

List of terminals without type information

Export_3020B

List of terminals with type information

Export_3020D

All terminal types article's registry of information without number

Export_3030

List of cables

Export_3030A
Export_3030B

Only cable types

Export_3030C

Only different cables types

Export_3031

List of cable-wires

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Export_3040

List of contacts

Export_3050

List of PLC

Export_3060

List of wires

Export_3070

List of potentials

Export_3100

List of parts

Export_3101

List of spare parts

Export_3102

List of parts, simple

Export_3103

List of spareparts, simple

Export_3104_Terminals

Combination of list of terminals and list of wires

Export_3180

List of products without components from Cabinets and less columns

Export_3181

Terminal list with x-y-coordinates and type

Export_3182

List of cable-wires with x-y-coordinates

Export_3280

Multicores

Export_3285

Multicores-wires

Export_Multiref

List of products without Cabinets with type ld

TypeInformation

Type Information

X.14. STATEMENT SUMMARY

X.14.1. SQL-STATEMENTS:
X.14.1.a SELECT
The SELECT statement selects data from a database.
Syntax:

SELECT <fields> FROM <table in Access database>

Fields
The fields might be explicitly defined under the form:
<table name, containing the field>.<field name>
If you know the "right" field name, you can type it directly behind the dot operator. The field codes
must be placed between square brackets "[" and "]".
Multiple fields can be separated with commas ",".
Select all of the fields in the table using an asterisk (*).
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Examples:
SELECT ComponentTypes.Device, ComponentTypes.Location
or

SELECT Export_3001.[180015], Export_3001.[180018]

or

SELECT *
Table in Access database
You can type the name of one or more tables where the data comes from. Multiple tables are
separated with commas ",".

Example.
SELECT * FROM Export_3010A, Export_3011

X.14.1.b

SELECT DISTINCT

The SELECT statement with the DISTINCT predicate allows you to avoid double records.
Syntax:

SELECT DISTINCT <fields> FROM <table in Access database>

Example:
SELECT DISTINCT Export_3001.[180015], Export_3001.[180018]
FROM Export_3001

X.14.1.c

JOIN CLAUSE

Databases usually contain a lot of tables. JOIN-clause is used for joining tables. It enables you to list
data that cannot be found in one table.
Example: The list of cables contains information about the length of the cables but the list of cablecores does not contain such information. If a list must contain information about cables length and
cable-cores, it must be composed by matching data coming from both lists.
You can achieve this by joining the records of both lists. You must define a SQL-statement, for
example, with a WHERE or ON clause.
Syntax of WHERE clause:
WHERE <Condition for selection>
Condition for selection
<Value1> <relational operator> <Value2>
Values : Specify which values from both tables must match in order to join the data. For example, this
can be the component name (field code 160010). The values must be defined in the following format:
<table name>.[field name].
Relational operators: =, <, > are allowed

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Example:
SELECT *
FROM Export_3010A, Export_3011
WHERE Export_3010A.Name=Export_3011.[160010]
Syntax of ON clause:
<table 1 in Access database> LEFT JOIN <table 2 in Access database> ON <Condition for
assignment>
Condition for assignment
<Value1> = <Value2>
It defines which values from both tables must match in order to join the data. In this example, it is the
component name (field code 160010). The values must be defined in the <table name>.[field name]
format.

Example:
SELECT *
FROM Cable001
LEFT JOIN Export_3031
ON Cable001.[160010] = Export_3031.[160010]
The ON clause may include several fields. The fields must be linked by using logical operators:

Example:
SELECT *
FROM Export_3103
LEFT JOIN Export_3010
ON
Export_3103.[140050]=Export_3010.[140050]
AND
Export_3103.[160010]=Export_3010.[160010]

X.14.1.d

ORDER BY

This clause allows sorting the list.

Syntax:
ORDER BY <value>
Value
The value must be defined in the following format: <table name>.<[field name]>.

Example:
SELECT * FROM Export_3100 ORDER BY Export_3100.[12000007]
Multiple sorting criteria are separated with commas ",".

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X.14.1.e

WHERE/WHERE NOT

The WHERE clause can be used for joining two tables. WHERE and WHERE NOT can also be used
for filtering.
Join two tables
See JOIN clause
Filtering
Some examples for using the WHERE clause:
Perform filtering of articles for one particular supplier from the parts list Syntax:
WHERE <value1> <relational operator> <value2>
Value1
The values must be defined in the <table name>.[field name] format.
Relational operators:
=, <, > allowed
Logical operators:
and, or, not
Value2
The values must be defined under a "<text>" form.

Example:
SELECT * FROM Export_3100
WHERE Export_3100.[1200007]="Siemens"
Print labels only for components with specified name value
Syntax:
WHERE (Instr (<Field>,"value"]
Field
The field from the project database must be defined in the following format: <table name>.[field name].
Value
Enter text for the field value.
Logical operators:

and, or, and not

Examples:
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1.

Only records with defined values (component name "K" or "S") must be selected

SELECT * FROM Export_3010

WHERE (Instr (Export_3010.[160010],"K") OR Instr (Export_3010.[160010],"S") )
2.

Select only records with the defined values (component name without "M" or "Q")

SELECT * FROM Export_3010

WHERE NOT (Instr (Export_3010.[160010],"M") OR Instr (Export_3010.[160010],"Q") )

X.14.1.f

UNION ALL

UNION ALL can be used to execute a query in the same list twice or multiple times. (For example, it
can be used for multiple printing of labels).
Syntax:
SELECT <selection> UNION ALL SELECT < selection>

Example:
SELECT * FROM Export_3010 UNION ALL SELECT * FROM Export_3010
(double printing)
or
SELECT * FROM Export_3010 UNION ALL SELECT * FROM Export_3010
UNION ALL SELECT * FROM Export_3010
(triple printing)

X.14.1.g

VAL

VAL converts a text into a number.

Syntax:
Val (<value>)

Example:
SELECT * FROM Export_3030A WHERE (Val(Export_3030A.[160200]) > Val("4.00")) and
(Val(Export_3030A.[160200]) < Val("8.00")

X.14.1.h

UPPERCASE/ LOWERCASE

It is not important for the SQL-query whether upper case or lowercase is used in the SEE Electrical
database.

Example:
SELECT * FROM Export_3100 WHERE Export_3100.[12000005]="COIL"
and
SELECT * FROM Export_3100 WHERE Export_3100.[12000005]="Coil"

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provide the same result, i.e. all records containing the "Coil" text are provided whether written in uppercase or
lowercase.

X.14.1.i

LOGICAL OPERATORS

The operators AND, OR, NOT, and NOT are available.

X.14.1.j

RELATIONAL OPERATORS

The operators =, <, >, <> are available. InStr expression is available, too.
InStr
InSTR checks whether the string in the defined field contains a pattern string.
Syntax: InStr (<field>,"<pattern string>")
Example: Component names must contain the letter "M"

WHERE (InStr (Export_3010.[160010],"M"))

X.14.2. COMMANDS IN LISTS AND LABELS

X.14.2.a CONDITIONS: IF
Syntax
If (Contains (<field>,"value"),
<"result, if the condition is satisfied">,
<"result, if the condition is not satisfied (can be omitted)">)
Example: Print labels (in one line, it doesn't match more than 4 characters), a page break can occur,
but only when an empty character is found.

(F_160010)>3,Left$ (F_160010,3)+" "+Right$ (F_160010,4),F_160010)

If the component name is > 3 characters long, it is split into 3 characters on the left and 4 characters
on the right with one space between. If the component name is <3 it remains whole.

X.14.2.b

UPPER$/LOWER$

Upper$ (....) = "<VALUE>"

This command converts the letters case into upper so that it is possible afterwards to be compared
with the value after "Upper$ ()" (this value must always be written in uppercase).
The LOWER command changes the letters case into lower.

X.14.2.c

VAL

Val(<field>)
VAL transforms a text into a number. The fields in SEE Electrical databases contain generally
numbers as texts.

X.14.2.d

FSTR$

Fstr$(<value>),"####.##")

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This command allows formatting numbers.

X.14.2.e

ASKSTRING$

AskString (<variable name>,<when does the question dialog appear>,<suggested value>,<max.

number of characters>)
The variable "AskString {...} allows you to execute a dialogue with a text question and enter userdefined texts while creating the list.
Arguments:
<variable name>
This text will be shown when the question appears. The text must be placed between double quotation
marks " .

< When does the question dialog appear >

By selecting .F., you specify that the question dialogue is executed only once at the beginning of
the list.
<suggested value>
Enter the value to be automatically suggested. The text must be placed between double quotation
marks " .
<max. number of characters>
Enter the max. number of characters expected for your text.

X.14.2.f

LEN, LEFT$, RIGHT$

Len gives the length of the strings.

Right$ or Left$ cut the right or the left characters from a string.
The following expression divides the strings into 2 parts if the length of strings exceeds a determined
length. Using this, you can, for example, split the component name and print on two lines although a
line break is not possible within one "word". Line break is possible only where a Blank character is.
If (Len(F_160010)>3,Left$ (F_160010,3)+" "+Right$ (F_160010,4), F_160010)

X.14.2.g

RELATIONAL OPERATORS

The operators =, <, >, <> are available. The expression "Contains" is available, too.

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Example for Contains:

If(Contains(F_ObjectType,"19102"),"Cable channel","Rail")
This expression defines: for object type 19102 print the text "Cable channel", otherwise print the text

"Rail".

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CABINET LAYOUT

You can construct a Cabinet Layout as a part of the circuit diagram. It is possible to use symbols
there, too.
Functions for dimensioning are provided with SEE Electrical standard.

Y.1. DRAW CABINET LAYOUTS

Cabinet layouts can be created 1:1 or using a scale.
Drawing 1:1 is convenient because you do not have to change the dimensioning scale; symbols for
components are drawn directly 1:1 and they can be used again afterwards. The font size must be
adapted. You need a page template with a Normsheet to which the cabinet layout fits 1:1. Change the
dimensions in Page Properties.
Working with a scale is convenient because you can use the A3 Normsheet later. The symbols must
be created in another page using the 1:1 scaling. For symbols insertion, set the scaling factor. The
dimensioning scale must be changed. Font size can be maintained.
Choose, in Page Properties, whether to work with a scale or not..

Y.1.1. MODULE CABINETS

(standard)
The next exercises illustrate the creation of a cabinet scaled 1:10.
Exercise 26
26-1: Create a new page within the Cabinets module and load an appropriate page
template.
Create the new page in the known way.
Select before the Cabinets module in the Workspace tree.
The default page template for Cabinets loads. The scale for drawing and the symbol scaling are 1:10
by default.

Exercise 2626-2: Draw a panel 800 x 1600 mm.

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In the status bar (right below the drawing area), the dimensions are shown while drawing lines and
rectangles. Set a grid size (at least 10x10 mm).
You can draw a Panel.
1.M

Draw

2.M

Panel

3.+

Select the starting point of the panel.

4.#

Press the space bar.

5.>

dx

6.#

800

7.>

Dy

8.#

1600

Exercise 2626-3: Draw a Cable/Wire Channel with a width of 860 mm.

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1.M

Draw

2.M

Cable/Wire Channel

3.>

Width

4.#

60

5.>

Length

6.#

800

7.>

OK

8.+

Place the cable channel in the desired place.

9.

Place the cable channel again in another place.

Exercise 2626-4: Insert components using the pick list that contains all the components of the circuit
diagram.

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When you insert a component, it is deleted from the pick list. The component name appears
automatically next to the symbol.
When you delete a component from the drawing page, it appears in the list again.

1.M

Functions

2.M

Pick list

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All of the components in the circuit diagram are displayed in this list.
3.> Double-click a component to select it.
You can select several components as usual under Windows. Click Load to finish the selection
from the Pick list.
In the Position selected components field, you can choose the position free,
free horizontally or
vertically aligned for the selected components to be inserted on the page. You can specify the
distance between components. Afterwards, you can place only the first component.
4.+

Place the first component.

Place several components.

Exercise
Exercise 2626-5: The relation between Circuit diagrams and Cabinets is possible, if you assign a type.
In the type database, you can set the Property > Width and Height of the rectangle for the cabinet
layout.
If width and height are not specified for a type, a rectangle identified with a yellow diagonal cross
appears. This way you are warned that the size of this component is not real.

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If you want a detailed view of your construction symbols, you can use the graphic 1:1 or you can
import from format DXF-DWG. Before generating the symbol, the graphics 1:1 must be made. The
symbols for Cabinets must satisfy the same rules as the symbols for Circuit diagrams, i.e. a symbol for
relay coil must be assigned to the category relay coils. You can assign symbols to a type in the type
database using the Property: Symbolname for Cabinets. Enter the following: <Symbol
database>\<folder>\<Symbol name>.
Terminals must always be used as symbols.
Create a terminal for the cabinet.
1.

Create a new page within Cabinets.

Create Symbols on the new page in the Cabinets area.

2.

Type the value 1 for scale and Symbol scaling as the symbols must be created with a scale

1:1.
3.

Create a rectangle with a size 52x6.

4.

Group the graphics into a Terminal symbol.

5.

Select Text > Edit and change the size of the text for the component name to 35mm. As the

symbol is minimized by the factor 10 after the insertion, it applies to texts too.
6.

Move the text of the component name one position above the terminals (use the Select single

element and Move function!!)

7.

Double click the symbol and switch off the view of all texts.
The symbols for terminals are so small that the texts will overlap.

8.

Insert the symbol into the MySymbols symbol database in the Cabinet folder.. Type the

TrainingTraining-terminal name.
9.

Go to the type database. Create a new terminal type, for example UK10UK10-Training,
Training assign the

Symbol name for Cabinets property to it. In the Value column, enter the following: <Symbol
database>\< Folder >\<Symbol name> i.e.
MySymbols\
Training
MySymbols\ Cabinet \Train
Traininging- terminal
10.

If you have already placed terminals in the cabinet, delete them.

11.

Assign the type UK10-Training to the terminals.

12.

Place the terminals again.

The symbol is now used.

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13. For a terminal of a terminal strip, you can set to view the terminal strip name by double-clicking the
terminal and activating the View option for the component name.

Exercise 26
26--6:

Save your workspace.

Y.1.2. WITHOUT MODULE CABINETS

You will create the cabinet scaled 1:1.
Exercise 2626-7: Create a new page and load an appropriate page template.
1.

Create the new page in the known way.

2.

<Page>
Choose the new page in the Workspace.
Load the page template A3x5. It represents a page of A3 format enlarged by the factor 5. This
page allows you to create a Cabinet with the 1500 x 1250 mm maximum size.

2.M

File

3.M

Open

4.M

Page template

5.>

<Your template> for example A3x5

6.>

OK
The page template has been loaded; the Project information and page information have been
saved in the normsheet.

Exercise 2626-8: Draw a panel 800 x 900 mm.

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In the status bar (right beneath the drawing area), the dimensions are displayed as you are drawing
the lines and rectangles.
Choose a larger grid through the Toolbars (at least 10x10 mm).)
1.M

Draw

2.M

Rectangle

3.+

Select the first point of the rectangle.

4.+

Select the second point of the rectangle.

Look at the dimensions in the status bar.

Exercise 2626-9: Draw a rectangle 40 x 50 mm.

1.M

Draw

2.M

Rectangle

3.+

Select the first point of the rectangle.

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4.+

Select the second point of the rectangle.

Look at the dimensions in the status bar.

Exercise 2020-9: Place one text for the Component name.

1.M

Text

2.M

New

3.>

Height
Change the height for the text because the component and the text will be reduced when
printing later. Text with height 3.5 would be too small.

4.#

35

5.>

Center justified
The text will be centred.

3.#

?
Enter a question mark "?" for the text.

4.+

Place the text within the component rectangle.

Exercise 2626-10: Group the rectangle and the text into a symbol and save in the symbol database.
1.M

Edit.

2.M

Select

3.+

Select the first point of the frame. The rectangle and the text must be entirely inside the frame.

4.+.

Select the second point of the frame.

5.

Right-click with the mouse

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6.M

Block

7.>

Macro/Group
Select the symbol to be created.
The elements are integrated into a group.
Save the group in a new folder of the MySymbols symbol database..

8.

Click the Symbols tab.

9.

MySymbols
Double-click MySymbols to open it. You can store data only in this database or in a new
database created by yourself.

10.

Right-click with the mouse.

11.M

New Symbol Database

12.#

Symbols for cabinets

Enter the name of the new Symbol database.

13.M

Edit.

14.M

Select

15.+

Select all parts of the supply using a frame.

All elements must be within the frame.

Select the first point of the frame.

16.+

Select the second point of the frame.

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17.+

Drag the symbol into the Symbols for cabinets folder in the MySymbols symbol database. Hold

the left mouse button pressed while dragging.

18.>

Symbol name

19.#

Power supply 2:

Enter the name of the group.

20.>

OK
The group is stored in the symbol database.

Exercise 2626-11: Insert the component in multiple places in the panel.

For example:

1.+

Insert the component from the symbol database into several places on the page.

2.

Finish the placement.

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3.+

Double-click the text and change it.

4.>

OK
Change the next text.
etc.

Y.2. USING LAYERS

SEE Electrical provides 512 layers for structuring drawings. You can use layers, for example, for
hiding some data while printing.
You can change the settings for layers by clicking on the

icon.

Y.3. DIMENSION
(standard)
Exercise 2626-12: Define dimensions for the panel. Adjust the settings for the dimensions.

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1.M

Draw

2.M

Dimension

3.M

Settings

4.T

Text

Click the Text tab..

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5.>

Height

6.#

35

7.T

Arrows

Click the Arrows tab..

8.>

Arrow width

9.#

10

10.>

Arrow height

11.#

10

12.>

Dimension line overhang

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13.#

15

14.T

Attributes

Switch to the Attributes window.

15.>

Extension line overhang

16.#

10

17.>

OK
The settings have been set.

18.M

Draw

19.M

Dimension

20.M

Btw. 2 Lines

21.+

Identify the left border line of the panel.

22.+

Identify the right border line of the panel.

23.+

Place the dimension line.

21.+

Identify the top border line of the panel.

22.+

Identify the bottom border line of the panel.

23.+

Place the dimension line.

Exercise 2626-13: Save the project.

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1.M

File

2.M

Save

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SYSTEM SETTINGS

The system settings apply to the system, i.e. to all projects and drawings. The system settings are
stored in the Windows-registry.
The System settings function is available in the File menu only when no project is open.
Choose, in the System settings window, whether to make automatic Backup of Pages or not, and
whether to use Visual Documents Tabs.

Define the folders where to store your templates, projects and symbols (for example, they could be
stored in the network). The colours for the cursor, background etc. can be set and saved, too.

SEE Electrical

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Z.1. PROPERTIES FOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

The project properties apply to the whole project. They are defined when you create the project
template. The properties are loaded when you create a project by using the project template, and they
are saved then within the project.
You can select the Properties function as follows:
Select Circuit diagrams
diagrams in the Workspace tree, then select File > Properties > Module
or
Select Circuit diagrams in the Workspace tree, then right-click with the mouse and select
Properties.

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Here you can choose the page template, the component numbering method and the text parameters
for the cross-references creation.
Under SEE Electrical standard, you can set whether function/location to be used or not, to display
cross-references for relay coils in contact cross or contact mirror, and whether to show wire numbers
in the drawing or not. You can choose to automatically change the revision date, and which format for
the cross reference will be used.
The project properties can be changed at any time, for example, if another page template must be
used for some projects. The page template will be used then for creating a new page. It is not
recommended to change the setting of the component numbering during the project processing
because the components numbered before making the change remain with the old numbers until they
are renumbered. The modification of the Component numbering property must be made before
drawing the circuit diagrams.

Z.2. PAGE PROPERTIES

The page properties apply to a page of the project. The page properties are specified when you create
a page template. When you create a new page, the page properties are loaded from the page
template and then they are stored for this page within the project.
You can select the Page properties function in two ways:

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System settings

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Select a page under Circuit diagrams in the Workspace tree, and then select File > Properties >
Page;
Select a page under Circuit diagrams in the Workspace tree, right-click with the mouse and
select Properties.
Properties

Here you can specify the number of paths in the current page and the dimensions of the drawing. It is
possible to specify different numbers of paths for the different pages. The dimensions of the drawing
can also be different on the different pages. Of course, projects are usually constructed using the
same structure.
You can set the path number in the first path (0 or 1), the margin of the left path and the margin of the
right path, the positions of potentials, etc.
The grid is also defined here.

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You can specify the symbol scaling, too. When you insert a symbol from the symbol database, it is
scaled with the defined factor.

Z.3. CUSTOMIZING THE INTERFACE

SEE Electrical allows you to customize the interface you can change menus, icon bars, define
shortcuts etc.
Exercise 2727-1: Add an icon for the Select Single Element function
1.M

View

2.M

Toolbars

3.M

Customize

The following window appears:

4.>

Edit
In the Categories pane, select the menu where the desired function is present.

5.>

Select Single Element

Select the function in the Commands pane.

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6.+

Drag the function with the mouse (press and hold down the left mouse

button) into the desired place. A marker ( ) shows where the icon could be inserted:

7.+

Release the left mouse button to "drop" the icon at the desired location.

Exercise 2727-2: Change the icon. The text in the icon bar describing the function must be replaced by
an icon.
1.+

Select the Select Single Element text in the icon bar and right-click with the mouse.

2.M

Button Appearance
You can now change the button appearance.

3.>

Image only
It must be displayed only as an icon without text.

4.>

Select User-defined Image

5.>

New
A new icon must be created.

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6.+

Construct a new icon.

7.>

OK
Click OK to finish the construction of the new icon.

7.>

OK
After closing the window, the new icon is displayed in the icon bar.

Exercise 2727-3: Define a shortcut key for the function Insert Picture.
Open the Customize window to customize the interface..
1.T

Keyboard

Click the Keyboard tab in the Customize window.

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3.>

<Menu>
Within Category, select the menu containing the function that you wish to assign a shortcut key
to.

4.>

<Command>
Within Commands, select the command you wish to assign a shortcut key to or to change the
shortcut key
If the command has a shortcut key, it is shown in the "Current keys" field.

5.>

New shortcut key

6.#

<shortcut key>
Press the desired shortcut keys combination on the keyboard. Letters can be combined with the
SHIFT, CTRL or ALT keys.

7.>

Assign
If the shortcut key is already assigned to another function, the Assign button remains dimmed:
. Please select another shortcut key.
8.>

Close

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Exercise 27
27--4: You can add external programs or commands available in the Command bar using the
"Tools
Tools"
Tools tab.
Open the Customize window to customize the interface.
1.T

Tools

Click the Tools tab in the Customize window..

3.I
Click on this icon to add a new function to the menu.
4.#

<function name>
Enter the text you wish to appear for the function in the "Menu contents" area, for example
WORDPAD.

5.>

Command

6.>

...
Enter the (external) path and the programme in the "Command" line (EXE-file). Click

to

select the path and the file.

Enter the SEE Electrical command by inserting "#" before the command, for example
#DRWINFO for drawing information.
information

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If you are adding an external programme, it may be necessary to use a parameter, for example
a file to be opened. You can enter the parameter in the "Arguments" line.
If you are adding an external programme, you can enter the directory where the files to be
searched. This is done in the "Initial directory" field.
The functions defined within Tools are available in the "Tools" menu after closing the
"Customize
Customize"
Customize window.
The defined functions can be moved into other menus or be assigned icons because they are
also available within the "Commands" tab in the "Customize
Customize"
Customize window.

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AA

COMMAND BAR

The Command Bar can be used to access commands provided with SEE Electrical or defined by the
user.
The example below illustrates the Command bar.

Electrical information about not connected connection points/ Information

about contacts without component/ contactor
This function enables you to check if the connection points of all components in the workspace are
connected.
In addition, the contacts not assigned to a contactor or to a component with auxiliary contacts can be
displayed.
Exercise 28
28-1: Call a function from the Command Bar.
If the Command Bar is not visible, click on the

SEE Electrical

Command Bar

icon.

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1.+

Click with the cursor within the Command Bar.

2.#

?
Press ENTER to confirm your entry.
A List containing all available functions appears.

3.>

Close
Click on the "Close" button to finish.

4.+

Click with the cursor within the Command Bar again.

5.#

ETINFO
Press ENTER to confirm.

6.#

Show not connected connection points

Click on the button corresponding to the desired function, such as "Show not connected
connection points" in the example above.

Delete elements outside drawing bounds

It can occur that an element is inserted outside the current drawing area (for example, by mistake
while dragging). Then, you will see that nothing is shown about a component in the Products list.

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Command Bar

SEE Electrical

SEE Electrical
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Exercise 2828-2: Call the function from the Command Bar.
1.+

Click with the cursor within the Command Bar.

2.#

DRWINFO
Press ENTER to confirm the command

3.>

Delete elements outside drawing bounds.

4.>

OK

SEE Electrical

Command Bar

Page AA-309 / 309

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.......................5

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# $
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43

Pierwsze Kroki
w SEE

Electrical V7R2

Grudzie 2013

COPYRIGHT Grudzie 2013 IGE+XAO Polska

Wszelkie prawa zastrzeone. Nieautoryzowane rozpowszechnianie caoci lub
fragmentu niniejszej publikacji w jakiejkolwiek postaci jest zabronione. Wykonywanie
kopii metod kserograficzn, fotograficzn a take kopiowanie na noniku filmowym,
magnetycznym lub innym powoduje naruszenie praw autorskich niniejszej publikacji .

Pierwsze kroki w SEE Electrical

Zawarto

Spis treci
Spis treci 1
1.

Wstp
1-2
1.1 Foldery i pliki ................................................................................ 1-12

2.

Zakadanie nowego projektu

3.

Rysowanie schematw
3-16
3.1 Zakadanie Schematu 1 ................................................................ 3-16
3.2 Siatka ........................................................................................... 3-18
3.3 Tworzenie Schematu 1 ................................................................. 3-19
3.4 Pracuj na fragmencie rysunku ...................................................... 3-22
3.5 Zakadanie Schematu 2 ................................................................ 3-22
3.6 Tworzenie Schematu 2 ................................................................. 3-23

4.

Zabudowa aparatury
4-38
4.1 Wprowadzenie.............................................................................. 4-38
4.2 Zakadanie Schematu zabudowy aparatury .................................. 4-38
4.3 Skala ............................................................................................ 4-39
4.4 Rysowanie szafy .......................................................................... 4-41
4.5 Rysowanie korytek kablowych ...................................................... 4-41
4.6 Wstawianie szyn ........................................................................... 4-43
4.7 Wstawianie symboli ...................................................................... 4-43
4.8 Wymiary ....................................................................................... 4-45
4.9 Przegldnij lub wygeneruj zestawienia ......................................... 4-45
4.10 Wydrukuj rysunki ......................................................................... 4-46

Wersja V7R2

2-13

1.

Wstp
Dokumentacja niniejsza pozwoli Pastwu zrozumie dziaanie programu
SEE Electrical krok po kroku.
Znaki stosowane w dokumentacji:

1-2

Wybr z menu wstgowego RIBBON

Wybr elementu kursorem

Wybr z klawiatury

>

Wybr pola w oknie

<pole>

Wstaw tekst lub wybierz element

Kliknij na Tab w oknie

Wybierz ikon na pasku narzdzi

Wersja V7R2

Projekt
Projekt w SEE Electrical zawiera schematy, rysunki instalacji oraz
rysunki zabudowy szaf. Zestawienia generowane s automatycznie
na podstawie informacji zawartych na rysunkach, przykadowo:
- Zestawienie aparatury
- Zestawienie zaciskw
- Zestawienie kanaw PLC
- Zestawienie y kabli
- Zestawienie kabli
- Zestawienie dokumentw
- itd..
Dane z projektu uywane s do generacji graficznych Zestawie
zaciskw (konfiguracja Standard, Listwy zaciskowe Matrix),
Zestawie kabli i Zestawie aparatury.
Moesz tworzy rysunki szaf lub instalacji w tym samym projekcie.
SEE Electrical zawiera wiele moduw dostarczajcych funkcji do
tworzenia schematw, instalacji i szaf.
Do projektu mog by doczone dodatkowo inne dokumenty,
przykadowo pliki Word lub Excel.
Instalacja
Domylnie program instalowany jest w katalogu:
C:\Program Files (x86)\IGE+XAO\SEE Electrical V7R2\. Czsto
jednak uytkownik nie ma dostpu do powyszej lokalizacji, dlatego
zaleca si instalacj bezporednio na dysku np. w folderze D:\SEE
Electrical V7R2. W tym celu wybieramy typ instalacji jako
Niestandardowa i podajemy interesujc nas lokalizacj. Uatwi to
zrozumienie dziaania programu.

Klienci
Program naley uruchomi klikajc na ikonk na pulpicie lub
uywajc polecenia Start / Wszystkie programy / IGE+XAO / SEE
Electrical V7R2/ SEE Electrical V7R2.
Klient, ktry nie zakupi jeszcze programu, powinien wybra opcj
Zarejestruj program Pniej. Bdzie mg uywa wersji TRIAL
przez 30 dni od daty pierwszego uruchomienia. W wersji TRIAL
mona utworzy do 3 nowych rysunkw w nowym projekcie. Po
upywie 30 dni, program bdzie si uruchamia jako SEE Electrical
Viewer. Jeli dany klient zakupi program, nie musi go instalowa
ponownie. Wystarczy, e po otrzymaniu z IGE+XAO klucza
zabezpieczajcego USB, zarejestruje program, korzystajc z
kreatora licencji.
Klient, ktry zakupi program i posiada klucz USB, powinien wybra
opcj Zarejestruj program teraz. Nastpnie, w oknie Kreatora
Wersja V7R2

1-3

licencji powinien poda dane firmy oraz wybra opcj Aplikacja

chroniona przez klucz zabezpieczajcy.
Klient, ktry otrzyma lub pobra program (ze strony www.ige-xao.pl)
w ramach Opieki serwisowej i przeprogramowa klucz na wersj
V7R1, powinien wybra opcj Zarejestruj program teraz.
Nastpnie powinien poda dane firmy w oknie Kreatora licencji, oraz
wybra opcj Aplikacja chroniona przez klucz zabezpieczajcy.
Uwaga: Kod do programowania klucza wysyamy drog mailow.
Uruchomienie programu
Program naley uruchomi klikajc na ikonk na pulpicie lub
uywajc polecenia Start / Wszystkie programy / IGE+XAO / SEE
Electrical V7R2 / SEE Electrical V7R2.

Po uruchomieniu SEE Electrical, na ekranie uka si standardowo

trzy pionowe obszary oraz Menu grne.
Eksploratory Projekt / Symbole / Symbole wg kodu / Polecenia
znajduj si w lewym dolnym rogu okna SEE Electrical. Obszar do
rysowania znajduje si w rodku. Z prawej strony znajduje si okno
Waciwoci i okno Podgld.
Otwarcie projektu przykadowego
Aby otworzy projekt przykadowy naley zaznaczy eksplorator
Projekt (dolna, lewa strona ekranu).

Nastpnie naley uy polecenia Plik/Otwrz i wywietlonym oknie

zaznaczy np. projekt Przykad 2.sep.

1-4

Wersja V7R2

Lewa cz okna zawiera list projektw znajdujcych si w

folderze D:\SEE Electrical V7R2\Projekty. Prawa cz okna
zawiera Waciwoci projektu, ktre s wywietlane w tabelkach
rysunkowych.

Wersja V7R2

1-5

Przegldanie projektu przykadowego

Aby zrozumie, jakie rysunki i zestawienia mog by tworzone w
programie, zaleca si przegldnicie projektu przykadowego.
Naley wybiera po kolei moduy np. Schematy zasadnicze oraz
otwiera dwuklikiem poszczeglne rysunki.
Przegldanie projektu przykadowego
Oto ilustracja podstawowych poj uywanych w SEE Electrical.

1-6

Wersja V7R2

Przegldanie bibliotek symboli

Aby wywietli biblioteki symboli, zawarte w programie, naley
wskaza Eksplorator symboli (dolna, lewa strona ekranu).

Obsuga polega na wskazaniu danej biblioteki np. NN/Wyczniki. Aby

wstawi symbol na rysunek, naley go wskaza klikiem i wskaza
miejsce na rysunku.

Wersja V7R2

1-7

Przegldanie symboli wg kodu

Katalogi aparatury, dostarczone z programem, zawieraj
powizania kodw katalogowych z symbolami (wymagana
konfiguracja Standard). Aby wywietli symbole wg kodu, naley
wskaza Eksplorator symboli wg kodu (dolna, lewa strona
ekranu).

Obsuga polega na wskazaniu danego producenta i wybraniu klasy

katalogu aparatury np. Przekaniki termiczne. Aby wstawi symbol
na rysunek, naley go wskaza klikiem i wskaza miejsce na rysunku.
Wstawiony symbol bdzie posiada kod katalogowy.

1-8

Wersja V7R2

Przegldanie katalogu aparatury

Dostarczone z programem katalogi aparatury, zawieraj
szczegowe opisy urzdze uywanych w projektowaniu. Aby
wywietli katalogi, naley wybra z menu programu polecenie
Przetwarzanie Kody katalogowe - Katalog aparatw.
Uytkownik moe rozbudowa katalogi aparatury. Kady aparat jest
identyfikowany poprzez niepowtarzalny Kod katalogowy.

Wersja V7R2

1-9

Przegldanie listy dostpnych polece

Niektre polecenia s dostpne z okna eksploratora polece. Aby
wywietli dostpne polecenia, naley wskaza Eksplorator
polece (dolna, lewa strona ekranu). Dostp do polece zaley od
zakupionej konfiguracji programu.

Obsuga polega na wskazaniu dwuklikiem danego polecenia.

Polecenia musz by podane obowizkowo w jzyku angielskim,
natomiast Opis dziaania polece jest dostpny w jzyku polskim.

1-10

Wersja V7R2

Drukowanie projektu przykadowego

Aby wydrukowa projekt, naley wybra polecenie Plik > Drukowanie > Drukuj (lub Ctrl+P).
Zamknicie projektu przykadowego
Aby zamkn projekt, naley wskaza nazw projektu i wybra z menu kontekstowego
polecenie Zamknij projekt.

Wersja V7R2

1-11

1.1 Foldery i pliki

SEE Electrical uywa nastpujcych podstawowych folderw i
plikw:
< SEE Electrical V7R2>

Pliki programu SEE Electrical s zapisane w tym

folderze.

...\PROJEKTY

W tym folderze znajdziecie pliki projektw SEE

Electrical.
Pliki projektw maj standardowe rozszerzenie SEP.

...\SYMBOLE

Bazy symboli SEE Electrical s zapisane w tym

folderze.
Bazy symboli maj w SEE Electrical rozszerzenie SES.
Katalog aparatury producentw TYPES.SES take jest
(uywanie katalogu wymaga posiadania konfiguracji
Standard i Advanced) przechowywany w tym folderze.

....\SZABLONY

W tym folderze znajduj si szablony projektw i

rysunkw, formatki rysunkowe, listy i etykiety oraz pliki
Crystal Reports. Take tutaj znajduj si czcionki.
TranslationNew.mdb: Sownik tumacze (konfiguracja
Advanced).
SEP: Szablony projektw
TDW: Arkusze formatowe i szablony zestawie
DAT: Czcionki (fonty)

....\SZABLONY\LABEL_SETTINGS SLS: Etykiety dla rnych rodzajw drukarek

1-12

Wersja V7R2

2.

Zakadanie nowego projektu

wiczenie 2-1:

Tworzenie nowego projektu.

1.M Plik
2.M Nowy
3.M Projekt

3.>

Nazwa pliku

4.#

Projekt1
Mona wprowadzi inn nazw projektu.

5.>

Zapisz
Projekt jest zaoony. Ukae si lista dostpnych szablonw.

Wersja V7R2

2-13

6.>

<Szablon>
Wybierz szablon projektu Standard+v7r2.
Szablon projektu zawiera rne definicje dotyczce sposobu
tworzenia i przetwarzania projektu np. liczb kolumn na arkuszu
formatowym, sposb adresacji krosowej, sposb zarzdzania
funkcj i lokalizacj itd..

7.> Kliknij OK.

Pusty projekt zosta zaoony.
Aby okreli jego waciwoci elektryczne, naley wskaza nazw
projektu i wybra z menu kontekstowego polecenie Waciwoci.
Aby wprowadzi informacje o projekcie, ktre bd przeniesione do
tabelek rysunkowych, naley wskaza nazw projektu i wypeni
okno Waciwoci (prawa strona ekranu) lub wybra z menu
kontekstowego Informacje.

2-14

Wersja V7R2

8.>

Opis projektu 01

9.#

Projekt przykadowy

10.> Data utworzenia projektu

Wiersz Data utworzenia projektu wypeniony jest
automatycznie. Po uaktywnieniu wiersza mona wpisa inn dat.
11.> Projektowa
12.# Wprowad swoje dane.
Moesz wprowadzi dodatkowe informacje. Informacje te bd
automatycznie wstawione do tabelek rysunkowych.

Wersja V7R2

2-15

3.

Rysowanie schematw

3.1 Zakadanie Schematu 1

wiczenie 3-1:
1.>

Obecnie zaoysz pierwszy rysunek.

Wskaza modu Schematy zasadnicze i wybra z menu
kontekstowego polecenie Nowy.

SEE Electrical wywietli okno Informacje, gdzie moesz

wprowadzi dane dotyczce rysunku.

2.>

Opis strony 01

3.#

Silniki

4.>

Numer rysunku
Numer rysunku "0001" jest automatycznie sugerowany.

3-16

Wersja V7R2

5.>

Data utworzenia rysunku

SEE Electrical automatycznie wstawia biec dat. Moesz
zmieni dat.
Moesz wprowadzi dane do innych pl.

6.>

OK
Zamknij okno.
Program otwiera pusty rysunek, na arkuszu formatowym A3.

Uwaga: Uytkownik moe tworzy rysunki na wasnych lub innych

arkuszach. Naley wskaza modu Schematy zasadnicze i wybra
z menu kontekstowego polecenie Waciwoci.

Wersja V7R2

3-17

3.2 Siatka
Siatka umoliwia dokadn prac. Moesz wybra siatk poprzez
kliknicie ikony
na Pasku szybkiego dostpu lub
wybra z menu polecenie Rysuj Styl - Siatka. Po klikniciu na
ikon

wywietla si lista dostpnych rozmiarw.

Jeli wybierzesz Inny, moesz zadeklarowa wasny rozmiar siatki.

Funkcja dostpna na Pasku narzdzi pozwala wywietli lub
wygasi siatk

Obecnie moesz rozpocz rysowanie schematu.

3-18

Wersja V7R2

3.3 Tworzenie Schematu 1

wiczenie 3-2:

Wstaw blok typowy: Zasilanie.

Uaktywnij eksplorator Symbole.

wiczenie 3-3:

Wybierz bibliotek zawierajc symbole, ktrych chcesz

uywa.

W tym wypadku wybierz bibliotek Bloki typowe dla silnikw i PLC.

1.

Otwrz rodzin symboli Przykady.

Symbole s dostpne.

3.

Kliknij na blok Zasilanie.

4.

Przesu blok Zasilanie na rysunek

5.+

Przesu Zasilanie do kolumny 1

6.>

Oznaczenie

7.#

X1
Nie zmieniaj oznaczenia ani numeru zacisku.

8.>

Anuluj

Wszystkie elementy zostan oznaczone oprcz stykw stycznika.

Wersja V7R2

3-19

wiczenie 3-4:

Zapisz projekt.

1.M Plik
2.M Zapisz
wiczenie 3-5:

3-20

Wstaw blok Rozruch bezporedni.

Wersja V7R2

Przesu kursor na eksplorator Symbole.

1.

2.

Wybierz Rozruch bezporedni z rodziny Przykady

3.

Przejd na pole rysunkowe. Przesu blok Rozruch

bezporedni przy pomocy kursora.

4.+

Wstaw w kolumnie 3.

5.>

Oznaczenie
Proba o okrelenie nazwy listwy.
Zaakceptuj sugerowan nazw listwy X1.

6.>

Anuluj

Wszystkie elementy zostan oznaczone oprcz stykw stycznika.

wiczenie 3-6:

Wstaw Rozruch bezporedni ze zmian kierunku obrotw.

1.

Przesu kursor na eksplorator Symbole.

2.

Wybierz Rozruch bezporedni ze zmian kierunku obrotw.

3.

Przejd na pole rysunkowe. Przesu (Rozruch bezporedni ze

zmian kierunku obrotw przy pomocy kursora).

4.+

Wstaw blok w kolumnie 5.

5.>

Oznaczenie
Proba o okrelenie nazwy listwy.
Zaakceptuj sugerowan nazw listwy X1.

Wersja V7R2

3-21

6.>

Anuluj

Wszystkie elementy zostan oznaczone oprcz stykw stycznikw.

wiczenie 3-7:

Zapisz projekt.

1.M Plik
2.M Zapisz

3.4 Pracuj na fragmencie rysunku

Czsto trzeba powikszy cz rysunku.
wiczenie 3-8:

Wywietl fragment rysunku.

1.M Widok Zoom - Fragment

2.+ Wska pierwszy punkt fragmentu do powikszenia i trzymaj
wcinity.
Fragment jest definiowany poprzez dwa punkty,
3.+

Przesu kursor myszki i zwolnij klawisz.

Moesz wybra funkcj poprzez nacinicie klawisza skrtu F4.

wiczenie 3-9: Powr do penego widoku.
1.M Widok Zoom - Peny
Moesz wybra funkcj poprzez nacinicie klawisza skrtu F3.
Uwaga:

Moliwe jest sterowanie zoom przy pomocy myszki, nacinij i

trzymaj CTRL rwnoczenie wykonujc scrolling myszk. Take
mona uywa menu apka, dostpnego w oknie Podgld (dolna
prawa cz ekranu).

3.5 Zakadanie Schematu 2

wiczenie 3-10:

Utwrz 2 schemat projektu.

Wskaza modu Schematy zasadnicze i wybra z menu

kontekstowego polecenie Nowy.
Okrel informacje o rysunku.
1.>

Opis schematu 01

2.#

Sterowanie

3.>

Numer rysunku
Numer 0002 jest automatycznie sugerowany. Nie zmieniaj go.

4.>

Kliknij OK, aby zamkn okno dialogowe

Wywietli si pusty rysunek
Obecnie moesz rozpocz tworzenie drugiego schematu.

3-22

Wersja V7R2

3.6 Tworzenie Schematu 2

Wstaw linie potencjaowe L1 i N, wstaw symbole i poczenia.
wiczenie 3-11:

Wstaw lini potencjaow L1.

1.M Schematyka - Linia potencjaowa - Grna

2.>

Oznaczenie

3.#

L1
Oznaczenie mona wybra z listy ju istniejcych oznacze linii
potencjaowych.

4.>

OK
Zamknij okno dialogowe. Na kocu linii potencjaowej ukae si
automatycznie adres krosowy do linii potencjaowej
umieszczonej na schemacie 1.

wiczenie 3-12:

Wersja V7R2

Wstaw lini potencjaow N. Zmie styl linii przed rysowaniem:

wybierz Kreskowa oraz kolor niebieski.
3-23

wiczenie 3-13:

1.M

Rysuj - Styl Kolor linii (wybra z listy)

2.M

Rysuj - Styl Kreskowa (wybra z listy)

Wstaw lini potencjaow N.

1.M Schematyka - Linia potencjaowa - Dolna

2.>

Oznaczenie

3.#

4.>

OK
Zamknij okno dialogowe.
Zmie styl linii, wybierz Ciga oraz kolor czarny.

3-24

Wersja V7R2

wiczenie 3-14:

Wstawianie symboli.
Wstaw pierwsz cewk.

Wyszukaj bibliotek symboli Norma EN60617. Jest to norma

symboli zgodna z IEC.
1.

Przesu kursor na eksplorator Symbole.

Wyszukaj Norma EN60617.
Otwrz bibliotek poprzez dwuklik na nazwie.

2.

Wyszukaj rodzin Cewki przekanikw i otwrz j.

3.

Kliknij na symbol 1P Przekanik.

4.

Przesu kursor na rysunek.

Przecignij cewk (symbol jest zwizany z kursorem).

5.+

Wstaw symbol w kolumnie 3.

Pod cewk pojawi si krzy adresw stykw.
Uwaga: Moesz przesun krzy.
Uwaga: Symbole typu Master, takie jak cewki, bezpieczniki,
przyciski s oznaczane automatycznie.

Przypisz kod katalogowy cewce.

Wersja V7R2

1.

Kliknik dwukrotnie na cewk

2.>

Kod katalogowy
3-25

3.#

046660

4.>

OK
Zamknij okno dialogowe.
Uwaga: Krzy adresw zosta zastpiony grafik stykw
zgodn z kodem katalogowym zadeklarowanym dla kodu
046660 w katalogu aparatury.

wiczenie 3-15:

3-26

Wstaw Przycisk zwierny.

1.
2.

Przesu kursor na eksplorator Symbole.

Zamknij rodzin Cewki przekanikw poprzez klik na znak
minus widoczny z lewej strony nazwy rodziny.

3.

Wykonaj dwuklik na rodzinie Rozczniki 1P.

Wersja V7R2

4.

Kliknij na symbol ZZ przycisk powrotny.

5.

Przesu kursor na rysunek.

6.+

Wstaw przycisk.

Przypisz kod katalogowy przyciskowi uywajc okna Waciwoci.

1.

Wska przycisk

2.>

Okno Waciwoci / Kod katalogowy

3.#

3SB2202-0AE01.

wiczenie 3-16:

Wersja V7R2

Wstaw zestyk zwierny ZZ do wycznika Q1, wprowadzonego

na rysunku 1.

1.

Wybierz folder Zestyki przekanikw, ZZ.

2.

Wybierz symbol ZZ pomocniczy.

3.+

Wstaw symbol nad przyciskiem S2.

3-27

4.>

Oznaczenie

5.#

Q1
Wybierz oznaczenie z listy.

6.>

Numer kocwki 00

7.#

13
Wprowad numer kocwki.

8.>

Numer kocwki 01

9.#

14
Wprowad numer kocwki.

10.> OK
Zamknij okno dialogowe.
Uwaga 1: Prosz zwrci uwag na to, ze powsta adres krosowy widoczny pod
oznaczeniem styku.
Uwaga 2: Moesz wybiera symbole w oknie. Kliknij prawym klawiszem myszki na
nazw symboli z rodziny Zestyki przekanikw, ZZ. Z menu kontekstowego
wybierz Podgld grafiki. Poprzez nacinicie przyciskw <<Cofnij i Dalej>>
moesz przeglda wszystkie symbole w rodzinie. Jeli chcesz wybra symbol, po
prostu kliknij na niego.

3-28

Wersja V7R2

Wersja V7R2

3-29

wiczenie 3-17:

Wstaw zaciski.

1.

Wybierz rodzin Zaciski.

2.

Wybierz symbol 1 zacisk 90 pionowy.

3.+

Wstaw zacisk nad przyciskiem.

4.>

Oznaczenie

5.#

X2
Wpisz oznaczenie.

6.>

Numer zacisku

7.#

1 (Zaciski danej listwy oznaczane s automatycznie).

11.> Indeks zacisku (sortowanie)

12.# 1
Indeks jest uywany do sortowania zaciskw danej listwy i
okrelania miejsca zacisku PE lub N na licie.
3-30

Wersja V7R2

13.> Kod katalogowy

14.# UK 5
Wprowad kod rcznie.
15.> OK
Zamknij okno dialogowe.
16.+ Wstaw zacisk pod przyciskiem.
17.> Oznacz zacisk.
18.> Kod
19.# UK 5
20.> OK
Zamknij okno dialogowe.
21.

Wersja V7R2

Kliknij prawym przyciskiem myszki, aby zakoczy

3-31

wiczenie 3-18:

Narysuj poczenie pomidzy liniami potencjaowymi.

1.M Schematyka - Wstawianie Pocze - Pojedynczo

4.+ Wybierz pierwszy punkt na grnej linii potencjaowej L1, nad
symbolami.
5.+ Wybierz drugi punkt na dolnej linii potencjaowej N, pod
symbolami.
6.

Kliknij prawym klawiszem myszki, aby zakoczy rysowanie.

Poczenie jest automatycznie przerywane na kocwkach symboli.

wiczenie 3-19:
1.+

Zmie styl linii oraz jej kolor dla poczenia pomidzy cewk a
potencjaem N.
Wska odcinek poczenia klikiem.

2.M W oknie Waciwoci (standardowo okno wywietla si z

prawej strony ekranu) wybierz waciw kresk i kolor.

3-32

Wersja V7R2

wiczenie 3-20:

Kopiuj kolumn.

1.+ Korzystajc z myszki, zaznacz kolumn wskazujc dwoma

klikami stref (od lewej do prawej).
3.
Po zaznaczeniu kolumny nacinij klawisz CTRL i przesu
kursor do kolumny 4.
4.+

wiczenie 3-21:

Wstaw symbol ZR zestyk pomocniczy nad cewk w 4

kolumnie jak na rysunku.

1.>

Podaj oznaczenie i kocwki

7.#

K3

wiczenie 3-22:

Wersja V7R2

Potwierd oznaczenia zaciskw, wprowad z listy oznaczenie

styku Q2.

Przekopiuj grup symboli i pocze do kolumny 5 jak na

rysunku.

3-33

1.>

Numer zacisku

2.#

3.>

wiczenie 3-23:

3-34

Oznaczenie styku K2

Dorysuj brakujce poczenie.

Wersja V7R2

Wersja V7R2

1.M

Schematyka - Wstawianie Pocze - Pojedynczo

4.+

Wska punkt na pionowym poczeniu.

5.+

Wska punkt narony.

6.+

Wska punkt poczenia na zacisku.

7.

Kliknij prawym klawiszem myszki, aby zakoczy.

3-35

wiczenie 3-26:

Dorysuj brakujce kolumny sygnalizacji jak na rysunku.

Wstaw zaciski, zestyki zwierne K1, K2, K3, lampki H1, H2.
Przypisz symbolom H1,H2 kod katalogowy: 087947

wiczenie 3-27: Przejd do pierwszego schematu. Przejrzyj adresy krosowe, ktre

zostay wygenerowane automatycznie.
1.

Wybierz ikon
lub nacinij klawisz
Page Up na klawiaturze.

wiczenie 3-28: Zmie oznaczenie stykw mocy kolejno K1, K2 i K3.

Przypisz symbolowi S1 kod katalogowy: P1-25/EA/SVB
wiczenie 3-29: Zapisz projekt (Ctrl+S).

3-36

Wersja V7R2

wiczenie 3-30:

1.M

Narysuj kable W1 i W2 jak na rysunku.

Schematyka Kable - Kabel

4.
Z listy rodzajw kabla wybierz Kabel z oznaczeniem na
pierwszej yle z lewej - NR.
5.+

Wersja V7R2

Wybierz punkt startowy i kocowy jak na rysunku.

3-37

4.

Zabudowa aparatury

4.1 Wprowadzenie
Ten rozdzia pokazuje, w jaki sposb tworzy rysunki zabudowy aparatury np. w szafach,
pulpitach.
Funkcje moduu Zabudowa aparatury s dostpne, jeeli zosta zakupiony modu Cabinet
Layou.
Tworzymy rysunek zabudowy aparatury w szafie na arkuszu rysunkowym A3 w skali 1:10.
Moliwe jest umieszczanie symboli w ten sam sposb, co w module Schematy zasadnicze.
Szeroko i wysoko s przypisane do symboli za pomoc kodu lub symbolu do zabudowy
w szafach.

4.2 Zakadanie Schematu zabudowy aparatury

wiczenie 3-1:
1.>

Obecnie zaoysz pierwszy rysunek.

Wskaza modu Zabudowa aparatury i wybra z menu
kontekstowego polecenie Nowy.

SEE Electrical wywietli okno Informacje, gdzie moesz

wprowadzi dane dotyczce rysunku.

4-38

Wersja V7R2

2.>

Opis strony 01

3.#

Wprowadzi nazw Zabudowa aparatury

4.>

Numer rysunku
Numer rysunku "0001" jest automatycznie sugerowany.

5.>

OK
Zamknij okno.

4.3 Skala
Dla schematw zasadniczych rysowanie odbywa si w skali 1:1, rysunki zabudowy aparatury
s zwykle tworzone w skali 1:5 lub 1:10.
Parametryzacj skali dla kadego rysunku okrelamy po wybraniu Waciwoci w menu
kontekstowym rysunku.
Typowy rozmiar arkusza formatowego wynosi 420 mm x 297 mm (A3).
Jedynie obiekty rysowane (szyny, korytka kabli i symbole) s automatycznie dopasowywane
do skali. W tym przykadzie, tworzymy w skali 1:10.
Dla symboli, skala moe by okrelona rwnie w oknie dialogowym Waciwoci
schematu. W ten sposb mona dopasowywa symbole ju narysowane uywajc skali
1:10 lub 1:5.
Tryb pracy dla Waciwoci rysunku:
*

Umieci kursor na pustym schemacie wewntrz obszaru rysunkowego i wykona

kliknicie prawym przyciskiem myszy.

Wybra polecenie Waciwoci z menu kontekstowego.

Wersja V7R2

4-39

Rozmiar X rysunku

Okrela szeroko X rysunku w milimetrach (np. 420 mm).

Uywa si formatw A4, A3, A2, A1 itd., poziomych i pionowych.
Pocztek ukadu wsprzdnych (0,0) znajduje si w lewym, dolnym
rogu formatu.
Dla zabudowy szaf uywa si najczciej formatu A3-Poziomy, A3Pionowy.

Rozmiar Y rysunku

Okrela wysoko Y rysunku w milimetrach (np. 297 mm).

Rozmiar siatki X

Okrela szeroko siatki. Wartoci siatki wyraane s w mm. Podczas

tworzenia planu mona zmienia warto siatki.
Symbole naley wstawia wycznie w krokach siatki.

Rozmiar siatki Y

Okrela wysoko siatki.

Skala

Parametr pozwala zadeklarowa skal uywan w wymiarowaniu

obiektw. W projektowaniu szaf uywa si najczciej skali 1:10, 1: 5.

Skalowanie symbolu

Wspczynnik okrela skal wstawianego symbolu.

Pocztek siatki X

Parametr pozwala okreli nowy pocztek X wywietlania si siatki na

planie. Zaleca si pozostawienie tego parametru bez zmian tzn. w
pocztku ukadu wsprzdnych.

Pocztek siatki Y

Parametr pozwala okreli nowy pocztek Y wywietlania si siatki na

planie.

Rozmiar siatki
orientacyjnej X

Parametr pozwala zadeklarowa szeroko X siatki orientacyjnej.

Przy tworzeniu symbolu (symbol zawsze powinien mie kocwki
wstawione w kroku 5 mm), moemy wywietli siatk orientacyjn o
wartoci 5 mm. Wtedy moemy tworzy grafik symbolu w kroku
(siatce) 1 mm, a widzie czy symbol bdzie prawidowy.
Kursor nie skacze po siatce orientacyjnej, lecz po siatce
zadeklarowanej w parametrze Rozmiar siatki X i Y.
Punkty siatki orientacyjnej s wywietlane grubsz kresk ni punkty
siatki.

Rozmiar siatki
orientacyjnej Y

Parametr pozwala zadeklarowa szeroko Y siatki orientacyjnej.

Drukuj poziomo

Pozwala okreli sposb drukowania planu (orientacj) poziomo czy

nie. Parametr jest brany pod uwag dla kadego arkusza, pod
warunkiem zaznaczenia parametru Uyj waciwoci rysunku
podczas drukowania. Pozwala to wydrukowa cay projekt,
niezalenie od tego, w jakiej orientacji (poziomej czy pionowej) byy
rysowane poszczeglne rysunki.

Skalowanie linii
Kreskowa
podczas wydruku

Parametr pozwala dobra sposb, w jaki bdzie drukowana linii

kreskowa. Wprowadzona skala jest mnoona przez dugo linii.

4-40

Wersja V7R2

4.4 Rysowanie szafy

Wstawianie szafy na schemat.

1.M

Zabudowa aparatury Element - Szafa

2.+

Klikn pierwszy punkt prostokta.

3.#

Uy klawisza spacji

4.*

Dx

5.#

600

6.*

Dy

7.#

1200

8.>

Dobra kod katalogowy

9.#

002570

10.>

OK

Zamknij okno dialogowe

4.5 Rysowanie korytek kablowych

Rysujemy dwa korytka kablowe.

Wersja V7R2

4-41

1.M

4-42

Zabudowa aparatury Element - Korytko kablowe

2.*

Szeroko.

3.#

50

4.*

Dugo

5.#

600

6.*

OK

7.+

Umieci dwa korytka kablowe.

Wersja V7R2

4.6 Wstawianie szyn

Rysujemy trzy szyny.

1.M

Zabudowa aparatury Element - Szyna

4.*

Szeroko.

5.#

30

6.*

Dugo

7.#

500

8.*

OK

9.+

Umieci na rysunku trzy szyny.

4.7 Wstawianie symboli

Obiekty wystpujce na schematach zasadniczych mog by wybrane z listy za pomoc
polecenia Przetwarzanie > Rysunek > Lista symboli do wstawienia. Lista ta zawiera
wszystkie symbole umieszczone w module Schematy zasadnicze.
Po wstawieniu symbolu automatycznie znika on z listy, a jego nazwa jest automatycznie
wywietlana na symbolu.
Jeeli usuniemy symbol, automatycznie pojawi si na licie symboli do wstawienia.

Wersja V7R2

4-43

1.M Przetwarzanie Rysunek - Lista symboli do wstawienia

Na tej licie wywietlane s wszystkie symbole moduu Schematy
zasadnicze.
2. Wykona dwuklik na symbolu Q1, Q2 lub wybra symbol z listy i
klikn Wczytaj.
W polu Pozycja zaznaczonych symboli, mona wybra pooenie dla
podstawienia symboli Wolny, Poziomy lub Pionowy. Odlego pomidzy symbolami mona
rwnie okreli na licie. Nastpnie naley umieci tylko pierwszy symbol.
3.+ Umieci symbol. Jeeli symbole zostan umieszczone na
szynie, zostaj one zaczepione na szynie. W tym przypadku, szyna moe by atwo
przesuwana z symbolami. Jeeli chcemy odczy symbol od szyny naley uy klawisza
funkcyjnego F6.
4. Powtrzy operacj 1- 4 dla symboli K1, K2, K3
W katalogu aparatw dla kodu mona okreli rozmiar prostokta, jaki bdzie wstawiany w
szafie przez podanie wartoci: Szeroko i Wysoko.
Jeeli zachodzi potrzeba szczegowego przedstawienia widokw symboli w szafie mona
narysowa ich grafik i przypisa w katalogu aparatw do kodu. W katalogu aparatw
wskaza odpowiedni kod w polu Definicje powiza,klikn na ikon
. Wywietli si okno

4-44

Wersja V7R2

dialogowe, w ktrym naley wprowadzi do kolumny Symbol zabudowa aparatury nazw

widoku symbolu lub wybra symbol z biblioteki.
5.M Wstaw szaf Przetwarzanie - Lista symboli do wstawienia
10. Wykona dwuklik na symbolu S1,S2 ,S3 ,S4, H1,H2 lub wybra
symbol z listy i klikn Wczytaj.

4.8 Wymiary
Wymiarowanie na schematach zabudowy
1.M

Rysuj

2.M

Wymiar

3.*

Midzy 2 liniami

4.+

Okreli pierwszy punkt wymiaru poziomego

5.+

Okreli drugi punkt wymiaru poziomego

6.+

Umieci wymiar

7.+

Okreli pierwszy punkt wymiaru pionowego

8.+

Okreli drugi punkt wymiaru pionowego

9.+

Umieci wymiar

Uywajc funkcji Rysuj > Wymiar > Parametry, mona zmodyfikowa rne parametry jak
na przykad skala wymiarowania.

4.9 Przegldnij lub wygeneruj zestawienia

wiczenie 3-31:

Wybierz modu Baza techniczna projektu i klikajc myszk

po kolei otwieraj gotowe listy. Listy te powstaj ON-LINE. S po
prostu dostpne.
Przykadowo kliknij na Zestawienie zaciskw listew.

Uwaga:

Wersja V7R2

Aby list przekopiowa do arkusza Excel, naley go wybra lewym klawiszem myszki zaznaczy lewy grny rg listy.
Nastpnie uy typowego kopiowania Windows: Ctrl+C oraz
Ctrl+V w Excel.

4-45

wiczenie 3-32:

Wybierz modu Zestawienia. W tym folderze moesz

generowa rne listy, ale przede wszystkim Listwy
montaowe.
Przykadowo, prawym klawiszem myszki wybierz Listwy
zaciskowe Matrix.
Wybierz polecenie Generuj. Spowoduje to wygenerowanie
listwy montaowej.

4.10 Wydrukuj rysunki

4-46

wiczenie 3-33:

Wybierz polecenie Plik/Drukuj/Drukuj.

Uwaga:

Jeli uywasz wersji TRIAL, to na wydruku pojawi si

odpowiednia informacja.

Wersja V7R2

Wersja V7R2

4-47

4-48

Wersja V7R2

IGE+XAO Polska sp. z o.o., Pl. Na Stawach 3, 30-107 Krakw

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Prof. dr Slobodan
Vukosavi
Dipl. ing Dragomir
ivanovi
M.Sc. Dragan Mihi
Elektrotehniki fakultet Beograd

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Sadraj
Uvod ............................................................................................................................. 10
Svrha.....................................................................................................................................10
Metod...................................................................................................................................10
Prvi model ............................................................................................................................11
Poluprovodniki prekidai .................................................................................................11
Topologije statikih pretvaraa .........................................................................................12
Perspektive vredi li posvetiti vreme pretvaraima ........................................................14
Novi izazovi..........................................................................................................................14
Mogunost zaposlenja .......................................................................................................15

Modelovanje diodnog ispravljaa ........................................................................... 15

Definisanje problema .........................................................................................................15
Unoenje elektrine eme..................................................................................................17
Unoenje pasivnih elemenata R, L i C. ........................................................................................... 19
Unoenje uzemljenja, ili modela za masu kola.............................................................................. 20
Povezivanje elemenata ................................................................................................................... 20
Podeavanje parametara ............................................................................................................... 20
Pokretanje simulacije........................................................................................................................ 21
Unoenje sondi .................................................................................................................................. 23
Rezultati simulacije............................................................................................................................ 25

Promena struje i napona optereenja sa promenom optereenja ...............................29

Uticaj promene induktivnosti mree na oblik i vrednost napona i struje optereenja .31
Reenja zadatog problema ...............................................................................................33
Odreivanje aktivne, reaktivne, prividne snage i snage distorzije za dati teret ...........42

Modelovanje IGBT prekidaa ................................................................................... 47

Definisanje problema .........................................................................................................47
Proces unoenja modela....................................................................................................48
Podeavanje simulacije ................................................................................................................... 52

Analiza oblika napona pri komutaciji, potreba za snaberima, rad sa snaberima ....52
Uticaj Rg na prenapone .................................................................................................................. 58

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji od radne struje......................... 63
Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau od u funkciji napona gejta..................... 66

Kolo za okidanje gejta .......................................................................................................67

Statike karakteristike ........................................................................................................68
Prenosna karakteristika IGBT............................................................................................................ 72
Probojna karakteristika..................................................................................................................... 75

Analiza prelaznih pojava u ukljuenom i iskljuenom prekidau .................................76

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa:

promena radnog napona i struje, vrna struja ......... 76

uticaj okidnog kola gejta ............................................ 78
odreivanje gubitaka pri ukljuenju ........................... 78
uticaj okidnog kola gejta ........................................... 81
odreivanje gubitaka pri iskljuenju ........................... 85

Priblina funkcionalna aproksimacija kondukcionih i komutacionih gubitaka u

prekidau u zavisnosti od radne struje, radnog napona, okidnog kola i komutacione
uestanosti...........................................................................................................................86
Analiza kondukcionih (provoenje) gubitaka ............................................................................. 89
Analiza prekidakih gubitaka ......................................................................................................... 91

Modelovanje MOSFET prekidaa ............................................................................. 98

Definisanje problema .........................................................................................................98
Proces unoenja modela ................................................................................................................. 99
Podeavanje simulacije ................................................................................................................. 103
Analiza oblika napona pri komutaciji, potreba za snaberima, rad sa snaberima.............. 103
Uticaj Rg na prenapone ................................................................................................................ 109
Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji od radne struje....................... 113
Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji napona gejta......................... 115

Kolo za okidanje gejta .....................................................................................................117

Statike karakteristike ......................................................................................................118
Izlazna karakteristika ....................................................................................................................... 118
Parametric Sweep analiza............................................................................................................. 122
Proirena izlazna karakteristika ...................................................................................................... 124
Prenosna karakteristika MOSFET .................................................................................................... 126
Statika karakteristika u iskljuenom stanju (karakteristika proboja) ....................................... 128

Analiza prelaznih pojava u ukljuenom i iskljuenom prekidau ...............................130

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa:

promena radnog napona i struje, vrna struja ....... 130

uticaj okidnog kola gejta .......................................... 132
odreivanje gubitaka pri ukljuenju ......................... 132
promena radnog napona i struje, prenapon ......... 133
uticaj okidnog kola gejta ......................................... 135
odreivanje gubitaka pri iskljuenju ......................... 138

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Priblina funkcionalna aproksimacija kondukcionih i komutacionih gubitaka u
prekidau u zavisnosti od radne struje, radnog napona, okidnog kola i komutacione
uestanosti.........................................................................................................................139
Analiza kondukcionih (provoenje) gubitaka ........................................................................... 142
Odreivanje kondukcionih gubitaka prema knjizi Sanjaya Maniktala .................................... 144
Analiza prekidakih gubitaka ....................................................................................................... 145

Simulacija bipolarnog tranzistora............................................................................ 152

Definisanje problema .......................................................................................................152
Proces unoenja modela ............................................................................................................... 154
Podeavanje simulacije ................................................................................................................. 158
Analiza oblika napona pri komutaciji, potreba za snaberima, rad sa snaberima.............. 158
Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji od radne struje....................... 164
Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji od bazne struje ...................... 167

Kolo za kontrolu prekidaa..............................................................................................169

Statike karakteristike ......................................................................................................171
Ulazna karakteristika ....................................................................................................................... 171
Izlazna karakteristika ....................................................................................................................... 174
Karakteristika proboja .................................................................................................................... 178

Analiza prelaznih pojava u ukljuenom i iskljuenom prekidau ...............................180

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa:
Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa:

promena radnog napona i struje, vrna struja ....... 180

uticaj okidnog kola gejta .......................................... 182
odreivanje gubitaka pri ukljuenju ......................... 182
promena radnog napona i struje, prenapon ......... 183
uticaj okidnog kola gejta ......................................... 185
odreivanje gubitaka pri iskljuenju ......................... 192

Priblina funkcionalna aproksimacija kondukcionih i komutacionih gubitaka u

prekidau u zavisnosti od radne struje, radnog napona, okidnog kola i komutacione
uestanosti.........................................................................................................................193
Analiza kondukcionih (provoenje) gubitaka ........................................................................... 196
Analiza prekidakih gubitaka ....................................................................................................... 198

oper sputa napona ............................................................................................ 202

Unoenje elektrine eme................................................................................................202
Podeavanje parametara ................................................................................................204
Unoenje sondi i mernih davaa .....................................................................................205
Pokretanje simulacije i zadaci simulacije.......................................................................206
Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 207
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 209
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 210
Podeavanje poetnih uslova ...................................................................................................... 214

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 216
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 217
Odreivanje harmoniskog spektra u struji izvora ........................................................................ 218
Odreivanje AC komponente struje izvora................................................................................. 219
Odreivanje ulazne i izlazne snage.............................................................................................. 219
Odreivanje gubitaka (kondukcionih i komutacionih )............................................................. 221

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.25 i sa neprekidnom strujom.................................225

Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 225
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 226
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 227
Struja prigunice ............................................................................................................................. 228
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 229

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.75 i sa neprekidnom strujom.................................230

Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 230
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 231
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 232
Struja prigunice ............................................................................................................................. 233
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 234

Rad sa prekidnom strujom ...............................................................................................235

Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 236
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 237
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 238
Struja prigunice ............................................................................................................................. 239
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 241

oper podiza napona ........................................................................................... 243

Unoenje elektrine eme................................................................................................243
Podeavanje parametara ................................................................................................245
Unoenje sondi i mernih davaa .....................................................................................246
Pokretanje simulacije i zadaci simulacije.......................................................................247
Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 248
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 249
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 250
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 255
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 255
Odreivanje harmoniskog spektra u struji izvora ........................................................................ 256
Odreivanje AC komponente struje izvora................................................................................. 257
Odreivanje snaga ........................................................................................................................ 257
Odreivanje gubitaka (kondukcionih i komutacionih )............................................................. 259

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.25 i sa neprekidnom strujom.................................263

Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 263

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 264
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 265
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 266
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 267

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.75 i sa neprekidnom strujom.................................268

Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 268
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 269
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 270
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 271
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 272

Rad sa prekidnom strujom ...............................................................................................273

Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 274
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 275
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 276
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 277
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 278

oper obrta napona .............................................................................................. 280

Unoenje elektrine eme................................................................................................280
Podeavanje parametara ................................................................................................282
Unoenje sondi i mernih davaa .....................................................................................283
Pokretanje simulacije i zadaci simulacije.......................................................................284
Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 285
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 286
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 287
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 292
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 292
Odreivanje harmoniskog spektra u struji izvora ........................................................................ 293
Odreivanje AC komponente struje izvora................................................................................. 294
Odreivanje snaga ........................................................................................................................ 294
Odreivanje gubitaka (kondukcionih i komutacionih )............................................................. 296

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.25 i sa neprekidnom strujom.................................300

Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 300
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 301
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 302
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 303
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 304

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.75 i sa neprekidnom strujom.................................305

Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 305
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 306
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 307

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 308
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 309

Rad sa prekidnom strujom ...............................................................................................310

Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 311
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 312
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 313
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 314
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 315

Dvokvadrantni oper ............................................................................................... 317

Unoenje elektrine eme................................................................................................317
Podeavanje parametara ................................................................................................319
Unoenje sondi i mernih davaa .....................................................................................320
Pokretanje simulacije i zadaci simulacije.......................................................................321
Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 322
Struja diode...................................................................................................................................... 323
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 324
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 325
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 329
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 330
Odreivanje harmoniskog spektra u struji izvora ........................................................................ 331
Odreivanje AC komponente struje izvora................................................................................. 332
Odreivanje snaga ........................................................................................................................ 332
Odreivanje gubitaka (kondukcionih i komutacionih )............................................................. 334

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.25 i sa neprekidnom strujom.................................338

Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 338
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 339
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 340
Struja prigunice ............................................................................................................................. 341
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 342

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.75 i sa neprekidnom strujom.................................343

Napon na diodi............................................................................................................................... 343
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 344
Napon na kondenzatoru ............................................................................................................... 345
Struja prigunice ............................................................................................................................. 346
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 347

Dvokvadrantni reim rada................................................................................................348

Naponi na diodama D1 i D2 ......................................................................................................... 349
Analiza prelaznog stanja ............................................................................................................... 351
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 354
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 356

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Ulazna i izlazna snaga .................................................................................................................... 357

Ogled sa indeksom kanjenja N=60% (TD=60us) ...........................................................359

Napon na diodama D1 i D2 .......................................................................................................... 360
Analiza prelaznog stanja ............................................................................................................... 362
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 363
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 365
Ulazna i izlazna snaga .................................................................................................................... 367

Ogled sa indeksom kanjenja N=70% (TD=70us) ...........................................................369

Napon na diodama D1 i D2 .......................................................................................................... 370
Analiza prelaznog stanja ............................................................................................................... 372
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 374
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 375
Ulazna i izlazna snaga .................................................................................................................... 376

etvorokvadrantni oper ........................................................................................ 379

Unoenje elektrine eme................................................................................................379
Podeavanje parametara ................................................................................................381
Unoenje sondi i mernih davaa .....................................................................................382
Pokretanje simulacije i zadaci simulacije.......................................................................383
Prvi kvadrant......................................................................................................................384
Napon na diodama D1,D2,D3 i D4............................................................................................... 384
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 388
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 393
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 394
Struja izvora (simulacija bez mrtvog vremena) ........................................................................... 395
Odreivanje harmoniskog spektra u struji izvora ........................................................................ 396
Odreivanje AC komponente struje izvora................................................................................. 397
Odreivanje ulazne i izlazne snage.............................................................................................. 397
Odreivanje gubitaka (kondukcionih i komutacionih )............................................................. 399

Drugi kvadrant...................................................................................................................403
Napon na diodama D1, D2, D3 i D4............................................................................................. 404
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 408
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 409
Odreivanje ulazne i izlazne snage.............................................................................................. 410

Trei kvadrant....................................................................................................................412
Napon na diodama D1, D2, D3 i D4............................................................................................. 413
Izlazni napon.................................................................................................................................... 417
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 418
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 419
Odreivanje ulazne i izlazne snage.............................................................................................. 420

PSpice simulacije u energetici

etvrti kvadrant.................................................................................................................422
Napon na diodiama D1, D2, D3 i D4 ............................................................................................ 423
Struja prigunice .............................................................................................................................. 427
Struja izvora...................................................................................................................................... 428
Odreivanje ulazne i izlazne snage.............................................................................................. 429

Zakljuak ...........................................................................................................................431

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Uvod
Svrha
Ovaj materijal je namenjen studentima tehnikih fakulteta koji ele da se upoznaju
sa raunarskim alatima za analizu i projektovanje ureaja energetske elektronike. Kroz
niz odabranih primera simulirane su i prikazane karakteristike najee korienih
ureaja energetske elektronike. Pored obuke u korienju alata kao to je Pspice, ovaj
dokument ima nameru da poui o statikim i dinamikim karakteristikama esto
korienih naprava i da pripremi itaoca za analizu, projektovanje i upotrebu takvih i
slinih naprava. Za ureaje energetske elektronike koriste se i nazivi statiki pretvarai
kao i energetski pretvarai. ire gledano, energetski pretvarai obuhvataju elektrine
motore i generatore, koji vre elektromehaniko pretvaranje energije, kao i statike
pretvarae, to jest ureaje energetske elektronike koji vre DC/DC konverziju (operi),
DC/AC konverziju (invertori), AC/DC konverziju (ispravljai) i AC/AC konverziju
(ciklokonvertori).

Metod
Rad sa ureajima energetske elektronike trai teorijska znanja ali i praktine vetine,
odnosno skup praktinih znanja i neposrednih iskustava koja mladom inenjeru
omoguuju da brzo sagledaju problem sistem tehniku mogunost poslovnu
mogunost, da relativno brzo uoe najbolji pristup reavanju problema, kao i da
struno, tehniki i poslovno reaguju u skladu sa interesima klijenta, interesima kompanije
za koju rade, kao i osnovnim principima inenjerske etike.
Praktino iskustvo u laboratoriji nema adekvatnu zamenu. Mnogim studentima i
kolama nije dostupna adekvatno opremljena laboratorija za energetsku elektroniku.
Kao alternativu, studenti mogu koristiti raunar i simulacije nainjene i organizovane
tako da omoguuju uvid u oblike napona, struja i drugih veliina koje bi se inae merile
u laboratoriji. U ovom tekstu je dato uputstvo za korienje programa Pspice-Orcad, koji
omoguuje raunarsku simulaciju energetskih pretvaraa. U uvodnom delu, poetnik u
korienju programa se upuuje u tehniku unoenja elektrinih ema pretvaraa, u izbor
i parametrisanje poluprovodnikih prekidaa, pasivnih komponenti, elektrinih izvora i
potroaa, kao i u korienje pomone opreme kao to su virtuelne naponske sodne,
strujne sonde, naprave za merenja snage, efektivne vrednosti itd. Serija simulacija je u
prvom delu teksta vrlo detaljna i ona navodi svaki korak koji italac treba da preduzme
10

PSpice simulacije u energetici

da bi dobio eljeni rezultat. U drugom delu teksta, smatra se da je italac stekao
odreenu vetinu u korienju raunara i programskih alata pa su uputstva neto kraa.

Prvi model
Uvod u seriju simulacija je model monofaznog diodnog ispravljaa koji se napaja
naizmeninim naponom industrijske uestanosti i koji predaje jednosmeran napon i
struju potroau koji se sastoji od otpornika i paralelno povezanog kondenzatora. Nain
izlaganja i opis koraka u unoenju modela odgovara korisniku koji nikada nije koristio
Pspice. Dat je detaljan prikaz svih koraka koje treba nainiti da se dobije promena struje
mree, struje tereta, struje u diodama, napona na potroau i napona na diodama,
kao i podaci o efektivnoj vrednosti struje mree, srednjoj vrednosti napona potroaa i
drugo.

Poluprovodniki prekidai
U prvoj grupi simulacija analizira se rad tipinih poluprovodnikih prekidaa. U okviru
simulacija koriste se relativno jednostavne elektrine eme u kojima postoji manji broj
poluprovodnikih prekidaa koji se analiziraju, a to su

Poluprovodnika Si dioda

bipolarni tranzistor,

MOSFET,

IGBT tranzistor

Tiristor

U okviru ovih simulacija, okidna kola (tj. kola za upravljanje prekidaima, tzv. drajveri) su
predstavljena idealnim naponskim ili strujnim izvorima. Detaljniji uvid u drajverska kola je
dat docnije. Tokom simulacija, ispituju se statike i dinamike karakteristike, i to

Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji od radne struje,

Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau

gejta/baze

Promena struje u iskljuenom prekidau u funkciji napona direktne/inverzne

polarizacije

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa:

vrna struja

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: uticaj okidnog kola / kola baze /* kola
gejta

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: odreivanje gubitaka pri ukljuenju

u funkciji napona/struje

promena radnog napona i struje,

11

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa:

prenapon

Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa: uticaj okidnog kola / kola baze /* kola
gejta

Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa: odreivanje gubitaka pri ukljuenju

Priblina funkcionalna aproksimacija kondukcionih i komutacionih gubitaka u

prekidau u zavisnosti od radne struje, radnog napona, okidnog kola i
komutacione uestanosti,

promena radnog napona i struje,

Topologije statikih pretvaraa

Nakon prouavanja poluprovodnikih prekidaa, sledi serija modela koji
prouavaju karakteristike razliitih topologija energetskih pretvaraa. Svakom od
pretvaraa je posveeno zasebno poglavlje koje sadri sledee:

Opis funkcije modelovanog pretvaraa i karakteristine primene

Elektrina ema i kratak opis njenih elemenata i funkcije

Opis okidnih kola i naina upravljanja pretvaraem

Podeavanje parametara modela i simulacija

Analiza promene karakteristinih napona i struja

Odreivanje karakteristinih vrednosti struja i napona (srednja vrednost, vrna

vrednost, efektivna vrednost )

Odreivanje snage (aktivne, reaktivne, prividne)

Odreivanje gubitaka

Odreivanje srednje i efektivne vrednosti

komponentama radi njihovog dimenzionisanja.

struje/napona

kljunim

Analiziraju se sledee topologije energetskih pretvaraa:

oper sputa napona sa jednim tranzistorom i jednom diodom (buck, step

down)

oper podiza napona sa jednim tranzistorom i jednom diodom (boost, step

up)

oper obrta napona (buck-boost)

Dvokvadrantni oper (U > 0) sa dva tranzistora i dve diode

etvorokvadrantni oper sa etiri tranzistora i etiri diode

12

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Trofazni tranzistorski invertor u six-step modu rada napajan iz DC izvora

Trofazni tranzistorski invertor sa sinusnom PWM modulacijom napajan iz DC

izvora

Trofazni diodni ispravlja u prekidnom i neprekidnom reimu rada.

Poluupravljivi tiristorski monofazni ispravlja

Poluupravljivi tiristorski trofazni ispravlja

Punoupravljivi tiristorski monofazni ispravlja

Punoupravljivi tiristorski trofazni ispravlja

Serijski rezonantni pretvara

Paralelni rezonantni pretvara

Serijski/paralelni rezonantni pretvara

13

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Perspektive vredi li posvetiti vreme pretvaraima

Pred energetske pretvarae postavljaju se novi zahtevi u pogledu nivoa napona,
snage, stepena korisnog dejstva i funkcionalnosti. Sa strane potroaa elektrine
energije, javljaju se zahtevi za elektronskom regulacijom brzine obrtanja motora u
ureajima iroke potronje, da bi se ostvarile utede u energiji, bakru i gvou, kao i da
se uvea funkcionalnost i upravljivost. Energetski pretvarai se koriste i za kontrolisano
napajanje rasvete, toplotnih izvora, ventilatora i drugih potroaa. Sa strane izvora,
nove topologije energetskih pretvaraa i nove vrste elektrinih maina nalaze primenu
u prozvodnji, prenosu i distribuciji elektrine energije. Pretvarai snage vie stotina
kilovata ili vie megavata se koriste pri povezivanju na mreu generatora i izvora koji
koriste energiju plime, talasa, vetra, sunca, geotermalnu i druge.

Novi izazovi
Nove primene elektrinih maina i statikih pretvaraa trae drugaiji pristup
koncipiranju i projektovanju sistema za pretvaranje energije i njegovih komponenti.
Umesto uobiajenog prikljuivanja generatora i motora na mreu, elektrine maine se
povezuju na mreu ili primarni izvor preko energetskog pretvaraa koji prilagoava
prirodu i oblike napona i struja potrebama maine i procesa. Potrebno je razviti vrste i
tipove elektrinih maina koje se do sada nisu postojale. U pretvarakim sistemima za
korienje energije plime, talasa i vetra neophodno je graditi elektrine maine za vrlo
male brzine i velike vrednosti elektromagnetskog momenta. S druge strane, generatori
povezani sa gasnim turbinama kao i motori u elektrinim vozilima treba da se obru
brzinama veim od 20.000 obrtaja u minutu. Stoga je potrebno koristiti nove vrste
feromagnetskih materijala koji mogu da rade u reimu B > 1T i f > 1 kHz. Pored toga,
potrebno je pronai nove oblike magnetskih kola da bi se ostvarile eljene karakteristike
i smanjili gubici u pretvaranju. Konano, u primenama generatora za male brzine
obrtanja, treba projektovati i primeniti elektrine maine sa redukovanom zapreminom
magnetkskog kola i smanjenom inercijom rotora. Za primenu elektrinih servo pogona u
industrijskoj robotici, potrebno je projektovati nova reenja za magnetska i strujna kola
na nain koji umanjuje valovitost elektromagnetskog momenta.
Paralelno sa razvojem novih vrsta elektrinih maina, potrebno je nainiti prodor u
polju energetskih pretvaraa. Postojea reenja PWM kontrolisanih invertora,
ispravljaa, opera i ciklokonvertora ima previe velike vrednosti dV/dt i di/dt, to
dovodi do naprezanja izolacije, ubrzanog starenja, smanjene pouzdanosti, gubitaka i
problema sa EMI i EMC. Potrebno je razviti pretvarake topologije koje ublaavaju
strmine napona i struja, smanjuju gubitke i produuju ivotni vek. U okviru prenosa i
distribucije elektrine energije javlja se potreba za poluprovodnikim prekidaima
14

PSpice simulacije u energetici

snage i pretvarakim topologijama spremnim za rad sa snagama veim od nekoliko
desetina MW i napone od nekoliko desetine kV. Navedene karakteristike treba da
imaju invertori koji povezuju vetrogeneratore i mreu, kao i jedinice za kompenzaciju
reaktivne snage. Jo vee snage i naponi koriste se u pretvaraima za prenos elektrine
energije visokim jednosmernim naponom.

Mogunost zaposlenja
Predavanje konstatuje potrebu za razvojem naprednih elektromehanikih i statikih
pretvaraa i navodi karakteristike i reenja koja treba dostii. Nainjen je i napor da se
ocene anse za dobijanje posla u predmetnoj oblasti. Stoga se navode razlozi koji
govore u prilog intenziviranju nauno istraivakog rada u ovoj oblasti kao i razlozi koji
govore da je finansiranje pomenutog istraivanja izvesno. Ukratko su sumirani najvaniji
problemi koji idu u prilog ulaganja u energetiku. Meu njima su ubrzano iscrpljivanje
resursa, problemi sa zagaenjem i degradacijom okruenja, rastui problemi zdravstva,
obrazovanja i sigurnosti. Navedeni su i problemi koji se mogu negativno odraziti na
dinamiku daljeg razvoja energetskih pretvaraa i energetike, kao to je sklonost vlada,
zakonodavaca i kompanija da se fokusiraju na kratkorone ciljeve, kao i uveanje
razlika izmeu razvijenih i siromanih. Konano, sumirana su predznanja i strune vetine
koje mladi inenjeri treba da steknu da bi se uspeno bavili predmetnom oblau.

Modelovanje diodnog ispravljaa

Definisanje problema
Simulira se monofazni diodni ispravlja sa 4 poluprovodnike diode, koji se napaja
naizmeninim naponom industrijske uestanosti, sa kojim je povezan preko relativno
male induktivnosti, i koji predaje jednosmerni napon i struju potroau koji se sastoji od
otpornika i paralelno povezanog kondenzatora. Dat je detaljan prikaz svih koraka koje
treba nainiti da se dobije

rad sa malim optereenjem (prekidne struje)

rad sa velikim optereenjem (neprekidne struje)

promena struje mree, (ovde se misli na promenu struje tokom 4-5 mrenih
perioda)

promena struje tereta,

promena struje u diodama,

15

PSpice simulacije u energetici

promena napona na potroau i napona na diodama,

promena srednje vrednosti napona u funkciji struje tereta (izlazna statika

karakteristika)

odreivanje aktivne, reaktivne, prividne snage i snage distorzije za dati teret

Odreivanje gubitaka snage

Odreivanje prenapona na diodama.

Elektrina ema

D1
D1N5400

D2
D1N5400

L1
1

2
40mH
C1
1000u

V1
VOFF = 0V
VAMPL = 311V
FREQ = 50Hz

D3
D1N5400

R1
47

D4
D1N5400

Slika 1 Prikaz elektrine eme koja se simulira

Rezultati analize

U reimu U1=311V, f = 50 Hz, Rload = 47 , dobija se Usr = 207 V, Isr = 4,41A

16

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Unoenje elektrine eme

Da bi se pokrenuo program potrebno je dva puta kliknuti na ikonu Capture CIS.
Iz menija File potrebno je odabrati New pa Project i pojavljuje se prozor kao
na slici 2.

Slika 2 izgled prozora za unos informacija o projektu

U polju za ime projekta potrebno je uneti naziv projekta, na slici 2 je uneto

primer1. U delu Create a new project using potrebno je odabrati Analog or
Mixed A/D kao to je prikazano na slici. Da bi se odabrala lokacija za snimanje
projekta potrebno je kliknuti na Browse i onda odrediti lokaciju snimanja. Kada se
unesu svi podaci potrebno je kliknuti na OK.
U sledeem prozoru potrebno je izabrati Create a blank project i potvrditi to
klikom na OK.
To je prikazano na slici 3.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 3 Izgled radnog okruenja OrCAD programa

U vrhu programa nalazi se paleta sa menijem, a ispod menija nalaze se preice.

Najvei deo bele boje sa takicama predstavlja radnu povrinu programa koja se
koristi za pravljenje modela. Sa desne strane radne povrine nalazi se jo jedna paleta
sa preicama koja se najee koriste u toku rada sa modelom.
Detaljan opis proces unoenja modela diodnog ispravljaa prikazan je u nastavku
teksta. Neophodni elementi za simulaciju se unose izborom iz meni palete Place,a
zatim Part. Tako se dobija novi prozor koji izgleda kao na slici 4.
U postupku kreiranja modela koristi se dioda D1N5400 i na poetku se unose 4
diode. U sluaju da nije aktivna biblioteka sa diodama potrebno je izabrati Add
Library, i iz ponuenih biblioteka izabrati Diode, a zatim kliknuti OK. Na slici 4 u delu
Lybraries nalaze se etri radne biblioteke. Klikom na biblioteku postaju dostupni
elementi unutar nje. Poto je definisano koji model diode se koristi, u delu kao na slici 4,
gde pie Part, potrebno je uneti ime elementa koji se nalazi u aktivnoj biblioteci,
upisati D1N5400 u polje za ime i kada se obelei element potrebno je pritisnuti OK
Prilikom unoenja izabranog elementa na radnu emu on se postavlja u horizontalni
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PSpice simulacije u energetici

poloaj. Zbog izgleda radne eme potrebno je element promeniti u vertikalni poloaj.
To sepostie posle desniog klika na radnoj emi izaborom rotate. Kada se 4 diode
postave u vertikalni poloaj neophodno je da se zavri unoenje tog elementa, a to se
postie desnim klikom i izborom End mode ili pritiskom ESC tipke na tastaturi. Levi
klik mia se koristi za postavljanje elemenata na radnu povrinu.

Slika 4 Unoenje elemenata I biblioteka sa elementima za radnu emu

Poto je zavreno sa unosom diode, kao sledee, potrebno je izabrati izvor i

optereenje za kolo. Prvo se unosi izvor, a da bi se to postiglo neophodno je ponoviti
postupak opisan ranije. U meniju Place izabrati Part, pa Add Library i bira se
biblioteka sa modelima elektrinih izvora koja ima naziv Source. Kada biblioteka
postane radna i nae se na spisku biblioteka koje se koriste, klikom na nju, potrebno je
odabrati element za izvor. Da bi se simulirao napon mree koristi se model izvora koji
ima naziv VSIN. Nakon izbora i postavljanja ovog elementa na radnu povr,
potrebno je zavriti i unos pritiskom na End Mode
Unoenje pasivnih elemenata R, L i C.
Pasivni elementi R,L i C mogu se pronai u bublioteci Analog.
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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Unoenje uzemljenja, ili modela za masu kola.
U ovoj verziji programa postoji vie modela uzemljenja to moe da izazove
pometnju pri korienju, tj postavlja se pitanje koji model treba koristiti za dati problem..
Za postavljanje uzemljenja najbolje je iz palete sa preicama, koja se nalazi sa desne
strane radne povrine, izabrati GND . Pojavljuje se novi prozor sa nazivom Place
Ground i ovde je potrebno izabrati element 0/source, a kao dokaz da je izabran
pravi element pored njega se nalazi oznaka 0 to znai 0V.
Kada se postave svi elemente u kolo, radna ema izgledati kao na slici 5, i te
elemente je potrebno povezati da predstavljaju elektrinu emu.
Povezivanje elemenata
To se postie izborom jo jednog simbol iz palete preica, koja se nalaze na desnoj
strani radne eme. Trei simbol sa vrha koji ima naziv Place wire i koji je prikazan kao
tanka ica slui za povezivanje kola. Kada se klikne na njega radni kursor menja oblik u
krsti, i dalje je potrebno izvriti povezivanje elemenata. Spajanjem krajeva odreenih
elemenata vri se njihovo meusobno povezivanje. Za prvo povezivanje mogu se
odabrati dve diode. Povezivanje se vri korienjem levog klika mia. Elemenati se
povezuju sve sve dok se ne dobije izgled kola kao na slici 1. Kada se zavri sa
povezivanjem kola potrebno je desnim klikom izabrati End Wire da bi se zavrilo
postavljanje provodnika.
Podeavanje parametara
Objanjenje unosa vrednosti u model izvora naizmeninog napona:
VOFF predstavlja naponski ofset, i poto se ne koristi ta osobina, jer se koristi
idealni sinusoidalni napon mree, za ovu vrednost se unosi vrednost od 0V. Unoenje
vrednosti se vri pritiskom 2 puta levog tastera mia na ovaj tekst i u polju za Value
unosi se 0V. Iako se ova opcija ne koristi preporuuje se unoenje svih vrednosti jer se
time poveava tanost modela. Ne preporuuje se ostavljanje praznog prostora, jer
kod nekih sloenijih modela izvora to moe da utie na model da radi drugaije nego
to se zadaje.
VAMPL predstavlja vrednost amplitude napona. U ovom primeru poto se
simulira mrea koristi se vrednost napona od 311V.
FREQ predstavlja frekvenciju izvora. U ovom primeru koristi se 50Hz. Ovde treba
napomenuti da prilikom unoenja parametara modela, moe se javiti problem zbog
podeavanja vremena trajanja simulacije. Deava se da simulacija traje suvie kratko i
time se dovodi u pitanje ispravnost modela.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Vrednosti pasivnih elemenata se unose tako to se dva puta klikne na samu
vrednost i unese se njena vrednost kao u delu za vrednost amplitude to je uraeno.
Vrednosti su sledee R= 47 , L= 40mH, C= 1000 uF.

Slika 5 Uneti elementi u kolo koji treba da se poveu

Pokretanje simulacije
Poto je uneto kolo sa svim parametrima, sledei korak je simulacija. Iz meni
palete potrebno je odabrati Pspice i iz padajueg menija izabrati New Simulation
Profile. Nakon toga pojavljuje se prozor koji ima naziv novi simulacioni profil. U delu
Name potrebno je uneti ime simulacije ispravljac 1 a u delu Inherit from izabrati
None. Kada se to unese potrebno je kliknuti Create i pojavljuje se prozor koji izgleda
kao na slici 6.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 6 Izgled prozora za podeavanje simulacije

U delu Run to time koji oznaava vreme trajanja simulacije potrebno je uneti za
poetak 1s, 1 sekunda. Ovo je veoma bitan podatak jer unoenjem frekvencije izvora je
odreena jedna perioda izvora trajanja 20 ms i da bi se mogla jedna ili vie perioda
prikazati mora se voditi rauna o ovom podatku. Da bi uneto vreme od 1s bilo
prihvaeno treba da se klikne na Apply pa OK.
Iznad radne eme postaje dostupna nova preica koja igleda kao trugao, ili
dugme za putanje muzike. Naziv ove preice je Run Pspice, a moe se koristiti i iz
Pspice menija ili pritiskom na F11. Poto je za pojedine probleme potrebno izvriti mnogo
simulacija, naroito ako ima vie promena parametara, onda je ovo dugme iznad
radne povrine najbri i najlaki nain za pokretanje simulacije. Svaku komandu
mogue je odabrati iz padajueg menija ili uz pomo preica na tastaturi.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Unoenje sondi
Kada se izvri pokretanje simulacije pojaviljuje se novi prozor, koji izgleda kao na
slici 7. Poto nije oznaeno koji podatak treba da se dobije iz simulacije, tj. nije
postavljen element za merenje napona i struje, ovaj izlazni prozor je prazan. Jedini
podatak koji sadri je vreme.
Sada se meri napon mree i napon potroaa. Da bi se to uradilo potrebno je
postaviti naponske markere. Oni se nalaze odmah pored preice za pokretanje
simulacije i imaju oznaku V. U ovom sluaju koriste se 2 markera, jadan za napon mree
i drugi za napon potroaa, koji postavljanjem u emu dobijaju odreene boje. Te iste
boje se koriste i na graficima za podatke u novom prozoru i nalaze se u legendi. Kada
se zavri unoenje markera potrebno je odabrati End mode pritiskom na desni klik,
kao to je i pre raeno prilikom zavretka unosa elemenata.

Slika 7 prikaz izlaznih rezultata koji se dobijaju pri prvom pokretanju simulacije

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Treba napomenuti da kada se jednom uradi simulacija mogu se postavljati i
brisati markeri neogranien broj puta. Ukoliko se promeni neki element neophodno je
snimiti promenu na File pa Save i onda ponovo pokrenuti simulaciju. Na slici 8
prikazani su izlazni napon i napon mree, a zbog jednostavnosti uvida u izlazne rezultate
korieno je Zoom Area. Preporuuje se korienje pomenute opcije za postizanje
vee preglednosti rezultata, naroito kod simulacija koje imaju dua vremena trajanja.

Slika 8 Napon mree i napon potroaa

Na ovoj istoj emi bez pokretanja nove simulacije potrebno je ukloniti naponske
markere i postaviti strujni marker, da bi se prikazo oblik struje potroaa, i to je
prikazano na slici 9. Strujni markeri se nalaze odmah pored naponskih markera, i prilikom
njihovog postavljanja vano je da se postave tano na kraj elementa za koji se meri
struja. Naponski markeri mogu da se nalaze bilo gde na provodniku, strujni moraju ba
striktno na elementu. Ako se izvri postavljanje strujnog markera van elementa dobija
se poruka upozorenja.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Zbog boljeg uvida u rezultate i ovde se koristiti ZOOM AREA opcija. U sluaju da
prilikom postavljanja markera vrednosti na osama budu takve da se ne vidi nita na
grafiku, potrebno je koristiti Zoom Fit pa tek onda Zoom Area.

Slika 9 Oblik struje potroaa

Rezultati simulacije
U narednom tekstu se prikazauju neke od mogunosti za dobijanje rezultata i
mogunosti obrade rezultata simulacije. Prvo se prikazuje snaga potroaa i obradom
podataka dolazii se do vrednosti za srednju snagu potroaa. Da bi se postavio marker
za snagu, potrebno je iz Pspice menija izabrati iz podmenija sa markerima Power
Dissipation. Kada se odabere ovaj marker potrebno ga je tano na element postaviti,
a ovde se marker postavilja tano na optereenje. U Schematic prozoru se
prikazuje talasni oblik. Da bi se prikazala i srednja vrednost snage potrebno je da se
izabere Trace meni u Schematic prozoru. Dobija se prozor kao na slici 10 u kome se
nalaze 2 kolone. U levoj koloni se nalaze veliine koje se mere, a u desnoj koloni
matematike funkcije i operacije koje se izvode na njima. Potrebno je odabrati prvo iz
desne kolone funkciju AVG, i zatim se pokaziva prebaci u zagradu jer treba da se
odabere veliina ija srednja vrednost se trai. U Trace Expression treba da bude
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PSpice simulacije u energetici

napisano AVG(W(R1)). Kada se to uradi treba pritisnuti OK. Na slici 11 su prikazani
rezultati obrade.

Slika 10 Trace meni za prikaz i obradu podataka

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 11 Snaga optereenja i srednja snaga optereenja

Na slici 12 su prikazane AVG i RMS vrednosti struje optereenja. AVG vrednost

funkcije je negativna da bi se sve funkcije nalazile u pozitivnom delu. Sada se prkazuje
kako se oitava pik vrednosti struje. Vreme trajanja simulacije treba dalje smanjiti na 3
periode ili 60ms. Vreme od 1 sekunde je korieno da bi se prikazao rad sa ZOOM
AREA, Zoom Fit, Zoom In i Zoom Out. Sve to korisnik treba da uradi prilikom
korienja ovih opcija je da klikne na opciju koju eli da koristi i obelei prostor njene
primene. U nastavku se objanjavaju neophodni koraci da bi se prikazao pik neke
vrednosti, a najbolji primer je struja optereenja. Da bi se prikazao pik, u Schematic
prozoru treba izabrati Trace meni, i u podmeniju Cursor izabrati Display.
Potrebno je izabrati Cursor podmeni i u njemu odabrati opciju Peak. U probe
cursor prozoru se prikazuje vrednost pika struje. Ako je potrebno da se aktivira i taka
A2, to je veoma zgodno za poreenje dve vrednosti A1 i A2, u probe cursor prozoru
potrebno je desnim klikom odabrati drugu periodu struje. Takoe za taku A2 moe da
se ponovi postupak traenja pika vrednosti. Rezultati su prikazani na slici 12.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 12 Neke od funckija za struju optereenja RMS, AVG i Peak

U nastavku teksta prikazan je postupak za dobijanje U-I dijagrama optereenja.

Prvo je potrebno trajanje simulacije ograniiti na jednu periodu tj 20ms. eljeni oblik
dijagrama se postie definisanjem veliina za x i y osu. U ovom primeru je odabrano da
je y osa napon, a x osa je struja.To se postie postavljanjem naponskog markera na
optereenje i time je odreena y osa. Poto se pokrenula simulacija sa novim
vremenom trajanja, potrebno je da se urade podeavanja na samom grafiku.
Iz menija Plot potrebno je odabrati Axis Settings. U novom prozoru koji se
pojavljuje u kartici za x osu potrebno je izabrati Axis Variable. Kada se to uradi
pojavljuje se prozor koji je objanjen ranije kod Trace menija, i vidi se pri prvom
ukljuenju da je kao veliina za x osu izabrano vreme u levoj koloni. U toj levoj koloni
gde se nalaze veliine koje se mere potrebno je odabrati struju optereenja I(R1),
pritisnuti OK i ponovo OK i time se dobija grafik kao na slici 13.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 13 U-I dijagram

Promena struje i napona optereenja sa promenom optereenja

Neophodno je uvesti u radnu emu promenljivi parametar da bi mogli da se
dobiju bitni rezultati.Iz Place menija bira se Part i dodaje nova biblioteka koja se
zove specijal. Iz nove biblioteke koja je dodata bira se element koji ima oznaku
PARAM i dodaje na radnu emu. Kada se postavi na radnu emu, potrebno je
desnim klikom oznaiti na End Mode da bi se zavrilo sa unosom ovog
elementa.Potrebno je izvriti podeavanje novog elementa na nove parametre , dva
puta kliknuti na novi element levim klikom i ulazi se u novi prozor za podeavanje
elementa, i potrebno je dodati novu tabelu u opisu karakteristika parametra. To se
postie klikom na New Column. Za ime nove veliine unosi se Rpro i kao poetnu
vrednost treba izabrati 10. Da bi se ovo moglo videti na radnoj povrini, potrebno je
kliknuti na novu dodatu kolonu i kliknuti na Display. U novom prozoru treba odabrati
da se prikazuje i vrednost i parametar. Kada se to uradi potrebno je kliknuti na Ok i
zatvoriti prozor za podeavanje.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Da bi se koristio ovaj promenljivi parametar neophodno je u samom parametru
oznaiti promenu. Potrebno je kliknuti na vrednost optereenja i promeniti vrednost na
{Rpro}. Pri tome je vano da se koristie vitiaste zagrade zbog same sintakse programa,
da bi program mogao to da prepozna kao parametar.
U simulaciji potrebno je da se podesi ovaj parametar i da se definiu granice
promene kao i korak promene. To se radi tako to se iz Pspice menija odabere Edit
Simulation Profile. U vremenskom domenu simulacije potrebno je odabrati i aktivirati
Parametric Sweep. Kao promenjivu vrednost treba izabrati Global Parameter i
uneti za ime parametra Rpro. Za poetnu vrednost uneti 10, kao krajnju vrednost
2000, a za korak promene izabrati 200.Za tip promene odabrati linear. Trajanje
simulacije postaviti na dve periode ili 40ms. Da bi sve ove promene postale aktivne
potrebno je kliknuti na Apply i onda na OK.
Simulacija je spremna za pokretanje. Promena napona sa optereenjem je
prikazana na slici 14 za opseg promene koji je definisan, a na slici 15 se nalazi promena
struje sa optereenjem.

Slika 14 Promena napona sa optereenjem u opsegu od 10 do 2000 oma sa korakom 200 oma

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 15 Promena struje sa sa optereenjem u opsegu od 10 do 2000 oma sa korakom 200 oma

Uticaj promene induktivnosti mree na oblik i vrednost napona i struje

optereenja

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Postupak kreiranja eme je isti kao i u prethodnom primeru, samo to je sada ovde
promenljiva veliina induktivnost mree. U ovom primeru induktivnost e se menjati od
10mH do 40mH sa korakom promene od 10mH. Na slici 16 prikazana je promena
napona optereenja sa promenom vrednosti induktivnosti optereenja a na slici 17
promena struje optereenja.

Slika 16 Promena napona optereenja sa promenom induktivnosti

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 17 Zavisnost struje optereenja od vrednosti induktivnosti mree

Reenja zadatog problema

Sledee veliine se mogu prikazati samo korienjem mernih sondi :

Promena struje mree

Promena struje tereta
Promena struje u diodama
Promena napona na potroau
Promena napona na diodama
Promena srednje vrednosti napona u funkciji struje tereta
Rad sa malim optereenjem (prekidne struje)
Rad sa velikim optereenjem (neprekidne struje)

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 18 Promena struje mree

Ovde se primeuje da u prvoj periodi rada, struja mree dostie 4 do 5 puta veu
maksimalnu vrednost u odnosu na maksimalnu vrednost struje u ostalim periodama.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 19 Promena struje tereta

Ovde se ima maksimalna vrednost struje optereenja u prvoj periodi.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 20 Promena struje u diodama D1 i D3

Isti dijagram za struje se dobija ako se posmatraju struje dioda D2 i D4.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 21 Promena napona na optereenju

Maksimalna vrednost napona na optereenju se ima u prvoj periodi rada.

37

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 22 Promena napona na diodama

U prvoj periodi rada napon na diodi D3 traje priblino celu periodu. Isti dijagram
napona se dobija za diode D2 i D4, i pri tome e se napon D4 pojavljivati u trenutcima
kada nema napona na D3.

38

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Struja 23 Promena srednje vrednosti napona u funkciji struje tereta

39

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 24 Promena srednje vrednosti napona u funkciji struje tereta

Srednja vrednost napona se nalazi na y osi a struja optereenja se nalazi na

x osi.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 25 Prekidna struja

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 26 Neprekidna struja

Prilikom simulacije ovog stanja u kolu izvrene su sledee modifikacije: induktivnost

mree je 80 mH, vrednost kapaciteta je 220 F, optereenje je 22 .

Odreivanje aktivne, reaktivne, prividne snage i snage distorzije za dati teret

Za odreivanje aktivne snage koristi se sledea formula:

Aktivnu snaga se dobija kao negativna vrednost

u meniju Trace. Za

vrednost snage se uzima veliina na kraju vremenskog intervala. Ta vrednost aktivne

snage na slici 27 je prikazana i iznosi P=0,4 kW.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 27 Grafik aktivne snage

43

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 28 Grafik reaktivne snage

Za odreivanje reaktivne snage koristi se novi izvor napona

pomerena za 90 stepeni. Za struju se koristi ista struja
struja potie od izvora

ija je faza

kao kod aktivne snage i ova

. Formula po kojoj se rauna reaktivna snaga je

Ta vrednost sa slike 28 iznosi Q= - 0,55 kVAr.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 29 Grafik prividne snage

Prividna snaga se dobija prema sledeoj formuli

i njena

vrednost oitana sa slike je S= 0,9 kVA.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 30 Raunanje snage distorzije preko Trace menija

Snaga distorzije se rauna prema sledeoj formuli

i ona iznosi

prema slici 30
D= 589,5 VA. Za raunanje ove vrednosti upotrebljena je SQRT funkcija
iz Trace menija a za njeno prikazivanje opcija Probe Cursor iz istog menija.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Modelovanje IGBT prekidaa

Definisanje problema
U narednom tekstu se ispituju karakteristike IGBT tranzistora. Definie se kolo za ukljuenje
prekidaa, a potom se ispituju statike karakteristike. Ispituju se prelazni procesi u
ukljuenom i iskljuenom stanju. Zatim se analizira IGBT prekida u karakteristinoj
aplikaciji i odreuju kondukcioni i komutacioni gubici.

Energetsko kolo za analizu karakteristika prekidaa izgleda:

D1
BYT12P-600

C2
220p
R3
5E

2
L1
1n

V1

I1
TD = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0
I1 = 0
I2 = 10
TR = 0

300Vdc
1
2
L2
1n

R1
Z1
V2

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.00000125
PER = 0.0000025

10E

IRG4BC20S

C1
220p
R2
5E

Slika 31 Izgled energetskog kola za simulaciju osobina prekidaa

Podeavanje simulacije: Korak simulacije je 0.1ns a 5us je vreme trajanja

simulacije. Posle, u zavisnosti od poteba se menja vreme trajanja simulacije, na 10us i
na 20us da bi se preikazale sve veliine, ali korak ostaje isti. Sve vrednosti parametara
kola mogu se prepoznati sa slike 31, ali ovde je uveden drugaiji nain oznaavanja
47

PSpice simulacije u energetici

veliina. Slovo E pored elementa oznaava njegov eksponent. Ovo slovo moe da
bude na emi, ali poto nema broj uz eksponent, slovo moe da se izostavi.
Za oznaavanje vrednosti elemenata se mogu koristiti dva naina koji su prikazane u
tabeli 1. Izborom jednog od ova dva naina dobija se ista vrednost.
Tabela 1 Naini oznaavanja veliina u PSpice

F
1E-15

P
1E-12

N
1E-9

U
1E-6

M
1E-3

K
1E3

Meg
1E6

G
1E9

T
1E12

Proces unoenja modela

Iz File menija potrebno je odabrati New pa onda Project. U prozoru kao na slici
32 potrebno je uneti ime projekta i izabrati lokaciju na hard disku (folder) na kojoj e se
snimiti projekat.

Slika 32 Proces unorenja modela

Posle unoenja informacija kao na slici 32 i potvrivanja pritiskom na OK, dalje je

potrebno izabrati Create a blank project i pritisnuti OK.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Da bi se uneli elementi potrebno je iz Place menija izabrati Part. Izvor V1 sa slike 31 se
nalazi u biblioteci Source i u Part List potrebno je izabrati element koji ima nazvi VDC
kao to je prikazano na slici 33. Za vrednost napona ovog elementa potrebno je uneti
300 V.
Dioda oznake BYT12P-600 nalazi se u biblioteci DIODE.
Kalemovi L1 i L2 sa slike 31 se nalaze u biblioteci Analog i imaju oznaku L. Za vrednosti
ovih kalemova potrebno je uneti 1nH.
Otpornik R1 se nalazi u biblioteci Analog i ima oznaku R. Za vrednost ovog elementa
potrebno je uneti 10.
IGBT element se nalazi u biblioteci IGBT a nazvi elementa je IRG4BC20S.
Izvor V2 se nalazi u biblioteci Source, a naziv elementa je Vpulse. Vrednost parametara
ovog kola potrebno je uneti kao na slici 31. V1=-15V V2=15V, TD TR TF su 0, a
oznaavaju TD vreme pauze TR je vreme usponske ivice i TF vreme opadajue ivice.
PW=0,00000125 to je vreme trajanja impulsa ili irina impulsa. PER=0.0000025 i to
oznaava vreme trajanja periode.
Za optereenje se koristi izvor I1. On se nalazi u biblioteci Source i ima nazvi IPULSE.
Unoenjem podataka kao na slici 31 dobija se drugaiji nain rada ovog izvora, i sa tim
podatcima ovaj element se ponaa kao IDC.
Da bi ovo kolo moglo da se simulira potrebno je dodati u kolo jo uzemljenje. Iz desne
palete menija potrebno je izabrati simbol sa nazivom Place Ground ili simbol na kome
pie GND. Odabiranjem tog simbola otvara se novi prozor kao na slici 34.

49

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 33 Unoenje elemenata u radnu emu

Na slici 34 je potrebno odabrati element koji ima naziv 0/source. Zavisnosti od tipa
operativnog sistema ili raunara na kome se pokree PSpice, moe se desiti da
element koji je na slici obeleen sa 0 ne postoji u listi za izbor. Da bi se on dodao u listu
potrebno je odabrati Add Library i u biblioteci za Source pronai element sa oznakom
0, i taj element je dodat u listi uzemljenja. Ako se pokua simulacija izvriti sa nekim
drugim uzemljenjem Pspice e postaviti poruku sa informacijom da u kolu ne postoji
uzemljenje i da je potrebno dodati to u kolo, pri tome nee biti mogua simulacija.

50

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 34 Prozor za unoenje uzemljenja

Kada poveu svi elementi odabirom na Place Wire, dobie se kolo kao na slici 35.

Slika 35 Povezana radna ema

51

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Podeavanje simulacije
Kada je kolo povezano potrebno je da se podesi simulacioni profil da bi se mogli
prikazati rezultati simulacije. U meniju Pspice potrebno je odabrati New Simulation Profile
i u polju Name uneti ime za simulaciju, na primer igbt. Potrebno je uneti podatke kao na
slici 36.

Slika 36 Podeavanje simulacionog profila

Analiza oblika napona pri komutaciji, potreba za snaberima, rad sa

snaberima
Za pokretanje simulacije potrebno je odabrati Run PSpice u meniju iznad radne
eme. Da bi se prikazali eljeni oblici napona i struje potrebno je uvesti u radnu emu
strujne i naponske markere.
Oblik radne struje prikazan je na slici 37.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 37 Oblik radne struje u kolu bez snabera

Ako se zumira struja u trenutku ukljuenja u 2,5 us njen izgled je kao na slici 38.

53

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 38 Uveana vrednost struje I bolji prikaz oblika sa slike 37

Uvoenjem snabera sa vrednostima elemenata kao na slici 31 dobija se bolji oblik

struje. Kada se postave u simulaciono kolo snaberi, ako se uvea grafik u trenutku 2,5 us
dobija se oblik struje kao na slici 39. Ako se uporedi izgled struje na slici 38 i slici 39
uoava se da je na slici 39 negativna vrednost struje nestala i da je oblik struje gotovo
bez oscilacija.

54

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 39 Izgled radne struje posle postavljanja snabera u radnu emu

55

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 40 Talasni oblik napona u kolu bez snabera

Ako se zumira vrednost napona u trenutku ukljuenja dobie se talasni oblik koji izgleda
kao na slici 41. Ako se bolje pogleda vrednost napona uoava se da je vrednost pika
napona oko 380V i da je u pojedinim trenutcima napona pri ukljuenju negativan.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 41 Bolji prikaz napona ukljuenja sa slike 40

Prilikom ukljuenja IGBT u sluaju sa snaberima ne dolazi do pojave prenapona i to je

prikazano u nastavku teksta. Zumirana vrednost procesa ukljuenja sa snaberima
prikazana je na slici 42.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 42 Napon u trenutku ukljuenja IGBT u kolu sa snaberima

Ako se uporede talasni oblici napona na slikama 41 i 42, zakljuuje se da upotrebom

snabera ne dolazi do pojave prenapona i da napon nema negativnih vrednosti u
prelaznom procesu prilikom ukljuenja. Pri tome prelazni proces ukljuenja sa
snaberima je dosta prirodniji i nema oscilacija napona kao u sluaju ukljuenja bez
snabera.
Uticaj Rg na prenapone
Za vrednost otpora od 10 talasni oblik napona izgleda kao na slici 43.

58

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 43 Radni napon za Rg=10

59

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 44 Radni napon za vrednost Rg=100

60

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 45 Radni napona za vrednost Rg=400

61

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 46 Radni napona u sluaju ukljuenja sa Rg=0,5

62

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 47 Radni napona u sluaju ukljuenja sa Rg=1

U odnosu na sliku 46, na slici 47 je manja vrednost pika napona u trenutku ukljuenja.
Ve pri vrednostima otpora veim od Rg=4 ne dolazi do pojave prenapona u
trenutcima ukljuenja. U sluaju izbora previe male vrednosti Rg efekat koji se ima je
kao da ne postoji snaber u kolu. Pri vrednostima koje su dosta velike dolazi do
smanjenja vremena provoenja, tj sa porastom vrednosti Rg opada vreme voenja
IGBT.
Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji od radne struje
Prekida je ukljuen 1,25us. Na slici 48 je prikazan odnos pada napona na ukljuenom
prekidau u funkciji od radne struje gde su i struja i napon prikazani u zavisnosti od
vremena.

63

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 48 Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 49 Promena napona sa promenom struje

Ako se umesto konstantne vrednosti struje optereenja postavi u simulaciji da vrednost

struje raste dobija se dijagram promene napona od struje kao na slici 49. Sa slike se vidi
da napon u provodnom stanju raste sa porastom struje. U rezultatima simulacije grubom
promenom struje od 5A dobija se promena pada napona od 0.5V, pri trajanju okidnog
impulsa od 1,25us pri naponu Vge=15V.
Tabela 2 Zavisnost promene pada napona od radne struje u vremenskom trenutku 1us.

Ic=1A
Vce(o
n)=1,0
489V

Ic=2A
Vce(o
n)=1,2
272V

Ic=3A
Vce(o
n)=1,3
434V

Ic=4A
Vce(o
n)=1,4
310V

Ic=5A
Vce(o
n)=1,5
019V

Ic=6A
Vce(o
n)=1,5
619V

Ic=7A
Vce(o
n)=1,6
140V

Ic=8A
Vce(o
n)=1,6
604V

Ic=9A
Vce(o
n)=1,7
023V

Ic=10A
Vce(o
n)=1,7
406V

U tabeli 2 su prikazane vrednosti koje su izmerene u Pspice, raeno je 10 simulacija i za

svaku je korien model strujnog optereenja sa konstantnom vrednou (IDC model
izvora).

65

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau od u funkciji napona gejta

Prilikom pokretanja ove simulacije vreme trajanja simulacije je priblino vremenu
ukljuenog prekidaa, kao u prethodnom delu iznosi 1,25us. Radna struja je 10A, a vri
se promena napona na gejtu. Prilikom izbora napona gejta od 2V i od 5V primeeno je
da nee doi do pravilnog ukljuenja prekidaa, ondosno nee biti izvrena pravilna
polarizacija IGBT i on nee moi da normalno funkcionie, to odgovara realnom
primeru. U datasheet karakteristici za veinu energetskih IGBT dato je da je maksimalni
napon Vge= 20V. Za napon Vge od 10V grafik je prikazan na slici 50.

Slika 50 Izgledan napona na IGBT pri naponu Vge=10V

Vrednosti padova napona na ukljuenom prekidau su prikazane u tabeli 2.

Tabela 3 Zavisnost pada napona u razliitim vremenskim trenutcima

Vge=10V

Vge=12V

Vge=14V

Vge=16V

Vge=18V

Vge=20V
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PSpice simulacije u energetici

T=0.
2us
T=1.
2us

Vce(on)=2
.1669
Vce(on)=1
.7601

Vce(on)=2.
1634V
Vce(on)=1.
7446V

Vce(on)=2.
1604V
Vce(on)=1.
7369V

Vce(on)=2.
1584V
Vce(on)=1.
7323V

Vce(on)=2.
1570V
Vce(on)=1.
7291V

Vce(on)=2.
1561V
Vce(on)=1.
7268V

Slika 51 Izgled napona na IGBT pri naponu Vge= 20V

Sa slike 51 a u poreenju sa slikom 50 vidi se da pri naponu Vge od 20V dolazi do breg
ukljuenja IBGT prekidaa i da vreme ukljuenja prekidaa na slici 51 je manje od
0.05us dok na slici 50 potrebno vreme za ukljuenje prekidaa iznosi 0.1us.

Kolo za okidanje gejta

Na slici 31 levo od IGBTa oznaenog Z1 nalazi se kolo za okidanje gejta. Vrednost
otpornika R1 u kolu je 10. Izvor V2 je podeen tako da napon odgovara realnim
uslovima. V1 napon predstavlja vrednost napona koja se ima u vremenu koje je
odreeno sa TD. Ovde je usvojeno da je vreme TD=0 to ne znai da nee postojati
trenutak u kome je napon -15V, ve tim vremenom je odreeno da nema kanjenja
prilikom ukljuivanja. Poto je TD=0 naponski izvor e prvo proizvesti naponsku ivicu
67

PSpice simulacije u energetici

odreenu sa vremenom PW (irina impulsa) i ona e trajati vreme koje je upisano na
slici 31, ali prilikom tog vremena izvor proizvodi napon koji je definisan sa V2=15V. Posle
isteka vremena PW a do kraja vremena definisanog sa PER naponski izvor e proizvesti
napon definisan sa V1.
Primer drugaije logike za podeavanje kola za okidanje nalazi se u delu sa operima.

Statike karakteristike
Izlazna karakteristika
Model elektrinog kola za snimanje izlazne karakteristike prikazan je na slici 52. Prilikom
podeavanja nove simulacije, vreme trajanja simulacije je 100us. Svi elementi novog
kola su na potku teksta objanjeni. Da bi mogla da se prikae ova karakteristika, koja
je zavisnost struje kroz IGBT od napona izmeu kolektora i emitera, u izlaznom prozoru
potrebno je izvriti podeavanje osa. U Plot meniju schematic prozora potrebno je
odabrati Axis Settings i dobija se novi prozor za podeavanje koji izgleda kao na slici 53.
Dalje je potrebno odabrati Axis Variable i tu vreme zameniti sa Vc. Poto je emiter
uzemljen napon Vc je ujedno i Vce, u koloni sa veliinama Vc je V(Z1:C). Kada se sve
ovo uradi potrebno je potvrditi podeavanja klikom na OK. Ovim podeavanjem je
odreena x osa, dok veliina koja je na y osi je odreena poto je postavljen marker za
struju Ic. Kad se sve ovo uradi dobija se karakteristika koja izgleda kao na slici 54, a ako
se uporedi sa najeom karakteristikom iz datasheet za IGBT slika 55, vidi se da nema
mnogo odstupanja, tj da je pravilno simulirana karakteristika.

68

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Z1
V1 = 0
V2 = 10
TD = 0
TR = 0.0001
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0

V2
R3
1E

IRG4BC20S

V3
15Vdc

Slika 52 Kolo za snimanje izlazne karakteristike

Slika 53 Prozor za izbor veliine koja e se prikazati na x osi

69

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 54 Simulacija izlazne karakteristike

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 55 Najei izgled izlazne karakteristike u datasheet

Izlazna karakteristika se moe snimiti i pomou kola koje je prikazano na sledeoj slici.

Z1
I1
TD = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0
I1 = 0
15Vdc
I2 = 100
TR = 0.0001

R3
1E

IRG4BC20S

V3

Slika 56 Drugaije elektrino kolo za snimanje izlazne karakteristike

Kada se pokrene simulacija za novo kolo dobija se grafik kao na sledeoj slici.
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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 57 Nova simulacija izlazne karakteristike

Prenosna karakteristika IGBT

Elektrini model za snimanje prenosne karakteristike prikazan je na slici 58. Prilikom
snimanja ove karakteristike vreme trajanja simulacije je 100us. Kada se izvri pokretanje
simulacije, i kada se podesi da napon Vge bude na x osi, dobija se karakteristika koja
izgleda kao na slici 59. Ako se karakteristika koja je dobijena simulacijom na slici 59,
uporedi sa najeom prenosnom karakteristikom na slici 60, napon pri kome dolazi do
pojave struje na slici 60 je oko 5V ili 6V, a na slici 59 taj napon je izmeu 5V i 6V, tako da
se moe zakljui da je karakteristika uspeno simulirana.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Z1

V2
+300V

R3
1E

IRG4BC20S
V

V1 = 0
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0.0001
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0

V1

Slika 58 Kolo za snimanje prenosne karakteristike

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 59 Simulacija prenosne karakteristike

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 60 Najea prenosna datasheet karakteristika IGBT

Probojna karakteristika
Model elektrinog kola za snimanje probojne karakteristike prikazan je na slici 61. Na
slici 61 se uoava da IGBT nije ukljuen i da je napon na gejtu 0V. Naponski izvor V1 je
podeen tako da napon na njemu raste 100 ms i da maksimalna vrednost napona je
900 V (V1=0 V jer to predstavlja poetnu vrednost, a napon V2 na izvoru V1 je krajnja
vrednost). Otpornosti R1 i R2 su sluajne vrednosti.
R1
1k
Z1
I

IRG4BC20S

V1 = 0
V2 = 900
TD = 0
TR = 100ms
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0

V1

R2
1k

Slika 61 Elektrino kolo za simulaciju probojne karakteristike IGBT prekidaa

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Kada se podesi da na x osi umesto vremena bude V(Z1:C) dobija se grafik kao na
sledeoj slici.

Slika 62 Probojna karakteristika IGBT prekidaa

Analiza prelaznih pojava u ukljuenom i iskljuenom prekidau

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: promena radnog napona i struje, vrna struja
Prilikom simulacije prelaznih stanja vreme simulacije je poveano na 10us da bi se
pokazalo da u treoj i etvrtoj periodi simulacije nema razlike u odnosu na drugu.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 63 Promena radne struje i vrna vrednost struje

Na slici 63 uoava se da vrna vrednost struje iznosi 233,5A. Napon Vg=20V.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 64 Promena radnog napona

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: uticaj okidnog kola gejta

Na slici 50 i 51 je analiziran uticaj napona gejta. Vidi se da je na slici 50 napon prilikom
ukljuenja dosta izoblien i dui je vremenski period ukljuenja IGBT. Vrednost napona u
ovom sluaju je 10V. Na slici 51 napon je normalnog oblika oblika i dosta bre se
ukljuuje IGBT u odnosu na sliku 50. Vrednost napona u ovom sluaju je 20V.
Pozitivna strana ukljuenja IGBTa sa veim naponom je to to se na njemu tada ima
manji pad napona u provodnom stanju, a najbolji pokazatelj toga su vrednosti u tabeli
3.
Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: odreivanje gubitaka pri ukljuenju
Kada se uradi integral gubitaka na IGBT prekidau dobija se grafik na slici 65.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 65 Odreivanje gubitaka pri ukljuenju IGBT prekidaa

Da bi se dobio dijagram koji izgleda kao na slici 65 potrebno je iz Trace menija odabrati
Add Traces. U delu Functions and Macros potrebno je odabrati Plot Window
Templates, i dalje odabrati integral od snage na IGBT (u Pspice je to Z1). Kada se to
uradi potrebno je uveati dijagram na delu ukljuenja, posle prve periode, i dobija se
dijagrama kao to je prikazano na slici 65. Probe Cursor prozor moe da se iskoristi za
precizno merenje razlike dve vrednosti na dijagramu i ovde je to iskorieno. Desnim
klikom se odabere vrednost pre 2,5us (na slici 65 to je vrednost 2.4915us, taka A2) a
levim klikom vrednost posle 2,5us (na slici 65 to je vrednost 2.5380us taka A1). Na slici se
vidi da je ta razlika 460uW i to su gubiti pri ukljuenju sa periodom ukljuenja na 2,5us.
Gubitci prema karakteristikama IGBT se odreuju u vremenu uspona od 10 do 90%
vrednosti i ta priblina vrednost je prikazana na slici.

Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa:

prenapon

promena radnog napona i struje,

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Promena radnog napona izgleda kao na slici 64 samo se u ovom sluaju posmatra
vreme koje je od 1,25us do 2,5us. Ako se uradi zoom dobija se da grafik napona izgleda
kao na slici 66.

Slika 66 Odreivanje prenapona na iskljuenom IGBT

Ako se malo bolje pogleda slika 66 uoava se da ja maksimalna vrednost napona pri
iskljuenju 306,412V a vrednost napona koja se ima na ukljuenom prekidau je
1,7213V, to daje razliku napona od 304,698V. Promena radne struje u iskljuenom
prekidau izgleda kao na slici 67.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 67 Radna struja u iskljuenom IGBT

Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa: uticaj okidnog kola gejta

Pri naponu Vge=15V i Rg=10 napon na iskljuenom prekidau je kao na slici 68.
Maksimalna vrednost napona na slici je 306,604V.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 68 Izgled napona u neprovodnom stanju IGBT

Za Vge=20V i Rg=10 dobija se karakteristika kao na slici 69 i maksimum napona iznosi

306,606V.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 69 Radni napon u trenutku iskljuenja

Za vrednost napona Vge=10V i Rg=10 dobija se pik napona od 306,605V i izgled

napona je prikazan na slici 70.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 70 Radni napon na IGBT u neprovodnom stanju

Ako se paljivo pogledaju slike 68, 69 i 70 primeuje se da najbri prelazak IGBT u

iskljueno stanje se ostvaruje pri naponu Vge=10V. Razlika u brzini iskljuenja napona
na slikama 69 i 70 je 2,6ns.
Sada e se analizirati uticaj Rg i u odnosu na sliku 68 koja je snimljena za 10 nova
vrednost Rg=50 i to je prikazano na slici 71.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 71 Promena Rg sa 10 na 50

Ako se uporede slike 71 i 68, na slici 68 prelazni proces iskljuenja poinje u 1,255us dok
na slici 71 iskljuenje je sporije i deava se priblino u 1,27us. Vrednost pika napona se
postie na slici 68 u 1,3386us dok na slici 71 iskljuenje je 1,3596us. Problem velike
otpornosti Rg je razmatran i pre kao i uticaj Rg na prelazni proces iskljuenja i na
prelazni proces ukljuenja. Da bi sve funkcionisalo kako treba sa grafika napona i struje
se zakljuuje da je optimalna vrednost Rg=10, tj vrednost pri kojoj e kolo najbolje
funkcionisati.
Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa: odreivanje gubitaka pri iskljuenju

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 72 Odreivanje gubitaka u iskljuenom stanju IGBT

Ako se pogleda slika 72 uoava se da je uraen integral snage i prikazan za kompletan

prekida. Integracijom snage dobija se energija. Gubici pri iskljuenju imaju istu
vrednost bez obzira da li se mere u prvoj ili 2. periodi. Probe cursor je ovde iskorien
zbog 2 razloga. Prvi je da se uradi to preciznije vremensko pozicioniranje i to je
prikazano u prvoj koloni. Taka A2 je odabrana u trenutku 1,2518us a taka A1 u
2.4966us. Iz razlike vremena se vidi da je priblina vrednost jednaka vrednosti vremena u
kome je iskljen IGBT. Takoe u takama A1 i A2 je prikazana i vrednost energije koja se
gubi tokom iskljuenog stanja. Razlika tih vrednosti predstavlja energiju gubitaka u
iskljuenom stanju i sa slike 72 se vidi da Eoff=363,487uJ.

Priblina funkcionalna aproksimacija kondukcionih i komutacionih gubitaka

u prekidau u zavisnosti od radne struje, radnog napona, okidnog kola i
komutacione uestanosti
Kao u prethodnom sluaju to je opisano rad sa Probe Cursor-om to e biti iskorieno
da bi se odredili ukupni gubici. Parametri kola su isti kao u prethodnim simulacijama.
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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Koristi se isti dijagram sa slike 72 samo se sada drugaija vremenska razlika postavlja
(uzima se vreme cele periode a ne pola periode kao na slici 72).

Slika 73 Odreivanje ukupnih gubitaka

Sa slike 73 podeavanjem vremena vidi se da ukupna energija gubitaka iznosi 897.696

uJ. Ova energija gubitaka je zbir energije usled provoenja i energije usled
prekidakog reima.Problino Eoff 363 uJ dok je Eon 511 uJ a je Econ 22 uJ. Poto se
ove vrednosti oitavaju sa grafika za totalne gubitke dolazi do male greke prilikom
gledanja vrednosti.
Na slici 73 uoava se da snaga gubitaka usled prekidanja u iskljuenom stanju ima
tendenciju rasta i potrebno je postaviti novo vreme simulacije tj poveati period i
vreme iskljuenog stanja. Period nove simulacije je 5us a vreme trajanja impulsa 2,5us (u
Pspice ima oznaku PW). Na slici 74 je prikazan novi grafik gubitaka.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 74 Promena gubitaka sa promenom komutacione uestanosti

Poreenjem slika 73 i 74 moe se zakljuiti da je dolo do promene ukupnih gubitaka sa

promenom komutacione uestanosti. Na slici 73 ukupni gubici su Etot=930,516uJ. Gubici
usled iskljuenja iznose Eoff 370 uJ, gubici usled ukljuenja Eon 515 uJ, dok su gubici u
provodnom stanju Econ 45 uJ.
Ako se dalje povea period na 10us a vreme voenja na 5us dobija se grafika kao na
slici 75.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 75 Promena gubitaka sa promenom komutacione uestanosti

Sa slike se vidi da Etot 974uJ. Eon 518uJ Eoff 371uJ a Econ 84uJ.
Analizom rezultata sa slika 73, 74 i 75 dolazi se do sledeeg zakljuka. Sa promenom
frekvencije ukljuenja prekidaa dolazi do promene gubitaka usled provoenja, dok
prekidaki gubitci su priblino konstantni, a ukupni gubici rastu zbog gubitaka usled
provoenja.
Analiza kondukcionih (provoenje) gubitaka
Za gubitke usled provoenja do pribline vrednosti se moe doi primenom sledee
formule:

Vrednost napona Vce 1,73V. Vrednost Ic = 10A. Pcon 17,3W. Ako se snaga gubitaka
Pcon pomnoi sa 5us dobija se priblina vrednost energije gubitaka Econ 86,5uJ.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Smanjenjem struje na Ic=5A, Vce 1,5V i tad snaga iznosi Pcon 7,5W pri emu je vreme
voenja opet 5us tako da nova energija iznosi Econ 37,5uJ. Ako se sada ova vrednost
uporedi sa vrednou simulacije ija je vrednost data na slici 68 vidi se da formula
dobro opisuje promenu gubitaka u provodnom stanju.
Ako se sada otpornost Rg povea sa 10 na 50 pri emu se ne menja struja (ostaje
10A) dobija se pokretanjem simulacije da Rg ne utie na vrednost gubitaka. Napon
Vce 1,73V i Ic=10A. Takod da su gubici ostali konstantni u odnosu na poetno stanje
gde je otpor bio 10.

Slika 76 Uticaj struje na gubitke usled provoenja

Kada se napon povea sa 300V na 600V dobijaju se sledei podaci, Vce 1,73 Ic=10A
tako da sledi zakljuak da napon napajanja kao i otpor ne utiu na vrednost gubitaka
usled provoenja, dok radna struja i frekvencija utiu. Kao dokaz toj tvrdnji nalazi se
vrednosti gubitaka i napona na slici 77.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 77 Uticaj napona napajanja na gubitke usled provoenja

Analiza prekidakih gubitaka

Ako se uporede vrednosti ukupnih gubitaka Etot 974uJ sa slike 74 pri emu su ove
vrednosti dobijene za struju Ic=10A, i vrednost sa slike 79 koja je dobijena za Ic=5A, pri
emu je Etot 484uJ moe se priblino napisati sledea formula

Za prekidake gubitke se moe doi do direktne zavisnosti odnosa struja, ali na gubitke
usled provoenja ne utie direktno odnos struje, tako da je ova formula priblina.
Vrednost ukupnih prekidakih gubitaka za struju Ic=5A je Esw 446uJ a za struju Ic=10A
Esw 889 uJ. Zakljuak koji se moe izvui iz formule je da je promena ovih prekidakih
gubitaka priblino linearna. U karakteristikama (datasheet) za IGBT modele daje se
grafik ove karakteristike koji priblino izgleda kao na sledeoj slici.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 78 Zavisnost promene prekidakih gubitaka u odnostu na radnu struju za IGBT

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 79 Uticaj struje optereenja (Ic=5A) na ukupne gubitke

Ako se napon napajanja povea na 600V DC u odnosu na vrednosti sa slike 74

primetiuje se da energija gubitaka usled ukljuenja se poveava duplo. Ona iznosi
Eon 1,09mJ a za napon 300V DC je iznosila Eon 518uJ. Energija gubitaka usled
iskljuenja sada iznosi Eoff 2,2mJ a za napona 300V DC Eoff 371uJ i ta razlika je skoro
est puta. Ovi podaci se mogu oitati na slici 80, ali da bi se dobila priblina formula za
odreivanje energije gubitaka potrebno je napona sa 300V DC smanjiti na 150V DC i
posmatrati gubitke nastale zbog prekidakih stanja. Za napon 150VDC Etot 454uJ,
Eon 246uJ a Eoff 123uJ. Za 450V DC Eoff 848uJ Eon 830uJ. Iz ovoga se moe doi do
sledee formule:

Za energiju gubitka nastalu zbog iskljuenja je dosta teko izvesti priblinu formulu.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 80 Promena gubitaka nastala zbog poveanja napona napajanja na 600V DC

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 81 Uticaj napona od 150V DC na gubitke

Posmatra se uticaj otpornosti Rg a svi ostali parametri su konstantni. Za poetnu analizu

potrebno je pogledati sliku 74 gde su rezultati gubitkaka prikazani za vrednost Rg=10.
Vrednost Rg se uveava na 20. Na slici 82 je prikazan rezultat simulacije energije
gubitaka na IGBT za vrednost Rg=20. Vrednosti energije gubitaka su sledee,
Etot 987uJ, Eon 530uJ, a Eoff 372uJ. Ako se ove vrednosti uporede sa vrednostima
energije gubitaka na slici 74, primeuje se da je dolo do poveanja Eon. Na slici 83 su
prikazane vrednosti energije gubitaka na IGBT za vrednost Rg=40 pri emu je
Etot 1mJ, Eon 553uJ, a Eoff 372uJ. Za Rg=50 dobijaju se sledei rezultati simulacije
Etot 1,01mJ, Eon 560uJ dok je Eoff 372uJ. Analizom dobijenih rezultata moe se
zakljuiti da se sa promenom Rg ne menjaju gubici usled iskljuenja, samo se menjaju
prekidaki gubici usled ukljuenja. Priblina formula koja opisuje promenu ovih gubitaka
je

Ako doe do smanjenja vrednosti Rg, u prethodnoj formuli treba uzeti apsolutnu
vrednost razlike promene Rg. U karakteristikama (datasheet) za IGBT modele daje se
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PSpice simulacije u energetici

karakteristika promene ukupnih prekidakih gubitaka sa promenom Rg. Primer jedne
takve karakteristike dat je na slici 84.

Slika 82 Vrednost ukupnih gubitaka IGBTa za Rg=20

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 83 Vrednosti gubitaka IGBTa za Rg=40

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 84 Uticaj otpornosti Rg na ukupne prekidake gubitke

Modelovanje MOSFET prekidaa

Definisanje problema
U narednom tekstu su ispitane karakteristike MOSFET tranzistora. Definie se kolo za
okidanje gejta,a potom se ispituju statike karakteristike. Zatim, tretiraju se prelazni
procesi u ukljuenom i iskljuenom stanju. Na kraju, simulira se MOSFET u karakteristinoj
aplikaciji i odreuju kondukcioni i komutacioni gubici.
Energetsko kolo za analizu karakteristika prekidaa ima izgled kao na slici 85.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

C2
220p

D1
BY T12P-600

R2
5E

I1
TD = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0
I1 = 0
I2 = 8
TR = 0

2
L1
1nH

300Vdc

V1
2
L2
1nH

R1
V2
V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.00000125
PER = 0.0000025

10E

M1

C1
220p

IRF840
R3
5E

Slika 85 Izgled energetskog kola za simulaciju osobina prekidaa

Podeavanje simulacije: Korak simulacije je 1ns a vreme trajanja simulacije je 5us.

Proces unoenja modela
Iz File menija potrebno je odabrati New,a zatim Project. U prozoru, kao na slici 86,
potrebno je uneti ime projekta i izabrati lokaciju na hard disku (folder), na kojoj se
snima projekat.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 86 Proces unorenja modela

Posle unoenja informacija kao na slici 86 i potvrivanja klikom na OK, potrebno je

izabrati Create a blank project i potvrditi klikom na OK.
U cilju unoenja elemenata, je iz Place menija izabrati Part. Izvor V1 sa slike 85, nalazi se
u biblioteci Source. Iz Part List potrebno je izabrati element pod nazivom VDC, kao to
je prikazano na slici 87. Za vrednost napona ovog elementa uneti 300 V.
Dioda oznake BYT12P-600 nalazi se u bibloteci DIODE.
Kalemovi L1 i L2, sa slike 85, se nalaze u biblioteci Analog i imaju oznaku L. Za vrednosti
ovih kalemova potrebno je uneti 1nH.
MOSFET element se nalazi u biblioteci PWRMOS i ima oznaku IRF840.
Izvor V2 se nalazi u biblioteci Source, a naziv elementa je Vpulse. Vrednost parametara
ovog kola uneti kao na slici 85. V1=-15V V2=15V, TD, TR i TF su 0, pri emu je TD vreme
pauze, TR je vreme usponske ivice i TF vreme opadajue ivice. PW=0,00000125 je vreme
trajanja impulsa ili irina impulsa. PER=0.0000025 oznaava vreme trajanja periode.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Za optereenje se koristi izvor I1. On se nalazi u biblioteci Source i ima nazvi IPULSE.
Unoenjem podataka kao na slici 85 dobija se drugaiji nain rada ovog izvora, i sa tim
podacima ovaj element se ponaa kao IDC.
Da bi se ovo kolo moglo simulirati potrebno je dodati uzemljenje. Iz desne palete
menija izabrati simbol sa nazivom Place Ground ili simbol na kome pie GND.
Odabiranjem tog simbola otvara se novi prozor, kao na slici 88.

Slika 87 Unoenje elemenata u radnu emu

Na slici 88 odabrati element koji ima naziv 0/source. U zavisnosti od tipa operativnog
sistema ili raunara na kome se pokree PSpice, moe se desiti da element, koji je na
slici obeleen sa 0 ne postoji u listi za izbor. Da bi se on dodao u listu potrebno je
odabrati Add Library i u biblioteci za Source pronai element sa oznakom 0.Na dalje e
taj element biti u listi uzemljenja. Ako se pokua izvriti simulacija sa nekim drugim
uzemljenjem, Pspice e postaviti poruku sa informacijom o nepostojanju uzemljenja i
da je potrebno dodati ga u kolo, jer u protivnom simulacija nee biti mogua .

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 88 Prozor za unoenje uzemljenja

Kada se poveu svi elementi odabirom Place Wire, dobija se kolo kao na slici 89.

Slika 89 Povezana radna ema

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Podeavanje simulacije
Nakon povezivanja delova kola potrebno je podesiti simulacioni profil da bi se mogli
prikazati rezultati simulacije. U meniju Pspice odabrati New Simulation Profile i u polju
Name uneti ime za simulaciju, na primer mosfet. Uneti podatke kao na slici 90.

Slika 90 Podeavanje simulacionog profila

Analiza oblika napona pri komutaciji, potreba za snaberima, rad sa snaberima

Pokretanje simulacije se vri odabirom Run PSpice u meniju iznad radne eme. Za
prikazivanje eljenih oblika napona i struje potrebno je u radnu emu, uvesti strujne i
naponske markere.

Oblik radne struje prikazan je na slici 91.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 91 Oblik radne struje u kolu bez snabera

Kada se zumira struja u trenutku ukljuenja u 2,5 us njen izgled je kao na slici 92.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 92 Uveana vrednost struje I bolji prikaz oblika sa slike 7

Uvoenjem snabera, sa vrednostima elemenata kao na slici 85, dobija se bolji oblik
struje. Kada se postave u simulaciono kolo, uveanjem grafika u trenutku 2,5 us, ima se
oblik struje kao na slici 93. Ako se uporedi izgled struje na slici 92 i slici 93 primetie se da
je, na slici 93, negativna vrednost struje nestala i da je oblik struje gotovo bez oscilacija.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 93 Izgled radne struje posle postavljanja snabera u radnu emu

Pik struje koji postoji na slici 93, i koji priblino iznosi 119A, javlja se zbog postavljanja
vremenskih konstanti na nulu. Ako se podaci za izvor podese na sledei nain:

TR=0.000025
TF=0.000025
PW=0.00005
PER=0.0001

dobija se oblik struje kao na slici 94. Pri tome, primeuje se da pik struje ne prelazi
vrednost od 10A to je, u poreenju sa slikom 93, za red veliine manja vrednost.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 94 Promena oblika radne struje sa promenom naina napajanja

Potrebno je simulirati oblik napona na prekidau pri podacima za kontrolu prekidaa

kao na slici 85.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 95 Oblik napona prekidaa u kolu bez snabera

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 96 Oblik napona prekidaa u kolu sa snaberima

Poreenjem slike 95 i 96moe se primetiti da snaberi imaju veoma mali uticaj na oblik
napona. Ako se uveaju slike na poetku iskljuenja prekidaa moe se primetiti da su
oscilacije manje u prisustvu snabera.
Uticaj Rg na prenapone
Za vrednost otpora od 10 talasni oblik napona izgleda kao na slici 97.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 97 Radni napon za Rg=10

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 98 Radni napon za Rg=100

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 99 Radni napon za Rg=200

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 100 Radni napon za Rg=0.5

Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji od radne struje

Prekida je ukljuen 1,25us na poetku periode. Na slici 101 je prikazan odnos pada
napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji od radne struje, pri emu su struja i napon
prikazani u zavisnosti od vremena.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 101 Promena napona na ukljuenom prekidau

Podeavanjem izvora IPULSE, tj. izvora I1, tako da struja raste pola periode, odnosno
raste u trenutku kad MOSFET provodi, dobija se slika 102.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 102 Promena napona sa promenom struje

Ako se umesto konstantne vrednosti struje optereenja (izvor I1),i u simulaciji, postavi da
vrednost struje raste, dobija se dijagram promene napona od struje, kao na slici 102. Sa
slike se vidi da napon, u provodnom stanju, raste sa porastom struje.
Tabela 4 Zavisnost promene pada napona od radne struje u vremenskom trenutku 1us

Id=1A
Vds(on)
=689mV

Id=2A
Vds(on)=
1,3788V

Id=3A
Vds(on)=
2,0683V

Id=4A
Vds(on)=
2,7577V

Id=5A
Vds(on)=
3,4472V

Id=6A
Vds(on)=
4,1368V

Id=7A
Vds(on)=
4,8263V

Id=8A
Vds(on)=
5,5195V

U tabeli 4 su prikazane vrednosti koje su izmerene u Pspice.Izvreno je 8 simulacija i za

svaku se koristi model strujnog optereenja sa konstantnom vrednou (IDC model
izvora).
Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji napona gejta
Prilikom pokretanja ove simulacije vreme trajanja simulacije je priblino vremenu
ukljuenog prekidaa, i to vreme je 1,25us. Radna struja je 8A, a vri se promena
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PSpice simulacije u energetici

napona na gejtu. Prilikom izbora napona gejta od 2V i 5V primeuje se da ne dolazi do
pravilnog ukljuenja prekidaa.Zbog pogrene polarizacije MOSFET prekidaa
onemoguava se ispravan rad.. U datasheet karakteristici za veinu energetskih
MOSFET vai da maksimalni napon ukljuenja iznosi Vgs= 20V. U prelaznom stanju kod
nekih MOSFET prekidaa moe da se koristi Vgs= 30V. Za napon ukljuenja Vgs od
10V grafik napona na prekidau je prikazan na slici 103.

Slika 103 Oblik napona na MOSFET pri naponu Vgs=10V

Vrednosti napona na ukljuenom prekidau su prikazane u tabeli 2.

Tabla 5 Zavisnost pada napona u razliitim vremenskim trenutcima

Vreme
provo
enja
T=0.21.2us

Vgs=10V

Vgs=12V

Vgs=14V

Vgs=16V

Vgs=18V

Vgs=20V

Vds(on)=5.
6024V

Vds(on)=5.
5546V

Vds(on)=5.
5262V

Vds(on)=5.
5074V

Vds(on)=5.
4939V

Vds(on)=5.
4839V

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 104 Oblik napona na MOSFET pri naponu Vgs= 20V

Poreenjem slika 104 i 103 zakljuuje se da pri naponu Vgs od 20V dolazi do breg
ukljuenja MOSFET prekidaa.

Kolo za okidanje gejta

Na slici 85, levo od MOSFETa oznaenog sa M1, nalazi se kolo za okidanje gejta.
Vrednost otpornika R1 u kolu je 10. Izvor V2 je podeen tako da napon odgovara
realnim uslovima. Napon V1 predstavlja vrednost napona koja se ima tokom vremena
koje je odreeno sa TD. Ovde je usvojeno TD=0, to ne znai da nepostoji trenutak u
kome je napon -15V, ve je tim vremenom odreeno da nema kanjenja prilikom
ukljuivanja. Poto je TD=0, naponski izvor prvo generie naponsku ivicu odreenu sa
vremenom PW (irina impulsa) i ona ima trajanje koje je upisano na slici 85. Tokom tog
vremena izvor generie napon koji je definisan sa V2=15V. Posle isteka vremena PW, a
do kraja vremena definisanog sa PER, naponski izvor e generisati napon definisan sa
V1.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Primer drugaije logike za podeavanje kola za okidanje gejta nalazi se u delu sa
operima.

Statike karakteristike
Izlazna karakteristika
Za snimanje izlazne karakteristike koristi se kolo kao na slici 105. Vreme trajanja
simulacije je 100us. Svi elementi ovog kola su objanjeni na poetku teksta. Da bi se
prikazala ova karakteristika, koja predstavlja zavisnost struje kroz MOSFET od napona
izmeu drejna i sorsa, u izlaznom prozoru potrebno je izvriti podeavanje osa. U Plot
meniju schematic prozora potrebno je odabrati Axis Settings, nakon ega se otvara
novi prozor za podeavanje, koji izgleda kao na slici 106. Odabrati Axis Variable i vreme
zameniti sa Vd. Poto je sors uzemljen, napon Vd je ujedno i Vds. U koloni sa veliinama
treba izabrati V(M1:D). Potvrda podeavanja se vri klikom na OK. Ovim podeavanjem
je odreena x osa, dok se veliina koja definie y osu odreuje postavljanjem markera
za struju Id. Nakon ovih podeavanja dobija se karakteristika koja izgleda kao na slici
107.Poreenjem sa najeom karakteristikom iz datasheet za MOSFET, slika 108, vidi se
da nema mnogo odstupanja, tj. karakteristika je pravilno simulirana .

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

V1 = 0
V2 = 10
TD = 0
TR = 0.0001
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0

V2
R1
1E

M1

IRF840

V1
4Vdc

Slika 105 Kolo za snimanje izlazne karakteristike

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 106 Prozor za izbor veliine koja e se prikazati na x osi

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 107 Oblik izlazne karakteristike za Vgs=4 V

Slika 108 Najea izlazna karakteristika

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Parametric Sweep analiza

Za dobijanje oblik napona kao na slici 108 potrebno je u Simulation Setings ekirati
Parametric Sweep kao na slici 109.

Slika 109 Podeavanje simulacije

Potrebno je kliknuti na Parametric Sweep i uneti podeavanja kao na slici 110.

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PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 110 Podeavanje simulacije

Da bi se podesio Parametric Sweep potrebno je odabrati Sweep varijablu i kliknuti na

naponski izvor kao to je prikazano na slici 110. U polju Name uneti izvor ija se vrednost
menja. Poto se simulira kolo sa slike 105 i potrebno je da se menja izvor V1 i on je zato
unet u polju Name. Ako se pogleda slika 108 na njoj se mogu primetiti sve vrednosti koje
treba da ima izvor V1. U polju Value List unete su vrednosti sa slike 108. Nakon unosa tih
vrednosti potrebno je kliknuti na Apply, i sve promene se usvajaju klikom na OK.
Pokretanjem simulacije dobija se dijagram kao na slici 111. Ako se pokua za vrednost x
ose postaviti napon na dreinu ili napon izvora PSpice prikazuje greku sa informacijom
da x osa moe da bude samo jedna promenljiva. Svaka od veliina u kolu ima 9
vrednosti i zato na x osi moe jedino da se nalazi vreme.
Oblik kao na slici 108 se dobija tako to se podesi na naponski izvor V2 i u skladu sa
trajanjem simulacije da 10us odgovara promeni od 1V.

123

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 111 Simulacija izlazne karakteristike

Proirena izlazna karakteristika

U datasheetu vrlo esto se daje i proirena izlazna karakteristika koja izgleda kao na slici
112. Za dobijanje grafika kao na slici 112 potrebno je vreme trajanja simulacije poveati
na 400 us, a na naponskom izvoru V2 promeniti TR=0.0004.
Pokretanjem simulacije dobija se grafik kao na slici 113.

124

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 112 Izlazna karakteristika

Slika 113 Simulacija karakteristike sa slike 28

125

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Prenosna karakteristika MOSFET
ema koja se koristi za analizu prenosne karakteristike se nalazi na slici 114. Prilikom
snimanja ove karakteristike vreme trajanja simulacije je 100us. Pokretanjem simulacije, i
podeavanjem da napon Vge bude na x osi, dobija se karakteristika koja izgleda kao
na slici 115. Kada se karakteristika koja je dobijena simulacijom na slici 115, uporedi sa
najeom prenosnom karakteristikom na slici 116, napon pri kome dolazi do pojave
struje na slici 116 je priblino 3V ili 4V, a na slici 115 taj napon je izmeu 3V i 4V. Takoe
pri naponu od 6V na slici 115 struja je 14 A, a na slici 116 ta vrednost je oko 12A.
Vrednosti datasheet i simulacije ne odgovaraju zato to model u simulaciji nema iste
parametre kao element iz datasheet, pa moe se zakljuiti da je karakteristika uspeno
simulirana.

V1
25Vdc

R1

M1

1E
V

V1 = 0
V2 = 10
TD = 0
TR = 0.0001
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0

IRF840

V2

Slika 114 Kolo za snimanje prenosne karakteristike

126

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 115 Simulacija prenosne karakteristike

Slika 116 Tipina prenosna karakteristika

127

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Statika karakteristika u iskljuenom stanju (karakteristika proboja)
Lavinski proboj se deava kada napon prikljuen na ureaj postane vei od
maksimalnog dozvoljenog napona. Taj napon je malo vei od napona koji se daje u
datasheet karakteristici i prikazan je na sledeoj slici.

Slika 117 Probojni napon u funkciji struje dreina za 500V, 36A, 0.13 MOSFET

Sa fizike take gledita, lavina znai poetak nekontrolisanog proces koji je manje ili
vie neuspelo ukljuenje. Ipak, ako lavina ostaje pod vrednou koja ne dovodi do
isuvie velikog porasta temperature silicijuma, ovaj fenomen se moe smatrati
reverzibilnim.
U datasheet, probojna karakteristika je prikazana kao maksimalna energija koju je
komponenta u stanju da izdri u iskljuenom stanju.
Fenomen lavinskog proboja je opasan za energetske poluprovodnike zbog mogue
degradacije ivotnog veka. Dakle, ovu karakteristiku proizvoaa treba smatrati samo
kao sluajnu prenaponsku izdrljivost.
Na slici 118 je prikazano kolo za snimanje probojne karakteristike.

128

PSpice simulacije u energetici

R1
1k

M2

V1 = 0
V2 = 900
TD = 0
TR = 100ms
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0

ixf h32n50/IXS

V1

R2
1k

Slika 118 Kolo za snimanje probojne karakteristike

U sluaju praktinog snimanja ove karakteristike potrebno je da otpornost R1 bude

reda M. Ovde su R1 i R2 sluajne vrednosti od po 1 k.
Pokretanjem simulacije dobija se karakteristika kao na slici 119.

129

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 119 Karakteristika proboja, zavisnost struje drejna od napona izmeu drejna i sorsa

Analiza prelaznih pojava u ukljuenom i iskljuenom prekidau

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: promena radnog napona i struje, vrna struja
Prilikom simulacije prelaznih stanja vreme simulacije je poveano na 10us, kako bi se
pokazalo da u treoj i etvrtoj periodi simulacije nema razlike u odnosu na drugu.

130

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 120 Promena radne struje i vrna vrednost struje

Na slici 120 primeuje se da vrna vrednost struje iznosi 153.674 A.

131

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 121 Promena radnog napona prekidaa (Vd napon)

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: uticaj okidnog kola gejta

Na slici 103 i 104 je prikazan uticaj napona gejta na prelazni proces. Sa slike 103 se vidi
da je vremenski period ukljuenja MOSFET znatno produen. Vrednost napona u ovom
sluaju je 10V. Na slici 104 ukljuenje MOSFET je dosta bre u odnosu na sliku 103.
Vrednost napona u ovom sluaju je 20V.
Pozitivna strana ukljuenja MOSFETa sa veim naponom je manji pad napona u
provodnom stanju, a najbolji pokazatelj toga su vrednosti u tabeli 2.
Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: odreivanje gubitaka pri ukljuenju
Integracijom gubitaka na MOSFET prekidau dobija se grafik na slici 122.

132

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 122 Odreivanje gubitaka pri ukljuenju MOSFET prekidaa

Da bi se dobio dijagram kao na slici 122 potrebno je iz Trace menija odabrati Add
Traces. U delu Functions and Macros potrebno je odabrati Plot Window
Templates, i pokrenuti funkciju integral od snage na MOSFET (u Pspice je to M1).
Nakon toga potrebno je uveati dijagram na delu ukljuenja, posle druge periode, i
dobija se dijagram kao to je prikazano na slici 122. Probe Cursor prozor moe da se
iskoristi za precizno merenje razlike dve vrednosti na dijagramu i ovde je to prikazano.
Desnim klikom se odabere vrednost 5.0604us a levim klikom vrednost 5.0141us. Na slici
se vidi da je ta razlika 425 uJ i to je energija gubictaka pri ukljuenju sa periodom
ukljuenja na 2,5us. Gubici prema karakteristikama (datasheet) MOSFET se odreuju u
vremenu uspona od 10 do 90% vrednosti i ta priblina vrednost je prikazana na slici.
Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa: promena radnog napona i struje, prenapon
Ako se uvea napona u trenutku 1.25us, tj. u trenutku iskljuenja MOSFET prekidaa
dobija se dijagram kao na slici 123.

133

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 123 Odreivanje prenapona na iskljuenom MOSFET prekidau

Sa slike se moe proitati da vrednost prenapona iznosi 305.607 V.

134

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 124 Struja kroz prekida u iskljuenom stanju

Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa: uticaj okidnog kola gejta

Pri naponu Vgs=15V i Rg=10 napon na iskljuenom prekidau je kao na slici 123.
Za Vgs=20V i Rg=10 dobija se karakteristika kao na slici 125, i maksimum napona
iznosi 306,376V.

135

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 125 Oblik napona u neprovodnom stanju

136

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 126 Oblik napona u neprovodnom stanju

Za vrednost napona Vgs=10V i Rg=10 dobija se pik napona od 306.178 V, napona je

prikazan na slici 126.
Ako se uporede slike 126, 12541 i 123 primeuje se da se najbri prelazak MOSFETa u
iskljueno stanje ostvaruje pri naponu Vgs=10V.
Na slici 127 je prikazan sluaj kada je Rg=50.

137

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 127 Promena Rg sa 10 na 50

Pik napona iznosi 303.53V i on se dostie u vremenskom trenutku 1.3668us, to u

poreenju sa slikom 126 govori da je za vee Rg sporije iskljuenje. Da bi se imao
ispravan rad sa grafika napona i struje se zakljuuje da je optimalna vrednost Rg=10.
Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa: odreivanje gubitaka pri iskljuenju

138

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 128 Odreivanje gubitaka u iskljuenom stanju MOSFET prekidaa

Na slici 128 je prikazan integral snage za kompletan prekida. Integracijom snage

dobija se energija. Gubici pri iskljuenju imaju istu vrednost bez obzira da li se mere u
prvoj ili drugoj periodi. Probe cursor je ovde iskorien zbog dva razloga. Prvi je da se
uradi to preciznije vremensko pozicioniranje i to je prikazano u prvoj koloni. Taka A2 je
odabrana u trenutku 1,2515 us a taka A1 u 2.5004 us. Iz razlike vremena se vidi da je
priblina vrednost jednaka vrednosti vremena u kome je iskljen MOSFET. Takoe u
takama A1 i A2 je prikazana i vrednost energije koja se gubi tokom iskljuenog stanja.
Razlika tih vrednosti predstavlja energiju gubitaka u iskljuenom stanju i sa slike 44 se vidi
da ona iznosi Eoff=9,533uJ.

Priblina funkcionalna aproksimacija kondukcionih i komutacionih gubitaka

u prekidau u zavisnosti od radne struje, radnog napona, okidnog kola i
komutacione uestanosti
Parametri kola su isti kao u prethodnim simulacijama. Koristi se isti dijagram sa slike 128
samo sa izmenjenom vremenskom razlikom.
139

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 129 Odreivanje ukupnih gubitaka

Energija ukupnih gubitaka iznosi 486 uJ. Gubici usled ukljuenja su 425 uJ, gubici usled
provoenja su 52 uJ, a gubici usled iskljuenja su 9 uJ.
Period nove simulacije je 5us, a vreme trajanja impulsa 2,5us (u Pspice ima oznaku PW).
Na slici 130 je prikazan novi grafik gubitaka. Vreme trajanja simulacije je poveno na 10
us.

140

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 130 Promena gubitaka sa promenom komutacione uestanosti

Na slici 130 ukupna energija gubitaka je 542 uJ, gubici usled ukljuenja su 425 uJ, gubici
usled provoenja su 105 uJ, a gubici usled iskljuenja su 12 uJ.
Ako se povea period na 10us, a vreme voenja na 5us dobija se grafika kao na slici
131.

141

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 131 Promena gubitaka sa promenom komutacione uestanosti

Ukupna energija gubiraka je 653 uJ, gubici usled ukljuenja su 425 uJ, gubici usled
provoenja su 215 uJ i gubitci usled iskljuenja su 13 uJ.
Analiza kondukcionih (provoenje) gubitaka
Gubici usled provoenja se priblino odreuju korienjem sledee formule:

Za podeavanja koja su uraena za sliku 131,

odakle sledi da je

. Ako se 215 uJ podeli sa 5 us dobija se da su gubici usled provoenja

43 W, odakle se zakljuuje da je raunata vrednost priblino jednaka izmerenoj.
Ako se struja smanji na

, tada je

, odakle je

. Na

slici 132 izmereni su gubici od 54.511 uJ i deljenjem sa 5 us dobija se da su kondukcioni

gubici 10.9022 W.

142

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Poveavanjem otpornosti Rg sa 10 na 50, pri emu se ne menja struja (ostaje 8A),
zakljuuje se da Rg ne utie na vrednost gubitaka. Napon
,
odakle sledi da Rg nema uticaj na kondukcione gubitke.

Slika 132 Uticaj struje na kondukcione gubitke

143

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 133 Uticaj napona na kondukcione gubitke

Poveavanjem napona sa 300V na 500V dobijaju se sledei podaci,

, pa sledi zakljuak da napon napajanja kao i otpor ne utiu na vrednost
gubitaka usled provoenja, dok radna struja i frekvencija utiu. Kao dokaz toj tvrdnji
vrednosti gubitaka i napona dati su na slici 133.
Odreivanje kondukcionih gubitaka prema knjizi Sanjaya Maniktala
Jednaina po kojoj se jednostavno raunaju kondukcioni gubici je:

gde je

otpornost izmeu dreina i sorsa u ukljuenom stanju. Ovaj podatak se daje u

datasheet karakteristikama svakog MOSFETa i u zavisnosti od proizvoaa on varira. Za

FAIRCHILD
SEMICONDUCTOR
,
dok
kod
SGS
THOMSON
MICROELECTORNICS se nalazi podatak da je
maksimalnu vrednost

. Proizvoa je prikazao

, kada je struja maksimalna

8 A,

vrednost

144

PSpice simulacije u energetici

otpornosti se menja sa promenom struje. Prema slici 134
sledi da je

, i za

. Ova formula je priblina jer element koji je modelovan u

PSpice ima drugu vrednost

ali ova formula ima vie praktian znaaj. Prilikom

projektovanja kola, na samom poetku gledanjem u datasheet treba birati

.
komponentu koja ima to manje

Slika 134 Izmerena efektivna vrednost struje za potrebe procene kondukcionih gubitaka

Analiza prekidakih gubitaka

Poreenjem vrednosti energije ukupnih gubitaka Etot 653 uJ sa slike 131 pri emu su
ove vrednosti dobijene za struju Id=8 A, komutacioni gubici iznose 438 uJ.Vrednost sa
slike 135 koja je dobijena za Id=4 A, pri emu je Etot 286 uJ i pri emu su komutacioni
gubitci 230 uJ, prikazuje podatke koji se uklapaju u sledeu formulu

145

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 135 Uticaj struje optereenja (Id=4A) na ukupne gubitke

Sa slika 129, 130 i 131 moe se zakljuiti da frekvencija nema uticaja na komutacione
gubitke.
Ako se Rg=10 povea na Rg=20 dobija se grafik gubitaka kao na slici 136.

146

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 136 Ukupni gubitci za Rg=20

Poreenjem vrednosti energije ukupnih gubitaka, Etot 653 uJ sa slike 131, pri emu su
ove vrednosti dobijene za struju Id=8 A i Rg=10, komutacioni gubici su 438 uJ. Na slici
136 Etot 688 uJ, emu su ove vrednosti dobijene su za struju Id=8 A i Rg=20,
komutacioni gubici su 475 uJ. Na slici 137 Etot 581 uJ, parameti su Id=8 A i Rg=1 , sledi
da su komutacioni gubici 365 uJ.

147

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 137 Ukupni gubitci za Rg=1

Da bi se analizirao uticaj napona na gubitke prvo se napravi jedna simulacija gde je

napon napajanja 250 V. Grafik ukupnih gubitaka je prikazan na slici 138.

148

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 138 Uticaj napona napajanja na gubitke (VDC=250V)

Sa slike 138 se vidi da su ukupni gubici 571 uJ, komutacioni gubici iznose 360 uJ.
Na slici 139 ukupni gubici su 1017 uJ, komutacioni gubici iznose 800 uJ.
Na slici 140 ukupni gubici su 380 uJ, komutacioni gubici iznose 165 uJ.
Moe se priblino napisati sledea formula:

149

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 139 Uticaj napona napajanja na gubitke (VDC=500V)

150

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 140 Uticaj napona napajanja na gubitke (VDC=500V)

151

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Simulacija bipolarnog tranzistora

Definisanje problema
Mora da bude serija malih model.

Za svaki model treba ukazati na literature u kojoj se objasnjava princip rada, fizika, kao i data sheet
karakteristike, ali NE ukljucivati teorijska razmatranja u ovaj tekst.
Za prva 2 modela detaljno sa slikama unosenje modela I svi bitni Capture Screen koraci. Sva
podesenja.

Pripremiti sto jednostavnije, sto idealnije kolo za upravljanje prekidacem (osim kod
diode) Bipolarac controlled current source. IGBT, MOS, controlled U source sa RG.
Bez teorije zasto RG.
aranzirati energetsko kolo iz koga se moze analizirati UI karakteristika u stanju vodjenja
kao i u iskljucenom stanju curenje i proboj. Dajte makar I vestacki 1nH da ima kakav
takav prenapon. Umeren. Za ilustraciju.
Aranzirati kolo u kome se ima jedna tipicna komutacija ON i OFF.
Analizirati komutacione gubitke kao funkciju Iaverage i IRMS. Eventualno, Iload current
source, controlled, raste. Snimate UI krivu.
Analizirati oblike napona pri komutaciji, potrebu za eventualnim snaberima, kao i rad sa
tim snaberima (samo najjednostavnijim, eventualno RC). Za tranzitore sa gejtom,
analizirati uticaj Rg na prenapone.
Analizirati komutacione gubitke, kako i modelovati, jesu li proporcionalni Iav. 2-3
simulacije pa poklusati da se vidi kako se PgammaKom menja.
Uputiti na literature Conduction and Switching Losses Sanjaya Maniktala iz knjige

PODNASLOVI

Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji od radne struje,

Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji napona/struje gejta/baze

Promena struje u iskljuenom prekidau u funkciji napona direktne/inverzne polarizacije

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: promena radnog napona i struje, vrna struja

152

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: uticaj okidnog kola / kola baze /* kola gejta

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: odreivanje gubitaka pri ukljuenju

Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa: promena radnog napona i struje, prenapon

Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa: uticaj okidnog kola / kola baze /* kola gejta

Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa: odreivanje gubitaka pri iskljuenju

Priblina funkcionalna aproksimacija kondukcionih i komutacionih gubitaka u prekidau u zavisnosti od

radne struje, radnog napona, okidnog kola i komutacione uestanosti,

U narednom tekstu su ispitane karakteristike bipolarnog tranzistora. Definie se kolo za

ukljuenje prekidaa,a potom se ispituju statike karakteristike. Kao sledei korak
ispituju se prelazni procesi u ukljuenom i iskljuenom stanju. Zatim se analizira bipolarni
tranzistor u karakteristinoj aplikaciji i odreuju kondukcioni i komutacioni gubici.
Treba napomenuti da su insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) i metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) dosta napredovali u tehnici proizvodnje i
da su praktino energetske bipolarne tranzistore potisnuli iz upotrebe. Energetski
bipolarni tranzistori su znatno sporiji i izloeni su znatno duem vremenu ukljuenja i
iskljuenja u odnosu na gore navedene. Da bi se IGBT uspeno koristio kao prekida
potrebno je elektrino kolo koje moe da obezbedi napon +15 V i -15 V na gejtu a skoro
identino kolo je potrebno i za kontrolisanje MOSFET prekidaa. Za razliku od njih
bipolarni tranzistor mora da ima posebno kolo za kontrolu ukljuenja jer se on ukljuuje
pomou struje, i to kolo mora da obezbedi veliku i dugotrajnu struju da bi bipolarni
tranzistor mogao da se ukljui.
Energetsko kolo za analizu karakteristika prekidaa dato je na sledeoj slici .

153

D1
BY T12P-600

C2
47n

PSpice simulacije u energetici

R2
5E

I1 = 0
I2 = 5
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0

2
L1
1nH

I1

V1
300Vdc

L2
1nH

Q1

C1
47n
BUX48

I2
1Adc

V1 = -5
V2 = 5
TD = 60us
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 40us
PER = 100us

S1

V3
+
-

R1
5E

S
VOFF = 0.0V
VON = 1.0V

V2
4Vdc

Slika 141 Izgled energetskog kola za simulaciju osobina prekidaa

Podeavanje simulacije: Korak simulacije je 1ns ili 10ns (u zavisnosti od brzine raunara),
a 200us je vreme trajanja simulacije.
Proces unoenja modela
Iz File menija potrebno je odabrati New pa onda Project. U prozoru kao na slici 142
uneti ime projekta i izabrati lokaciju na hard disku (folder) na kojoj se snima projekat.

154

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 142 Proces unoenja modela

Posle unoenja informacija kao na slici 142 i potvrivanja klikom na OK, dalje treba
izabrati Create a blank project i potvrditi klikom na OK.
Pre unoenja elemenata potrebno je iz Place menija izabrati Part. Izvor V1 na slici 141 se
nalazi u biblioteci Source.U Part List izabrati element koji ima nazvi VDC kao to je
prikazano na slici 143. Za vrednost napona ovog elementa uneti 300 V.
Naponski izvor V2 potrebno je postaviti u kolo kao to je prikazano na slici 141 sa
vrednou 4 V. Naponski izvor V3 se nalazi u biblioteci Source, a naziv elementa je
VPULSE. Izvor V3 podesiti prema podacima sa slike 141, V1=-5 V, V2=5 V, TD=60us, TR=0,
TF=0, PW=40us i PER=100us.
Za optereenje se koristi izvor I1. On se nalazi u biblioteci Source i ima naziv IPULSE.
Unoenjem podataka kao na slici 141 dobija se drugaiji nain rada ovog izvora, i sa
tim podacima ovaj element se ponaa kao IDC, jedina vrednost koja je razliita od nule
je I2=8 A.
Strujni izvor I3 ima naziv IDC i njegova vrednost je 3A.
Dioda oznake BYT12P-600 nalazi se u bibloteci DIODE.

155

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Kalemovi L1 i L2 na slici 141 se nalaze u biblioteci Analog i imaju oznaku L. Za vrednosti
ovih kalemova potrebno je uneti 1nH.
BJT element se nalazi u biblioteci DARLGNTN i ima oznaku BUT 33. Takoe, u
simulacijama se koristiti i BJT iz biblioteke EPWRBJT sa nazivom BUX 48.
Proces unoenja elemenata se zavrava unoenjem uzemljenja u model elektrinog
kola. Iz desne palete menija potrebno je izabrati simbol sa nazivom Place Ground ili
simbol na kome pie GND. Izborom tog simbola otvara se novi prozor kao na slici 144.

Slika 143 Unoenje elemenata u radnu emu

Na slici 144 potrebno je odabrati element za uzemljenje koji ima naziv 0/source. U
zavisnosti od tipa operativnog sistema ili raunara na kome se pokree PSpice, moe se
desiti da element koji je na slici obeleen sa 0 ne postoji u listi za izbor. Da bi se on
dodao u listu potrebno je odabrati Add Library i u biblioteci za Source pronai element
sa oznakom 0, i taj element je dodat u listu uzemljenja. Pokretanjem simulacije sa
nekim drugim uzemljenjem Pspice postavlja poruku sa informacijom da u kolu ne postoji
uzemljenje i da je potrebno dodati ga u kolo, jer u protivnom nije mogue pokretanje
simulacija.

156

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 144 Prozor za unoenje uzemljenja

Kada se poveu svi elementi odabirom na Place Wire, dobija se kolo kao na slici 145.

Slika 145 Povezana radna ema

157

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Podeavanje simulacije
Kada je kolo povezano potrebno je da se podesi simulacioni profil da bi mogli da se
prikau rezultati simulacije. U meniju Pspice potrebno je odabrati New Simulation Profile i
u polju Name uneti ime za simulaciju, na primer bjt . Podaci se unose kao na slici 146.

Slika 146 Podeavanje simulacionog profila

Analiza oblika napona pri komutaciji, potreba za snaberima, rad sa snaberima

Izborom Run PSpice u meniju iznad radne eme pokree se simulacija. Prikazivanje
oblicka napona i struje je omogueno uvoenjem i strujnih i naponskih markera u
radnu emu.

Oblik radne struje prikazan je na slici 147. Simulacija se izvrava za Ib=0.5 A i

Veb=4V.

158

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 147 Oblik radne struje u kolu bez snabera

Uveanjem struje u trenutku ukljuenja (160 us), njen izgled je kao na slici 148.

159

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 148 Uveana vrednost radne struje sa slike 147

Postavljanjem snabera kapaciteta vrednosti 47nF i otpornosti 10 dobija se grafik kao

na slici 149.

160

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 149 Radna struja u kolu sa snaberima

Radni napon u kolu bez snabera je prikazan na sledeoj slici.

161

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 150 Radni napon u kolu bez snabera

162

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 151 Radni napon u kolu sa snaberima

U odnosu na prethodnu sliku primeuje se da snaberi negativno utiu na radni napon,

jer je u kolu sa snaberima sporije iskljuenje prekidaa. Ovakva slika se ima ako se koristi
samo snaber na BJT, tj. ako se ne postavi snaber i na diodi. Ako se postavi snaber na
diodi prelazni proces iskljuenja je jo sporiji.
Ovaj problem moe da se izbegne poveavanjem bazne struje prekidaa na 2A pri
nepromenjenom naponu Veb=4V. Dobija se oblik radne struje kao na slici 152,
meutim, prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa je sporiji za oko 15 us. Da bi se izbegla
upotreba snabera moe da se smanji napon Veb, ali smanjivanjem tog napona
dobija se efekat sporijeg ukljuenja.

163

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 152 Radna struja pri veoj baznoj struji, mogunost da se ne koriste snaberi

Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji od radne struje

Prekida je ukljuen 60us. Na sledeoj slici je prikazan odnos pada napona na
ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji od radne struje, gde su i struja i napon prikazani u
zavisnosti od vremena.

164

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 153 Promena napona na ukljuenom prekidau

Ako se sada na izvoru IPULSE, tj. izvoru I1, podesi da struja raste u trenutku kad BJT
provodi dobija se slika 154. Strujni izvor je podeen tako da struja raste od 0 do 50 A u
vremenu od 60us sa periodom od 100us.

165

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 154 Promena napona sa promenom struje

Na slici 154 se vidi da promena napona sa promenom struje od 0 do 50 A iznosi 1.3911

V.
Promenjen je prekida BUX 48 prekidaem ija maksimalna radna struja moe da bude
15 A i meri se pad napona za svaku struju do 14 A sa korakom promene struje od 2A.
Bazna struja pri kojoj se vri simulacija je 3 A.
Tabla 6 Zavisnost promene pada napona od radne struje u vremenskom trenutku 60us

Ic=2A
Vce(on)
=87mV

Ic=4A
Vce(on)
=159mV

Ic=6A
Vce(on)
=231mV

Ic=8A
Vce(on)
=304mV

Ic=10A
Vce(on)
=378mV

Ic=12A
Vce(on)
=458mV

Ic=14A
Vce(on)
=568mV

Ic=15A
Vce(on)=
2.5811V

Maksimalnoj radnoj struji ne treba izlagati prekida, jer su pri toj struji mnogo vei
padovi napona. Takoe, prilikom poveanja struje primeeno je da se proces gaenja
BJT sve sporije odvija. Ovo je loa osobina BJT jer, ako se on koristi za opere gde je

166

PSpice simulacije u energetici

unapred proraunato vreme voenja ili invertore, rezultati rada tog elektrinog kola se
znaajno razlikuje od proraunatog.

Promena pada napona na ukljuenom prekidau u funkciji od bazne struje

Struja optereenja je podeena na 5 A. Pokrenuto je 5 simulacija i za svaku simulaciju
se menja vrednost bazne struje od 1 A do 4 A sa promenom od 1 A.

Slika 155 Pad napona na prekidau za Ib=1A

167

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 156 Pad napona na prekidau za Ib=4A

Ve za struju Ib= 5A ne dolazi do pravilnog ukljuenja prekidaa i dobija se pad

napona na prekidau kao na slici 157. Razlog za to je prevelika bazna struja koja
kontrolie rad prekidaa. Potrebno je obezbediti negativnu polarizaciju Vbe tako da
bazna struja promeni smer. Da bi se pravilno uspostavila bazna struja Ib treba poveati
vreme kada je prekida iskljuen, jer ako se pogledaju prethodne dve slike, sa
poveanjem bazne struje tee je gaenje prekidaa, pri istom naponu Vbe za
iskljuenje.

168

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 157 Pad napona na prekidau za Ib=5A

Kolo za kontrolu prekidaa

Na slici 141 levo od BJT prekidaa oznaenog kao Q1, nalazi se kolo za kontrolu
prekidaa. Strujni izvor I2 ima za cilj da obezbedi pravilno ukljuenje prekidaa, ali
bazna struja ne treba da bude previe velika jer, to je vea bazna struja tee je
iskljuenje prekidaa.
Naponski izvor V3 slui za kontrolu prekidaa S1 koji obezbeuje ukljuenje naponskog
izvora V2. Naponski izvor V2 se koristi za iskljuenje prekidaa tako to obezbeuje
promenu smera bazne struje. Ako se vrednost ovog naponskog izvora povea sa 4V na
5V, dobija se oblik napona na prekidau kao na slici 158. Vrednost napona izmeu
emitera i baze Veb ne treba da bude vea od 7V.
Za napon Veb od 7V, pri struji Ib=1A dolazi do proboja spoja baza emiter i to je
prikazano na slici 159 negativnom vrednou napona na prekidau.

169

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 158 Oblik napona na prekidau za Ib=5A i Veb=5V

170

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 159 Napon na prekidau pri Veb=7V i Ib=1A

Statike karakteristike
Ulazna karakteristika
U cilju snimanja ove karakteristike potrebno je u Pspice uneti model kola kao na slici
160. Za optereenje je postavljen strujni izvor struje 10 A, a na bazu se dovodi struja koja
raste od 0 do 5 A za 50 ms. Cilj snimanja ove karakteristike je da se odredi napon pri
kome struja poinje da protie kroz bazu. Praktino, spoj baza emiter je pn spoj i on se
ponaa kao dioda. Sa snimljene karakteristike se moe uoiti da napon pri kome struja
poinje da protie iznosi 0.78 V.

171

PSpice simulacije u energetici

I2
10Adc

Q1

I1
TD = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0
I1 = 0
I2 = 5
TR = 50ms

BUX48
I

Slika 160 Kolo za snimanje ulazne karakteristike

Da bi se postavio napon izmeu baze i emitera, na x osu u schematic prozoru Pspice

potrebno je odabrati Plot meni, a zatim odabrati Axis Settings. Kada se to uradi
pojavljuje se prozor kao na sledeoj slici, u kome je potrebno odabrati Axis Variable.
Vreme zameniti sa naponom izmeu baze i emitera, V(Q1:b,Q1:e).

Slika 161 Prozor za podeavanje osa

172

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 162 Ulazna karakteristika

Kada se snimi ulazna karakteristika korisno je uporediti je sa oblikom koji se moe nau u
literaturi. To je prikazano na slici 163. Poreenjem ove dve slike zakljuuje se da je
simulacija uspeno izvrena.

173

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 163 Ulazna karakteristika prema literaturi

Izlazna karakteristika
Model elektrine eme za snimanje izlazne karakteristike je prikazan na slici 164. Kao
optereenje se kostisri strujni izvor kod koga vrednost struje raste od 0 do 15 A (strujni
izvor I2), a vrednost bazne struje se kontrolie preko I1 strujnog izvora. Vrednost trajanja
simulacije je 100us, a korak simulacije je 1ns.

I2
TD = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0
I1 = 0
I2 = 15
TR = 100us

Q1
I

BUX48
I1
3Adc

Slika 164 Kolo za snimanje izlazne karakteristike

Snimanje izlazne karakteristike se radi za vrednosti bazne struje od 1A, 2A i 3A .

174

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 165 Izlazna karakteristika za Ib=1A

175

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 166 Izlazna karakteristika za Ib=2A

176

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 167 Izlazna karakteristika za Ib=3A

Ako se uporede prethodne tri slike sa oblikom koji se najee moe nai u literaturi
zakljuuje se da je simulacija uspeno uraena.

177

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 168 Izlazna karakteristika prema literaturi

Karakteristika proboja
Za snimanje probojne karakteristike potrebno je napraviti kolo kao na slici 169. Za
model prekidaa je korien BUT33, bipolarni tranzistor iz biblioteke DARLNGTN.
Naponski izvor V3 od -5 V obezbeuje da BJT bude iskljuen tokom trajanja simulacije.
Naponski izvor V2 je podeen da napon od 900 V dostigne za 900us.

178

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Q1
V1 = 0
V2 = 900
TD = 0
TR = 900us
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0

V2

V3
-5Vdc

BUT33

Slika 169 Kolo za analizu probojne karakteristike

Kada se na x osu postavi napon kolektora dobija se karakteristika proboja kao na slici
170.

179

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 170 Karakteristika proboja

Analiza prelaznih pojava u ukljuenom i iskljuenom prekidau

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: promena radnog napona i struje, vrna struja
Vreme trajanja simulacije je 200us. Vrednost bazne struje je Ib=1A, a Veb=4 V.

180

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 171 Radna struja

Na slici se primeuje da vrna vrednost struje iznosi 24.188 A.

181

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 172 Radni napon

Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: uticaj okidnog kola gejta

U prethodnom delu je analiziran uticaj baznog kola na proces ukljuenja. Sa slike 172
moe se primetiti da napon opadne sa 300V na Vce za oko 5us (izmereno pokretanjem
simulacije za Ib=1A). Ako se povea bazna struja na 3A proces ukljuenja je bri i traje
oko 2us, ali to smanjuje vreme kada je prekida iskljuen.
Pozitivna strana ukljuenja BJT sa veom strujom je to se tada na njemu ima manji pad
napona. Za Ib=1 A pad napona na BJT je 215 mV, a za struju 3 A pad napona na BJT je
196 mV.
Prelazni proces ukljuenja prekidaa: odreivanje gubitaka pri ukljuenju
Kada se uradi integral gubitaka na BJT prekidau dobija se grafik na slici 173.

182

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 173 Odreivanje gubitaka pri ukljuenju BJT prekidaa

Dijagram koji izgleda kao na slici 173 se dobijau Trace meniju klikom na Add Traces.
U delu Functions and Macros potrebno je odabrati Plot Window Templates, i
pokrenuti funkciju za integral od snage na BJT (u Pspice je to Q1). Kada se to uradi
potrebno je uveati dijagram na delu ukljuenja, posle druge periode, i dobija se
dijagram kao onaj prikazan na slici 173. Probe Cursor prozor moe da se iskoristi za
precizno merenje razlike dve vrednosti na dijagramu. Desnim klikom se odabere
vrednost pre 100us, a levim klikom vrednost posle 100us. Na slici se vidi da je ta razlika
5.2 mJ, i to su gubici pri ukljuenju sa periodom ukljuenja na 100us.
Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa: promena radnog napona i struje, prenapon
Ako se uradi uveanje napona u trenutku 162us, tj. u trenutku iskljuenja BJT prekidaa,
dobija se dijagram kao na slici 174.

183

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 174 Napon na iskljuenom prekidau

Napon na iskljuenom prekidau u trenutku iskljuenja je 300.362 V, a kasnije, tokom

trajanja iskljuenog stanja, taj napon raste na vrednost od 301.022 V. To je prikazano na
slici 174.

184

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 175 Struja kroz prekida u iskljuenom stanju

Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa: uticaj okidnog kola gejta

Na prelazni proces iskljuenja, pored bazne struje, utie i napon Veb. U ovom sluaju je
Ib=1 A konstantno, a napon Veb se menja i posmatra se proces iskljuenja.
Za napon od Veb=1A prelazni proces iskljuenja traje due i iskljuenje poinje
zakanjenjem od 8us a zavrava se posle 14us. Ovo je prikazano na slici 176.

sa

185

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 176 Iskljuenje prekidaa pri Veb=1 V

Za napon Veb=2V iskljuenje poinje sa zakanjenjem od 5us, dok se prelazni proces

iskljuenja zavrava nakon 10 us. Ovo je prikazano na sledeoj slici.

186

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 177 Prelazni proces iskljuenja BJT prekidaa za Veb=2V

Za napon Veb=3V prelazni proces iskljuenja poinje sa zakanjenjem od 3us, a

zavrava se posle 9us, i to je prikazano na slici 178.

187

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 178 Prelazni proces iskljuenja BJT prekidaa za Veb=3V

Za napon Veb=4V prelazni proces iskljuenja poinje sa zakanjenjem od 2.68us, a

zavrava se nakon 8.12 us, to je prikazano na slici 179.

188

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 179 Prelazni proces iskljuenja BJT prekidaa za Veb=4V

Za napon Veb=5V prelazni proces iskljuenja poinje sa zakanjenjem od 2.2us, a

zavrava se za 7.6 us, i to je prikazano na slici 180.

189

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 180 Prelazni proces iskljuenja BJT prekidaa za Veb=5V

Za napon Veb=6V prelazni proces iskljuenja poinje sa zakanjenjem od 1.86us, a

zavrava se za 7.34 us, to je prikazano na slici 181.

190

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 181 Prelazni proces iskljuenja BJT prekidaa za Veb=6V

Za napon Veb=7V prelazni proces iskljuenja poinje sa zakanjenjem od 1.73us, a

zavrava se nakon 7.213 us. Ovo je prikazano na slici 182.

191

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 182 Prelazni proces iskljuenja BJT prekidaa za Veb=7V

Ako se pogleda slika 182 primeuje se da je napon na prekidau negativan pre

poetka prelaznog procesa. Pojava negativnog napona od -1.3629 V oznaava da je
dolo do proboja prekidaa. U elji da se pobolja karakteristika iskljuenja prekidaa
izazvan je njegov proboj. On se manifestuje kao negativni napon koji je sa baze preao
na emiter.
Zapravo, ve pri naponu od 6V je dolo do proboja ali taj napon je mali -380mV.
Prelazni proces iskljuenja prekidaa: odreivanje gubitaka pri iskljuenju

192

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 183 Gubici pri iskljuenju tranzistora

Napon za iskljuenje Veb je postavljen ponovo na vrednost 4V i sada se snimaju gubici

pri iskljuenju prekidaa.
Prilikom iskljuenja gubici su se smanjili za 2.1449 uJ, i to je prikazano na slici 183.

Priblina funkcionalna aproksimacija kondukcionih i komutacionih gubitaka

u prekidau u zavisnosti od radne struje, radnog napona, okidnog kola i
komutacione uestanosti
Parametri kola su isti kao u prethodnim simulacijama BJT prekidaa.

193

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 184 Odreivanje ukupnih gubitaka

Na slici 184 se vidi da je ukupna energija gubitaka 5.31 mJ pri frekvenciji ukljuenja
prekidaa od 100us, tj. 10 kHz. Komutacioni gubici su 5.2 mJ, a kondukcioni gubici su
110 uJ.
Frekvencija se smanjuje na 5 kHz, a u PSpice period ukljuenja prekidaa je 200us.
Vreme voenja prekidaa je 120 us, a vreme kada je iskljuen prekida je 80 us. Grafik
energije ukupnih gubitaka je prikazan na sledeoj slici. Vreme trajanja simulacije se
sada poveava na 420 us, a ukupni gubici se analiziraju za drugu periodu rada.

194

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 185 Odreivanje ukupnih gubitaka

Na slici 185 se primeuje da ukupna energija gubitaka iznosi 5.42 mJ, komutacioni
gubici su 5.2 mJ, a kondukcioni gubici 220 uJ.
Frekvenicja ukljuenja prekidaa se menja na 2.5 kHz ili 400 us. Analizira se energija
ukupnih gubitaka.

195

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 186 Odreivanje ukupnih gubitaka

Na slici 186 se moe proitati da energija ukupnih gubitaka iznosi 5.64 mJ. Komutacioni
gubici su 5.2 mJ, a kondukcioni gubici su 440 uJ.
Analiza kondukcionih (provoenje) gubitaka
Za gubitke usled provoenja do pribline vrednosti se dolazi primenom sledee formule:

Za frekvenciju od 10 kHz komutacioni gubici iznose 110 uJ.

,a

Mnoenjem ovih vrednosti dobija se snaga od 1.1 W. Kada se 110uJ podeli sa 60us
dobija se snaga gubitaka usled provoenja od 1.83 W. Ova snaga se priblino slae sa
proraunom.
Ako se struja smanji na

, tada je

, i to daje snagu od

. Energija gubitaka usled provoenja izmerena u PSpice iznosi 59 uJ.

Deljenjem ove vrednosti sa 60 us dobija se snaga od 0.983 W.

196

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 187 Uticaj struja na kondukcione gubitke

Moe se zakljuiti da za promenu gubitaka usled struje vai sledea formula :

Napon se smanjuje na 150 V pri struji optereenja od 5 A i snimaju se kondukcioni

gubici.

197

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 188 Uticaj napona napajanja na kondukcione gubitke

Posmatranjem slike 188 moe se zakljuiti da napon napajanja ne utie na

kondukcione gubitke.
Analiza prekidakih gubitaka
Pri struji optereenja od 5A energija komutacionih gubitaka iznosi 5.2 mJ, a pri struji od
2.5 A energija komutacionih gubitaka su 4.105 mJ. Pri struji od 1.25 A komutacioni gubici
su 3.65 mJ, to je prikazano na s slici 189.

198

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 189 Uticaj struje optereenja na komutacione gubitke

Za napon 300 V i struju 5A energija komutacionih gubitaka je 5.2 mJ. Ako se napon
smanji na 150 V, pri nepromenjenoj struji optereenja energija komutacionih gubitaka
je1.67 mJ, a pri naponu 75 V energija komutacionih gubitakaje 650 uJ.

199

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 190 Odreivanje komutacionih gubitaka za napon napajanja od 150 V

200

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 191 Odreivanje komutacionih gubitaka za napon napajanja od 75 V

201

PSpice simulacije u energetici

oper sputa napona

Unoenje elektrine eme

Prilikom pokretanja OrCAD programa potrebno je iz File menija odabrati New pa onda
Project. Pojavljuje se novi prozor u kome je potrebno uneti podeavanja kao na slici 192.
U delu Name potrebno je uneti naziv projekta. To moe da bude proizvoljno ali u sluaju
da se u delu Location, folder u kome se smetaju podaci i koji se bira na Browse koji se
nalazi u dnu slike, nalazi vie projekata preporuka je birati naziv projekta tako da to
preciznije opisuje ono to se nalazi u tom fajlu. U delu Create a New Project Using
potrebno je odabrati Analog or Mixed A/D.

Slika 192 Proces pravljenja novog projekta

Kada se unesu podeavanja kao na slici 192 potrebno je to potvrditi klikom na OK.
Pojavljuje se novi prozor u kome je potrebno odabrati Create a blank project i to
potvrditi na OK.
202

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Na radnoj pozadini je potrebno uneti elemente koji su neophodni za kreiranje radne
eme.U Place menija potrebno je odabrati Part i otvara se prozor kao na slici 193.
U delu Libraries u dnu slike na levoj strani nalazi se spisak biblioteka iz kojih se koriste
elementi za kreiranje radne eme.

Slika 193 Prozor za unoenje elemenata u radnu emu

Iz biblioteke Source potrebno je odabrati element VDC. Ovo je jednosmerni izvor

napajanja i do njega se dolazi najpre oznaavanjem biblioteke koja sadri pomenutu
komponentu (da dobije plavu boju kao na slici 193) a zatim kucanjem naziva elementa
u delu Part. Kada se pronae element i obelei potrebno ga je potvrditi klikom na OK. Iz
iste biblioteke potrebno je odabrati VPULSE element (generator impulsa) koji je
neophodan za kontrolu i napajanje prekidaa (IGBT ili bilo koji drugi).
U sluaju da je potrebno jedan isti element vie puta uneti, posle izbora elementa levim
klikom se moe postaviti vie puta na radnoj emi a onda desnim klikom odabrati End
Mode.
Unoenje prekida iz biblioteke IGBT vri se izborom elementa sa nazivom IRG4BC20S.

203

PSpice simulacije u energetici

U biblioteci Diode se nalazi dioda sa oznakom BYT12P-600 koja je takoe potrebna da
bi kolo uspeno moglo da funkcionisalo.
Ostali elementi koji se koriste se nalaze u biblioteci Analog i to su R L i C pasivni
elementi. Kada se oni unesu dobija se izgled kola kao na slici 194. Da bi radna ema
bila kao na slici 194, iz desne palete menija potrebno je odabrati treu ikonu po redu
koji ima naziv Place Wire. Na taj nain se spajaju svi elementi provodnicima.
Na kraju je potrebno odabrati simbol za uzemljenje iz desne palete menija i iz liste
odabrati uzemljenje sa nazivom 0.

Slika 194 Izgled eme po zavretku unoenja elemenata

Podeavanje parametara
Podeavanje vrednosti elemenata se radi tako to se levim klikom odabere njihova
vrednost na radnoj emi i unese nova vrednost.
Izvor koji ima oznaku V1 na slici 194 treba postaviti na vrednost 100V. Naponski izvor V2
treba podesiti tako da kolo za okidanje gejta daje naponske impulse +/-15V (ovo se
204

PSpice simulacije u energetici

postie unoenjem vrednosti za V1 i V2), f = 10 kHz (ovo se postie unoenjem vremena u
delu sa nazivom PER), ton =50 us i toff = 50 us (ova vremena se unose u delu sa nazivima
PW i TD).
Podeavanje vrednosti pasivnih elemenata R, L i C
promenom vrednosti na njima.

se jednostavno radi klikom i

Kada se unesu sve vrednosti dobija se kolo kao na slici 195.

IRG4BC20S
Z1

L1
1

R1
2

1.5mH

0.1E

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0.00005
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.00005
PER = 0.0001

V2

D1
BY T12P-600

V1
100Vdc

R3
20E
C1
4u7

R2
25E

R4
0.05E

Slika 195 Elektrino kolo koje je spremno za simulaciju

Unoenje sondi i mernih davaa

U delu iznad radne eme nalazi se meni sa najee korienim sondama. Poto
postoje velike anse da na radnoj emi treba vie veliina meriti sasvim je opravdano
postavljanje ove palete to blie radnoj emi. Drugi nain da se unesu merne sonde je
preko PSpice padajueg menija izborom na Markers, to je prikazano na slici 196.

205

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 196 Postupak unoenja mernih sondi

Pokretanje simulacije i zadaci simulacije

Nova simulacije se pokree izborom u PSpice meniju New Simulation Profile i
unoenjem imena za simulacioni profil. Potrebno uneti podeavanja kao na slici 197.
U poreenju sa profilima prethodnih elektrinih kola koja su simulirana ovde je tiklirana
opcija SKIPBP. Generalno nema potrebe za tim, ali moe da se desi da elektrino kolo
koje se simulira ima takve parametre koji uzrokuju pojavu matematike nestabilnosti, i
jednostavno u tom sluaju nije mogue pokrenuti simulaciju. Potvrdom ove opcije
preskae se poetna bias point kalkulacija koja radi matematiku proveru stanja u
kolu.
Kada se unesu parametri kao na slici 197 i nakon potvrde na OK kolo je spremno za
simulaciju. Potrebno je uneti merne sonde za one veliine koje su znaajne za
prouavanje. Nakon postavljanja mernih sondi, simulacija se pokree pritiskom na
dugme Run PSpice koje se nalazi u paleti iznad radne eme i ima izgled kao play
dugme za muziku.
206

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 197 Podeavanje simulacionog profila

Napon na diodi
Napon na diodi se meri i prikazuje ili pomou diferencijalnog naponskog markera ili uz
pomo obinog naponskog markera marker koji meri potencijal take gde je
postavljen u odnosu na masu. Napon na diodi je prikazan na slici 198, a ako se uvea
slika 198 dobija se grafik kao na slici 199.

207

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 198 Napon na diodi

208

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 199 Uveana I jasnije prikazana vrednost napona na diodi

Izlazni napon
Ako se pogleda oblik napona na slici 200 uoava se da vrednost napona u ustaljenom
stanju osciluje oko vrednosti od 50V.

209

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 200 Grafik izlaznog napona

Napon na kondenzatoru
Na slici 201 je prikazana valovitost napona na kondenzatoru, a da bi se ona odredila
potrebno je iz Trace menija u SCHEMATIC prozoru odabrati Cursor pa onda Display.
Potrebno je delove A1 i A2 postaviti tako da oznaavaju maksimum i minimum napona
u ustaljenom stanju tako da se moe precizno izmeriti tj proitati vrednost valovitosti
napona. Taka A1 se postavlja na maksimalnu vrednost u delu posle 3ms levim klikom
mia na vrednost koja je priblina maksimalnoj, i u paleti iznad grafika se izabere ikona
koja ima naziv Cursor Peak. Ovo se moe odabrati i preko Trace menija. Izbor
minimalne vrednosti tj. take A2, se vri desnim klikom na minimum nakon 3ms i
potrebno je izabrati Cursor Trough iz padajueg menija. U Probe Cursor prozoru
pojavljuje se vrednosti za take A1 i A2 a u polju dif je izraunata njihova razlika.
Valovitost je razlika maksimalne i minimalne vrednosti i ona se moe proitati u polju dif.
Za ovaj sluaj ta vrednost valovitosti napona iznosi 4.5479V.

210

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 201 Valovitost napona na kondenzatoru

Prikaivanje srednje vrednost napona na kondenzatoru vri se izborom iz Trace menija

Add Trace, i dobija se novi prozor koji izgleda kao na slici 202. U desnom delu prozora sa
slike 202 nalaze se funkcije, a da bi se dobila srednja vrednost potrebno je uneti u polje
Trace Expression sledeu matematiku funkciju: AVG(V(C1:2)).
Nakon unete matematike funkcije, potrebno je to potvrditi klikom na OK i prikazuje se
grafika vrednost kao na slici 203 pri emu je srednja vrednost napona na
kondenzatoru oznaena crvenom bojom.
Upotrebom Probe Cursor prozora ova vredonst se moe izmeriti sa dijagrama i numeriki
prikazati kao to je uraeno na slici 203. To se postie desnim klikom na crveni krui u
dnu grafika i jednostavno desnim klikom se pozicionira kraj grafika. Srednja vrednost
napona se ispisuje za odabrani vremenski trenutak kao na slici 203.

211

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 202 Prozor za podeavanje matematikih formi merenih signala

212

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 203 Izmerena srednja vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Srednja vrednost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 47.933V.

213

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 204 Izmerena efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru se odreuje iz Trace menija izborom Add

Trace, a nakon toga se dobija novi prozor koji izgleda kao na slici 202. U desnom delu
prozora sa slike 202 nalaze se funkcije, a da bi se odredila efektivna vrednost potrebno
je uneti u polje Trace Expression sledeu matematiku funkciju: RMS(V(C1:2)).
Kada se matematika funkcija unese, potrebno je to potvrditi pritiskom na OK i
prikazuje se grafika vrednost kao na slici 204 pri emu je efektivna vrednost napona
na kondenzatoru oznaena plavom bojom.
Upotrebom Probe Cursor prozora ova vredonst se moe izmeriti sa dijagrama i numeriki
prikazati kao to je uraeno na slici 204. Da bi se to uradilo potrebno je desnim klikom
odabrati plavi krui u dnu grafika i jednostavno desnim klikom odabrati kraj grafika.
Srednja vrednost napona se ispisuje za odabrani vremenski trenutak kao na slici 204.
Efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 48.612V.
Podeavanje poetnih uslova

214

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Poetni uslov je inicijalna vrednost napona ili struje na nekom elementu u simulaciji.
Potrebno je podesiti poetni uslov napona na kondenzatoru tako da je
. To se
podeava tako to se dva puta levim klikom klikne na kondenzator na radnoj emi i u
polju IC se unese vrednost od -50V. To je prikazano na slici 205. Kada se unese vrednost
potrebno je to potvrditi klikom na Apply i izi iz prozora klikom na dugme close window
Potrebno ponovo pokrenuti simulaciju i izmeriti oblik i vrednost napona na
kondenzatoru i to je prikazano na slici 206. Ako se slika 206 uporedi sa slikom 204
primeuje se da napon na slici 206 kree od vrednosti 50V a na slici 204 od 0V.

Slika 205 Podeavanje poetne vrednosti napona na kondenzatoru

215

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 206 Grafik napona na kondenzatoru posle podeavanja poetnih uslova

Struja prigunice
Merenje i prikazivanje grafika struje prigunice se postie postavljanjem strujnog markera
u taku 1 na radnoj emi.
Srednja, efektivna vrednost i valovitost struje prigunice se odreuju isto kao i kod
napona na kondenzatoru i to je prikazano na slici 207.

216

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 207 Oblik, srednja vrednost, efektivna vrednost I valovitost struje u prigunici

Na slici 207 moe se proitati preko Probe Cursor prozora da valovitost struje iznosi 1.71
A, srednja vrednost struje iznosi 1.9353 A a efektivna vrednost iznosi 2.0090 A.
Struja izvora
Na slici 208 se moe proitati da valovitost struje iznosi 2.6531A, srednja vrednost je
0.98A, a efektivna vrednost 1.44A.

217

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 208 Valovitost, srednja vrednost I efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Odreivanje harmoniskog spektra u struji izvora

U radnoj emi potrebno je ukloniti sve markere da bi mogao da se odredi harmoniski
spektar. Ako postoji neki od markera prilikom pokretanja simulacije funkcija Fourier
Transform ne moe nita da prikae tj. program e prijaviti greke.
Funkcija Fourier Transform se aktivira izborom iz Trace menija Add Trace, i deo Functions
or Macros potrebno je prebaciti na Plot Window Templates i u novim opcijama je
prikazana Fourier Transform funkcija. Kada se odabere ta funkcija potrebno je odabrati
i veliinu za koju to treba da se analizira i u Trace Expression treba da pie Fourier
Transform(I(V1)). Kada se to potvrdi klikom na OK dobija se grafik kao na slici 209.

218

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 209 Harmoniski sastav struje izvora

Komponenta na 30kHz iznosi 422.371mA, na 50kHz vrednost komponente je 251.798mA,

a na 70kHz 178.695mA.
Odreivanje AC komponente struje izvora
Ako se postavi pokaziva mia na komponentu 0 Hz njena vrednost u Probe Cursor
prozoru je 0.9978 A. Ta vrednost je vrednost DC komponente struje.
AC komponenta se moe izraunati prema sledeoj formuli :

Na slici 208 je

odakle sledi da je

Odreivanje ulazne i izlazne snage

Ulazna snaga je prikazana na slici 210 i ona iznosi oko 98W.

219

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 210 Srednja vrednost ulazne snage

Izlazna snaga je prikazana na slici 211 i ona iznosi 94W. Razlika ulazne i izlazne snage je
4W.

220

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 211 Srednja vrednost izlazne snage

Odreivanje gubitaka (kondukcionih i komutacionih )

221

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 212 Odreivanje gubitaka na IGBT pri f=10kHz

Energija ukupnih gubitaka na tranzistoru je 160 uJ, gubici usled provoenja iznose 119
uJ, a usled komutacije 41 uJ.
Energija ukupnih gubitaka na diodi iznosi 85 uJ, gubici usled provoenja iznose 84 uJ a
1uJ usled komutacije i to je prikazano na slici 213.

222

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 213 Gubici u diodi pri f=10kHz

i Frekvencija je poveana na f=20kHz. Na naponskom izvoru V2 treba uneti sledea

podeavanja da bi se postavila nova frekvencija u radnoj emi:

TD=0.000025
TR=0
TF=0
PW=0.000025
PER=0.00005

Energija ukupnih gubitaka za poveanu uestanosti inosi 100 uJ. 59 uJ iznose gubici
usled provoenja a 41 uJ inose gubici usled ukljuenja, iskljuenja i u neprovodnom
stanju. To je prikazano na slici 214. Primeuje se da usled promene frekvencije je dolo
do promene gubitaka usled provoenja jer u sluaju f=10kHz oni iznose 119 uJ, i sada su
gubici duplo manji jer je frekvencija duplo vea.

223

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 214 Gubici na tranzistoru pri f=20kHz

Energija ukupnih gubitaka na diodi je 46 uJ, u provodnom stanju iznose 41 uJ, a

komutacioni gubici iznose 5 uJ i to je prikazano na slici 215. Takoe i kod diode je dolo
do pormene kondukcionih gubitaka jer oni za sluaj f=10kHz iznose 84 uJ.

224

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 215 Gubici na diodi pri f=20kHz

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.25 i sa neprekidnom strujom

Novo vreme rada kola (indeks modulacije) izvora V2 se postie promenom parametara
TD=0.000075, PW=0.000025 i PER=0.0001.
Napon na diodi
Grafik napona na diodi prikazan je na slici 216. Neophodno je koristiti voltage
differential marker i plus kraj treba postaviti na anodu a minus kraj markera na katodu.

225

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 216 Napon na diodi

Izlazni napon
Izlazni napon je prikazan na slici 217 i on se meri na otporniku R2.

226

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 217 Izlazni napon

Napon na kondenzatoru
Na slici 218 prikazana je valovitost napona na kondenzatoru, srednja i efektivna
vrednost.

227

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 218 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Na slici 218 moe se proitati da valovitost napona iznosi 3.4070 V. Srednja vrednost
napona iznosi 23.685 V a efektivna vrednost napona iznosi 24.027 V.
Formula za srednju vrednost napona na izlazu je:

Uoava se da izmerena vrednost zadovoljava vrednost prorauna.

Struja prigunice
Na slici 219 prikazana je grafiki valovitosti struje i ona iznosi 1.2762 A. Srednja vrednost
struje iznosi 971 mA a efektivna vrednost struje iznosi 1.05 A.

228

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 219 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje kroz prigunicu

Struja izvora
Na slici 220 izmerena je valovitost struje izvora i ona iznosi 1.5372 A. Srednja vrednost je
247 mA, dok efektivna vrednost struje izvora iznosi 534 mA.

229

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 220 Valovitos, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.75 i sa neprekidnom strujom

Novo vreme modulacije u radnoj emi se dobija promenom parametara TD=0.000025
a PW=0.000075 na naponskom izvoru V2. Vreme simulacije i ostali parametri kola su isti.
Napon na diodi
Napon na diodi se prikazuje upotrebom diferencijalnog markera kao to je opisano za
sluaj ton=25us. Na slici 221 je prikazan grafik napona na diodi.

230

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 221 Napon na diodi

Izlazni napon
Izlazni napon prikazan je na slici 222.

231

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 222 Izlazni napon

Napon na kondenzatoru
Na slici 223 prikazano je da valovitost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 3.3978 V. Srednja
vrednost napona iznosi 72.483 V a efektivna vrednost napona je 73.248 V.
Formula za srednju vrednost napona na izlazu je:

Zakljuak je da izmerena vrednost zadovoljava vrednost prorauna.

232

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 223 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Struja prigunice
Na slici 224 se moe proitati da valovitost struje u prigunici iznosi 1.2713 A. Srednja
vrednost struje iznosi 2.9697 A, dok efektivna vrednost struje u prigunici iznosi 3.0229 A.

233

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 224 Valovitos, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje u prigunici

Struja izvora
Na slici 225 je prikazana vrednost valovitosti struje i ona znosi 3.4119 A. Srednja vrednost
struje iznosi 2.2451 A, dok efektivna vrednost napona iznosi 2.6515 A.

234

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 225 Valovitos, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Rad sa prekidnom strujom

Za analiziranje radnog stanja kola neophodno je izvriti promene na radnoj emi, tj.
radnom kolu. Prvo treba vrednost otpora na izlazu poveati na 200 . Nakon toga je
potrebno dodati RC lan paralelno diodi i potrebno je step size u simulacionom profilu
promeniti na 10 ns. Kada se izvre sve promene dobija se kolo kao na slici 226.

235

PSpice simulacije u energetici

IRG4BC20S
Z1

L1
1

R1
2

1.5mH

0.1E

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0.00005
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.00005
PER = 0.0001

V2

D1
BYT12P-600

V1
100Vdc

R3
20E

C2
10n

R5
100E

C1
4u7

R2
200E

R4
0.05E

Slika 226 Radna ema za analizu prekidnog reima

Napon na diodi
Napon na diodi je prikazan na slici 227. Primeuje se da je napon na diodi izloen
oscilacijama i neodreen je, jer to je prekidni reim tj trenutak u kome ne vode ni dioda
ni IGBT tako da ne postoji struja u tom trenutku u kolu.

236

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 227 Napon na diodi

Izlazni napon
Izlazni napon se meri na otporniku R2 i prikazan je na slici 228.

237

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 228 Izlazni napon

Napon na kondenzatoru
Na slici 229 se moe proitati da valovitost napona iznosi 3.4210 V. Srednja vrednost
napona iznosi 68.031 V a efektivna vrednost napona je 69.026 V.

238

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 229 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Struja prigunice

239

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Na slici 230 prikazana je struja u prigunici i u trenutku kada je ona prekidna njena
vrednost je oscilatorna.

Slika 230 Struja u prigunici

Na slici 230 bez upotrebe Probe Cursor prozora moe se uoiti da valovitost struje iznosi
1A. Srednja vrednost struje je 404.782 mA, a efektivna vrednost je 671.863 mA i to je
prikazano na slici 231.

240

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 231 Srednja i efektivna vrednost struje u prigunici

Struja izvora
Na slici 232 moe se proitati da valovitost struje izvora iznosi 991mA. Srednja vrednost
struje je 275.449 mA, a efektivna vrednost je 517.711 mA.

241

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 232 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje u izvoru

242

PSpice simulacije u energetici

oper podiza napona

Unoenje elektrine eme

Prilikom pokretanja OrCAD programa potrebno je iz File menija odabrati New pa onda
Project. Pojavljuje se prozor u kome je potrebno uneti podeavanja kao na slici 233. U
delu Name potrebno je uneti naziv projekta. To moe da bude proizvoljno ime, folder u
kome se smetaju podaci i koji se bira na Browse koji se nalazi u dnu slike 233. U delu
Create a New Project Using potrebno je odabrati Analog or Mixed A/D.

Slika 233 Proces pravljenja novog projekta

Kada se unesu podeavanja kao na slici 233 potrebno je to potvrditi klikom na OK.
Pojavljuje se novi prozor u kome je potrebno odabrati Create a blank project i to
potvrditi na OK.

243

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Kada se pojavi radnapovrina potrebno je uneti elemente koji su neophodni za
kreiranje projekta. Iz Place menija potrebno je odabrati Part i pojavljuje se prozor kao
na slici 234.
U delu Libraries u dnu slike 234 na levoj strani nalazi se spisak biblioteka koje sadre
elemente za kreiranje radne eme.

Slika 234 Prozor za unoenje elemenata u radnu emu

Iz biblioteke Source potrebno je odabrati element VDC. Ovo je jednosmerni izvor

napajanja i do njega se dolazi kucanjem naziva u delu Part ili oznaavanjem biblioteke
(da dobije plavu boju kao na slici 234) i onda sputanjem preko klizaa. Kada se
pronae element i obelei potrebno ga je potvrditi klikom na OK. Iz iste biblioteke
potrebno je odabrati VPULSE element koji je neophodan za kontrolu i napajanje
prekidaa (IGBT ili bilo koji drugi).
U sluaju da je potrebno jedan isti element vie puta uneti, posle izbora elementa levim
klikom se moe postaviti vie puta na radnoj emi a onda desnim klikom odabrati End
Mode.
Prekida iz biblioteke IGBT se unosiizborom elementa sa nazivom IRG4BC20S.
244

PSpice simulacije u energetici

U biblioteci Diode se nalazi dioda sa oznakom BYT12P-600 koja je potrebna da bi kolo
uspeno moglo da funkcionie.
Ostali elementi koji se koriste se nalaze u biblioteci Analog i to su R L i C pasivni
elementi. Kada se oni unesu dobija se izgled kola kao na slici 235, a da bi radna ema
bila kao na slici 235 iz desne palete menija potrebno je odabrati treu ikonu po redu
koja ima naziv Place Wire. Tako se spajaju svi elementi provodnicima.
Na kraju je iz desne palete menija potrebno odabrati simbol za uzemljenje i iz liste
odabrati uzemljenje sa nazivom 0.

Slika 235 Izgled eme po zavretku unoenja elemenata

Podeavanje parametara
Podeavanje parametara elemenata se postie tako to se
njihova vrednost na radnoj emi i unese nova vrednost.

levim klikom odabere

Izvor koji ima oznaku V1 na slici 235 treba postaviti na vrednost 100V. Naponski izvor V2
treba podesiti tako da kolo za okidanje gejta daje naponske impulse +/-15V (ovo se
245

PSpice simulacije u energetici

postie unoenjem vrednosti za V1 i V2), f = 10 kHz (ovo se postie unoenjem vremena u
delu sa nazivom PER), ton =50 us i toff = 50 us (ova vremena se unose u delu sa nazivima
PW i TD).
U sledeem koraku se podeavaju vrednosti pasivnih elemenata R, L i C i to se
jednostavno radi klikom i promenom vrednosti na njima.
Kada se unesu sve vrednosti dobija se kolo kao na slici 236.
L1
1

R1

D1
3

2
1.5mH

0.1E

Z1
R4
V1
100Vdc

V2
V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0.00005
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.00005
PER = 0.0001

BY T12P-600

IRG4BC20S

C1
4u7

20E

R3
25E

R2
0.05E

Slika 236 Elektrino kolo koje je spremno za simulaciju

Unoenje sondi i mernih davaa

U delu iznad radne eme nalazi se meni sa najee korienim sondama. Poto
postoje velike anse da na radnoj emi treba vie veliina meriti sasvim je opravdano
postavljanje ove palete to blie radnoj emi. Drugi nain da se unesu merne sonde je
preko PSpice padajueg menija izborom na Markers, to je prikazano na slici 237.

246

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 237 Postupak unoenja mernih sondi

Pokretanje simulacije i zadaci simulacije

Nova simulacija se pokree u PSpice meniju izborom New Simulation Profile i unoenjem
naziv za simulacioni profil. Potrebno je uneti podeavanja kao na slici 238.
SKIPBP moe da bude potrvrena ali to nije obavezno. Potvrdom ove opcije preskae
se poetna bias point kalkulacija koja radi matematiku proveru stanja u kolu.
Kada se unesu parametri sa slike 238 i kada se to potvrdi odabirom na OK kolo je
spremno za simulaciju. Potrebno uneti merne sonde za one veliine koje su znaajne za
prouavanje. Simulacija se pokree pritiskom na dugme Run PSpice koje se nalazi u
paleti iznad radne eme i ima izgled kao play dugme za muziku.

247

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 238 Podeavanje simulacionog profila

Napon na diodi
Napon na diodi se prikazuje postavljanjem diferencijalnog naponskog markera koji ima
dva kraja (plus i minus kraj za merenje). Plus kraj naponskog markera se postavlja na
anodu, a minus kraj naponskog markera se postavlja na katodu. Nakon toga dobija se
dijagram napona kao na slici 239.

248

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 239 Napon na diodi

Izlazni napon
Na slici 240 prikazan je izlazni napon i on se meri na otporniku R3.

249

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 240 Izlazni napon

Napon na kondenzatoru
Na slici 241 je prikazana valovitost napona na kondenzatoru, a da bi se ona odredila
potrebno je iz Trace menija u SCHEMATIC prozoru odabrati Cursor pa onda Display.
Potrebno je take A1 i A2 postaviti tako da oznaavaju maksimum i minimum napona u
ustaljenom stanju tako da se moe precizno izmeriti tj proitati vrednost valovitosti
napona. Taka A1 se postavlja na maksimalnu vrednost u delu posle 3ms levim klikom
mia na vrednost koja je priblina maksimalnoj, i u paleti iznad grafika se izabere ikonu
koja ima naziv Cursor Peak. Ovo se moe odabrati i preko Trace menija. Minimalna
vrednost tj. taka A2 se dobija izborom minimuma u delu posle 3ms, i treba kliknuti
desnim klikom mia.Klikom na ikonu Cursor Trough u paleti , u Probe Cursor prozoru
pojavljuje se vrednosti za take A1 i A2 a upolju dif je izraunata njihova razlika.
Valovitost predstavlja razliku maksimalne i minimalne vrednosti i ona se moe proitati u
polju dif. Vrednost valovitosti napona na kondenzatoru za ovaj sluaj iznosi 79.581V.

250

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 241 Valovitost napona na kondenzatoru

Odreivanje srednje vrednost napona na kondenzatoru iz Trace menija se izabere

Add Trace i dobija se novi prozor koji izgleda kao na slici 242. U desnom delu prozora sa
slike 242 nalaze se funkcije, a da bi se dobila srednja vrednost potrebno je uneti u polje
Trace Expression sledeu matematiku funkciju: AVG(V(C1:2)).
Kada se matematika funkcija unese, potrebno je to potvrditi pritiskom na OK i
prikazuje se grafika vrednost kao na slici 243 pri emu je srednja vrednost napona na
kondenzatoru oznaena crvenom bojom.
Upotrebom Probe Cursor prozora ova vredonst se moe izmeriti sa dijagrama i numeriki
prikazati kao to je uraeno na slici 243. Da bi se to uradilo potrebno je desnim klikom
odabrati crveni krui u dnu grafika i jednostavno desnim klikom odabrati kraj grafika.
Srednja vrednost napona se ispisuje za odabrani vremenski interval kao na slici 243.

251

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 242 Prozor za podeavanje matematikih formi merenih signala

252

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 243 Izmerena srednja vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Srednja vrednost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 180.311V.

253

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 244 Izmerena efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru se odreuje iz Trace menija izborom Add

Trace i dobija se novi prozor koji izgleda kao na slici 242. U desnom delu prozora sa slike
242 nalaze se funkcije, a da bi se dobila srednja vrednost potrebno je uneti u polje
Trace Expression sledeu matematiku funkciju: RMS(V(C1:2)).
Kada se matematika funkcija unese, potrebno je to potvrditi pritiskom na OK i
prikazuje se grafika vrednost kao na slici 244 pri emu je efektivna vrednost napona
na kondenzatoru oznaena plavom bojom.
Upotrebom Probe Cursor prozora ova vredonst se moe izmeriti sa dijagrama i numeriki
prikazati kao to je uraeno na slici 244. Da bi se to uradilo potrebno je desnim klikom
odabrati plavi krui u dnu grafika i jednostavno desnim klikom odabrati kraj grafika.
Efektivna vrednost napona se ispisuje za odabrani vremenski trenutak kao na slici 244.
Efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 184.969V.

254

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Struja prigunice
Merenje i prikazivanje grafika struje prigunice vri se postavljanjem strujnog markera u
taku 1 na radnoj emi.
Srednja, efektivna vrednost i valovitost struje kroz prigunicu se odreuju isto kao i kod
napona na kondenzatoru i to je prikazano na slici 245.

Slika 245 Oblik, srednja vrednost, efektivna vrednost I valovitost struje u prigunici

Valovitost struje iznosi 3.2229 A, srednja vrednost je 14.765 A a efektivna vrednost struje
je 14.924 A.
Struja izvora

255

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 246 Valovitos, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Valovitost struje izvora iznosi 3.2225 A, srednja vrednost je 14.765 A a efektivna vrednost
je 14.924 A.
Odreivanje harmoniskog spektra u struji izvora
U radnoj emi potrebno je ukloniti sve markere da bi mogao da se odredi harmoniski
spektar. Ako postoji neki od markera prilikom pokretanja simulacije funkcija Fourier
Transform ne moe nita da prikae tj dolazi do prijavljivanja greke.
Funkcija Fourier Transform se aktivira iz Trace menija izborom Add Trace, i Functions or
Macros prebaciti na Plot Window Templates, a u novim opcijama je prikazana Fourier
Transform funcija. Kada se odabere ta funckija potrebno je odabrati i veliinu za koju to
treba da se analizira i u Trace Expression treba da pie Fourier Transform(I(V1)). Kada se
to potvrdi klikom na OK dobija se grafik kao na slici 247.

256

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 247 Harmoniski sastav struje izvora

Komponenta na 30 kHz ima vrednost od 141.604 mA, komponenta na 50 kHzima

vrednost 46.387 mA a komponenta na 70 kHz 24.634 mA.
Odreivanje AC komponente struje izvora
Ako se postavi pokaziva mia na komponentu 0 Hz njena vrednost u Probe Cursor
prozoru je 14.766 A. Ta vrednost je vrednost DC komponente struje.
AC komponenta se moe izraunati prema sledeoj formuli :

Sa slike 246

odakle sledi da je

Odreivanje snaga
Srednja vrednost ulazne snage je prikazana na slici 248 i ona iznosi 1.4765 KW.

257

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 248 Srednja vrednost ulazne snage

258

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 249 Srednja vrednost izlazne snage

Srednja vrednost izlazne snage je 1.3685 KW.

Razlika ulazne i izlazne snage je 108 W.
Odreivanje gubitaka (kondukcionih i komutacionih )

259

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 250 Odreivanje gubitaka na IGBT pri f=10kHz

Enegija ukupnih gubitaka na tranzistoru je 2.1602 mJ, gubici usled provoenja iznose
1.4079 mJ, a usled komutacije 0.7523 mJ.

260

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 251 Gubici na diodi pri f=10 kHz

Energija ukupnih gubitaka na diodi je 1.0508 mJ, gubici usled provoenja iznose 1.0483
mJ a usled komutacije 2.5 uJ.

261

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 252 Gubici na IGBT pri f=20 kHz

Frekvencija ukljuenja se manja na 20 kHz postavljanjem TD=0.000025, PW=0.000025 i

PER=0.00005.
Energija ukupnih gubitaka na tranzistoru je 1.5579 mJ, gubici usled provoenja iznose
733 uJ, a usled komutacije 824 uJ. Ako se ova vrednost uporedi sa vrednou sa slike
250 primeuje se da je dolo do promene gubitaka usled provoenja (kondukcije) i da
su ti gubici duplo manji.

262

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 253 Gubici na diodi pri f=20 kHz

Vrednost ukupnih gubitaka na diodi je 543 uJ, gubici usled provoenja na diodi iznosi
538 uJ, i ako se uporedi ta vrednost sa vrednou sa slike 251 primeuje se da je dolo
do promene gubitaka usled provoenja na diodi, i ta vrednost je sada duplo manja
poto je frekvencija ukljuenja prekidaa duplo vea. Vrednost komutacionih gubitaka
iznosi 5 uJ.

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.25 i sa neprekidnom strujom

Novi indek modulacije se dobija promenom u izvoru V2 parametara TD=0.000075 a
PW=0.000025.
Napon na diodi
Grafik napona na diodi prikazan je na slici 254. Ovde treba koristiti voltage differential
marker i plus kraj treba postaviti na anodu a minus kraj markera na katodu.

263

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 254 Napon na diodi

Izlazni napon
Izlazni napon je prikazan na slici 255 i on se meri na otporniku R3.

264

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 255 Izlazni napon

Napon na kondenzatoru

265

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 256 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Valovitost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 27.412 V, srednja vrednost napona je 126.998

V a efektivna vrednost napona iznosi 128.628 V.
Veza izmeu srednje vrednosti ulaznog i izlaznog napona je:

i kada se to izrauna dobija se da je

Struja prigunice

266

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 257 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje u prigunici

Valovitost struje iznosi 1.6231 A, srednja vrednost struje je 6.9312 A a efektivna vrednost
je 6.9889 A.
Struja izvora

267

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 258 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Valovitost struje izvora iznosi 1.6037 A, srednja vrednost je 6.9321 A a efektivna vrednost
je 6.9889 A.

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.75 i sa neprekidnom strujom

Novi indeks modulacije se dobija promenom u radnoj emi parametara TD=0.000025 a
PW=0.000075 na naponskom izvoru V2. Vreme simulacije i ostali parametri kola su isti.
Napon na diodi

268

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 259 Napon na diodi

Izlazni napon

269

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 260 Izlazni napon

Merna sonda za prikazivanje ovog napona se postavlja na otporniku R3.

Napon na kondenzatoru

270

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 261 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Valovitost napona je izmerena na slici 261 i ona iznosi 220.413V, srednja vrednost
napona je 319.961V a efektivna vrednost napona je 333.450 V.
Veza izmeu srednje vrednosti ulaznog i izlaznog napona je:

i kada se to izrauna dobija se da je

Ova vrednost napona odstupa zbog vremena trajanja simulacije u toku koga se
rauna srednja vrednost. Ako se vreme trajanja simulacije povea na 20ms dobija se
da je srednja vrednost napona na izlazu 335.369V a za vreme simulacije 50ms srednja
vrednost napona je 344.607V.
Struja prigunice
Vreme trajanja simulacije poveano na 40ms jer pri manjem trajanju simulacije srednja
vrednost struje koja se dostie nije dobra kao i efektivna vrednost struje.
271

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 262 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Na slici 262 je izmerena valovitost struje i ona iznosi 4.5856 A, srednja vrednost je 55.44 A
a efektivna vrednost 55.722 A.
Struja izvora

272

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 263 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Valovitost struje je izmerena na slici 263 i iznosi 4.5832 A, srednja vrednost je 55.44 A a
efektivna vrednost 55.722 A.

Rad sa prekidnom strujom

Za novo radno stanje kola potrebno je izvriti promene na radnoj emi, tj radnom kolu.
Prvo treba vrednost otpora na izlazu poveati na 500 . Potrebno je dodati RC lan
paralelno diodi i IGBT tranzistoru, i potrebno je step size u simulacionom profilu promeniti
na 10 ns. Kada se izvre sve promene dobija se kolo kao na slici 264.

273

PSpice simulacije u energetici

R6

C2
10n

100E

L1
1

R1

D1
3

2
1.5mH

0.1E

BYT12P-600

Z1
R4
V1
100Vdc

V2
V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0.00005
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.00005
PER = 0.0001

C1
4u7

IRG4BC20S

20E

C3
10n

R5
100E

R3
500E

R2
0.05E

Slika 264 Radna ema za analizu prekidnog reima

Napon na diodi
Napon na diodi je prikazan na slici 265. Primeuje se da je napon na diodi izloen
oscilacijama i neodreen je, jer to je prekidni reim tj. trenutak u kome ne vode ni dioda
ni IGBT tako da ne postoji struja u tom trenutku u kolu. U Probe Cursor prozoru su
prikazana dva trenutka, poetni i krajnji, u kome je napon na diodi oscilatoran i kao
dokaz tome izmerene su negativne vrednosti struja u tim trenutcima.

274

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 265 Napon na diodi

Izlazni napon

275

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 266 Izlazni napon

Naponski marker ze merenje izlaznog napona je postavljen na otporniku R3, odakle se

dobija slika 266.
Napon na kondenzatoru

276

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 267 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Valovitost napona je izmerena na slici 267 i iznosi 8.3291 V, srednja vrednost napona je
277.265 V a efektivna vrednost napona je 283.521 V.
Struja prigunice

277

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 268 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje prigunice

Na slici 268 se moe uoiti da valovitost struje iznosi 3.3756 A, srednja vrednost struje je
2.0591 A a efektivna vrednost je 3.1841 A.
Struja izvora

278

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 269 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Na slici 269 moe se uoiti da valovitost struje izvora iznosi 3.7545 A, srednja vrednost
struje je 2.0591 A a efektivna vrednost je 3.1841 A.

279

PSpice simulacije u energetici

oper obrta napona

Unoenje elektrine eme

Prilikom pokretanja OrCAD programa potrebno je iz File menija odabrati New pa onda
Project. Pojavljuje se prozor u kome je potrebno uneti podeavanja kao na slici 270. U
delu Name potrebno je uneti naziv projekta. Folder u kome se smetaju podaci i koji se
bira na Browse nalazi se u dnu slike. U delu Create a New Project Using potrebno je
odabrati Analog or Mixed A/D.

Slika 270 Proces pravljenja novog projektra

Kada se unesu podeavanja kao na slici 270 potrebno je to potvrditi klikom na OK.
Pojavljuje se novi prozor u kome je potrebno odabrati Create a blank project i to
potvrditi na OK.

280

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Kada se pojavi radna povrina potrebno je uneti elemente koji su neophodni za
kreiranje projekta. Da bi se to postiglo iz Place menija potrebno je odabrati Part i
prikazuje se prozor kao na slici 271.
U delu Libraries u dnu slike na levoj strani nalazi se spisak biblioteka koje sadre
elemente za kreiranje radne eme.

Slika 271 Prozor za unoenje elemenata u radnu emu

Iz biblioteke Source potrebno je odabrati element VDC. Ovo je jednosmerni izvor

napajanja i do njega se dolazi kucanjem naziva u delu Part ili oznaavanjem biblioteke
(da dobije plavu boju kao na slici 271) i onda sputanjem preko klizaa. Kada se
pronae element i obelei potrebno ga je potvrditi klikom na OK. Iz iste biblioteke
potrebno je odabrati VPULSE element koji je neophodan za kontrolu i napajanje
prekidaa (IGBT ili bilo koji drugi prekida).
U sluaju da je potrebno jedan isti element vie puta uneti, posle izbora elementa levim
klikom se moe postaviti vie puta na radnoj emi a onda desnim klikom odabrati End
Mode.
Prekida iz biblioteke IGBT se unosi izborom elementa sa nazivom IRG4BC20S.
281

PSpice simulacije u energetici

U biblioteci Diode se nalazi dioda sa oznakom BYT12P-600 koja je potrebna da bi kolo
uspeno moglo da funkcionie.
Ostali elementi koji se koriste se nalaze u biblioteci Analog i to su R, L i C pasivni
elementi. Kada se oni unesu dobija se izgled kola kao na slici 272, a da bi radna ema
bila kao na slici 272 iz desne palete menija potrebno je odabrati treu ikonu po redu
koji ima naziv Place Wire. Tako se spajaju svi elementi provodnicima.
Na kraju je iz desne palete menija potrebno odabrati simbol za uzemljenje i iz liste
odabrati uzemljenje sa nazivom 0.

Slika 272 Izgled eme po zavretku unoenja elemenata (nije dodato uzemljenje u kolu), pogledati sliku
273 za kolo sa uzemljenjem

Podeavanje parametara
Podeavanje vrednosti elemenata se postie levim klikom na njihovu vrednost na radnoj
emi i unoenjem nove vrednost.

282

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Izvor koji ima oznaku V1 na slici 272 treba postaviti na vrednost 100V. Naponski izvor V2
treba podesiti tako da kolo za okidanje gejta daje naponske impulse +/-15V (ovo se
postie unoenjem vrednosti za V1 i V2), f = 10 kHz (ovo se postie unoenjem vremena u
delu sa nazivom PER), ton =50 us i toff = 50 us (ova vremena se unose u delu sa nazivima
PW i TD).
Podeavaju se vrednosti pasivnih elemenata R, L i C i to se jednostavno radi klikom i
promenom vrednosti na njima.
Kada se unesu sve vrednosti dobija se kolo kao na slici 273.
IRG4BC20S

D1

Z1

3
BY T12P-600

2
R1
20E
100Vdc

V1

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0.00005
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.00005
PER = 0.0001

V2

L1
1.5 mH

C1
4u7
R4
25E

1
R3
0.05E
R2
0.1E

Slika 273 Elektrino kolo koje je spremno za simulacju

Unoenje sondi i mernih davaa

U delu iznad radne eme nalazi se meni sa najee korienim sondama. Poto
postoje velike anse da na radnoj emi treba vie veliina meriti sasvim je opravdano
postavljanje ove palete to blie radnoj emi. Drugi nain da se unesu merne sonde je
preko PSpice padajueg menija izborom na Markers, to je prikazano na slici 274.

283

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 274 Postupak unoenja mernih sondi

Pokretanje simulacije i zadaci simulacije

Nova simulacija se pokree u PSpice meniju izborom New Simulation Profile i unoenjem
naziva za simulacioni profil. Potrebno je uneti podeavanja kao na slici 275.
SKIPBP opcija moe da bude odabrana, ali to nije obavezno. Potvrdom ove opcije
preskae se poetna bias point kalkulacija koja radi matematiku proveru stanja u
kolu.
Kada se unesu parametri sa slike 275 i kada se to potvrdi odabirom na OK kolo je
spremno za simulaciju. Potrebno je uneti merne sonde za one veliine koje su znaajne
za prouavanje. Kada se unesu merne sonde simulacija se pokree pritiskom na
dugme Run PSpice koje se nalazi u paleti iznad radne eme i ima izgled kao play
dugme za muziku.

284

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 275 Podeavanje simulacionog profila

Napon na diodi
Napona na diodi se dobija postavljanjem diferencijalnog naponskog marker koji ima
dva kraja (plus i minus kraj za merenje). Plus kraj naponskog markera se postavlja na
anodu, a minus kraj naponskog markera se postavlja na katodu. Kada se postavi
naponski marker dobija se dijagram napona kao na slici 276.

285

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 276 Napon na diodi

Izlazni napon

286

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 277 Izlazni napon

Ovaj napon se meri na otporniku R4.

Napon na kondenzatoru
Na slici 278 je prikazana valovitost napona na kondenzatoru, a da bi se ona odredila
potrebno je iz Trace menija u SCHEMATIC prozoru odabrati Cursor pa onda Display.
Potrebno je delove A1 i A2 postaviti tako da oznaavaju maksimum i minimum napona
u ustaljenom stanju tako da se moe precizno izmeriti tj proitati vrednost valovitosti
napona.Taka A1 se postavlja na maksimalnu vrednost u delu posle 3ms levim klikom
mia na vrednost koja je priblina maksimalnoj, i u paleti iznad grafika se izabere ikona
koja ima naziv Cursor Peak. Ovo se moe odabrati i preko Trace menija. Minimalna
vrednost tj. taka A2 je priblino u delu posle 3ms, i potrebno je kliknuti desnim klikom
mia. Dalje je neophodno u paleti iznad grafika odabrati ikonu koja ima naziv Cursor
Trough. U Probe Cursor prozoru pojavljuje se vrednosti za take A1 i A2 a upolju dif je
izraunata njihova razlika. Valovitost predstavlja razliku maksimalne i minimalne
vrednosti i ona se moe proitati u polju dif i ta vrednost valovitosti napona iznosi
38.768V.

287

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 278 Valovitost napona na kondenzatoru

Srednja vrednost napona na kondenzatoru se dobija iz Trace menija izborom Add Trace
i pprikazuje se novi prozor koji izgleda kao na slici 279. U desnom delu prozora na slici
279 nalaze se funkcije, a da bi se dobila srednja vrednost potrebno je uneti u polje
Trace Expression sledeu matematiku funkciju: AVG(V(C1:2)).
Kada se matematika funkcija unese, potrebno je to potvrditi pritiskom na OK i
prikazuje se grafika vrednost kao na slici 280 pri emu je srednja vrednost napona na
kondenzatoru oznaena crvenom bojom.
Upotrebom Probe Cursor prozora ova vredonst se moe izmeriti sa dijagrama i numeriki
prikazati kao to je uraeno na slici 280. Neophodno je desnim klikom odabrati crveni
krui u dnu grafika i jednostavno desnim klikom odabrati kraj grafika. Srednja vrednost
napona se ispisuje za odabrani vremenski interval kao na slici 280.

288

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 279 Prozor za podeavanje matematikih formi merenih signala

289

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 280 Izmerena srednja vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Srednja vrednost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 88.193V.

290

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 281 Izmerena efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzaotru

Efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru se prikazuje iz Trace menija izborom Add

Trace i prikazuje se novi prozor koji izgleda kao na slici 279. U desnom delu prozora sa
slike 279 nalaze se funkcije, a da bi se dobila srednja vrednost potrebno je uneti u polje
Trace Expression sledeu matematiku funkciju: RMS(V(C1:2)).
Kada se matematika funkcija unese, potrebno je to potvrditi pritiskom na OK i
prikazae se grafika vrednost kao na slici 281 pri emu je efektivna vrednost napona
na kondenzatoru oznaena plavom bojom.
Upotrebom Probe Cursor prozora ova vredonst se moe izmeriti sa dijagrama i numeriki
prikazati kao to je uraeno na slici 281. Neophodno je desnim klikom odabrati plavi
krui u dnu grafika i jednostavno desnim klikom odabrati kraj grafika. Efektivna
vrednost napona se ispisuje za odabrani vremenski trenutak kao na slici 281.
Efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 90.742V.

291

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Struja prigunice
Merenje struje prigunice i prikazivanje grafika se vripostavljanjem strujnog markera u
taku 1 na radnoj emi.
Srednja i efektivna vrednost i valovitost struje kroz prigunicu se odreuju isto kao i kod
napona na kondenzatoru i to je prikazano na slici 282.

Slika 282 Oblik, srednja vrednost, efektivna vrednost I valovitost struje u prigunici

Valovitost struje iznosi 3.2585 A, srednja vrednost je 7.2298 A a efektivna vrednost struje
je 7.3706 A.
Struja izvora

292

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 283 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Valovitost struje izvora iznosi 8.9822 A, srednja vrednost je 3.6339 A a efektivna vrednost
je 5.2504 A.
Odreivanje harmoniskog spektra u struji izvora
U radnoj emi potrebno je ukloniti sve markere da bi mogao da se odredi harmoniski
spektar. Ako postoji neki od markera prilikom pokretanja simulacije funkcija Fourier
Transform ne moe nita da prikae tj dolazi do prijavljivanja greke.
Aktiviranje funkcija Fourier Transform iz Trace menija vri se izborom Add Trace, i
Functions or Macros se prebacuje na Plot Window Templates i u novim opcijama je
prikazana Fourier Transform funcija. Kada se odabere ta funckija potrebno je odabrati i
veliinu za koju to treba da se analizira i u Trace Expression treba da pie Fourier
Transform(I(V1)). Kada se to potvrdi klikom na OK dobija se grafik kao na slici 284.

293

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 284 Harmoniski sastav struje izvora

Komponenta na 30 kHz ima vrednost od 1.5334 A, komponenta na 50 kHz ima vrednost

918.230 mA a komponenta na 70 kHz 654.616 mA.
Odreivanje AC komponente struje izvora
Ako se postavi pokaziva mia na komponentu 0 Hz njena vrednost u Probe Cursor
prozoru je 3.6340 A. Ta vrednost je vrednost DC komponente struje.
AC komponenta se moe izraunati prema sledeoj formuli :

Sa slike 283

odakle sledi da je

Odreivanje snaga

294

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 285 Vrednost ulazne snage

Na slici 285 je prikazana vrednost ulazne snage koja iznosi 363.389 W.

295

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 286 Vrednost izlazne snage

Vrednost izlazne snage je 329.365 W.

Razlika ulazne i izlazne snage je 64.024 W.
Odreivanje gubitaka (kondukcionih i komutacionih )

296

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 287 Odreivanje gubitaka na IGBT pri f=10 kHz

Energija ukupnih gubitaka na IGBT je 953 uJ, gubici usled provoenja iznose 597 uJ, a
komutacioni gubici su 356 uJ.

297

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 288 Gubici na diodi pri f=10 kHz

Energija ukupnih gubitaka na diodi je 422 uJ, kondukcioni gubici su 418 uJ a

komutacioni gubici su 4 uJ.

298

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 289 Gubici na tranzistoru pri f= 20 kHz

Frekvencija ukljuenja prekidaa se menja na 20 kHz unoenjem sledeih podeavanja

na naponskom izvoru V2, TD=0.000025, PW=0.000025 i PER=0.00005.
Energija ukupnih gubitaka na IGBT je 703 uJ, kondukcioni gubici na tranzistoru su 313 uJ i
ako se pogleda slika 287 primeuje se da je dolo do promene ovih gubitaka sa
promenom frekvencije rada tranzistora. Komutacioni gubici su 390 uJ.

299

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 290 Gubici na diodi pri f=20 kHz

Energija ukupnih gubitaka na diodi je 223 uJ, kondukcioni gubici su 215 uJ i oni su duplo
manji u odnosu na gubitke nastale pri frekvenciji 10kHz. Komutacioni gubici su 8 uJ.

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.25 i sa neprekidnom strujom

Novim indeks modulacije se postavlja promenom parametara na izvoru V2,
TD=0.000075, PW=0.000025 i PER=0.0001.
Napon na diodi

300

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 291 Napon na diodi

Izlazni napon

301

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 292 Izlazni napon

Izlazni napon se prikazuje postavljanjem merne sonde na otpornik R4.

Napon na kondenzatoru

302

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 293 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Valovitost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 7.538 V, srednja vrednost napona je 30.445 V

a efektivna vrednost napona iznosi 31.008 V.
Veza izmeu srednje vrednosti ulaznog i izlaznog napona je:

i kada se to izrauna dobija se da je

Struja prigunice

303

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 294 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje u prigunici

Valovitost struje iznosi 1.6500 A, srednja vrednost struje je 1.6631 A a efektivna vrednost
je 1.7648 A.
Struja izvora

304

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 295 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Valovitost struje izvora iznosi 2.465 A, srednja vrednost je 420 mA a efektivna vrednost je
884 mA.

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.75 i sa neprekidnom strujom

Novi indeks modulacije se dobija u radnoj emi promenom parametara TD=0.000025 a
PW=0.000075 na naponskom izvoru V2. Vreme simulacije i ostali parametri kola su isti.
Napon na diodi

305

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 296 Napon na diodi

Izlazni napon

306

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 297 Izlazni napon

Naponsku mernu sondu potrebno je postaviti na otpornik R4.

Napon na kondenzatoru

307

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 298 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Valovitost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 167.047 V, srednja vrednost napona je 215 V

a efektivna vrednost napona iznosi 229 V.
Veza izmeu srednje vrednosti ulaznog i izlaznog napona je:

i kada se to izrauna dobija se da je

. Da bi se vrednost prorauna priblino

poklopila sa vrednou simulacije potrebno je poveati vreme trajanja simulacije. Za

vreme simulacije od 40 ms dobija se da je srednja vrednost napona 255 V.

Struja prigunice

308

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Vreme trajanja simulacije je poveano na 40ms jer pri manjem trajanju simulacije
srednja vrednost struje nije dobra kao ni efektivna vrednost struje.

Slika 299 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Na slici 299 je prikazana valovitost struje i ona iznosi 4.6674 A, srednja vrednost je 41.4 A
a efektivna vrednost 41.627 A.
Struja izvora

309

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 300 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Valovitost struje izvora je prikazana na slici 300 i iznosi 44.294 A, srednja vrednost je
26.950 A a efektivna vrednost 32.288 A.

Rad sa prekidnom strujom

Potrebno je izvriti promene na radnoj emi, tj radnom kolu da bi moglo da se posmatra
radno stanje kola u prekidnom reimu. Promeniti vrednost otpora na izlazu na 500 .
Dalje je potrebno dodati RC lan paralelno diodi i potrebno je step size u simulacionom
profilu promeniti na 10 ns. Nakon unetih izmena dobija se kolo kao na slici 301.

310

PSpice simulacije u energetici

R5

C2

100E

10n

IRG4BC20S

D1

Z1

3
BY T12P-600

2
R1
20E
100Vdc

V1

V2
V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0.00005
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.00005
PER = 0.0001

L1
1.5mH

C1
4u7
R4
500E

1
R3
0.05E
R2
0.1E

Slika 301 Radna ema za analizu prekidnog reima

Napon na diodi
Napon na diodi je prikazan na slici 302. Primeuje se da je napon na diodi izloen
oscilacijama i neodreen je, jer to je prekidni reim tj trenutak u kome ne vode ni dioda
ni IGBT tako da ne postoji struja u tom trenutku u kolu. U Probe Cursor prozoru su
prikazana dva trenutka, poetni i krajnji, u kome je napon na diodi oscilatoran i kao
dokaz tome izmerene su negativne vrednosti struja u tim trenutcima.

311

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 302 Napon na diodi

Izlazni napon

312

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 303 Izlazni napon

Naponski marker ze merenje izlaznog napona je postavljen na otporniku R4, odakle se

dobija slika 303.
Napon na kondenzatoru

313

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 304 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Valovitost napona je izmerena na slici 304 i iznosi 6.8810 V, srednja vrednost napona je
180.015 V a efektivna vrednost napona je 184.361 V.
Struja prigunice

314

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 305 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje prigunice

Na slici 305 se moe uoiti da valovitost struje iznosi 3.2789 A, srednja vrednost struje je
1.5042 A a efektivna vrednost je 2.0781 A.
Struja izvora

315

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 306 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Na slici 306 moe se uoiti da valovitost struje izvora iznosi 3.2734 A, srednja vrednost
struje je 966 mA a efektivna vrednost je 1.6154 A.

316

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Dvokvadrantni oper
Unoenje elektrine eme

Prilikom pokretanja OrCAD programa potrebno je iz File menija odabrati New pa onda
Project. Pojavljuje se prozor u kome je potrebno uneti podeavanja kao na slici 307. U
delu Name potrebno je uneti naziv projekta. To moe da bude proizvoljno ali u sluaju
da se u delu Location, folder u kome se smetaju podaci i koji se bira na Browse koji se
nalazi u dnu slike, nalazi vie projekata preporuka je birati naziv projekta tako da to
preciznije opisuje ono to se nalazi u tom fajlu. U delu Create a New Project Using
potrebno je odabrati Analog or Mixed A/D.

Slika 307 Proces pravljenja novog projekta

Kada se unesu podeavanja kao na slici 307 potrebno je to potvrditi klikom na OK. Posle
toga se pojavljuje novi prozor u kome je potrebno odabrati Create a blank project i to
potvrditi na OK.

317

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Kada se pojavi radna povrina potrebno je uneti elemente koji su neophodni za
kreiranje projekta. Iz Place menija potrebno je odabrati Part i prikazuje se prozor kao na
slici 308.
U delu Libraries u dnu slike 308 na levoj strani nalazi se spisak biblioteka koje sadre
elemente za kreiranje radne eme.

Slika 308 Prozor za unoenje elemenata u radnu emu

Iz biblioteke Source potrebno je odabrati element VDC. Ovo je jednosmerni izvor

napajanja i do njega se dolazi kucanjem naziva u delu Part ili oznaavanjem biblioteke
(da dobije plavu boju kao na slici 308). Sputanjem klizaa potrebno je pronai u Part
List elemente . Kada se pronae element i obelei potrebno ga je potvrditi klikom na
OK. Iz iste biblioteke potrebno je odabrati VPULSE element koji je neophodan za
kontrolu i napajanje prekidaa (IGBT ili bilo koji drugi).
U sluaju da je potrebno jedan isti element vie puta uneti, posle izbora elementa levim
klikom se moe postaviti vie puta na radnoj emi a onda desnim klikom odabrati End
Mode.

318

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Unoenje prekidaa iz biblioteke IGBT se postie izborom element sa nazivom
IRG4BC20S.
U biblioteci Diode se nalazi dioda sa oznakom BYT12P-600 koja je potrebna da bi kolo
uspeno moglo da funkcionie.
Ostali elementi koji se koriste se nalaze u biblioteci Analog i to su R L i C pasivni
elementi. Kada se oni unesu dobija se izgled kola kao na slici 309, a da bi radna ema
bila kao na slici 309 iz desne palete menija potrebno je odabrati treu ikonu po redu
koji ima naziv Place Wire. Tako se spajaju svi elementi provodnicima.
Na kraju je iz desne palete menija potrebno odabrati simbol za uzemljenje i iz liste
odabrati uzemljenje sa nazivom 0.

Slika 309 Izgled eme po zavretku unoenja elemenata

Podeavanje parametara
319

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Za podeavanje vrednosti elemenata potrebno je levim klikom odabrati njihovu
vrednost na radnoj emi i uneti novu vrednost.
Izvor koji ima oznaku V1 na slici 3 treba postaviti na vrednost 100V. Naponski izvor V2
treba podesiti tako da kolo za okidanje gejta daje naponske impulse +/-15V (ovo se
postie unoenjem vrednosti za V1 i V2, f = 10 kHz (ovo se postie unoenjem vremena u
delu sa nazivom PER), ton =45 us i toff = 45 us (ova vremena se unose u delu sa nazivima
PW i TD). Vremena trajanja usponske i opadajue ivice su po 5 uS i to se podeava u TR i
TF. Na izvoru V3 potrebno je podesiti da sve vrednosti imaju vrednost 0.
Podeavaju se vrednosti pasivnih elemenata R, L i C i to se jednostavno radi klikom i
promenom vrednosti na njima.
Kada se unesu sve vrednosti dobija se kolo kao na slici 310.

Z1

V2

IRG4BC20S

20E

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0.000045
TR = 0.000005
TF = 0.000005
PW = 0.000045
PER = 0.0001

R1

D1
BY T12P-600

L1
1
1.5mH

V1

Z2

V1 = 0
V2 = 0
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0
PER = 0

V3

20E

IRG4BC20S

R2

0.1E

R4
0.05E

100Vdc

R3
2

D2
BY T12P-600
C1
4u7

R5
25E

Slika 310 Elektrino kolo koje je spremno za simulaciju

Unoenje sondi i mernih davaa

U delu iznad radne eme nalazi se meni sa najee korienim sondama. Poto
postoje velike anse da na radnoj emi treba vie veliina meriti sasvim je opravdano
postavljanje ove palete to blie radnoj emi. Drugi nain da se unesu merne sonde je
preko PSpice padajueg menija izborom na Markers, to je prikazano na slici 311.

320

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 311 Postupak unoenja mernih sondi

Pokretanje simulacije i zadaci simulacije

Nova simulacija se pokree u PSpice meniju izborom New Simulation Profile i uneti naziv
za simulacioni profil. Potrebno je uneti podeavanja kao na slici 312.

Kada se unesu parametri sa slike 312 i kada se to potvrdi odabirom na OK kolo je

spremno za simulaciju. Potrebno je uneti merne sonde za one veliine koje su znaajne
za prouavanje. Kada se unesu merne sonde simulacija se pokree pritiskom na
dugme Run PSpice koje se nalazi u paleti iznad radne eme a izgleda kao play dugme
za muziku.

321

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 312 Podeavanje simulacionog profila

Napon na diodi
Prikazivanje napona na diodi se postie postavljanjem diferencijalnog naponskog
markera koji ima dva kraja (plus i minus kraj za merenje). Plus kraj naponskog markera
se postavlja na anodu, a minus kraj naponskog markera se postavlja na katodu. Nakon
toga dobija se dijagram napona kao na slici 313.

322

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 313 Napon na diodi

Struja diode

323

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 314 Struja diode D2

Izlazni napon

324

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 315 Izlazni napon

Izlazni napon se prikazuje postavljanjem merne sonde na otpornik R5.

Napon na kondenzatoru
Na slici 316 je prikazana valovitost napona na kondenzatoru, a da bi se ona odredila
potrebno je iz Trace menija u SCHEMATIC prozoru odabrati Cursor pa onda Display.
Potrebno je delove A1 i A2 postaviti tako da oznaavaju maksimum i minimum napona
u ustaljenom stanju tako da se moe precizno izmeriti tj proitati vrednost valovitosti
napona. Taka A1 se postavlja na maksimalnu vrednost u delu posle 3ms levim klikom
mia na vrednost koja je priblina maksimalnoj, i u paleti iznad grafika izborom ikone
koja ima naziv Cursor Peak. Ovo se moe odabrati i preko Trace menija. Za taku A2
potrebno je priblino odabrati minimum u delu posle 3ms, i ovo treba kliknuti desnim
klikom mia. Dalje je potrebno u paleti iznad grafika odabrati ikonu koja ima naziv
Cursor Trough. U Probe Cursor prozoru pojavljuju se vrednosti za take A1 i A2 a upolju
dif je izraunata njihova razlika. Valovitost pretsavlja razliku maksimalne i minimalne
vrednosti i ona se moe proitati u polju dif i ta vrednost valovitosti napona iznosi
4.5337V.

325

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 316 Valovitost napona na kondenzatoru

Odreivanje srednja vrednost napona na kondenzatoru se postie izborom iz Trace

menija Add Trace i dobija se novi prozor koji izgleda kao na slici 317. U desnom delu
prozora sa slike 317 nalaze se funkcije, a da bi se dobila srednja vrednost potrebno je
uneti u polje Trace Expression sledeu matematiku funkciju: AVG(V(C1:2)).
Kada se matematika funkcija unese, potrebno je to potvrditi pritiskom na OK i
prikazae se grafika vrednost kao na slici 318 pri emu je srednja vrednost napona na
kondenzatoru oznaena crvenom bojom.
Upotrebom Probe Cursor prozora ova vredonst se moe izmeriti sa dijagrama i numeriki
prikazati kao to je uraeno na slici 318. Da bi se to uradilo potrebno je desnim klikom
odabrati crveni krui u dnu grafika i jednostavno desnim klikom odabrati kraj grafika.
Srednja vrednost napona se ispisuje za odabrani vremenski trenutak kao na slici 318.

326

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 317 Prozor za podeavanje matematikih formi merenih signala

327

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 318 Izmerena srednja vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Srednja vrednost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 45.999V.

328

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 319 Izmerena efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzaotru

Odreivanje efektivne vrednost napona na kondenzatoru se postie izborom iz Trace

menija Add Trace, i dobija se novi prozor koji izgleda kao na slici 317. U desnom delu
prozora sa slike 317 nalaze se funkcije, a da bi se dobila srednja vrednost potrebno je
uneti u polje Trace Expression sledeu matematiku funkciju: RMS(V(C1:2)).
Kada se matematika funkcija unese, potrebno je to potvrditi pritiskom na OK i
prikazae se grafika vrednost kao na slici 319 pri emu je efektivna vrednost napona
na kondenzatoru oznaena plavom bojom.
Upotrebom Probe Cursor prozora ova vredonst se moe izmeriti sa dijagrama i numeriki
prikazati kao to je uraeno na slici 319. Da bi se to uradilo potrebno je desnim klikom
odabrati plavi krui u dnu grafika i jednostavno desnim klikom odabrati kraj grafika.
Efektivna vrednost napona se ispisuje za odabrani vremenski trenutak kao na slici 319.
Efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 46.568 V.
Struja prigunice

329

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Merenje struje i prikazivanje grafika se postie postavljanjem strujnog markera u taku 1
na radnoj emi.

Slika 320 Srednja vrednost, efektivna vrednost I valovitost struje u prigunici

Na slici 320 moe se proitati preko Probe Cursor prozora da valovitost struje iznosi
1.7064 A, srednja vrednost struje iznosi 1.8848 A a efektivna vrednost iznosi 1.9075 A.
Struja izvora

330

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 321 Valovitost, srednja vrednost I efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Na slici 321 se moe proitati da valovitost struje izvora iznosi 2.7187 A, srednja vrednost
je 917 mA, a efektivna vrednost 1.3742 A.
Odreivanje harmoniskog spektra u struji izvora
U radnoj emi neophodno je ukloniti sve markere da bi mogao da se odredi harmoniski
spektar. Ako postoji neki od markera prilikom pokretanja simulacije funkcija Fourier
Transform ne moe nita da prikae tj dolazi do prijavljivanja greke.
Funkcija Fourier Transform se aktivira izborom iz Trace menija Add Trace, i Functions or
Macros prebaciti na Plot Window Templates i u novim opcijama je prikazana Fourier
Transform funkcija. Kada se odabere ta funkcija potrebno je odabrati i veliinu za koju
to treba da se analizira a u Trace Expression polju treba da pie Fourier Transform(I(V1)).
Kada se to potvrdi klikom na OK dobija se grafik kao na slici 322.

331

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 322 Harmoniski sastav struje izvora

Komponenta na 30kHz iznosi 394 mA, na 50kHz vrednost komponente je 233 mA, a na
70kHz 160 mA.
Odreivanje AC komponente struje izvora
Ako se postavi pokaziva mia na komponentu 0 Hz njena vrednost u Probe Cursor
prozoru je 1.1828 A. Ta vrednost je DC komponenta struje.
AC komponenta se moe izraunati prema sledeoj formuli :

Na slici 321

, sledi da je

Odreivanje snaga
Ulazna snaga je prikazana na slici 323 i ona iznosi oko 91 W.

332

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 323 Srednja vrednost ulazne snage

Izlazna snaga je prikazana na slici 324 i ona iznosi 86 W. Razlika ulazne i izlazne snage je
5 W.

333

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 324 Srednja vrednost izlazne snage

Odreivanje gubitaka (kondukcionih i komutacionih )

334

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 325 Odreivanje gubitaka na IGBT pri f=10kHz

Gubici na tranzistoru usled provoenja iznose 106 uJ, a usled komutacije 58 uJ. Ukupna
energija gubitaka je 164 uJ.

335

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 326 Gubici na diodi pri f=10 kHz

Kondukcioni gubici na diodi su 83.8 uJ, a komutacioni 213 nJ.

Frekvencija se poveava na 20 kHz unoenjem u izvoru V2 sledeih vrednosti:

TD=0.0000245
TR=0.0000005
TF=0.0000005
PW=0.0000245
PER=0.00005

Potrebno je pokrenuti ponovo simulaciju i snimiti energije gubitaka.

336

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 327 Gubici na IGBT pri f=20 kHz

Vrednost kondukcionih gubitaka je 58 uJ to je duplo manja vrednost u ondosu za f=10

kHz, ukupna energija gubitaka je 108 uJ. Komutacioni gibitci su 50 uJ i ovo je priblina
vrednost u ondosu na izmerenu vrednost za f=10 kHz.

337

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 328 Gubici na diodi pri f=20 kHz

Kondukcioni gubici iznose 41.5 uJ to je duplo manja vrednost u odnosu na vrednost

izmerenu za f=10 kHz jer je sada frekvencija duplo vea, energija ukupnih gubitaka je
41.7 uJ a komutacioni gubici su 200 nJ.

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.25 i sa neprekidnom strujom

Potrebno je u izvoru V2 promeniti sledee parametre da bi se postigao novi indeks
modulacije:

TD=0.000065
TR=0.000005
TF=0.000005
PW=0.000025
PER=0.0001

Napon na diodi

338

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 329 Napon na diodi D2

Izlazni napon

339

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 330 Izlazni napon

Napon na kondenzatoru

340

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 331 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Valovitost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 3.6645 V, srednja vrednost je 26.605 V a

efektivna vrednost napona je 27.977 V.
Formula za izraunavanje srednje vrednost napona na izlazu je:

Ova vrednost izlaznog napona odstupa od proraunate zato to je vreme voenja

tranzistora neto vee od 25 us jer ovde postoji i vreme uzlazne i silazne ivice.
Struja prigunice

341

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 332 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje prigunice

Valovitost struje prigunice iznosi 1.3735 A, srednja vrednost struje je 1.0894 A a efektivna
vrednost je 1.1740 A.
Struja izvora

342

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 333 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Valovitost stuje izvora iznosi 1.7648 A, srednja vrednost je 313 mA a efektivna vrednost je
628 mA.

Rad sa indeksom modulacije m=0.75 i sa neprekidnom strujom

Potrebno je u izvoru V2 promeniti sledee parametre da bi se postigao novi indeks
modulacije:

TD=0.000015
TR=0.000005
TF=0.000005
PW=0.000075
PER=0.0001

Napon na diodi

343

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 334 Napon na diodi D2

Izlazni napon

344

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 335 Izlazni napon

Napon na kondenzatoru

345

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 336 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost napona na kondenzatoru

Valovitost napona na kondenzatoru iznosi 3.1201 V, srednja vrednost je 75.284 V a

efektivna vrednost napona je 76.038 V.
Formula za izraunavanje srednje vrednosti napona na izlazu je:

Primetiti da izmerena vrednost zadovoljava vrednost prorauna.

Struja prigunice

346

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 337 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje prigunice

Valovitost struje u prigunici iznosi 1.1648 A. Srednja vrednost struje iznosi 3.0848 A a
efektivna vrednost struje u prigunici je 3.1332 A.
Struja izvora

347

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 338 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Valovitost struje izvora je 3.6275 A, srednja vrednost je 2.4194 A a efektivna vrednost je

2.774 A.

Dvokvadrantni reim rada

Pretvara je simuliran tako da radi u motornom reimu rada prvih 5us a nakon tog
vremenskog intervala pretvara radi u reimu koenja to traje 10.5us.
Ukupno vreme trajanja simulacije je 13us.
Ako se pogleda paljivo izvor V4 primeuje se da je podeen kako je opisano iznad, to
znai da reim koenja traje 8us, ali PSpice ne prijavljuje greku. Pogledati PSpice
dokument da bi se razumelo podeavanje.
Naponski izvor V4 simulira optereenje. U prvih 5us V4 predstavlja motor i ima vrednost
napona od 30V. Nakon 5us, motor poinje da koi, stoga se napon na V4 povea na
vrednost 70V, a sva energija se vraa u izvor.

348

PSpice simulacije u energetici

D1
BY T12P-600

Z1
R2
IRG4BC20S
20E
100Vdc

V1

V+

V2

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0.00005
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.0000485
PER = 0.0001

V-

L1
1

R1
2

1mH

1.5E

Z2
R3

IRG4BC20S

20E

V3

V+

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.0000485
PER = 0.0001

V-

D2
BY T12P-600

V1 = 30
V2 = 70V
TD = 0.005
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.0105
PER = 0.013

V4

Slika 339 Radna ema za dvokvadrantni reim rada

Naponski izvor V2 je podeen tako da ukljuuje i mrtvo vreme ili vreme kanjenja. U
vremenu od prvih 50 us traje impuls napona -15 V definisan preko TD, dalje je
definisano trajanje impulsa preko PW vrednosti napona 15 V i to vreme je 48,5us.
Ukupno vreme trajanja je definisano vremenom PER i to vreme iznosi 100 us. Ako se
saberu ova dva vremena (TR+PW) uoava se da nedostaje vreme od 1.5 us do
vremenskog intervala od 100 us. To vreme se naziva vreme kanjenja ili mrtvo vreme i u
toku tog vremena napon je -15 V. U praksi to vreme postiji jer se energetski prekidai ne
mogu momentalno ukljuiti, i to je ono vreme koje se neplanirano pojavljuje, u praksi bi
bio plan 50 us iskljuen i 50 us ukljuen prekida.
Naponi na diodama D1 i D2

349

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 340 Napon na diodi D1

U vremenu od 5us na poetku simulacije napon na diodi D1 je uvek negativan i u tom

vremenskom intervalu dioda ne provodi.

350

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 341 Napon na diodi D2

U vremenu posle 5us napon na diodi D2 je negativan i ona ne provodi u tom

vremenskom intervalu. Primeuje se da posle 5us postoji mali deo vremena u kome
dioda D2 vodi i to vreme traje sve dok struja u prigunici ne promeni smer.
Analiza prelaznog stanja

351

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 342 Struja prigunice (zelena), napon Vge na tranzistoru Z2 (crvena) i struja tranzistora Z2 (ljubiasta)

Na slici 342 moe se primetiti da u prve etiri periode rada tranzistora struja je Ic2= 0 A,
dok struja kalema ne opadne na nulu ne dolazi do proticanja struje kroz tranzistor. Za to
vreme dok opada struja kroz kalem, strujno kolo se zatvara preko diode D2 i to je
prikazano na slici 343. Takoe na slici 342 moe se primetiti da struja kalema opada pod
uticajem pozitivnog napona Vge(Z2). Kada je napon negativan struja pokuava da
raste ali pod uticajem naponskog izvora V4 ta strmina porasta je znatno manja.

352

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 343 Struja kalema (zeleno) struja diode D2 (crveno)

353

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 344 Disipacija energije na diodi D2

Gubitak energije u prelaznom stanju na diodi D2 iznosi 1.2684 mJ to u vremenu od 400

us daje snagu gubitaka od 3.171 W na diodi D2.
Struja prigunice

354

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 345 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje prigunice u motornom reimu rada

Valovitost struje u motornom reimu rada iznosi 2.4745 A, srednja vrednost je 9.75 A a
efektivna vrednost je 10.138 A.

355

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 346 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje prigunice u reimu koenja

Valovitost struje u reimu koenja iznosi 2.4837 A, srednja vrednost je -2.184 A i ova
vrednost je pogrena jer vreme u kome se rauna je malo. Analizom slika srednja
vrednost bi trebala da bude oko -11A. Problem dueg vremena trajanja simulacije je
zbog malog koraka simulacije od 20ns, prosean personalni raunar ne bi mogao da
uradi simulaciju i da prikae grafik. Efektivna vrednost je 10.323 A.
Struja izvora

356

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 347 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Valovitost struje u motornom reimu iznosi 12.5 A, srednja vrednost je -4.75 A a efektivna
vrednost je 7.2 A.
U reimu koenja valovitost struje izvora je 12.5 A, srednja vrednost je 1.22 A, i ovde
postoji problem sa trajanjem simulacije koji je opisan pre, a efektivna vrednost je 7.39 A.
Ulazna i izlazna snaga

357

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 348 Srednja vrednost snage izvora V1

U motornom reimu srednja vrednost snage izvora V1 je -476 W, a u reimu koenja

srednja vrednost snage izvora V1 je 122 W.

358

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 349 Srednja vrednost snage izvora V4

U motornom reimu srednja vrednost snage izvora V4 je 292 W, a u reimu koenja

srednja vrednost izlazne snage je -303 W.
U reimu koenja snaga se prenosi iz izvora V4 i to je predstavljeno negativnom
vrednou na slici 349, a obrnuto vai za izvor V1 na slici 348.

Ogled sa indeksom kanjenja N=60% (TD=60us)

Radna ema za simulaciju ovog ogleda prikazana je na slici 350. U poreenju sa
prethodnim experimentom skoro da nema nikakvih promena, ovde je sada podeeno
TD=60us na naponskom izvoru V2 i ukljueno je mrtvo vreme u trajanju od 2us, period na
naponskom izvoru V2 je ostao nepromenjen i iznosi 100us. Trajanje impulsa za naponski
izvor V2 moe se izraunati prema sledeoj formuli PW=100us N 2us=38us.
Za naponski izvor V3 trajanje impulsa se rauna po sledeoj formuli PW=N-2us=58us.
Ovi podaci su uneti u radnu emu koja je prikazana na slici 350 i po kojoj se simulacija
izvrava.
359

PSpice simulacije u energetici

D1
BY T12P-600

Z1
R2
IRG4BC20S
20E
100Vdc

V1

V2

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0.00006
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.000038
PER = 0.0001

L1
1

R1
2

1mH

1.5E

Z2
R3

1
3

V3

IRG4BC20S

20E

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.000058
PER = 0.0001

D2
BY T12P-600

V1 = 30
V2 = 70V
TD = 0.005
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.0105
PER = 0.013

V4

Slika 350 Radna ema

Napon na diodama D1 i D2

360

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 351 Napon na diodi D1

361

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 352 Napon na diodi D2

Ako se paljivo pogledaju prethodne slike i uporede sa prethodnim delom u kome je

bilo N=50us primeuje se da prelazni proces prelaska iz motornog u reim koenja u
ovom sluaju sporije traje, i to se analizira detaljnije.
Analiza prelaznog stanja

362

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 353 Struja prigunice (zelena), napon Vge na tranzistoru Z2 (crvena) i struja tranzistora Z2 (ljubiasta)

Za deo N=50% prelazni proces je trajao 400us, ovde je izmereno da prelazni proces traje
128.866 us. Poto posle 5ms oper prelazi iz motornog reima u reim koenja, dalje
ukljuivanjem tranzistora Z2 dolazi do opadanja struje kalema u tim vremenskim
intervalima, i poto ti vremenski intervali u ovom sluaju traju due logino je oekivati
da prelazni proces bude krai. Posle promene na reim koenja struja kroz tranzistor Z2
se uspostavlja posle 128 us.
Struja prigunice

363

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 354 Struja kalema u motornom reimu rada

Valovitost struje u motornom reimu rada je 2.3421 A, srednja vrednost je 3.9417 A a

efektivna vrednost je 4.1582 A.
Valovitost struje u reimu koenja je 2.4219 A, srednja vrednost izmerena na slici je -8 A
ali poto kratko traje simulacija ova vrednost nije tana i trebala bi da bude oko -17 A.
Efektivna vrednost je 12.99 A i ova vrednost takoe nije dobra, kao to je pomenuto
problem je ogranienje memorije na prosenom personalnom raunaru.

364

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 355 Struja kalema u motornom reimu i reimu koenja

Struja izvora

365

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 356 Struja izvora u motornom reimu rada

U motornom reimu rada valovitost struje iznosi 5.7357 A, srednja vrednost struje je 1.52 A
a efektivna vrednost struje je 2.61 A.
U reimu koenja valovitost struje je 18.61 A, srednja vrednost struje izmerena prema slici
357 je 3.48 A a efektivna vrednost je 8.48 A. Ovde postoji greka zbog trajanja
simulacije.

366

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 357 Struja izvora u reimu koenja

Ulazna i izlazna snaga

367

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 358 Snaga izvora V1

U motornom reimu rada snaga izvora V1 je -152 W a u reimu koenja snaga izvora V1
je 348 W.

368

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 359 Snaga izvora V4

Snaga izvora u motornom reimu je 118 W a u reimu koenja snaga izvora V4 je 753 W.
U reimu koenja snaga ulazi preko izvora V4 i to je predstavljeno negativnom
vrednou na slici 359, a obrnuto vai za izvor V1 na slici 358, pozitivna vrednost je
potroa a negativna vrednost je izvor snage.

Ogled sa indeksom kanjenja N=70% (TD=70us)

Radna ema za simulaciju ovog ogleda prikazana je na slici 360. U poreenju sa
prethodnom radnom emom skoro da nema nikakvih promena, ovde je sada
podeeno TD=70us na naponskom izvoru V2 i ukljueno je mrtvo vreme u trajanju od
2us, period na naponskom izvoru V2 je ostao nepromenjen i iznosi 100us. Trajanje
impulsa za naponski izvor V2 moe se izraunati prema sledeoj formuli PW=100us N
2us=28us.
Za naponski izvor V3 trajanje impulsa se rauna po sledeoj formuli PW=N-2us=68us.

369

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Ovi podaci su uneti u radnu emu koja je prikazana na slici 360 i po kojoj se simulacija
izvrava.

D1
BY T12P-600

Z1
R2
IRG4BC20S
20E
100Vdc

V1

V2

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0.00007
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.000028
PER = 0.0001

L1
1

R1
2

1mH

1.5E

Z2
R3

V3

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.000068
PER = 0.0001

IRG4BC20S

20E
D2
BY T12P-600

V1 = 30
V2 = 70V
TD = 0.005
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 0.0105
PER = 0.013

V4

Slika 360 Radna ema

Napon na diodama D1 i D2

370

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 361 Napon na diodi D1

371

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 362 Napon na diodi D2

Na slici se moe primetiti da se prelazni proces skoro momentalno zavrava. Detaljnija

analiza sledi u nastavku.
Analiza prelaznog stanja

372

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 363 Struja prigunice (zelena), napon Vge na tranzistoru Z2 (crvena) i struja tranzistora Z2 (ljubiasta)

U toku motornog reima rada opera struja je prekidna. Takoe postoji vremenski
interval kada je struja negativna a uzrokovana je proticanjem struje kroz tranzistor Z2.
Ve u trenutku 5ms struja kree da opada tako da prelazni proces se zavrava ve
posle 14.37 us kada poinje da protie znatno vea struja kroz tranzistor Z2 i sve do
kraja simulacije struja prigunice je negativna tj. u suprotonom smeru.
Poto je prekidni reim da bi se izalo iz prekidnog i da bi se oper ponovo nalazio u
motornom reimu rada potrebno je napon V1 na izvoru V4 smanjiti na vrednost 20V.
Kada se to uradi dobija se sledei oblik prelaznog stanja,slika 364.

373

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 364 Struja prigunice (zelena), napon Vge na tranzistoru Z2 (crvena) i struja tranzistora Z2 (ljubiasta)

Struja prigunice

374

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 365 Struja prigunice u motornom i reimu koenja

Valovitost struje u motornom reimu je 2 A, srednja vrednost je 3.952 A a efektivna

vrednost je 4.14 A.
Valovitost struje u reimu koenja je 2.166 A, srednja vrednost je -11.86 A a efektivna
vrednost je 17.725A. U prikazanom grafiku postoji greka za srednju i efektivnu vrednost
jer je kratko vreme simulacije, a vrednosti treba da budu oko 25 A.
Struja izvora

375

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 366 Struja izvora

U motornom reimu valovitost struje je 5.6 A, srednja vrednost struje je -1.12 A a

efektivna vrednost je 2.25 A.
U reimu koenja valovitost struje je 24.95 A, srednja vrednost struje je 3.83 A a efektivna
vrednost je 10.89 A. I ovde za srednju i efektivnu vrednost postoji greka zbog vremena
trajanja simulacije.
Ulazna i izlazna snaga

376

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 367 Snaga izvora V1

U motornom reimu snaga izvora V1 je -113 W, a u reimu koenja snaga izvora je 383
W.
U motornom reimu snaga izvora V4 je 79 W, a u reimu koenja snaga izvora je 906 W.
U reimu koenja snaga ulazi preko izvora V4 i to je predstavljeno negativnom
vrednou, a obrnuto vai za izvor V1, pozitivna vrednost je potroa a negativna
vrednost je izvor snage.

377

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 368 Snaga izvora V4

378

PSpice simulacije u energetici

etvorokvadrantni oper
Unoenje elektrine eme
Prilikom pokretanja OrCAD programa potrebno je iz File menija odabrati New pa onda
Project. Pojavljuje se prozor u kome je potrebno uneti podeavanja kao na slici 369. U
delu Name potrebno je uneti naziv projekta. To moe da bude proizvoljno ali u sluaju
da se u delu Location, folder u kome se smetaju podaci i koji se bira na Browse nalazi
vie projekata, preporuka je birati naziv projekta da to preciznije opisuje ono to se
nalazi u tom fajlu. U delu Create a New Project Using potrebno je odabrati Analog or
Mixed A/D.

Slika 369 Proces unoenja novog projekta

Kada se unesu podeavanja kao na slici 369 potrebno je to potvrditi klikom na OK. Posle
toga se pojavljuje novi prozor u kome je potrebno odabrati Create a blank project i to
potvrditi na OK.
Kada se pojavi radna ema potrebno je uneti elemente koji su neophodni za kreiranje
projekta. To se postie izborom iz Place menija i Part i pojavljuje se prozor kao na slici
370.
379

PSpice simulacije u energetici

U delu Libraries u dnu slike na levoj strani nalazi se spisak biblioteka iz kojih se koristee
elementi za kreiranje radne eme.

Slika 370 Prozor za unoenje elemenata u radnu emu

Iz biblioteke Source potrebno je odabrati element VDC. Ovo je jednosmerni izvor

napajanja i do njega se dolazi kucanjem naziva u delu Part ili oznaavanjem biblioteke
(da dobije plavu boju kao na slici 370) i onda sputanjem preko klizaa. Kada se
pronae element i obelei, potrebno ga je potvrditi klikom na OK. Iz iste biblioteke
potrebno je odabrati VPULSE element koji je neophodan za kontrolu i napajanje
prekidaa (IGBT ili bilo koji drugi).
U sluaju da je potrebno jedan isti element vie puta uneti, posle izbora elementa levim
klikom se moe postaviti vie puta na radnoj emi a onda desnim klikom odabrati End
Mode.
Prekida iz biblioteke IGBT se unosi izborom elementa sa nazivom IRG4BC20S.
U biblioteci Diode se nalazi dioda sa oznakom BYT12P-600 koja je potrebna da bi kolo
uspeno moglo da funkcionie.

380

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Ostali elementi koji se koriste, nalaze se u biblioteci Analog i to su R, L i C pasivni
elementi. Kada se oni unesu dobija se izgled kola kao na slici 371, a da bi radna ema
bila kao na slici 3371 iz desne palete menija potrebno je odabrati treu ikonu po redu
koji ima naziv Place Wire. Tako se spajaju svi elementi provodnicima.
Na kraju je iz desne palete menija potrebno odabrati simbol za uzemljenje i iz liste
odabrati uzemljenje sa nazivom 0.

Slika 371 Izgled eme po zavretku unoenja elemenata

Podeavanje parametara
Podeavanje vrednosti elemenata se vri levim klikom na njihovu vrednost na radnoj
emi i unoenjem nove vrednosti.
Izvor koji ima oznaku V1 na slici 371 treba postaviti na vrednost 100V.
Naponski izvor V2 i V4 treba podesiti tako da kolo za okidanje gejta daje naponske
impulse +/-15V (ovo se postie unoenjem vrednosti za V1 i V2, f = 10 kHz (ovo se postie
unoenjem vremena u delu sa nazivom PER), ton =68 us i toff =30 us (ova vremena se
381

PSpice simulacije u energetici

unose u delu sa nazivima PW i TD). Usponska i opadajua ivica su 0 i to se podeava u
TR i TF. Vreme koje nedostaje do 100 us je 2us i to je mrtvo vreme.
Naponski izvor V3 i V5 treba podesiti tako da kolo za okidanje gejta daje naponske
impulse +/-15V (ovo se postie unoenjem vrednosti za V1 i V2, f = 10 kHz (ovo se postie
unoenjem vremena u delu sa nazivom PER), ton =28 us i toff =70 us (ova vremena se
unose u delu sa nazivima PW i TD). Usponska i opadajua ivica su 0 i to se podeava u
TR i TF. I ovde kao i pre postoji mrtvo vreme koje iznosi 2us.
Dalje se podeavaju vrednosti pasivnih elemenata R, L i C i to se jednostavno radi
klikom i promenom vrednosti na njima.
Kada se unesu sve vrednosti dobija se kolo kao na slici 372.

V1

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 68us
PER = 100us

V2

D1
BY T12P-600

IRG4BC20S
3

IRG4BC20S
3

R4

R3

Z3
Z1

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 70us
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 28us
PER = 100us

20E

V5

D3
BY T12P-600

20E

100Vdc
L1
1
2mH

V3

20E

R2

Z4
D2
BY T12P-600

IRG4BC20S
3

IRG4BC20S
3

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 70us
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 28us
PER = 100us

20E

Z2
R5

R1
2

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 68us
PER = 100us

V4

D4
BY T12P-600

20E

Slika 372 Elektrino kolo koje je spremno za simulaciju

Unoenje sondi i mernih davaa

U delu iznad radne eme nalazi se meni sa najee korienim sondama. Poto
postoje velike anse da na radnoj emi treba vie veliina meriti sasvim je opravdano
postavljanje ove palete to blie radnoj emi. Drugi nain da se unesu merne sonde je
preko PSpice padajueg menija izborom na Markers, to je prikazano na slici 373.

382

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 373 Postupak unoenja mernih sondi

Pokretanje simulacije i zadaci simulacije

Za pokretanje nove simulacije potrebno je u PSpice meniju odabrati New Simulation
Profile i uneti naziv za simulacioni profil. Potrebno je uneti podeavanja kao na slici 374.
SKIPBP opcija moe a i ne mora da bude odabrana.
Kada se unesu parametri sa slike 374 i kada se to potvrdi odabirom na OK kolo je
spremno za simulaciju. Potrebno je uneti merne sonde za one veliine koje su znaajne
za prouavanje. Kada se unesu merne sonde simulacija se pokree pritiskom na
dugme Run PSpice koje se nalazi u paleti iznad radne eme i ima izgled kao play
dugme za muziku.

383

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 374 Podeavanje simulacionog profila

Prvi kvadrant
Napon na diodama D1,D2,D3 i D4
Napona na diodi D1 se prikazuje postavljanjem diferencijalnog naponskog markera koji
ima dva kraja (plus i minus kraj za merenje). Plus kraj naponskog markera se postavlja
na anodu, a minus kraj naponskog markera se postavlja na katodu. Kada se postavi
naponski marker dobija se dijagram napona kao na slici 375. Isto treba ponoviti za
diode D2, D3 i D4 i to je prikazano na slikama 376, 377 i 378.

384

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 375 Napon na diodi D1

385

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 376 Napon na diodi D2

386

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 377 Napon na diodi D3

387

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 378 Napon na diodi D4

Izlazni napon

388

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 379 Izlazni napon

Izlazni napon se prikazuje postavljanjem diferencijalnog mernog markera na otpornik

R1.
Na slici 380 je prikazana valovitost napona na izlazu, a da bi se ona odredila potrebno
je iz Trace menija u SCHEMATIC prozoru odabrati Cursor pa onda Display. Potrebno je
delove A1 i A2 postaviti tako da oznaavaju maksimum i minimum napona u
ustaljenom stanju tako da se moe precizno izmeriti tj proitati vrednost valovitosti
napona. Taka A1 se postavlja na maksimalnu vrednost u delu posle 3ms levim klikom
mia na vrednost koja je priblina maksimalnoj, i u paleti iznad grafika se izabere ikona
koja ima naziv Cursor Peak. Ovo se moe odabrati i preko Trace menija. Minimalna
vrednost tj. taka A2 je priblino u delu posle 3ms, i ovo treba kliknuti desnim klikom
mia. Potrebno je u paleti iznad grafika odabrati ikonu koja ima naziv Cursor Trough. U
Probe Cursor prozoru pojavie se vrednosti za take A1 i A2 a u polju dif je izraunata
njihova razlika. Valovitost pretsavlja razliku maksimalne i minimalne vrednosti i ona se
moe proitati u polju dif i ta vrednost valovitosti napona iznosi 34.234 V.

389

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 380 Valovitost izlaznog napona

Srednja vrednost napona na izlazu se odreuje iz Trace menija izborom Add Trace i
dobija se novi prozor koji izgleda kao na slici 381. U desnom delu prozora sa slike 381
nalaze se funkcije, a da bi se dobila srednja vrednost potrebno je uneti u polje Trace
Expression sledeu matematiku funkciju: AVG(V(R1:1,R1:2)).
Kada se matematika funkcija unese, potrebno je to potvrditi pritiskom na OK i
prikazuje se grafika vrednost kao na slici 382 pri emu je srednja vrednost napona na
izlazu oznaena crvenom bojom.
Upotrebom Probe Cursor prozora ova vredonst se moe izmeriti sa dijagrama i numeriki
prikazati kao to je uraeno na slici 382. Potrebno je desnim klikom odabrati crveni
krui u dnu grafika i jednostavno desnim klikom odabrati kraj grafika. Srednja vrednost
napona se ispisuje za odabrani vremenski trenutak kao na slici 382.

390

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 381 Prozor za podeavanje matematikih formi merenih signala

391

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 382 Srednja vrednost izlaznog napona

Srednja vrednost izlaznog napona iznosi 33.632 V.

392

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 383 Efektivna vrednost izlaznog napona

Efektivna vrednost napona na izlazu se odreuje iz Trace menija izborom Add Trace i
dobija se novi prozor koji izgleda kao na slici 381. U desnom delu prozora sa slike 381
nalaze se funkcije, a da bi se dobila srednja vrednost potrebno je uneti u polje Trace
Expression sledeu matematiku funkciju: RMS(V(R1:1,R1:2)).
Kada se matematika funkcija unese, potrebno je to potvrditi pritiskom na OK i
prikazuje se grafika vrednost kao na slici 383 pri emu je efektivna vrednost napona
na izlazu oznaena plavom bojom.
Upotrebom Probe Cursor prozora ova vredonst se moe izmeriti sa dijagrama i numeriki
prikazati kao to je uraeno na slici 383. Potrebno je desnim klikom odabrati plavi krui
u dnu grafika i jednostavno desnim klikom odabrati kraj grafika. Efektivna vrednost
napona se ispisuje za odabrani vremenski trenutak kao na slici 383, a taj trenutak je 5ms.
Efektivna vrednost napona na izlazu iznosi 35.119 V.
Struja prigunice

393

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 384 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje prigunice

Valovitost struje prigunice iznosi 1.7121 A, srednja vrednost je 1.6816 A a efektivna

vrednost je 1.7559A.
Struja izvora

394

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 385 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora

Valovitost struje izvora iznosi 4.9304 A, srednja vrednost je -661 mA a efektivna vrednost
je 1.7797 A.
U proraunu ukljuenja i iskljuenja tranzistora potrebno je uzeti u obzir i mrtvo vreme.
Ako se to ne uzme u obzir u naponskom izvoru V1 (prikazano na sledeoj slici) nalazi se
struja kratkog spoja, pri komutaciji, oko 300 A koja traje oko 100 ns.
Struja izvora (simulacija bez mrtvog vremena)

395

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 386 Valovitost, srednja i efektivna vrednost struje izvora u simulaciji bez mrtvog vremena

Valovitost struje izvora iznosi 3.1185 A, srednja vrednost je 1.1469 A a efektivna vrednost
je 6.9963 A.
Odreivanje harmoniskog spektra u struji izvora
U radnoj emi potrebno je ukloniti sve markere da bi mogao da se odredi harmoniski
spektar. Ako postoji neki od markera prilikom pokretanja simulacije funkcija Fourier
Transform ne moe nita da prikae tj. dolazi do prijavljivanja greke.
Funkcija Fourier Transform se aktivira iz Trace menija izborom Add Trace, i deo Functions
or Macros prebaciti na Plot Window Templates i u novim opcijama je prikazana Fourier
Transform funkcija. Kada se odabere ta funkcija potrebno je odabrati i veliinu za koju
to treba da se analizira i u Trace Expression treba da pie Fourier Transform(I(V1)). Kada
se to potvrdi klikom na OK dobija se grafik kao na slici 387.

396

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 387 Harmoniski sastav struje izvora

Komponenta na 30 kHz iznosi 377 mA, komponenta na 50 kHz iznosi 406 mA a na 70 kHz
iznosi 220 mA.
Odreivanje AC komponente struje izvora
Ako se postavi pokaziva mia na komponentu 0 Hz njena vrednost u Probe Cursor
prozoru je 662 mA. Ta vrednost je vrednost DC komponente struje.
AC komponenta se moe izraunati prema sledeoj formuli :

Na slici 385

odakle sledi da je

Odreivanje ulazne i izlazne snage

397

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 388 Snaga izvora V1

Vrednost ulazne snage je 66 W.

Vrednost izlazne snage je 61 W.
Razlika ulazne i izlazne snage je 5W.

398

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 389 Srednja vrednost izlazne snage

Odreivanje gubitaka (kondukcionih i komutacionih )

399

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 390 Ukupni gubici na IGBT (Z1) pri f=10kHz

Ukupni gubici na Z1 i na Z4 su jednaki jer pri nainu upravljanja prekidaima koji je

prikazan na slici 372 samo ova dva prekidaa provode i pored njih provode diode D2 i
D3, tako da se u ovom sluaju posmatraju gubici na Z1 i D2.
Energija ukupnih gubitaka na Z1 je 176 uJ, gubici usled kondukcije su 140 uJ, a
komutacioni gubitci su 36 uJ.

400

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 391 Ukupni gubici na D2 pri f=10kHz

Energija ukupnih gubitaka na D2 je 44 uJ, a gubici usled provoenja su 43 uJ.

Frekvencija se poveava na 20 kHz unoenjem u izvoru V2 i V4
parametara:

sledeih vrednosti

TD=0
TR=0
TF=0
PW=0.000033
PER=0.00005

a na izvoru V3 i V5 su sledee vrednosti:

TD=0.000035
TR=0
TF=0
PW=0.000013
PER=0.00005
401

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Potrebno je pokrenuti ponovo simulaciju i snimiti energije gubitaka.

Slika 392 Ukupni gubici na IGBT (Z1) pri f=20kHz

Energija ukupnih gubitaka na IGBT je 92 uJ, kondukcioni gubici su 62 uJ, to je priblino

duplo manja vrednost u ondosu na frekvenciju f=10 kHz. Komutacioni gubici su 30 uJ.

402

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 393 Ukupni gubici na D2 pri f=20kHz

Energija ukupnih gubitaka na diodi je 20 uJ, a kondukcioni gubici su 19 uJ to je duplo

manja vrednost u odnosu na f=10 kHz.

Drugi kvadrant
Prilikom simulacije ovog stanja, prekidai Z1 i Z4 su preko naponskih izvora podeeni da
budu ukljueni 70% vremena a prekidai Z2 i Z3 su ukljueni 30 % vremena.
Ovde je kao optereenje postavljen naponski izvor napona 50V.
Kolo po kome se vri simulacija je prikazano na sledeoj slici.

403

PSpice simulacije u energetici

V1

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 68us
PER = 100us

V2

D1
BY T12P-600

IRG4BC20S
3

IRG4BC20S
3

R4

R3

Z3
Z1

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 70us
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 28us
PER = 100us

20E

V5

D3
BY T12P-600

20E

100Vdc
L1
1

V6

R1
2

1.5mH

1E
50Vdc

V3

20E

D2
BY T12P-600

R2

1
IRG4BC20S
3

IRG4BC20S
3

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 70us
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 28us
PER = 100us

Z4

Z2
R5

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 68us
PER = 100us

V4

D4
BY T12P-600

20E

Slika 394 Elektrino kolo za analizu

Napon na diodama D1, D2, D3 i D4

404

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 395 Napon na diodi D1

405

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 396 Napon na diodi D2

406

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 397 Napon na diodi D3

407

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 398 Napon na diodi D4

Struja prigunice

408

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 399 Struja prigunice

Da bi mogla preciznije da se prikae srednja i efektivna vrednost struje prigunice vreme

trajanja simulacije je poveano na 10 ms.
Valovitost struje prigunice iznosi 2.6795 A, srednja vrednost struje prigunice je -3.4511 A
a efektivna vrednost struje prigunice je 3.6484 A.
Struja izvora

409

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 400 Struja izvora

Valovitost struje izvora iznosi 10.450 A, srednja vrednost je 1.4812 A a efektvna vrednost
je 3.7068 A.
Odreivanje ulazne i izlazne snage

410

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 401 Srednja vrednost snage izvora V1

Da bi mogla da se prikae srednja vrednost u ustaljenom stanju vreme trajanja

simulacije je poveano na 30 ms.
Srednja vrednost snage izvora V1 je 163 W i u ovom sluaju se izvor ponaa kao
potroa.
Srednja vrednost snage izvora V6 je -189 W i to je ulazna snaga.
Razlika ulazne i izlazne snage je 26 W.

411

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 402 Srednja vrednost snage izvora V6

Trei kvadrant
U odnosu na deo koji je pre simuliran sada su vremena kada su prekidai ukljueni
zamenjena. Naponske izvore V2 i V4 potrebno je podesiti na sledei nain:

TD=0
TR=0
TF=0
PW=28us
PER=100us

Naponske izvore V3 i V5 potrebno je podesiti na sledei nain:

TD=30us
TR=0
TF=0
PW=68us
PER=100us
412

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Radna ema po kojoj e se raditi simulacija je prikazana na sledeoj slici.

V1

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 28us
PER = 100us

V2

D1
BY T12P-600

IRG4BC20S
3

IRG4BC20S
3

R4

R3

Z3
Z1

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 30us
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 68us
PER = 100us

20E

V5

D3
BY T12P-600

20E

100Vdc
L1

R1

2
2.5mH

20E

V3

20E

D2
BY T12P-600

R2

1
IRG4BC20S
3

IRG4BC20S
3

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 30us
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 68us
PER = 100us

Z4

Z2
R5

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 28us
PER = 100us

V4

D4
BY T12P-600

20E

Slika 403 Elektrino kolo za analizu

Napon na diodama D1, D2, D3 i D4

413

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 404 Napon na diodi D1

414

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 405 Napon na diodi D2

415

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 406 Napon na diodi D3

416

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 407 Napon na diodi D4

Izlazni napon

417

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 408 Izlazni napon

Valovitost izlaznog napona je 34.243 V, srednja vrednost je -32.950 V a efektivna

vrednost je 34.789 V.
Struja prigunice

418

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 409 Struja prigunice

Valovitost struje prigunice iznosi 1.7121 A, srednja vrednost je -1.6475 A a efektivna

vrednost je 1.7393 A.
Struja izvora

419

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 410 Struja izvora

Valovitost struje izvora iznosi 4.9362 A, srednja vrednost struje izvora je 622 mA a
efektivna vrednost je 1.7628 A.
Odreivanje ulazne i izlazne snage

420

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 411 Srednja vrednost snage izvora V1

Srednja vrednost snage izvora V1 je -66 W i to je ulazna snaga.

Srednja vrednost snage optereenja je 60 W i to je izlazna snaga.
Razlika ulazne i izlazne snage je 6 W.

421

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 412 Srednja vrednost snage optereenja

etvrti kvadrant
Prilikom simulacije ovog stanja, prekidai Z1 i Z4 su preko naponskih izvora podeeni da
budu ukljueni 30% vremena a prekidai Z2 i Z3 su ukljueni 70 % vremena.
Ovde je kao optereenje postavljen naponski izvor napona 50V.
Kolo po kome se vri simulacija je prikazano na sledeoj slici.

422

PSpice simulacije u energetici

V1

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 28us
PER = 100us

V2

D1VBY T12P-600

IRG4BC20S
3

IRG4BC20S
3

R4

R3

Z3
Z1

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 30us
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 68us
PER = 100us

20E
V+

V5

D3
BY T12P-600

20E

100Vdc
L1
1

V6

R1
2

2.5mH

1E
50Vdc

V3

20E

D2
BY T12P-600

R2

1
IRG4BC20S
3

IRG4BC20S
3

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 30us
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 68us
PER = 100us

Z4

Z2
R5

V1 = -15
V2 = 15
TD = 0
TR = 0
TF = 0
PW = 28us
PER = 100us

V4

D4
BY T12P-600

20E

Slika 413 Elektrino kolo za analizu

Napon na diodiama D1, D2, D3 i D4

423

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 414 Napon na diodi D1

424

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 415 Napon na diodi D2

425

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 416 Napon na diodi D3

426

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 417 Napon na diodi D4

Struja prigunice

427

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 418 Struja prigunice

Valovitost struje prigunice iznosi 1.6183 A, srednja vrednost je 3.2651 A a efektivna

vrednost struje prigunice je 3.3882 A.
Struja izvora

428

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 419 Struja izvora

Valovitost struje izvora je 9.2289 A, srednja vrednost struje izvora je 1.4211 A a efektivna
vrednost struje izvora je 3.4664 A.
Odreivanje ulazne i izlazne snage

429

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 420 Srednja vrednost snage izvora V1

Srednja vrednost snage izvora V1 je 142 W i to je u ovom sluaju potroa.

Srednja vrednost snage izvora V6 je -163 W i to je ulazna snaga.
Razlika ulazne i izlazne snage je 21 W.

430

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 421 Srednja vrednost snage izvora V6

Zakljuak
Ako se pogledaju slika 379 (izlazni napon) i slika 384 (izlazna struja) zakljuuje se da su u
prvom kvadrantu struja i napon pozitivni.
Za drugi kvadrant struja i napon su prikazani na sledeoj slici, a sa slike se moe uoiti
da je napon pozitivan i da je struja negativna u drugom kvadrantu. Ovo se takoe
moe uoiti ako se pogleda radna ema za drugi kvadrant i na njoj poloaj naponskog
izvora i slika 399 za struju prigunice, koja je ujedno i struja optereenja zbog redne veze
elemenata.

431

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 422 Napon i struja u drugom kvadrantu

U treem kvadrantu struja i napon su negativni a to se moe uoiti na slikama 408

(izlazni napon) i 409 (struja prigunice).
U etvrtom kvadrantu struja je pozitivna a napon je negativan i to je prikazano na
sledeoj slici. To se takoe moe zakljuiti na osnovu slike 418 i poloaja naponskog
izvora V6 koji predstavlja optereenje.

432

PSpice simulacije u energetici

Slika 423 Struja i napon u etvrtom kvadrantu

433

2011 - 2012

NUMERIKE I OPTIMIZACIONE METODE

U ELEKTROTEHNICI

Mihailo ibonji

NUMERIKE METODE U ELEKTROTEHNICI

Sadraj
RAUN GREAKA ........................................................................................................................................... 1
- Priblini brojevi ........................................................................................................................................ 1
- Predstavljanje brojeva i njihovo zaokruivanje ......................................................................................... 2
- Greke aritmetikih operacija i njihovo prostiranje .................................................................................. 3
- Sabiranje na idealnom raunaru ...................................................................................................... 3
- Oduzimanje na idealnom raunaru .................................................................................................. 4
- Mnoenje na idealnom raunaru ..................................................................................................... 4
- Dijeljenje na idealnom raunaru ...................................................................................................... 5
- Mainske greke .............................................................................................................................. 5
- Kombinovane greke ....................................................................................................................... 7
METODE ZA RJEAVANJE NELINEARNIH JEDNAINA ...................................................................................... 8
- Red konvergencije ................................................................................................................................. 10
- Metod polovljenja intervala ................................................................................................................... 10
- Metod sekante (regula falsi) .................................................................................................................. 12
- Metod sjeice ........................................................................................................................................ 13
- Kombinovani metod .............................................................................................................................. 14
- Metod iteracije ...................................................................................................................................... 14
- Metod tangente (Newton-Raphson-ov metod) ....................................................................................... 16
- Uopteni Newton-ov metod .......................................................................................................... 22
- Primjena metoda na sisteme jednaina.................................................................................................. 23
METODE ZA RJEAVANJE ALGEBARSKIH JEDNAINA .................................................................................... 31
- Osobine polinoma i granice korijena ...................................................................................................... 31
- Granice korijena polinoma ..................................................................................................................... 32
- Horner-ov metod ................................................................................................................................... 34
- Bairstow metod (uopteni Horner-ove metod) ....................................................................................... 37

INTERPOLACIJA I APROKSIMACIJA................................................................................................................ 40
- Langrange-ov interpolacioni polinom ..................................................................................................... 42
- Procjena greke interpolacije......................................................................................................... 43
- Hermite-ov interpolacioni polinom ........................................................................................................ 44
- Greka Hermite-ovog interpolacionog polinoma............................................................................ 45
- Operatori i njihove osobine.................................................................................................................... 46
- Tablice konanih razlika................................................................................................................. 48
- Prvi i drugi Newton-ov interpolacioni polinom ....................................................................................... 49
- Romboidni dijagram............................................................................................................................... 51
- Srednja kvadratna aproksimacija ........................................................................................................... 53
- Ekonomizacija stepenih redova (Chebyshev-i polinomi) .......................................................................... 54
SISTEMI LINEARNIH JEDNAINA ................................................................................................................... 56
- Gauss-ov metod eliminacije ................................................................................................................... 57
- Svoenje na trougaonu formu (LU dekompozicija) ................................................................................. 58
- Jacobi-ev metod .................................................................................................................................... 60
- Gauss-Seidel-ov metod .......................................................................................................................... 62
NUMERIKA INTEGRACIJA ........................................................................................................................... 63
- Newton-Cotes-ove formule.................................................................................................................... 64
- Gauss-ova (Hermite-ova) integracija ...................................................................................................... 67
- Gauss-ove integralne formule ................................................................................................................ 68
- Gauss-Legendre-ov metod............................................................................................................. 69
- Viestruki integrali ................................................................................................................................. 70

NUMERIKO RJEAVANJE DIFERENCIJALNIH JEDNAINA.............................................................................. 71

- Taylor-ov metod .................................................................................................................................... 74
- Sistemi diferencijalnih jednaina ................................................................................................... 75
- Picard-ov metod .................................................................................................................................... 78
- Euler-ovi metodi za rjeavanje diferencijalnih jednaina ........................................................................ 79
- Eksplicitni Euler-ov metod ............................................................................................................. 79
- Implicitni Euler-ov metod (backward Euler's method) .................................................................... 80
- Trapezni Euler-ov metod ............................................................................................................... 81
- Opta Euler-ova formula (Theta metod)......................................................................................... 81
- Modifikovani Euler-ov metod (viekorani metod) ......................................................................... 81
- Tanost Euler-ovih metoda (greka) .............................................................................................. 82
- Stabilnost numerikih metoda za rjeavanje diferencijalnih jednaina.................................................... 86
- Stabilnost eksplicitnog Euler-ovog postupka .................................................................................. 87
- Stabilnost implicitnog Euler-ovog postupka (backward Euler's method) ......................................... 88
- Stabilnost trapeznog Euler-ovog postupka ..................................................................................... 89
- Runge-Kutta metodi ............................................................................................................................... 92
- Runge-Kutta metodi drugog reda .................................................................................................. 92
Runge-Kutta metodi treeg reda...................................................................................................... 95
- Runge-Kutta metodi etvrtog reda ................................................................................................ 96
- Runge-Kutta metodi petog reda .................................................................................................... 97
- Stabilnost Runge-Kutta metoda ..................................................................................................... 98
- Viekorani metodi .............................................................................................................................. 100
- Stabilnost viekoranih metoda ................................................................................................... 103
- Prediktor-Korektor formule.................................................................................................................. 104

OPTIMIZACIJA ............................................................................................................................................ 106

- Klasina optimizacija ............................................................................................................................ 110
- Problemi sa ogranienjima tipa jednaina ............................................................................................ 114
- Metod Langrange-ovih mnoitelja ............................................................................................... 115
- Metode jednodimenzione optimizacije ................................................................................................ 119
- Fibonacci-jev metod .................................................................................................................... 120
- Metod zlatnog presjeka ............................................................................................................... 122
- Metode aproksimacije polinomima ............................................................................................. 123
- Newton-ova metoda (metod tangente)................................................................................................ 124
- Viedimenziona optimizacija bez ogranienja....................................................................................... 125
- Metoda pomjeranja po osama (Hooke-Jeeves-ova metoda)......................................................... 125
- Powell-ova metoda ..................................................................................................................... 126
- Optimizacija bez ogranienja za derivabilne funkcije ............................................................................ 129
- Gradijentni metod (Cauchy-ev metod, metod najbreg opadanja) ............................................... 129
- Newton-ov metod ....................................................................................................................... 129
- Metode promjenjive (varijabilne) metrike (kvazi Newton-ove metode) ................................................ 130
- DFP metod (Davidon Fletcher Powell) .................................................................................... 131
- Konveksno programiranje .................................................................................................................... 132
- Uslov optimalnosti preko Langrange-ove funkcije........................................................................ 133
- Kuhn-Tucker-ovi uslovi optimalnosti ............................................................................................ 134
- Metod dopustivih smjerova......................................................................................................... 134

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

RAUN GREAKA
Svaki fiziki ili tehniki problem koji za ulaznu informaciju ima numerike podatke uvjek je praen
pojavom greaka. Zbog tog razloga, analiza greaka je sastavni dio ovih problema, pogotovo ako se
eksperimentalni ili drugi podaci obrauju na raunarima.
Ako se neka fizika pojava matematiki interpretira, najee se bira idealizovan model ije rjeenje
odraava samo priblinu sliku onoga ta se deava u realnosti, odnosno modelovanje problema predstavlja
aproksimaciju stvarnog modela i pri tome nastaje neotklonjiva (inherentna) greka. Pored toga imamo i
poetnu greku koja nastaje kao posljedica ulaznih podataka pribline tanosti, bilo da se radi o fizikalnim ili
matematikim konstantama, eksperimentalnim podacima i slino. Za praktina izraunavanja od najveeg
interesa su greke zaokruivanja. One nastaju kad smo prinueni da brojeve sa velikim brojem cifara
zamjenimo priblinim brojevima sa manjim brojem cifara, i karakteristine su za raunanje na raunarima.
Pored toga imamo i greke odabranog numerikog metoda, jer svaki numeriki metod daje samo priblina
rjeenja odreene tanosti i nazivaju se grekama metoda.
Cilj numerike analize nije samo u tome da razvija metode koji daju rezultate sa velikom tanou,
nego treba voditi rauna da izraunavanje traje to je mogue krae, odnosno da se rezultati dobijaju sa
manjim brojem operacija.

- Priblini brojevi
Priblian broj je broj koji zamjenjuje taan broj u aritmetikim operacijama. Odnosno moemo rei da
priblian broj predstavlja broj koji se neznatno razlikuje od tanog broja i koji zamjenjuje taan broj u
proraunima. Razlika:
=

naziva se greka priblinog broja . Vrlo esto predznak greke priblinog broja nije poznat pa se uvodi i
pojam apsolutne greke priblinog broja, odnosno:
| | = | |

Takoe u veini sluajeva taan broj nam nije poznat, to implicira da ne moemo odrediti apsolutnu
greku priblinog broja. Zbog toga, da bi procijenili u kojim se granicama nalazi broj na osnovu njegove
pribline vrijednosti , uvodimo pojam granice apsolutne greke. Granica apsolutne greke ||max
priblinog broja je svaki broj koji nije manji od apsolutne greke tog broja, odnosno:
| | ||max

| |max + | |max

Granica apsolutne greke, ne prua uvjek pravu sliku o grekama jer zavisi od vrijednosti broja pa
zbog toga se uvodi i pojam relativne greke priblinog broja.

Mihailo ibonji

-1-

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Relativna greka priblinog broja je kolinik greke priblinog broja i tanog broja , odnosno
priblinog broja i vrijedi:

Takoe i kod relativne greke zbog nepoznavanja predznaka, uvodimo pojam apsolutne relativne
greke priblinog broja na slijedei nain:
| | =

Granica apsolutne relativne greke | |max

apsolutne relativne greke tog broja:
| |max =

priblinog broja je svaki broj koji nije manji od

max
max

Treba nastojati da greke budu istog reda veliine, jer ne bi imalo smisla da napravimo veliku greku
pri pravljenju matematikog modela, a kasnije gledamo da dobijemo manju greku pri numerikom
rjeavanju. Naglasimo jo i to da procijenitelj greaka predstavlja matematiki alat koji nam govori kolika je
uinjena greka.

- Predstavljanje brojeva i njihovo zaokruivanje

Neka je dat broj u normalizovanom obliku, odnosno:

= 0. 1 2 3 +1

gdje je osnova (baza) sistema, karakteristika ili eksponent (pri emu je cijeli broj). Tada broj:
= 0. 1 2 3 +1

se naziva mantisa broja , koja nosi predznak. Pri emu su cifre mantise manje od baze sistema, a prva cifra
razliita od nule, pa moemo pisati:
=

Svaka cifra broja, izuzimajui nule koje slue za fiksiranje decimalnog mjesta, naziva se znaajnom
cifrom broja. Znaajna cifra broja je sigurna cifra ako greka tog broja nije vea od polovine jedinice date
cifre, odnosno ako vrijedi:
| |

1

2

Kae se da aproksimira sa znaajnih cifara ako | | ne prelazi jedinicu -tog mjesta mantise.

-2-

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Zaokruivanje broja je formiranje priblinog broja sa manjim brojem cifara, pri emu je greka
najmanja (pored zaokruivanja postoji i prosto odsijecanje kod koga se cifre samo odbacuju). Pravila
zaokruivanja brojeva se mogu generalisati na nain:
-

Ako je posljednja zadrana cifra ispred cifre manje od pet, tada se sve preostale cifre
jednostavno odbacuju.
Ako je posljednja zadrana cifra ispred cifre vee od pet, tada se posljednja zadrana cifra
povea za jedan a ostatak odbacujemo.
Ako je posljednja zadrana cifra ispred cifre jednake pet, tada se koristimo pravilom parne
cifre i to na nain da ako je posljednja zadrana cifra parna, samo odbacujemo ostatak, a ako
je neparna uveemo za jedan posljednju zadranu cifru a ostale odbacujemo.

- Greke aritmetikih operacija i njihovo prostiranje

Greke aritmetikih operacija razmatrat emo u tri dijela. U prvom promatramo sluaj kada dva broja
ulaze u raun zaokrueni a proraun se vri na idealizovanom raunaru koji ne unosi dodatne greke, zatim
promatramo sluaj kada su brojevi koji ulaze u raun tani a raun se vri na realnom raunaru koji zbog
ograniene duine rijei izaziva greku u izlaznom rezultatu. Na kraju analiziramo kombinaciju ova dva
sluaja, odnosno brojevi koji ulaze u raun su zaokrueni, i proraun se vri na realnom raunaru.
Posmatrajmo sluaj kada dva broja ulaze u raun zaokrueni, a raunamo na hipotetikom raunaru,
koji ne unosi dodatne greke. Pa prema tome imamo:
= +

= +

- Sabiranje na idealnom raunaru

+ = + + + = ( + ) + ( + )

Pri emu je ( + ) priblina vrijednost, a ( + ) = ( + ) greka sabiranja brojeva. Za

praktina raunanja mnogo je pogodnije nalaziti relativnu greku odnosno:
+ =

+ +

=
+
=
+

+
+
+
+
+
+

to moemo predstaviti i grafiki:

a
a+b

Mihailo ibonji

b
a+b
a+b

-3-

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Ovaj graf moemo tumaiti na nain da na izlazu dobijamo zbir ija je relativna greka jednaka
linearnoj kombinaciji relativnih greaka sabiraka sa teinskim koeficijentima:

- Oduzimanje na idealnom raunaru

= ( + ) ( ) = ( ) + ( )

Pri emu je ( ) priblina vrijednost oduzimanja dva broja, a = ( ) greka oduzimanja

brojeva. Kao i kod sabiranja, za praktina raunanja pogodnije je nai relativnu reku odnosno:
=

Primjetimo da kritian sluaj nastupa kada su brojevi i bliski (priblino jednaki) jer tada su teinski
koeficijenti veliki, te relativna greka moe biti znatno vea od relativne greke brojeva i . Na primjer
posmatrajmo rjeavanje kvadratne jednaine:
2 + + = 0

Korijeni ove jednaine su:

1/2 =

2 4
2

Za sluaj || 2 moramo oduzimati bliske brojeve, te da bi to izbjegli koristei se Viet-ovim pravilom, ili
racionalisanjem razlomka nalazimo:
1 =

+ 2 4

ime smo izbjegli oduzimanje bliskih (priblino jednakih brojeva).

- Mnoenje na idealnom raunaru

= ( + ) ( + ) = ( ) + ( + + )

Pri emu je ( ) priblina vrijednost mnoenja dva broja, a ( + ) greka

mnoenja brojeva, pri emu je proizvod ( ) zanemaren, obzirom da je u pitanju mnoenje dva veoma
mala broja. Relativna greka mnoenja je:
=

-4-

+ + +

=
+
= +

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Dijeljenje na idealnom raunaru

+ + + +
=
=

=
2
+ + 2 + + ()2
=

+ 2 2 = +

= + = + ( )
2

Pri emu je / priblina vrijednost a / = ( )/ greka dijeljenja dva broja. Kao i u

predhodnim sluajevima, od znaaja nam je da odredimo relativnu greku dijeljenja dva broja:
/

( )
( )
/
/
+

=
=
=
=

+
1 +
1 +
1 +
1 +

+
1 +
1 +

1 +

1 +
=
=

1 +
1 + 1
1 +

Zakljuujemo da je greka kolinika priblinih brojeva jednaka razlici relativnih greaka brojnika i
nazivnika, slino kao to je kod proizvoda zavisila od zbira relativnih greaka ta dva broja. Problem pri
dijeljenju nastaje za sluaj kada imamo || .
- Mainske greke

U ovom sluaju imamo da brojevi koji ulaze u raun su po pretpostavci tani brojevi, ali da se proraun
vri na realnom raunaru koji nakon izvrenih operacija unosi greku u rezultat, te se ovakve greke i nazivaju
mainskim grekama. Obzirom da raunar zbog ograniene duine rijei mora izvriti zaokruivanje ili
odsijecanje izlaznog rezultata, operacije koje raunar obavlja nazivaju se pseudo-aritmetike operacije.
Mainske greke koje prate ove operacije nazivaju se neodstranjivim odnosno inherentnim grekama.
Pretpostavimo da su i tani brojevi i razmatrajmo samo greke nastale usljed zaokruivanja.
Pseudo aritmetike operacije se definiu na osnovu jednakosti:
( ) = ( + )(1 + )

( ) = ( )(1 + )

( ) = ( )(1 + )
( ) = ( )(1 + )

U ovim jednakostima je broj iji je modul mnogo manji od jedan, i zavisi od tanosti sa kojom
raunar radi, te predstavlja relativnu mainsku greku koja nastaje usljed zaokruivanja ili odsijecanja
rezultata pri radu na realnom raunaru.

Mihailo ibonji

-5-

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Tako na primjer, za mainsko sabiranje dva broja imamo:
( ) = ( + )(1 + )

( ) = ( + ) + ( + ) =

( ) ( + )
+

ime smo dobili relativnu mainsku greku koju raunar uini prilikom sabiranja, usljed zaokruivanja i
odsijecanja. Maksimalna apsolutna relativna greka kod zaokruivanja zavisi od broja znaajnih cifara sa
kojima raunar radi, pa tako ako imamo sluaj od znaajnih cifara tada je:
|| ||max =

1
10+1
2

Vano je napomenuti da za mainski zbir ne vrijedi asocijativni zakon, odnosno sam zbir zavisi od
redoslijeda sabiranja. Ako sabiremo pozitivne brojeve 1 , 2 i 3 raunar na izlazu daje sljedei rezultat:
(1 2 ) 3 = [(1 + 2 )(1 + 1 ) + 3 ](1 + 2 )

(1 2 ) 3 = (1 + 2 + (1 + 2 )1 + 3 )(1 + 2 )

(1 2 ) 3 = (1 + 2 + 3 ) + (1 + 2 )1 + (1 + 2 + 3 )2 + (1 + 2 )1 2
(1 2 ) 3 (1 + 2 + 3 ) = (1 + 2 )1 + (1 + 2 + 3 )2 + (1 + 2 )1 2

Poslijednji sabirak na desnoj strani jednakosti, odnosno (1 + 2 )1 2 moemo zanemariti.

(1 2 ) 3 (1 + 2 + 3 ) = (1 + 2 )1 + (1 + 2 + 3 )2

Odnosno sada moemo pisati:

|(1 2 ) 3 (1 + 2 + 3 )| (1 + 2 )|1 | + (1 + 2 + 3 )|2 | (21 + 22 + 3 )||max

Primjeujemo da zaista greka zavisi od redoslijeda sabiraka. Greka je vea ako sabiremo prvo vee
brojeve, pa prema tome zakljuujemo da treba prvo sabirati manje brojeve.
Istaknimo jo i to, da kod mainskog mnoenja brojeva imamo:
(1 2 ) 3 = [(1 2 )(1 + 1 ) 3 ](1 + 2 )

(1 2 ) 3 = 1 2 3 (1 + 1 )(1 + 2 )

Kao to vidimo, mnoenje je skoro pa asocijativno. Promjena redoslijeda mnoenja utie na parametre
1 i 2 i relativna greka mijenja se od sluaja do sluaja. Pa prema tome zakljuujemo da mnoenje vie
brojeva ne podlijee nekim posebnim pravilima.

-6-

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Kombinovane greke
Ovdje posmatramo realnu situaciju, odnosno da su ulazni brojevi priblini a i operacije se izvode na
raunaru kod kojeg se zbog ogranienienog broja cifara javljaju mainske greke. Razmatrajmo sluaj
sabiranja, jer potpuno analogna pravila vrijede i za ostale operacije.

1 = 1 + 1

2 = 2 + 2
Razlika izmeu tanog zbira i mainskog zbira:
1 + 2 (1 2 ) = 1 + 2 (1 1 + 2 2 )(1 + ) =

= 1 + 2 1 2 + 1 + 2 1 + 2 (1 + 2 ) =

= (1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 )

Kao to vidimo ukupna greka sastoji se iz tri dijela, i to prvi dio (1 + 2 ) je greka koja je nastala
usljed zaokruivanja ulaznih brojeva (ulazni brojevi su priblino tani), drugi dio (1 + 2 ) predstavlja
mainsku greku i naravno trei dio (1 + 2 ) je lan koji spree (koji je kombinacija) predhodne dvije
greke. Vidimo da ne moemo separirati greku zbog lana koji predstavlja kombinaciju greaka.
Meutim obzirom da su 1 , 2 i mali brojevi to znai da lan koji predstavlja kombinaciju greaka
moe se zanemariti jer (1 + 2 ) 0, pa onda kaemo da je ukupna greka jednaka zbiru greaka
ulaznih brojeva i mainske greke.

Mihailo ibonji

-7-

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

METODE ZA RJEAVANJE NELINEARNIH JEDNAINA

Nelinearne jednaine se dijele na:
-

Transcendentne jednaine
Algebarske jednaine
Racionalne algebarske jednaine
Iracionalne algebarske jednaine

Algebarske jednaine su one jednaine za ije rjeenje su potrebne operacije sabiranja, oduzimanja,
mnoenja, dijeljenja, stepenovanja (i korijenovanja) pri emu za sluaj da imamo stepenovanje sa cijelim
brojem u pitanju su racionalne algebarske jednaine, a u sluaju da je stepen racionalan (razlomak)
jednaina spada u iracionalnu algebarsku jednainu. Jednaine u kojima egzistiraju trigonometrijske,
logaritamske ili eksponencijalne funkcije nazivaju se transcendentnim jednainama.
Prvi dio problema kod rjeavanja nelinearnih jednaina predstavlja lokalizacija korijena jednaine,
odnosno svodi se na nalaenje intervala gdje se nalazi izolovani korijen.

Prilikom zadavanja problema dobijamo i tanost kojom je potrebno rijeiti odreeni problem:
| |

Problem uvijek definiemo na nain da nalazimo realna rjeenja osim u sluaju polinoma, jer kod
polinoma moemo nalaziti i parove konjugovano kompleksnih rjeenja.
Tehnika za izolovanje korijena () = 0 svodi se na grafiko skiciranje. Odnosno ako () moemo
predstaviti (napisati) kao () () = 0 odnosno ( ) = ( ) i skicirati:

x1*

x2*

x3*

Onda moemo priblino lokalizirati korijen. Odnosno dobijamo interval [, ] u kome se korijen
sigurno nalazi.

-8-

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Ako funkcija ima prekid onda ne moemo biti sigurni da postoji korijen, a ako je funkcija neprekidna i
() () < 0

onda smo sigurni da unutar intervala [, ] ima barem jedan korijen, dok za sluaj da je funkcija
neprekidna i monotona onda u intervalu [, ] ima tano jedan korijen.

Za procjenu uinjene greke koristimo se A'priornim i A'posteriornim metodom. Pod A'posteriornim

metodom smatramo nain kojim procjenjujemo uinjenu greku na bazi vrijednosti predhodno dobivenih
proraunima, dok kod A'priornog metoda procjenjujemo greku bez vrijednosti i on ne zavisi od metoda.
Da bi A'priorno odredili greku najee moramo poznavati privi izvod, odnosno:

f(x)

()
| ()| = |tan | =

x-x*

()
| | =

()

Primjetimo da je bolje, odnosno da je greka manja to je () vee ili to je () manje (pod veim
uglom sjee -osu). Da bi procjenili vrijednost greke moramo poznavati granicu izvoda, odnosno ako bi znali
Onda bi mogli pisati:

| ()|

()
| |

x* c x

() ( ) = ()( )

()
| | =
()

() = ()( )

Kako nam nije poznata vrijednost uzmemo za koje sigurno znamo da je < () pa tako
moemo da znamo granicu greke, odnosno izraz 1.

Mihailo ibonji

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Red konvergencije
Metode za rjeavanje izolovanih korijena jednaine () = 0 mogu se podijeliti na direktne i
iterativne, s tim da direktni metodi se koriste za rjeavanje samo specijalnih tipova jednaina, kao to su na
primjer algebarske jednaine (do etvrtog stepena) i neke klase tigonometrijskih jednaina. Kod iterativnih
metoda se polazi od jednog ili vie poetnih lanova niza koji su bliski korijenu jednaine, na osnovu kojih se
formira niz 0 , 1 , 2 , , , +1 , ija je granina vrijednost upravo jednaka korijenu polazne jednaine.
Ako je:

|+1 |
= 0
k+ | |
lim

Tada se naziva red konvergencije, pri emu razlikujemo:

-

= 1 metod ima linearnu konvergenciju i kaemo da imamo linearni iterativni postupak

> 1 metod ima super linearnu konvergenciju
= 2 metod ima kvadratnu konvergenciju
= 3 metod ima kubnu konvergenicju

Uslov za konvergenciju iterativnih metoda jeste da je 1, meutim za = 1 mora biti < 1 da bi

modul greke u nekom iterativnom koraku bio manji od modula predhodne greke. Metodi sa linearnom
konvergencijom su pouzdani ali spori metodi, pa tako ukupno vrijeme potrebno da dodjemo do rezultata
odreene tanosti moemo dobiti kao:
=

Pri emu predstavlja broj koraka potrebnih da se doe do rjeenja, a vrijeme izvoenja -tog
koraka. Najbolji metod je onaj koji uz odreenu tanost ima i krae vrijeme izvoenja. to je metod vieg
reda vrijeme izvoenja ne raste linearno.

- Metod polovljenja intervala

Posmatrajmo skalarnu jednainu () = 0 koja ima izolovan korijen na intervalu (, ).
y

f(x)
a

- 10 -

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Kako je za ovaj metod potrebno da je funkcija () neprekidna na intervalu (, ) tada ako vrijedi
nejednakosti () () < 0 znamo da postoji izolovan korijen unutar itnervala (, ). Odredimo polovite
intervala, odnosno dobijamo:
=

+
2

Sada provjerimo da li je zadovoljena nejednakost:

() () < 0

Ako jeste, onda dobijamo novi interval u kome se nalazi korijen jednaine, odnosno zamjenjujemo sa
= te na taj nain dobijamo interval ( , ). Ako nije zadovoljena nejednakost tada se korijen nalazi u
drugoj polovini intervala, odnosno mjenjamo sa = i dobijamo novi interval (, ) u kome se nalazi
korijen jednaine. Zatim se novi interval polovi i ponovo ispituje poloaj korijena (ponavljamo proces).
Na ovaj nain se poetna veliina intervala ( ) poslije iteracija dijeli sa 2 . Ako je granica
apsolutne greke, odnosno odreena tanost tada iz nejednakosti:


2

moemo odrediti broj iteracija (koraka) koje je potrebno obaviti, odnosno vrijedi:

log

log 2

odnosno

log 2

Ako znamo koliko e nam biti potrebno koraka, odnosno iteracija moemo odrediti i vrijeme potrebno
za primjenu metoda. Vrijeme uveliko ovisi o kompleksnosti same funkcije jer je u svakom koraku (iteraciji)
potrebno proraunati vrijednost funkcije u taki polovita intervala.

Da bi odredili red konvergencije posmatrajmo:

= | |

+1 = |+1 +1 |
+1 =

+1 1
=

2
lim

Kao to vidimo konvergencija ovog metoda da je linearna jer je = 1 a < 1. Metod polovljenja
intervala je jednostavan postupak kod koga je konvergencija relativno spora.

Mihailo ibonji

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Metod sekante (regula falsi)

Neka je funkcija neprekidna na intervalu (, ) i neka ima izolovan korijen na tom intervalu.
y

f(c)

c'

f(b)
b

f(a)

Neka pravac aproksimira funkciju () na intervalu (, ) . Pravac moemo dobiti na osnovu

jednaine prave kroz dvije take, i to take 1 , ( ) i take 2 , (). Odnosno vrijedi:
( 1 ) =

( ) =
=
=
=

2 1
( 1 )
2 1

() ()
( )

() ( )
( ) ()
+
+ ( )

() ( )
( ) () + ( ) ()
+

() ( )
() ()
+

Odnosno da bi dobili taku potrebno je da vrijedi = 0 pa prema tome na osnovu gornjeg izraza dobijamo:
() ( )
() ( )
=

() ()
() ( )

=
=
() ( )
() ( )

() ( )
() ( )

Dobili smo taku gdje pravac presjeca osu.

- 12 -

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

U odnosu na znak funkcije u taki , ovisi da li se korijen nalazi lijevo ili desno od take . Naravno ako
je vrijednost funkcije u taki jednak nuli, tada je taka traeni korijen jednaine. Ako je ( )() < 0
tada se vrijedi = i dobijamo novi interval (, ) a u suprotnom sluaju e vrijediti = te e novi
interval biti ( , ). U sljedeem koraku ponavljamo postupak, odnosno traimo novu taku na nain da
postavimo sekantu, naemo korijen i tako dalje, pri emu u svakoj narednoj iteraciji taka prilazi traenom
korijenu funkcije.
Metod sekante ima linearnu konvergenciju i uobiajeno bre konvergira od metoda polovljenja
intervala, mada to ne mora biti sluaj.

- Metod sjeice
Neka je data nelinearna neprekidna funkcija () koja na intervalu (, ) ima korijen. Funkcija () se
lokalno aproksimira pravcem , koji predstavlja sjeicu funkcije () a njen korijen se koristi kao poboljana
aproksimacija korijena funkcije (). S obzirom da je sjeica prava linija koja prolazi kroz dvije take krive
() za iniciranje metoda neophodne su prve dvije aproksimacije, pri emu korijen jednaine () = 0
moe a i ne mora da se nalazi izmeu njih.
y

f(b1)

f(b4)

f(b2)
f(b3)

b4 b3 b2 b1=b

Uslov za primjenu metoda sjeice je da vrijedi ili ( ) ( ) > 0 ili () () > 0. Ako imamo prve
dvije aproksimacije onda moemo da konstruiemo pravu kroz kake , ( ) i +1 , (+1 ) odnosno:
( 1 ) =

( ) =
=
=

Mihailo ibonji

2 1
( 1 )
2 1

(+1 ) ( )
( )
+1

(+1 ) ( )
( ) (+1 ) + +1 ( ) ( )
+
+1
+1
(+1 ) ( )
+1 ( ) (+1 )
+
+1
+1

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Sada kada smo pravcem lokalno aproksimirali funkciju () potrebno je da naemo korijen pomone
funkcije (pravca). Presjek dobijamo kada izjednaimo sa nulom, te na taj nain moemo dobiti novo :
(+1 ) ( )
(+1 ) +1 ( )
=
+1
+1

(+1 ) +1 ( )
(+1 ) +1 ( )
+1
=
=
)
(
)
(
+1
(+1 ) ( )
+1

+2 =

(+1 ) +1 ( )
(+1 ) ( )

Metod sjeice ima super linearnu konvergenciju jer je 1.618 a zavisi od .

- Kombinovani metod

Pod kombinovanim metodom, podrazumjevamo primjenu metoda sekante i metoda sjeice, odnosno
metoda tangente i metoda sekante. Pribjegavamo metodu sjeice kada je primjena metoda tangente
komplikovana, odnosno kada je teko odrediti prvi izvod funkcije (zbog kompleksnosti funkcije).

- Metod iteracije
Rjeavamo jednainu () = 0, pri emu je funkcija neprekidna i diferencijabiln na segmentu [, ]
u kome traimo rjeenje jednaine, to jest korijen jednaine, i neka je dato neko poetno rjeenje 0 koje
pripada segmentu [, ]. Polaznu jednakost moemo prikazati na bezbroj naina u ekvivalentnom obliku, pa
tako ako je zapiemo kao = () to predstavlja ekvivalentnu jednainu polaznog problema tada na
osnovu jednakosti te jednakosti moemo formirati iterativni postupak:
+1 = ( )

Na osnovu kojeg dobijamo iterativni niz:

( = 0,1, )

0 , 1 , 2 , , , +1 ,

Ako ovaj niz konvergira, tada vrijedi da je:

lim ( ) =

Pri emu je korijen jednaine () = 0, odnosno polaznog problema.

- 14 -

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Odnosno dobijeni iterativni niz:
1 = (0 )
2 = (1 )
3 = (2 )

+1 = ( )

= ( )

Moemo predstaviti i grafiki:

y

f(x)

(x1)

f(x)

(x)

(x)
x1 x3

x*

x4 x2

x0

x*

x2

Greka uinjena u svakom od koraka (iteracijia) se moe izraziti kao:

x1

x0

1 = 1
2 = 2
3 = 3

+1 =

Odnosno vrijedi (na osnovu Langrange-ovog teorema o konanom prirataju):

+1 = ( ) ( ) =

= ()( ) =
= ()

Pri emu se taka nalazi izmeu i pa prema tome zakljuujemo da za uspjenu primjenu
metoda, potrebno je () = 0 zapisati kao = () tako da vrijedi |()| < 1 na segmentu [, ] u kome
se nalazi korijen (kao i poetna taka 0 ) .

Mihailo ibonji

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

to zakljuujemo na osnovu injenice da greka metoda (za sluaj konvergentnog niza) tei ka nuli:
lim = 0

Odnosno:

|+1 |
= | ()|
| |

Da bi metod bio stabilan potrebno je da greka u narednom koraku bude manja od greke u
trenutnom koraku, pa prema tome odatle slijedi da mora biti ispunjen uslov da je |()| < 1. Ako niz
konvergira, rjeenje je uvjek stabilno. Iterativni metodi imaju osobinu da greke u pojedinim koracima ne
utiu na krajnji rezultat (za sluaj konvergentnog niza), odnosno nemamo gomilanja greke iz prethodnih
koraka. Metod ima linearnu konvergenciju, i ima svojstvo da je efikasniji to je | ()| blie nuli, to jest
metod e bre iskonvergirati, a ako je | ()| blie jedinici metod konvergira ali veoma sporo.

Ponekad se koriste postupci za ubrzanje metoda sa linearnom konvergencijom, koji se mogu primjeniti
u svakom koraku, ali metod i dalje ostaje sa linearnom konvergencijom.

- Metod tangente (Newton-Raphson-ov metod)

Rjeavamo jednainu () = 0, pri emu je funkcija neprekidna i diferencijabilna (dva puta) na
segmentu [, ] u kome se nalazi korijen jednaine. Neka je dato neko poetno rjeenje polazne jednaine,
0 koje pripada segmentu [, ], tada u taki 0 , (0 ) postavimo tangentu na funkciju () kao na slici:
[x0,f(x0)]

[
a

[x2,f(x2)]
x*

f(x)

x2

x1

f(x0)
x0

[x1,f(x1)]

Data tangenta aproksimira funkciju (), a kako tangenta aproksimira funkciju tako ona sa svojim
korijenom aproksimira korijen funkcije () odnosno taku pa prema tome vrijedi:
tan() = (0 ) =

- 16 -

(0 )
0 1

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Odnosno imamo:
1 = 0
2 = 1

(0 )
(0 )

(1 )
(1 )

+1 =

( )
( )

Uslov zaustavljanja primjene metoda u sluaju traene tanosti je:

|+1 | <

Ako je uslov ispunjen tada kaemo da je metod iskonvergirao ka korijenu polazne jednaine, odnosno
ka traenom rjeenju polaznog problema (to jest dobili smo rjeenje odgovarajue tanosti).
Ako sada funkciju (), koja je diferencijabilna, razvijemo u Taylor-ov red:
() = (0 ) +

(0 )
(0 )
( 0 ) +
( 0 )2 + = 0
1!
2!

dobijamo Taylor-ov razvoj funkcije () koji je taan za taku 0 a uzimanjem vie lanova razvoja dobijamo
sve bolje aproksimacije funkcije (). Kada funkciju () aproksimiramo tangentom uzimamo samo prva
dva lana, odnosno dobijamo:

Pa vrijedi:

() = (0 ) + (0 )(1 0 ) = 0
1 = 0

(0 )
(0 )

Zanima nas kada metod konvergira, kao i red konvergencije. Zakljuujemo da je proces stabilniji to
tangenta strmije sijee -osu, to jest to je prvi izvod funkcije vei. Za ispitivanje reda konvergencije
pretpostavimo da metod konvergira i posmatrajmo razvoj:
() = (0 ) +

Mihailo ibonji

(0 )
(0 )
( 0 ) +
( 0 )2 + = 0
1!
2!

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Ako uvrstimo uprethodnu jednakost = , i ako je taka izmeu i dobijamo:
( ) = 0 = (0 ) + (0 )( 0 ) +
0 =

(0 )
( 0 )2
2!

(0 )
(0 )
( 0 )2

(0 ) 2 (0 )

(0 )
(0 )
( 0 )2

(0 )
2 (0 )

(0 )
( 0 )2
1 =
2 (0 )

Odnosno, kako je = dobijamo:

(0 ) 2
1 =

2 (0 ) 0

(0 )
1
=

2 (0 )
02

( )
+1
=

=
( )2
2 ( )

Zakljuujemo da je konvergencija metoda kvadratna jer je = 2, odnosno metod je drugog reda. Bolje
je to je manje, odnosno bolje je da funkcija prolazei kroz korijen ima vei nagib a to manji drugi izvod.
Metod tangente najee konvergira u 3 5 koraka, a ako metod sa kvadratnom konvergencijom ne
konvergira do deset koraka, onoda vjerovatno i ne konvergira. Kod ovog metoda imamo problem u raunu
kada je u pitanju sistem jednaina, jer imamo dijeljenje sa odnosno potrebna je inverzija Jakobijana.
f(x)

f(x)
f '<0 f '' >0

f '>0 f '' >0

f(x)

f '>0 f '' <0

f '<0 f '' <0

f(x)

Ako su i prvi i drugi izvod funkcije () stalnog znaka, tada za poetnu taku odabiremo onu taku za
koju vrijedi sljedei uslov:
(0 ) (0 ) > 0

- 18 -

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Ako je funkcija () neprekidna i diferencijabilna, i ako ima stalan znak prvog i drugog izvoda unutar
intervala izmeu taaka 0 i , i ako za taku 0 vrijedi:
(0 ) (0 ) > 0

tada iterativni niz formiran Newton-ovom metodom konvergira ka korijenu funkcije ().
Dokaz:

Neka je () > 0 i () > 0, i neka je na intervalu od 0 do prvi i drugi izvod funkcije vei od
nule, odnosno imamo sluaj kao na slici:
f(x)
x*

x0

Zakljuujemo da se korijen nalazi lijevo od take 0 odnosno da vrijedi < 0 jer na osnovu:
1 = 0

(0 )
(0 )

vrijedi 1 < 0 odnosno da je < < 2 < 1 < 0 pa prema tome zakljuujemo da je dobijeni niz
monotono opadajui i ogranien odozgo. Ako je taka koja se nalazi izmeu i 0 moemo pisati:
1
() = (0 ) + (0 )( 0 ) + (0 )( 0 )2
2

Odnosno ako uvrstimo da je = dobijamo:

1
() = (0 ) + (0 )( 0 ) + ()( 0 )2 = 0
2

Obzirom da za odabrano 0 vrijedi da je > 0 i ( 0 )2 > 0 zakljuujemo da je:

(0 ) + (0 )( 0 ) < 0
0 <
< 0

(0 )
(0 )

(0 )
(0 )

< 1

Mihailo ibonji

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Poto je prvi izvod vei od nule, korijen se nalazi lijevo od poetne take, a poto po postavci zadatka
to vrijedi na cijelom intervalu na kome traimo korijen, zakljuujemo da e to vrijediti i za 1 kao i za 2 pa
prema tome dobijeni niz je monotono opadajui niz, odnosno +1 < i ogranien odozgo, pa na osnovu
teoreme da svaki monoton i ogranien niz je konvergentan zakljuujemo da je niz konvergentan i ima
jednu taku nagomilavanja koja je korijen.

Ako elimo ocijeniti greku, primjetimo da je Newton-ov metod u sutini iterativni metod, ako
uzmemo da vrijedi:
() =

()
()

Pa tada uslov konvergencije | ()| < 1 primjenimo li na ovaj sluaj, je dat sljedeim izrazom:
() = 1

() () () ()
()

() ()
| ()| =
2 <1
()

() ()
()

Pri emu, apriornu ocjenu greke dobijamo na sljedei nain:

|+1 | = |( ) (1 )| = | ()( 1 )| | 1 |

Pri emu vrijedi:

| ()| < 1

Pa slijedi:

|+1 | | 1 | 2 |1 2 | |1 0 |

Tada za proizvoljan prirodan broj , takav da je > imamo:

| | | 1 | + | 1 2 | + + |+1 |

Pa iz gornje nejednakosti slijedi:

| | ( 1 + 2 + + )|1 0 |

A kako je 0 < < 1 tada vrijedi, na osnovu formule za sumu geometrijskog reda:

1 + 2 + + = (1 + + 2 + + 1 ) (1 + + 2 + ) =

- 20 -

1
1

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Pa prema tome vrijedi:
| |

| 0 |
1 1

Kako desna prethodne nejednakosti ne ovisi o vrijedi:

lim | | = | |

| 0 |
1 1

Pa zakljuujemo da je apriorna greka -te aproksimacije:

| |

| 0 |
1 1

A aposteriorna greka se rauna na osnovu dobijenih aproksimacija odnosno:

+ = +1 + +1 +2 + + +1 +

| +1 | + |+1 +2 | + + + 1 +

|1 | + 2 |1 | + + |1 | =

= ( + 2 + + )|1 |

Odnosno vrijedi:

1
|
|
1 1

lim + = | |

lim

1
|1 | =
|
|
1 1
1

Pa prema tome apsoteriorna greka je data izrazom:

Pri emu naravno vrijedi:

| | =

|
|
1 1

0 | ()| < 1

Mihailo ibonji

- 21 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Uopteni Newton-ov metod

Posmatrajmo opet jednainu () = 0 i pretpostavimo da je funkcija monotoan na segmentu [, ]
u kome traimo korijen jednaine. Metod se bazira na aproksimaciji funkcije parabolom koja prolazi kroz
taku , ( ) odnosno kao to je grafiki prikazano na narednoj slici:
f(x)

g(x)

x*

x0

x1

a
[

f(x0)

Ako je funkcija monotona, tada ona ima inverznu funkciju , tako da korijen jednaine () = 0,
za koje naravno vrijedi da je ( ) = 0, moemo izraziti preko inverzne funkcije to jest kao = (0). Ako
sada ovu inverznu funkciju, odnosno funkciju razvijemo u Taylorov red dobijamo:
() = ( ) +

( )
( )
( ) +
( )2 +
1!
2!

Ako sada uvedemo = 0 i ako zadrimo lanove razvoja do drugog stepena (ukljuujui i njega)
dobijamo aproksimaciju korijena jednaine () = 0 odnosno dobijamo korijen parabole kojom smo
aproksimirali funkciju , a kako je parabola aproksimacija funkcije tako je i njen korijen aproksimacija
korijena polazne jednakosti. Zbog odbacivanja ostalih lanova reda ne dobijamo korijen nego priblinu
vrijednost koju moemo oznaiti kao rjeenje prvog koraka odnosno vrijedi:
1
+1 = ( ) ( ) + ( ) 2
2

Pri emu vrijedi = ( ). Primjeti mo da je = ( ) te primjenom pravila za diferenciranje

dobijamo:
( ) =
Odnosno dobijamo:

1
( )

+1 =

) =

( )

( )

( ) 1 ( )
2
)

3 (

(
)

2 ( )

Ovo predstavlja uopteni Newton-ov metod, koji ima kubnu konvergenciju. Iako je uopteni metod
bri nego Newton-ov metod, pojavljuje se problem to jest dodatna potekoa u izraunavanju .

- 22 -

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Primjena metoda na sisteme jednaina

Ako imamo sistem:
(, ) = 0

(, ) = 0

I elimo da primjenimo metod iteracije na dati problem, odnosno potrebno nam je neko pooptenje
metoda iteracije to jest nai nain kako da dati sistem jednaina zapiemo u skalarnom obliku, odnosno:
(, ) = 0

(, ) = 0

= (, )

= (, )

Cilj nam je nai ( , ) tako da jednaine budu zadovoljene, uz date poetne uslove (0 , 0 ), pa
prema tome vrijedi da je:
1 = (0 , 0 )
Odnosno:

1 = (0 , 0 )
+1 = ( , )

+1 = ( , )

Uslov konvergencije je sada dat sa:

<1

<1

<1

<1

Nekada kriterij zaustavljanja primjene metoda, moe biti:

|+1 | <

|+1 | <

Divergencija moe nastupiti zbog loih poetnih uslova.

Mihailo ibonji

- 23 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Za skalarni sluaj metod iteracije je linearan, kao i za bilo koji drugi vektorski sluaj. Ako imamo sistem:
1 (1 , 2 , , ) = 0

Poetni vektor:

2 (1 , 2 , , ) = 0

10
20
0 =
0

(1 , 2 , , 3 ) = 0

Tada moemo napraviti linearnu kombinaciju ovih jednaina, odnosno:

11 1 + 12 2 + + 1 = 0

21 1 + 22 2 + + 2 = 0

1 1 + 2 2 + + = 0

Da bi ovaj sistem bio ekvivalentan polaznom sistemu, potrebno je da ima ista rjeenja. Pa prema tome
zakljuujemo da ovaj homogeni sistem treba da ima samo trivijalna rjeenja, odnosno da je determinanta
ovog homogenog sistema razliita od nule:
11 12 1
21 22
2
=
0
1 2

Odnosno vrijedi:

1 = 1 + 11 1 + 12 2 + + 1 = 1 ( )

2 = 2 + 21 1 + 22 2 + + 2 = 2 ( )

Uslov konvergencije:

= + 1 1 + 2 2 + + = 2 ()
1 < 1
1

1 < 1

2 < 1
2

< 1

< 1

2 < 1

- 24 -

1 < 1

2 < 1

< 1

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Odnosno za prvu jednainu:
1
= 1 + 11 1 + 12 1 + + 1 1 = 0
1

Drugu:

1
= 11 + 12 + + 1 = 0

2
= 11 1 + 12 1 + + 1 1 = 0
1

2
= 11 + 12 + + 1 = 0

Odnosno za -tu jednainu:

= 11 1 + 12 1 + + 1 1 = 0
1

= 1 + 11 + 12 + + 1 = 0

Pa prema tome dobijamo sistem linearnih jednaina sa 2 nepoznatih. Sistem je separabilan, odnosno
moemo formirati sistema sa po nepoznatih, pa prema tome imamo:



11
1
1 1 2 1 1
12
2
1 2 2 2
0
=

0
1

1 2
=

1
0
1 1 2 1 1
2
2
1 2 2 2

1 2
=
0

Mihailo ibonji

- 25 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Svaki podsistem moemo rjeeiti zasebno jer imamo sistema sa po linearnih jednaina.



1 1 2 1 1



0 = 1 2 2 2 2

1 2

Gornja matrica predstavlja Jakobijan pa moemo prethodni sistem zapisati u obliku:

11
1
12
0
0 =

1
0

21
0
22
1
1 =

2
0

1
0
2

=
0

Odnosno za dobijanje nepoznatih koeficijenata potrebno je nai inverziju jakobijana, pa vrijedi:

11
1
12
0
= 01

1
0

21
0
22
1
= 11

2
0

1
0
2

= 1
0

Ako je determinanta matrice koeficijenata jednaka nuli, potrebno je varirati koeficijente za neku
malu vrijednost tako da, determinanta matrice koeficijenata bude razliita od nule.

- 26 -

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Ako elimo da primjenimo Newton-Raphson-ov metod na sistem, postupamo na sljedei nain. Neka
je dat sistem nelinearnih jednaina:
1 (1 , 2 , , ) = 0

2 (1 , 2 , , ) = 0

(1 , 2 , , ) = 0
Razvijemo funkcije u okolini take 0 te dobijamo:
1 (0 ) +
2 (0 ) +
(0 ) +

1
1
1
1 0 +
2 0 + +
0 + = 0
1 1
2 2

2
2
2
1 1 0 +
2 2 0 + +
0 + = 0
1
2

1 1 0 +
2 2 0 + +
0 + = 0
1
2

Neka je dat poetni vektor:

1 0
2
0
0 = 3 0

0
Zanemarujemo lanove vieg reda, a u svakom koraku dobijamo vektor za koji se nadamo da e biti
blie tanom rjeenju odnosno:
1 0
2
0
30

0

Mihailo ibonji

1 1
2
1
31

1

1
2

3

1
2
3

- 27 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Sada polazni sistem moemo zapisati kao:

1
1
1 (0 )
2
( )
2 0 + 1

(

0 )

1

Odnosno krai zapis bi bio:

1
1

2
1
1
2
2 1 0
21
20
=0
2

1
0

2

(0 ) + 0 (1 0 ) = 0

Pri emu je (1 0 ) razlika vektora susjednih koraka. Pa prema tome vrijedi:

1 = 0 01 (0 )

1 = 0

0)

(0 )

Odnosno dolazimo do Newton-Raphson-ovog postupka:

+1 = 1 ( )

Koristi se za rjeavanje sistema nelinearnih jednaina. Mana ovog postupka je to moramo raunati
inverziju jakobijana. Da bi Newton-Raphson-ov metod uinili brim ne raunamo Jakobijan u svakoj taki,
nego samo u nekim takama.
Primjer: Rjeavanje el. mree Newton-Raphson-ovom metodom
Potrebno je nai napone vorova (data je snaga koju daje izvor):

Generator
v1

- 28 -

v2

vn
Potroa

vi
ii

v1a
Ea

v1b
Eb

v1c

ia
ib
ic

v2c

v2b

v2a

Ec

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Metod napona vorova:
[] [] = []

Jednaina -tog vora:

= 1 1 + 2 2 + +

Potrebni su nam i kao varijable a ne odnosno kako vrijedi da je:

= +
=

=
=

Imamo:

Imajui u vidu da je:

1
+ + 2
2
+ +

= 1
=

= = +

Odnosno ako sada uvrstimo u izraz za snagu, dobijamo:

= = (1 + 1 ) 1 (1 ) + + ( + ) ( )

= +
=1

()

Gornju jednainu piemo za svaki vor. Primjetimo da ako uzmemo da vrijedi:

= = cos + sin

Tada moemo jednainu () zapisati kao:

= + cos + sin
=1

Te onda za svaki vor moemo zapisati odvojeno realni i imaginarni dio, odnosno:

= cos + sin

( = 1,2, , )

= cos sin

( = 1,2, , )

=1

=1

Mihailo ibonji

- 29 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Jednaine 1 i 2 predstavljaju sistem od 2 jednaina sa po 2 nepoznatih, pri emu su nepoznate
varijable 1 , 2 , , i 1 , 2 , , odnosno imamo:

= cos + sin = 0
=1

= cos sin = 0
=1

Primjenimo li Newton-Raphson-ov postupak dobijamo:

1
1
1

2
2
2

= ( )1
1
1
1
2
2
2

+1

Problem je jedino odrediti Jakobijan, kao i njegovu inverziju. Jakobijan je:

1
1
2
1

1
1
1
2
1

1
2
2
2

2
1
2
2
2

Odnosno Jakobijan je predstavljen sa:

- 30 -

1
1
2
1

1
1
1
2
1

1
2
2
2

2
1
2
2
2

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

METODE ZA RJEAVANJE ALGEBARSKIH JEDNAINA

Rjeavanje algebarskih jednaina, odnosno izraunavanje nula polinoma, javlja se esto u praksi. Ova
oblast Numerike analize spada u najstarija ali jo uvijek aktuelna podruija Matematike. Otkriveni su razni
metodi za rjeavanje algebarskih jednaina. Naglim razvojem brzih raunara poela je popularizacija ovih
metoda.

- Osobine polinoma i granice korijena

Def:
Jednaina:
() = + 1 1 + + 1 + = 0

se naaziva algebarska jednaina -tog stepena.

(0 0)

Koeficijenti pri emu ( = 0,1, , ) mogu biti realni ili kompleksni brojevi. Korijeni jednaine 1
mogu se izraziti pomou koeficijenata ako je 4, pa zbog toga se najee ova jednaina rjeava
numerikim putem, osim u nekim specijalnim sluajevima. Za nalaenje korijena jednaine 1 mogu se
primjeniti i standardni numeriki metodi za rjeavanje jednaine () = 0, meutim zbog specifinih
osobina polinoma, algebarske jednaine imaju niz razvijenih metoda za njihovo numeriko rjeavanje. Svaki
polinom -tog reda ima korijena koji mogu biti realni i kompleksni, pri emu vrijedi:
Th:

Ako su koeficijenti polinoma () realni brojevi, tada kompleksni korijeni jednaine 1 se javljaju u
parovima i to kao konjugovano kompleksni brojevi.
Dokaz:
Ako je 0 nula polinoma (), tada je:

0 0 + 1 0 1 + + 1 0 + = 0

Konjugovanjem lijeve i desne strane jednakosti dolazimo do:

0 0 + 1 01 + + 1 0 + = 0

Pri emu je koriten uslov da su koeficijenti realni. Na osnovu prethodne jednakosti zakljuujemo
da je zaista i 0 rjeenje, odnosno korijen jednaine 1.

Mihailo ibonji

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Granice korijena polinoma

Zavisno od problema koji rjeavamo, neke metode koriste granice korijena polinoma.
Th:
Ako je = max{|0 |, |1 |, , | |} , tada se svi korijeni polinoma () nalaze u krugu poluprenika:
= 1 +
R

|0 |

Im

Re

Svaki korijen iji je modul manji od jedan, odnosno za koji vrijedi || < 1, podrazumjeva se da se
nalazi unutar kruga poluprenika . Potrebno je pokazati da gornji teorem vrijedi i za sluaj || > 1.
Dokaz:

Pretpostavimo da je || > 1. Ako polinom () prikaemo u obliku:

() = 0 + (1 1 + + 1 + )

Tada na osnovu + | | dolazimo do nejednakosti:

0 = | ()| |0 | |1 1 + + 1 + |

A kako je:
Tada vrijedi:

|0 || | (|1 || 1 | + + |1 ||| + | |)
= max{|0 |, |1 |, , | |}

| ()| |0 || | (| 1 | + + || + 1) =
= |0 || |

= |0 |

- 32 -

| | 1
| |
> |0 || |
=
|| 1
|| 1

||
|| 1

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Odnosno dolazimo:
0 |0 |

||
|| 1

A poto je || > 1, da bi bila zadovoljena gornja nejednakost potrebno je da vrijedi:

0 |0 |
|0 |

|| 1

1 ||

1 ||

|| 1 +

|0 |

|0 |

to znaci da izvan kruga poluprenika nema nula polinoma () ime je dokaz zavren.

Primjenom ove teoreme lako se pokazuje da se sve nule (korijeni) polinoma () nalaze izvan kruga
poluprenika:
1
=

1+| |

Pri emu vrijedi da je:

= max{|0 |, |1 |, , |1 |}

Naravno ako je 0. Za sluaj da je = 0 tada jedna nula (korijen)polinoma () je jednaka nuli.

Ako imamo polinom () i neka je korijen polinoma, pri emu vrijedi da je 0, tada:
() = 0 + 1 1 + + 1 +

1
1
1
1
() = 0 + 1 + + 1 1 +

Uvedemo li smjenu = 1/ dobijamo:

() = 0 + 1 + + 1 1 +

Polinom () je polinom sa obrnutim koeficijentima u odnosu na polinom () i njegovi korijeni su

reciproni u odnosu na korijene polinoma (). Polinomi sa obrnutim koeficijentima imaju reciprone
korijene. Primjenjujui prethodni teorem na polinom () zakljuujemo da svi korijeni polinoma lee u
krugu poluprenika:

= 1 +
| |
Pri emu je = max{|0 |, |1 |, , |1 |}.

Mihailo ibonji

- 33 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Horner-ov metod
Horner-ov metod se bazira na primjeni Newton-Raphson-ovog metoda. Kada su u pitanju polinomi:
() = 0 + 1 1 + + 1 +

(0 0)

Primjetimo da svaki polinom se moe napisati preko svojih korijena, odnosno faktorizovati:
() = ( 1 )( 2 ) ( )

Pri emu su korijeni polinoma () . Uvodei smjenu = mogue je vriti translaciju,

odnosno pomjeranje samog polinoma lijevo ili desno po koordinatnoj osi, te na taj nain uiniti da polinom
() ima nulu (korijen polinoma) u koordinatnom poetku:
y

Pn(x)
x

Problem predstavlja pronalazak smjene koja e pomjeriti polinom tako da korijen polinoma prodje
kroz koordinatni poetak. Zbog toga postupak se radi u koracima, odnosno iterativno pomjeramo polinom
lijevo i desno tako da presjena taka bude priblina korijenu, odnosno iterativno uvodimo smjene:
= 1

= 1

= 1

Kada saberemo sva pomjeranja dobijamo priblian korijen. Ako je korijen 1 polinoma () unutar
intervala [1,1] tada su svi stepeni , 1 , 2 po modulu mnogo manji od || pa se ovaj korijen moe
priblino izraunati iz jednaine:
(1 ) 1 1 + = 0

1 =

to u sutini predstavlja aproksimaciju dobijenu primjenom Newton-Raphson-ovog metoda odnosno,

ako je dat polinom (), tada primjenom metoda tangente, uzevi da je 0 = 0 dobijamo:
1 = 0

- 34 -

(0 )
(0 )

=
=

(0 )
(0 )
1

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Primjenom metoda tangente dobijamo grubu aproksimaciju korijena, odnosno primjenom metoda
tangente moemo da odredimo pomjeranje polinoma. Sam metod se moe primjeniti i za druge korijene
polinoma samo treba uzeti dovoljno blizu interval.
Uvoenjem smjene = 1 vrimo transliranje polinoma (), odnosno razvijamo polinom ()
po stepenima 1 tako da dobijamo novi polinom () koji ima nulu jo bliu taki = 0. Pa tako na
primjer ako imamo polinom:
() = 0 + 1 1 + + 1 +

Razvijemo polinim () po stepenima 1 :

() = 0 ( 1 ) + 1 ( 1 )1 + + 1 ( 1 ) +

Podjelimo li polinom () sa ( 1 ) dobijamo:

()

= 1 () +
1
1

() = ( 1 )1 () +

Pri emu je polinom 1 () definisan sa:

1 () = 0 1 + 1 2 + + 3 2 + 2 + 1

Koeficijente moemo odrediti na osnovu identiteta:

0 + 1 1 + + 1 + (0 1 + 1 2 + + 3 2 + 2 + 1 )( 1 ) +
Odnosno dobijamo:

0 = 0

1 = 1 0 + 1

2 = 1 1 + 2

= 1 1 +

= 1 1 + =

Mihailo ibonji

- 35 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Na osnovo gornjih identitetat moe se formirati Horner-ova ema, odnosno:
1

0 = 0

1 = 1 0 + 1

= 1 1 +

= 1 1 + =

Pomou Horner-ove eme odreujemo ostatak dijeljenja koji predstavlja vrijednost funkcije u taki
1 , odnosno kaemo da je vrijednost polinoma u taki 1 jednaka ostatku dijeljenja polinoma sa ( 1 ).
Horner-ova ema je ekvivalentna sljedeem obliku polinoma ():

() = 0 + 1 1 + + 1 + =

= + 1 + 2 + + (1 + 0 )

Odnosno zakljuujemo da se raunanje polinoma u optem sluaju svodi na sabiranja i mnoenja.

Horner-ovim postupkom broj potrebnih operacija je minimiziran, naravno u sluaju da su svi koeficijenti
razliiti od nule, a ako su neki koeficijenti jednaki nuli tada se broj operacija moe smanjiti.
Posmatramo li razvijeni oblik polinoma po stepenima ( 1 ), odnosno:

() = 0 ( 1 ) + 1 ( 1 )1 + + 1 ( 1 ) +

Dolazimo do zakljuka da ako podjelimo polinom sa ( 1 ), dobijamo polinom 1 i ostatak a

ako sada polinom 1 podjelimo sa ( 1 ) dobijamo novi polinom 2 i ostatak 1 i tako dalje. Pa
prema tome u Horner-ovoj emi dijeljenje treba nastaviti i kao rezultat dobijamo koeficijente .
1

0
0

Sada dobijenu jednainu:

1
1

1
1

0 + 1 1 + + 1 + = 0

pri emu je = 1 aproksimiramo sa 1 + = 0, iz koje dobijamo:

1 =

Te na taj nain dobijamo novu vrijednost korijena, pa sada ponavljamo postupak samo to sada razvoj
polinoma vrimo po stepenima 1 . Metod ima kvadratnu konvergenciju a kriterij zaustavljanja metoda:

- 36 -

<
1

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Bairstow metod (uopteni Horner-ove metod)

Horner-ov metod se moe proiriti na sluaj kada se trae jednovremeno dvije nule polinoma. Ovo
proirenje se uspjeno primjenjuje kada se nalaze kompleksne nule polinoma iji su koeficijenti realni.
Posmatrajmo polinom:
() = 0 + 1 1 + + 1 +

Traimo trinom kojim emo podjeliti gornji polinom, te na taj nain dobiti korijene polinoma koji mogu
biti i realni i konjugovano kompleksni, pa prema tome polinom dijelimo sa 2 pri emu je , .
()
+
= 2 () + 2
2

Pri emu je polinom 2 () definisan sa:

Odnosno vrijedi:

2 () = 0 2 + 1 3 + + 3 + 2
() = ( 2 )2 () + +

Koeficijenti i zavise od izbora i , pa kako je polinom () zadan tako da su i u funkciji od

i , odnosno = (, ) i = (, ) tada je cilj nai i takve da vrijedi:
= (, ) = 0

= (, ) = 0

Pretpostavimo neke poetne vrijednosti za i i iterativno ih poboljavamo:

Odnosno:

0 , 0

+1

1 , 1

1
( , )

( , )

Na isti nain kao i kod Horner-ovog metoda odredit emo nepoznate koeficijente na osnovu identiteta:
0 + 1 1 + + 1 + ( 2 )(0 2 + + 2 ) + +

Mihailo ibonji

- 37 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Odnosno dobijamo:

0 = 0

0 = 0

2 = 2 1 0

2 = 2 + 1 + 0

1 = 1 0

1 = 1 + 0

= 1 2

= + 1 + 2

1 = 2 3

= 1 + 2 + 3

= 2

()

= + 2

Pomou ovog postupka odredimo ostatak dijeljenja, odnosno koeficijente i . Ako su = = 0

tada dvije nule polinoma odreujemo iz jednaine:
2 = 0

Mutim na zadatak je da odredimo i tako da ostatak dijeljenja polinoma bude nula. Odnosno
trebamo odrediti koeficijente i tako da bude zadovoljeno:
(, ) = 0

(, ) = 0

Gornji sistema algebarskih jednaina u optem sluaju ne mora biti egzaktno rjeiv, pa prema tome
pretpostavimo neka poetna rjeenja te poboljavamo tanost primjenom Newton-Raphson-ovog metoda.
Ako funkcije (, ) i (, ) razvijemo u okolini take (0 , 0 ) zadravajui samo linearne lanove dobijamo:
(0 , 0 ) +

( 0 ) +
( 0 ) = 0

( 0 ) +
( 0 ) = 0
(0 , 0 ) +

()

Pri emu su svi parcijalni izvodi u taki (0 , 0 ). U gornjem sistemu su nepoznati parcijalni izvodi, pa da
bi odredili i potrebno je diferencirati sistem () po i .

- 38 -

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Odnosno dobijamo:
0
=0

0
=0

2
1
= 1 + 0

2
= 0

1
= 0

1
=0

1
2
= 1 + 0
+ 0

1
2
= 2 + 0
+ 0

2
3
= 2 + 0
+ 0

2
3
= 3 + 0
+ 0

2
= 0

Uvedemo li sljedee oznake:

= 2

= 1

2
= 2 + 0

= 3

= 2

to se da i zakljuiti iz tabelarnog prikaza parcijalnih izvoda koeficijenata po promjenjivim i . Na

osnovu toga sada sistem () moemo zapisati kao:
2 ( ) + 3 ( ) = (0 , 0 )

1 ( ) + 2 ( ) = (0 , 0 )

2 3 1 ( , )

=

+1
1 2
( , )

Iz ovog sistema sada dobijamo nove vrijednosti 1 i 1 koji su pod uslovom konvergencije blii rjeenju,
pa tako poslije -te iteracije dobijamo i pa se pribline vrijednosti dva korijena polinoma dobijaju iz
jednaine:
2 + + = 0

Konvergencija metoda je kvadratna, obzirom da isto kao i kod Horner-ovog metoda koristimo se
metodom tangente, za izraunavanje koeficijenata i .

Mihailo ibonji

- 39 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

INTERPOLACIJA I APROKSIMACIJA
Posmatrajmo funkciju () tebeliranu u takama 0 , 1 , , odnosno neka je:

Pri emu su 0 , 1 , , redom vrijednosti ove funkcije u takama 0 , 1 , , . Odnosno kaemo da

smo na osnovu datog skupa taaka, funkciju tabelirali sa ( + 1) takom, odnosno aproksimirali sa
diskretnim skupom taaka. Ovo moemo predstaviti i grafiki:
y

yn
y2
y1
y0

x0 x1 x2

xn

...

Kako je dat skup taaka {( , ) = 0,1, , } nije mogue formirati analitiki oblik funkcije
() jer na osnovu diskretnih vrijednosti funkcije moemo odrediti neku drugu funkciju () koja
e da aproksimira funkciju (). Funkcija nije jednoznano odreena jer postoji bezbroj krivih koje
prolaze kroz datu ( + 1) taku, pa se iz tog razloga ograniavamo na specijalnu klasu funkcija tako da
zadatak postaje jednoznano odreen, odnosno uzmemo skup baznih linearno nezavisnih funkcija.
Pod interpolacijom podrazumjevamo raunanje vrijednosti funkcije na osnovu datih ( + 1) taaka i
to obino u meuvrijednostima promjenjive . Potrebno je da funkcija koja interpolira funkciju prolazi
kroz dati skup taaka odnosno potrebno je da vrijedi:
y

yn
y2
y1
y0

Odnosno da vrijedi:

(x)
x0 x1 x2

(0 ) = 0 , (1 ) = 1

- 40 -

...

xn

, ( ) =

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Za funkciju () koja interpolira funkciju obino se bira polinom, odnosno:
() = 0 + 1 1 + +

Pri emu koeficijente interpolacionog polinoma dobijamo iz uslova:

( ) =

= 1,2, ,

Odnosno, gornji uslov nam osigurava da interpolacioni polinom prode kroz take ( , ) koje
nazivamo vorovima interpolacionog polinoma. Kod interpolacije se postavljaju neka osnovna pitanja:
-

Pod kojim uslovima postoji interpolacioni polinom

Kako se raunaju koeficijenti polinoma
Kolika je greka aproksimacije funkcije interpolacionim polinomom

Ako vrijednost nezavisne promjenjive = zamjenimo u interpolacioni polinom, moemo formirati

sistem jednacina zapisan u matrinom obliku kao:
0
1

2

0
0 1
1
1
1
1
2
2

1 0

1 1

1 2

1

0
1
=
2

to predstavlja sistem sa ( + 1) linearnom jednainom po koeficijentima 0 , 1 , , . Sistem ima

jedinstveno rjeenje ako je determinanta sistema regularna odnosno ako je determinanta sistema razliita
od nule. Da bi sistem imao rjeenje, odnosno da bi determinanta sistema bila regularna potreban uslov je da
je . Rjeavanjem sistema dobijamo interpolacioni polinom koji postoji ako su apcise interpolacionih
vorova razliite, odnosno dobijen je jedinstven interpolacioni polinom.
Problem, odnosno mana ovog metoda, nalaenja interpolacionog polinoma jeste rjeavanje belikog
broja jednaina. U numerikoj analizi postoje specijalni oblici polinoma gdje su te mane prevaziene.
Problem se moe uprostiti ako su apcise vorova ekvidistantne, to je i najei sluaj. Za taj sluaj
razvijeno je vie tipova interpolacionih polinoma kao to su prvi i drugi Newton-ov interpolacioni polinom,
Bessel-ov interpolacioni polinom i drugi.
vorovi su ekvidistantni ako je razmak izmeu svaka dva susjedna vora jednak za cijeli skup diskretnih
taaka.

Mihailo ibonji

- 41 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Langrange-ov interpolacioni polinom

Langrange-ov interpolacioni polinom ne zahtjeva ekvidistantnost apcisa interpolacionih vorova. Neka
je funkcija () tabelirana u takama 0 , 1 , , i neka su 0 , 1 , , vrijednosti funkcije u vornim
takama, odnosno:

...

Cilj nam je nai interpolacioni polinom koji e aproksimirati funkciju . Pretpostavimo da je funkcija
( + 1) puta diferencijabilna, i posmatrajmo pomonu funkciju definisanu sa:
() =

( 0 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( +1 ) ( )
( 0 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( +1 ) ( )

Ova je funkcija polinom -tog stepena koja anulira sve apcise interpolacionih vorova osim za = .
Za = imamo da je ( ) = 1, a za sve druge jednaka nuli. Koristei se osobinama pomone funkcije
moemo definisati interpolacioni polinom na sljedei nain:

() = ()
=0

Ovako definisan interpolacioni polinom naziva se Langrange-ov interpolacioni polinom. U teroriji

interpolacije esto se primjenjuje funkcija +1 definsana sa:

+1 () = ( 0 )( 1 ) ( ) = ( )
=0

Koja je polinom ( + 1) stepena ije su nule apcise interpolacionih vorova. Pa se sada pomona
funkcija () moe zapisati kao:
() =
=

( 0 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( +1 ) ( )
=
+1 ()

+1 ()
+1 ()
1

Pri emu je +1 () izvod polinoma u taki pa sada Langrange-ov interpolacioni polinom moemo
zapisati kao:

() = +1 ()
=0

- 42 -

+1 ()

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Procjena greke interpolacije

Greka interpolacije () se definie kao razlika funkcije () i interpolacionog polinoma ()

odnosno vrijedi:
() = () ()

Greka u interpolacionim vorovima je jednaa kuli, poto interpolacioni polinom prolazi kroz te take.
Da bi procijenili greku moramo neto znati o funkciji, odnosno moramo znati granice rasta (prvi izvod) osim
same vrijednosti funkcije u takama. Za procjenu greke u ostalim takama posmatrajmo pomonu funkciju:
() = () ()

+1 ()
() ()
+1 ()

Pri emu je fiksirano i nalazi se izmeu vornih taaka. Ako je = tada se funkcija ()
anulira, odnosno kada je vorna taka, odnosno u ( + 1) taaka jer je +1 = 0 i s druge strane () se
anulira za = , pa prema tome funkcija () ima ( + 2) nule.
Primjenimo li Rolle-ov teorem zakljuujemo da postoji neko = za koje vrijedi:
Za koje je:

min(0 , 1 , , , ) < < max(0 , 1 , , , )

+1 ( ) = 0

Pa prema tome greka interpolacije se moe procijeniti ako poznajemo maksimalnu vrijednost izvoda
( + 1) reda funkcije pa imamo:
+1 ( ) = 0 = 0 +1 ( )

Ako vrijedi:

( + 1)!
() ()
+1 ()

| () ()| = |()| =

+1 ( )

( + 1)! +1

|+1 ( )| <

Tada procjenu greke moemo zapisati kao:

| () ()| = |()| =

Mihailo ibonji

( + 1)! +1

- 43 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Hermite-ov interpolacioni polinom

Neka je () (2 + 2) puta diferencijabiln funkcija tabelirana u takama 0 , 1 , , i neka su
0 , 1 , , i 0 , 1 , , vrijednosti funkcije i njenog izvoda u datim takama.

...

U ovom sluaju poveavamo tanost aproksimacije poznavajui prvi izvod funkcije u vornim takama.
Potrebno je nai Hermite-ov interpolacioni polinom koji prolazi zadanim takama sa zadanim prvim izvodom,
odnosno da vrijedi:
( ) =

( ) =

Formirajmo polinom (2 + 1) stepena koji zadovoljava gornja dva uslova.Da bi sistem bio nehomogen
dovoljno je da bar jedan bude razliit od nule. Ako su sada i pomoni polinomi (2 + 1) reda takvi
da je zadovoljeno:
=

= 0

= 0

Pri emu je Kronekerov simbol definsian sa:

Tada moemo pisati da je:

=
1 =
0

=0

=0

2 +1 () = () + ()
Jer ovaj polinom zadovoljava poetne uslove, odnosno da interpolacioni polinom prolazi vornim
takama i da ima isti nagib u vornim takama, odnosno vrijedi da je:

2
+1 ()

()
=0

+ ()
=0

Ukoliko pomoni polinomi zadovoljavaju uslove tada Hermite-ov interpolacioni polinom prolazi
vornim takama sa nagibom jednakim nagibu funkcije .

- 44 -

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Direktnom zamjenom uvjeravamo se da su i date sa:

() = 1 2 () ()
() = ( ) ()

Zadovoljavaju potrebne uslove, pri emu je () pomoni Langrange-ova funkcija. Prema tome
Hermite-ov interpolacioni polinom sada moemo zapisati kao:

2 +1 () = [1
=0

2 ()(

)][ (

)]2

+ [ ][ ()]2
=0

- Greka Hermite-ovog interpolacionog polinoma

Da bi odredili greku interpolacije posmatrajmo funkciju:
() = () 2 +1 ()

+1 ()

+1 ()

[() 2 +1 ()]

Gdje je fiksirano i razliito od vornih taaka, odnosno nalazi se izmeu vornih taaka. Pri emu je
funkciaj +1 () definisana kao:

+1 = ( )
=0

( ) = 0 zakljuujemo da funkcija () ima ( + 1) dvostrukih nula. Za

Kako je ( ) = 0 i +1
(
)
= vrijedi da je = 0 pa prema tome zakljuujemo da funkcija () ima (2 + 3) korijena pa na
osnovu Rolle-ovoj teoremi postoji = za koje vrijedi jednakost:

2 +2 ( ) = 0

Pri emu je:

min(0 , 1 , , , ) < < max(0 , 1 , , )

Te na taj nain dobijamo greku:

|2 +2 ( )| <

|()|

[ ()]2
(2 + 2)! +1

Ova greka je puno manja od greke dobijene Langrange-ovom interpolacijom.

Mihailo ibonji

- 45 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Operatori i njihove osobine

Operatori se primjenjuju u interpolaciji, numerikom integriranju, numerikom diferenciranju,
sumiranju, i tako dalje. Posmatrajmo diferencijabilnu funkciju () i odredimo njne vrijednosti u
takama 0 , 1 , , koje su ekvidistantne odnosno vrijedi da je:
1 =

Odnosno da vrijedi:

1 Jedinini operator:

= ( ) = (0 + )
1 =

2 Operator pomjeranja (djelovanjem operatora u jednoj taki dobit emo vrijednost u narednoj
taki) odnosno vrijedi:
= +1

3 Operator prednje razlike (definie prirataj funkcije, prednja diferenca):

= +1

4 Operator zadnje razlike (zadnja diferenca):

5 Operator centralne razlike:

6 Operator usrednjavanja:

7 Operator diferenciranja:

8 Operator integriranja:

= 1
=

+
2

1
= +

2 +2
2
=
+1

- 46 -

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Za operatore vrijede sljedee osobine:
( ) =

(1 + 2 ) = 1 + 2

1 + (2 + 3 ) = (1 + 2 ) + 3
1 (2 3 ) = (1 2 )3

1 (2 + 3 ) = 1 2 + 1 3

1 2 2 1

(neki jesu komutativni, a neki nisu)

Operator pomjeranja, pomjera funkciju naprijed ili nazad u ovisnosti od potencije operatora, odnosno
da li je vea ili manja od nule. Primjetimo da vrijede sljedee relacije:
= 1

= 1 1
1

= 2 2

1
1 1
= 2 2
2

Sve moemo izraziti preko prednjih i zadnjih razlika.

= 1

= 1 +

= (1 +

=0

= + = 2

=0

Dobijamo formulu za razvoj operatora koja se koristi kod Newton-ovih interpolacionih polinoma:

Mihailo ibonji

=0

- 47 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Tablice konanih razlika

Kako su definisani operatori konanih razlika, na osnovu njih moemo formirati tablice konanih
razlika. Neka je () tabelirana u takama i neka su odgovarajue vrijednosti funkcije. Kako je:
= (n1 yk ) = 1 ( ) = 1 +1 1

Konane razlike moemo izraunati pomou razlika nizeg reda, pa tako za tablicu prednjih razlilka
dobijamo sljedeu tablicu:
0

1
2
3
4

5
6

0
1
2
3
4

2 0
2

1
2

2
2

3
2 4

3 0
3 1
3

2
3 3

4 0
4

1
4

5 0
5

6 0

Odnosno tablica zadnjih razlika je:

0

1
2
3
4

5
6

- 48 -

1
2
3
4

5
6

2 2
2

3
2 4
2

5
2 6

3 3
3

4
3

5
3 6

4 4

4 5
4

5 5
5

6 6

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Prvi i drugi Newton-ov interpolacioni polinom

Neka su 0 , 1 , , vrijednosti funkcije () koje odgovaraju redom argumentima 0 , 1 , ,
koji su ekvidistantni, odnosno vrijedi:
1 =

( = 1,2, , )

Pa prema tome moemo pisati da je:

= 0 +

U ovom specijalnom sluaju, kada je korak konstantan, potrebno je odrediti interpolacioni polinom
-tog stepena. Ovaj zadatak se lako moe rjeeiti primjenom operatorskog rauna. Iz operatorske jednakosti:
= 1 +

Dobijamo:

= (1 + )

Desnu stranu jednakosti formalno moemo razviti u binomni red:

=0

Ako funkciju aproksimiramo interpolacionim polinomom -tog stepena, tada se konane razlike
lanova iji je red vei od anuliraju pa moemo da piemo sljedee:

0 0

=0

Na desnoj strani ove jednakosti se nalazi prvi Newton-ov interpolacioni polinom (). Kako je:
Uvedemo li smjenu:

Pa prema tome vrijedi:

0 = (0 ) = (0 + )
0 + =

( 1)( 2) ( + 1) ( 0 )( 1 ) ( 1 )

=
=

!
!

Mihailo ibonji

- 49 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Odnosno dobijamo:
() = 0 +

( 0 )( 1 ) ( 1 )
( 0 ) ( 1 )
0
0 + +
0 + +
0

1!
!
!

to predstavlja prvi Newton-ov interpolacioni polinom. Sada funkciju () moemo napisati kao:
() = () + ()

Pri emu je () greka aproksimacije, i odreuje se kao:

|()| =

Ako sada poemo od jednakosti:

+1 ( )

+1

( + 1)!
( + 1)! +1
)1

= (1

= (1)
=0

Primjenom ovog razvoja na pri emu se razvoj uzima do , dobijamo drugu Newton-ovu
interpolacionu formulu, odnosno:

(1)

=0

Pa kako je:

= ( + )

Tada uvoenjem smjene:

+ =

Pa dobijamo:

( + 1)( + 2) ( + 1) ( )( 1 ) ( 1 )

=
=

!
!

Odnosno sada moemo pisati:

() = +

( )( 1 ) ( 1 ) n

+ +
yn
1!
!

to predstavlja drugi Newton-ov interpolacioni polinom. Greka interpolacionog polinoma se moe

odrediti kao i kod prvog Newton-ovog polinoma.

- 50 -

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Romboidni dijagram
Formirajmo tablicu konanih razlika. Ako se susjedne razlike razliitog reda poveu spojnicama dobija
se graf koji ima romboidne mree. U redini rombova se upisuju uopteni binomni koeficijenti. Interpolacioni
polinomi su uvjek izraeni preko linearne kombinacije konanih razlika, pri emu se koeficijeni mnoe sa
ovim razlikama. Ako se do jedne razlike dolazi po kosoj silaznoj spojnici tada se razlika mnoi binomnim
koeficijentom koji se nalazi iznad razlike, a ako se dolazi po kosoj uzlaznoj liniji tada se mnoi sa
koeficijentom koji se nalazi ispod konane razlike. Na ovaj nain moemo dobiti niz interpolacionih polinoma:

+ 3

+ 2

+ 1

1
1
1
1

+ 4

2 3

+ 3

2 2

+ 2

2 1

+ 1

+ 3

+ 2

+ 1

1
1

2 4

2 0

4 5

3 4

+ 4

3 3

+ 3

3 2

+ 2

3 1

+ 1

3 0

2 1

2 2

3 1

4 4
4 3
4 2
4 1

4 0

4
4 1

Pa tako na primjer, prvi Newton-ov interpolacioni polinom dobijamo povezivanjem konanih razlika
po putu 0 , 0 , 2 0 , , 0 pa tako na osnovu pravila za romboidni dijagram dobijamo:

= 0 + 0 + 2 0 +
1
2

Mihailo ibonji

- 51 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Drugi Newton-ov interpolacioni polinom dobijamo povezivanjem vorova 0 , 1 , 2 2 ,
odnosno:

+ 1 2
2 +
= () = 0 + 1 +
1
2

Prvi Gauss-ov interpolacioni polinom dobijamo tako to biramo put 0 , 0 , 2 1 , 3 1 , 4 2 ,

odnosno dobijamo ljedei interpolacioni polinom:

+ 1 3
1 +
= () = 0 + 0 + 2 1 +
1
2
3

Pa tako uvoenjem smjene:

Dobijamo:
() = 0 +

( 0 )( 1 ) 2
( 1 )( 0 )( 1 ) 3
0
0 +

+
1
1
1!
2! 2
3! 3

Drugi Gauss-ov interpolacioni polinom dobijamo ako biramo put 0 , 1 , 2 1 , 3 2 , 4 2 , pa

nakon uvoenja smjene kao i u prethodnom sluaju dobijamo:
() = 0 +

( 1 )( 0 ) 2
( 1 )( 0 )( 1 ) 3
0
1 +
1 +
2
2
2!
1!
3! 3

Stirling-ov interpolacioni polinom se dobija kao poluzbir prvog i drugog Gauss-ovog interpolaciong
polinoma, odnosno primjenom romboidnog dijagrama formiramo put 0 , 2 1 , 4 2 , odnosno:
1 + 1
1
1

+ 1
+
+ 2 1 + (3 1 + 3 2 )
= () = 0 + (0 1 ) +
1
2
3
2
2
2
2

U ovom sluaju kod formiranja polinoma kada se doe do binomnog koeficijenta on se mnoi sa
poluzbirom razliga koje se nalaze iznad i ispod ovog koeficijenta, a kada se doe do konane razlike onda se
ona mnoi sa poluzbirom gornjeg i donjeg binomnog koeficijenta.

Bessel-ov interpolacioni polinom se dobija slino kao Stirling-ov interpolacioni polinom samo to
ovdje biramo put 0 , 3 1 , 5 2 , pa dobijamo:
1
1
1

1
0 + (2 0 + 2 1 ) +
= () = (0 + 1 ) + +
2
1
2 1
2
2

- 52 -

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Srednja kvadratna aproksimacija

Greka, udaljenost stvarne funkcije od aproksimirane moemo odrediti kao:
= ((0 ) 0 )2 + ((1 ) 1 )2 + + (( ) )2

Ako bi samo sabirali razlike izmeu stvarne i aproksimirane vrijednosti, mogli bi da dobijemo
katastrofalne rezultate kao na primjer da se ponitavaju greke te da na kraju ukupna iznosi nula. Zbog toga
se kvadriraju tako da sve budu istog znaka. Odnosno moemo reci da je mjera odsupanja data sa:

= (( ) )2
=0

Da bi nali koeficijente funkcije moramo minimizirati greku:

min = 1 1 ( ) + 2 2 ( ) + + ( )
=0

Neka je funkcija polinom -tog stepena odnosno:

() = 0 + 1 ( 1) + +

Odnosno trebamo nai minimum:

min = 0 + 1 ( 1) + +
=0

Nalaenjem parcijalnih izvoda dolazimo do sistema:

= 2 0 + 1 ( 1) + + = 0
0
=0

= 2 0 + 1 ( 1) + + 1 = 0
1
=0

= 2 0 + 1 ( 1) + + 1 = 0

=0

Dobijamo sistem sa ( + 1) jednainom i isto toliko nepoznatih, ijim rjeavanjem dolazimo do

minimuma dobijanjem nepoznatih koeficijenata.

Mihailo ibonji

- 53 -

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Ekonomizacija stepenih redova (Chebyshev-i polinomi)

Chebyshev-ljev polinom -tog stepena je dat sa:
Pa tako imamo da je:

() = cos

cos =

0 () = 1
1 () =

2 () = cos 2 = cos2 sin2 = 2 cos2 1 = 2 2 1

3 () = cos 3 = cos3 3 cos (2 cos2 1) = 4 3 3 = (4 2 3)

Odnosno kako je:

+1 () + 1 () = 2 ()
+1 = 2 () 1 ()

Chebyshev-ljev polinom nas zanima na intervalu [1,1] jer je cos [1,1]. Svi Chebyshev-ljevi
polinomi su ili parne ili neparne funkcije. Svi ekstremi polinoma su ili 1 ili 1 na datom segmentu, kao i svi
korijeni polinoma. Dakle imamo ( 1) ekstrem izmeu korijena i dva na krajevima intervala.
Tn(x)

T2

-1
T1

T3

-1

1 x

Chebyshev-ljevi polinomi imaju minmax osobinu koja se esto koristi u numerikoj analizi.
Th:
Za Chebyshev-ljev polinom () vrijedi nejednakost:

max|21 ()| max| ()|

|x|1

- 54 -

|x|1

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Minmax osobina Chebyshev-ljevih polinoma se koristi u procesu ekonomizacije potencijalnih redova.
Pod ekonomizacijom se podrazumjeva da polinom () aproksimiramo polinomom () na segmentu
[1,1] pri emu je < . Zanima nas da li je mogue polinom () aproksimirati polinomom nieg
stepena na raun toga to emo smanjiti tanost u okolini take = 0, pri emu se zahtjeva da greka bude
minimalna.
Koristei se Chebyshev-ljevim polinomima mogue je formirati tabelu:
1 = 0
= 1

2 =

0 + 2
2

4 =

30 + 42 + 4
8

3 =

31 + 3
4

/2

2 ()
= 21
1 + ,2
=0

Pomou ovih jednakosti sada moemo pisati:

() = 0 0 + 1 1 + + + +1 +1 + +

Ako otpiemo lanove poev od ( + 1) tada smo polinom aproksimirali sa polinomom -tog
stepena i pri tome vrijedi:
() = 0 0 + 1 1 + +
Za greku aproksimacije vrijedi nejednakost:
| () ()| | +1 | + + | |

Mihailo ibonji

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

SISTEMI LINEARNIH JEDNAINA

Posmatrajmo sistem linearnih jednaina:
11 1 + + 1 = 1

1 1 + + =

Sistem moemo prikazati i u matrinom obliku:

Sistem ima rjeenje ako je determinanta matrice razliita od nule. Rjeenje sistema mozemo
predstaviti u matrinom obliku kao:
= 1

Ovo je samo formalni oblik rjeavanja sistema jer izraunavanje inverzne matrice je ekvivalentno
rjeavanju polaznog sistema linearnih jednaina. Sistemi se dijele na velike i male. Pored toga sisteme
dijelimo i prema vrsti matrica sistema. Ako matrica ima dosta nula, kaemo da je matrica rastresita i za
taj sluaj postoje specijalni metodi za rjeavanje. Rastresite matrice se javljaju na primjer u analizi elektrinih
mrea. Pored toga matrica sistema moe imati specijalnu konfiguraciju elemenata razliitih od nule.
Numeriki metodi za rjeavanje sistema linearnih jednaina se dijele na direktne i iterativne metode.
Kod direktnih metoda rjeenje dobijamo u jednom koraku, ali zbog velikog broja operacija za ove metode je
karakteristino da se kod veih sistema javlja velika greka. Osnovni direktni metod je Gauss-ov metod
eliminacije.
Kod iterativnih metoda se rjeenje u svakom iterativnom koraku poboljava. Osnovna prednost
iterativnih metoda je u tome to se greke zaokruivanjane akumuliraju. Pored toga prednost im je sto su
dosta jednostavniji metodi pa se uspjeno primjenjuju na rjeavanje velikih sistema. Osnovni iterativni
metodi za rjeavanje sistema linearnih jednaina su Jacobi-ev metod i Gauss-Seidel-ov metod.

- 56 -

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Gauss-ov metod eliminacije

Gauss-ov metod eliminacije spada u najrasprostranjeniji metod za rjeavanje sistema linearnih
jednaina. Posmatrajmo sistem jednaina:
11 1 + 12 2 + + 1 = 1

21 1 + 22 2 + + 2 = 2

1 1 + 2 2 + + =

Ako prvu jednainu sistema pomnoimo sa (21 /11 ) pod pretpostavkom da je 11 0 i saberemo
sa drugom jednainom, zatim sa 31 /11 i saberemo sa treom, i tako dalje, pa na kraju pomnoimo sa
1 /11 i saberemo sa zadnjom jednainom dobijamo ekvivalentni sistem jednaina:
11 1 + 12 2 + + 1 = 1
(2)

(2)

(2)

22 2 + + 2 = 2
(2)

(2)

(2)

2 2 + + =

Ako sada izuzmemo prvu jednainu ostaje nam sistem od ( 1) jednaine sa ( 1) nepoznatom.
Isti postupak nastavimo i za ovaj novi sistem, te ponavljamo postupak dok polazni sistem ne svedemo na
trougaonu formu odnosno:
11 1 + 12 2 + + 1 = 1
(2)

(2)

(2)

22 2 + + 2 = 2
()

()

Ovim je zavren prvi dio Gauss-ovog metoda. Drugi dio predstavlja povratna zamjena. Iz zadnje
jednaine dobijamo , jednaine iznad nje dobijamo 1 sve do prve iz koje dobijamo 1 . S obzirom da se
kod Gauss-ovog postupka pojavljuje veliki broj operacija moe se oekivati da zbog numerikog odsijecanja
greka se moe znatno akumulirati. Gauss-ov metod se moe modifikovati metodom vodeih stoera tako da
uvijek na prvo mjesto postavljamo najvee koeficijente.

Mihailo ibonji

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Svoenje na trougaonu formu (LU dekompozicija)

Gauss-ov metod ima niz modifikacija, meu kojima su i one kod kojih se matrica svodi na trougaonu
formu, pa tako na primjer, ako matricu prikaemo u formi:
= ( + 1)

Gdje je donja trougaona matrica, strogo gornja trougaona matrica i jedinina matrica odnosno:

0
11
0

0
21 21

1
1
1

Tada se sistem = svodi na:

1
13
0 12

0 0 22
2

00 00 00
00

( + ) =

Ako uvedemo smjenu = ( + ) tada dobijamo:

Odnosno ako prethodne dvije jednaine postavimo u razvijenom obliku dobijamo dva sistema:

11
1

1 + 22
2
21

I sistem:

= 1

= 2

1 + 2
2 + +
=
1

1 + 12
2 + 13
3 + + 1
= 1

3 + + 2
= 2
2 + 23

Ova dva sistema rjeavaju se povratnom smjenom i to prvi povratnom smjenom odozgo a drugi
povratnom smjenom odozdo. Glavni problem kod ovog postupka je pronalazak matrice . Razlaganje
matrice na gornju i donju trougaonu matricu se znatno uprotava ako je simetrina pozitivno definitna
matrica. Specijalan metod za rjeavanje sistema sa simetrinim maticama naziva se metod kvadratnog
korijena ili Banachiewicz-ev metod.

- 58 -

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Na osnovu jednakosti:
( + |) =

Dobijamo:
1

+ =

( )

+ =

( < )

=1
1

=1

+ =

=1

Te na osnovu ovih formula dobijamo:

1

=1

=1

=1

( )
( < )

1
2
3

Proraun se odvija tako to se prvo u 1 fiksira = 1 dok ide od 1 do . Zatim u 2 se fiksira = 1 a

sada ide od 2 do , to znai da smo na ovaj nain izraunali prvu vrstu matrice . Kada odredimo matrice
i tada ponovo pristupamo uvoenju povratne smjene. Sa prethodne tri jednakosti opisan je Crout-ov
metod za rjeavanje sistema linearnih jednaina. Ovaj metod se uspjeno primjenjuje na sisteme iji su
koeficijenti kompleksni brojevi. Ukupan broj operacija jednak je Gauss-ovom metodu.

Mihailo ibonji

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Jacobi-ev metod
Posmatrajmo sistem linearnih jednaina:
11 1 + + 1 = 1

21 1 + + 2 = 2

1 1 + + =

Gornji sistem moemo zapisati preko ekvivalentnog sistema kao:

1 = 11 1 + + 1 + 1

Odnosno u matrinom obliku:

= 1 1 + + +
= +

Pa pomou njega moemo kreirati iterativnu formulu:

+1 = +

Matricu nazivamo iterativnom matricom. Za odrivanje dovoljnih uslova konvergencije Jacobi-evog

iterativnog metoda, definiimo najprije sljedee pojmove.
Def:
Normom matrice zaiva se realan broj koji zadovoljava sljedee uslove:
1 0

2 = | |

3 + +
4

Ako norma zadovoljava sljedee dopunske uslove naziva se nakoninom normom:

5 ||

6 Ako je || || tada je

- 60 -

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Za matrice se uvode sljedee tri osnovne kanonike forme:
a) m-norma:

= max

b) l-norma:

=1

= max

c) k-norma:

=1

=
,

Th:

Za niz 0 , 1 , , formiran Jacobi-evim iterativnim postupkom konvergira ka jedinstvenom rjeenju

jednaine ako je bilo koja kanonika forma iterativne matrice manja od jedan, pri emu je poetno rjeenje
proizvoljno.
neka su poznate svojstvene vrijednosti iterativne matrice , odnosno korijeni karakteristine
jednaine iterativne matrice i odgovarajui svojstveni vektori tada vrijedi:

Th:

Ako se sopstvene vrijednosti iterativne matice nalaze u jedininom krugu || < 1 tada iterativni
proces konvergira.
Skup svojstvenih vrijednosti matrice naziva se spektrom matice, a spektralni radijus se definie kao:
Th:

() = max{| | = 1,2, , }

Iterativni Jacobi-ev postupak konvergira ako i samo ako je spektralni radijus iterativne matrice manji
od jedinice.

Mihailo ibonji

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Gauss-Seidel-ov metod
Posmatrajmo sistem linearnij jednaina, koji je dat u obliku:
= +

Napiemo li matricu preko zbira dvije matrice, odnosno:

0

21
= 31

1

0
0
32

0
0

11
0
0
0

0
0 + 0

1
0 0

12
22
0

1
13

23
2

33
3 = +

0

Pri emu je strogo donja trougaona matrica a gornja trougaona matrica. Gauss-Seidel-ov iterativni
postupak moe se prikazati jednakou:
+1 = +1 + +

Uslov konvergencije gornjeg postupka moe se izvesti iz uslova Jacobi-evog postupka odnosno:

Pa vrijedi:

( )+1 = +
+1 = ( )1 + ( )1

Matrica ( )1 je u sutini iterativna matrica koja odgovara Jacobi-evom iterativnom postupku.

Pa prema tome dobijeni iterativni niz konvergira ako su moduli korijena karakteristine jednaine iterativne
matrice manji od jedan. Odnosno potrebno je da korijeni lee u jedininom krugu.
Uslovi konvergencije Jacobi-evog i Gauss-Seidel-ovog metoda su razliiti odnosno ako jedan metod
konvergira drugi moe da divergira. Za konvergenciju Gauss-Seidel-ovog metoda vrijedi teorem:
Th:
Gauss-Seidel-ov postupak za sistem = koji je rjeen redom po 1 , 2 , , konvergira ako je ovaj
sistem normalan.

- 62 -

Mihailo ibonji

Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

NUMERIKA INTEGRACIJA
Rjeavamo problem:

()

Postoji mali broj funkcija koje se mogu integraliti analitikim putem. Prva ideja koja se namee pri
izraunavanju odreenog integrala sastoji se u tome da se podintegralna funkcija interpolira ili aproksimira
polinomom -tog stepena pa se zatim integracija funkcije zamjeni integracijom polinoma.

Neka su ( , ) vorne take interpolacionog polinoma. Aproksimirajmo funkciju Langrange-ovim

interpolacionim polinomom odnosno:

() =
=0

Kako je:

+1 ()

( )
( )+1

() = () + ()

Imamo:

() = () + ()

Priblina vrijednost ovog integrala je:

() =

=0

+1 ()
=

( )
( )+1

1
+1 ()

=
+1 ( ) ( )
=0

Ako izraz u zagradi pod sumom oznaimo sa imamo:

() = + ()

Mihailo ibonji

=0

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Prethodna jednakost je dobijena na osnovu Langrange-ovog interpolacionog polinoma i predstavlja
priblinu vrijednost integrala, i izraava se pomou linearne kombinacije vrijednosti funkcije u vornim
takama. Koeficijenti se mogu odrediti iz uslova da je greka u posljednjoj jednakosti jednaka, pa
dobijamo sljedei sistem:
1 1

0 1

0 1

2
1
1


2
2

+1
+1

+ 1

Niz 0 , 1 , , moe se i na sluajan nain birati. Ako su u pitanju sluajni brojevi, tada oni podlijeu
nekoj raspodjeli. Na ovome su zasnovani Monte-Carlo metodi koji su naroito pogodni za rjeavanje
viestrukih integrala.
Postoje metodi kod kojih korak nije konstantan. Tako na primjer ako za numeriku integraciju
primjenimo trapezno pravilo, korak bi trebali smanjiti tamo gdje je drugi izvod veliki, a poveati u onom
dijelu gdje je drugi izvod mali. Prema tome raspodjela koraka zavisi od same funkcije.

- Newton-Cotes-ove formule
Neka je funkcija tabelirana u ( + 1) taaka 0 , 1 , , za koje imamo vrijednosti funkcije
0 , 1 , , . Ove take su ekvidistantne. Kod Langrange-ovog interpolacionog polinoma smo uveli pomonu
funkciju na sljedei nain:
() =

( 0 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( +1 ) ( )
( 0 )( 1 ) ( 1 )( +1 ) ( )

Smjenom = 0 + pomona funkcija se svodi na:

=

( 1)( 2) ( )
1
+1

(
)
= 1
( )(1) ! ( )!
! ( )!

Pri emu je +1 takozvani faktorijelni polinom definisan sa:

+1 = ( 1) ( )

Na osnopu toga sada Langrange-ova interpolaciona formula postaje:

() =
=0

- 64 -

(1) +1

! ( )!

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Odnosno sada na osnovu prehodnog polinoma vrijedi jednakost:

1 =

(1) +1

! ( )!

Kako je = 0 + to znai da vrijedi da je = pa prema tome:

(1)
+1

! ( )!
0

Kako je korak integracije odreen segmentom integracije i brojem interpolacionih vorova odnosno
vrijedi da je:

na osnovu gornje jednakosti dolazimo do:

(1)
+1

= ( )
= ( )
! ( )!
0

Gdje je Newton-Cotes-ov koeficijent, pa tako primjenom ovih koeficijenata dobijamo:

() = ( ) + ()
=0

Greka numerike integracije iznosi:

1
+1 ( )+1 ()
() = () =
( + 1)!

Mihailo ibonji

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

1

1 Za = 1 imamo trapezno pravilo. Ovdje je 01 = 11 = 2

1

1
() = (0 1 ) + 1 ()
2

2 Za = 2 dobijamo Simpson-ovo pravilo za koje je 02 = 22 = 1/6 i 12 = 2/6 pa vrijedi:

2

() =

(0 + 41 + 2 ) 4 ( )
90
3

3 Za = 3 dobijamo Newton-ovu formulu:

3

() =

3 5 4
3
(0 + 31 + 32 + 3 )
( )
80
8

Opte formule za odreivanje greke u Newton-Cotes-ovim formulama je data na sljedei nain. Ako je
neparno tada vrijedi sljedea jednakost:

+2 +1 ( )
( 1) ( )
() =
( + 1)!

A ako je parno, tada vrijedi:

+3 +2 ( )

(
)
( 1) ( )
=
( + 2)!
2
0

- 66 -

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Gauss-ova (Hermite-ova) integracija

Pretpostavimo da je funkcija tabelirana u taaka, i da su poznate vrijednosti funkcije i njenog prvog
izvoda u tim vornim takama. Postavlja se zadatak izraunavanja integrala:

()()

Gdje je () nenegativna funkcija na segmentu integracije, koja se naziva teinska funkcija. Kako je:
() = 21 () + ()

Vrijedi da je:

() () = ()21 () + () ()

Pa prema tome imamo:

()() ()21 ()

Gdje je 21 Hermite-ov interpolacioni polinom definisan sa:

=1

=0

21 () = () + ()

Odnosno vrijedi:

=1

=0

()21 () = () () + () =

= () () + () ()
=0

Odnosno kaemo da je:

=0

=0

=0

()21 () = +

Mihailo ibonji

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Gauss-ove integralne formule

Pogodnim izborom apcisa moemo postii da se u Hermite-ovoj formuli koeficijenti anuliraju. Pa
tada se integral moe aproksimirati kao:

() =

=1

Odnosno sumom koja se javlja kod Langrange-ovog interpolacionog polinoma s tim da je greka
integracije mnogo manja. Da bi odredili uslove pod kojima e = 0 potreban nam je teorem:
Th:

Ako je:

() () = 0

Tada se koeficijenti u Hermite-ovoj integralnoj formuli jednaki nuli.

Na osnovu ove teoreme kao i osobina ortogonalnosti polinoma, moemo zakljuiti da ako su apcise
interpolacionih vorova Hermite-ovog interpolacionog polinoma jednake nulama polinoma, koji pripada klasi
ortogonalnih polinoma na segmentu [, ] sa teinom (), tada je = 0.

U specijalnom sluaju kada su = 0 kod Hermite-ove integralne formule, dobijamo Gauss-ove

integralne formule koje mogu imati razne varijacije zavisno od izbora segmenta i teinske funkcije.

Gauss-ove integralne formule se mogu formirati na osnovu metoda neodreenih koeficijenata. Pa

prema tome iz uslova da:

() () = 1 (1 ) + + ( )

Vai za () = 1, , 2 , , 2 1 dobijamo 2 jednaina iz kojih treba da odredimo 1 , 2 , , kao i

1 , 2 , , . Za razliku od Newton-Cotes-ovih formula gdje su apcise interpolacionih vorova fiksirane, kod
Gauss-ovog metoda imamo da pored teinskih koeficijenata biramo i ove apcise takoda se dobije formula za
numeriku integraciju koja je tana za polinome to je mogue vieg stepena.

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Gauss-Legendre-ov metod
Posmatrajmo specijalan sluaj Gauss-ove integralne formule, za () = 1. Tada transformacijom:
1
1
= ( ) + ( + )
2
2

Segment [, ] preslikavamo na segment [1,1]. Zbog toga emo posmatrati integral:

1

()

Sutina Gauss-Legendre-ovog metoda je u tome da se odrede teinski koeficijenti 1 , , i

argumenti 1 , , tako da vrijedi jednakost:
1

() = 1 (1 ) + + ( )

Za polinome to je mogue vieg stepena. Mana Gauss-Legendre-ovog metoda je sto se ne moe

primjeniti na tabelarno zadanu funkciju. Poto na desnoj strani imamo 2 parametara, umjesto () uvrstit
emo neku od potencijalnih funkcija te na taj nain dobiti sistem jednaina iz kojih emo odrediti
koeficijente.
Argumenti 1 , 2 , , su nule polinoma -tog stepena koji pripada skupu ortogonalnih polinoma na
segmentu [1,1] sa teinom () = 1. Ovu osobinu imaju Legendre-ovi polinomi. Legendre-ovi polinomi se
dobijaju iz razvoja:
(, ) =

1 2 + 2

= ()
=0

Funkcija (, ) naziva se funkcijom generatrisom Legendre-ovih polinoma. Legendre-ovi polinomi su

ortogonalni na segmentu [1,1] sa teinom () = 1, odnosno vrijedi jednakost:
1

Procjena greke:

() () = 2
1
2 + 1

( )

( = )

(2) ( )
2
()
=
(2)!
1

Mihailo ibonji

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Numerike metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Viestruki integrali
Posmatrajmo dvojni integral:

(, )

Gdje je konana i jednostruko povezana zatvorena oblast. Ako sada oblast dopunimo do
pravougaonika tada moemo primjeniti formulu za jednostruke integrale pri emu vrijedi da je:
= {(, )| , }
d
c

Formirajmo pomonu funkciju na sljedei nain:

(, )
(, ) =
0

Kako je:

(, )
(, ) \

(, ) = (, ) + (, ) + (, )

Integral po zatvorenoj oblasti svodimo na integraciju pomone funkcije po pravougaoniku . U tom

sluaju dvojni integral moemo svesti na dvostruki integral i to:

(, ) = (, )

Sada moemo da na pojedinane integrale primjenimo neko pravilo za numeriku integraciju te

dobijamo da vrijedi:

=1

=1

(, ) ( , ) = ( , ) = ( , )

- 70 -

=1 =1

Mihailo ibonji

OPTIMIZACIONE METODE U ELEKTROTEHNICI

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

NUMERIKO RJEAVANJE DIFERENCIJALNIH JEDNAINA

Sa stanovita rjeavanja diferencijalnih jednaina, one se mogu rjeiti analitikim i numerikim putem,
pri emu je veoma mali broj diferencijalnih jednaina do ijeg rjeenja moemo doi analitiki. Zbog toga za
ostale tipove diferencijalnih jednaina, pribjegavamo rjeavanju nekom od numerikih metoda. Numerikim
metodama moemo rjeiti i diferencijalne jednaine koje su rjeive analitiki, ali zbog sloenenosti integracije
primjenjujemo neku od numerikih metoda. Neka je data diferencijalna jednaina (Cauchy-ev problem):
= (, )

(0 ) = 0

Traimo partikularno rjeenje predhodne jednaine, uz zadane poetne uslove. Jednainu emo
rjeavati na nekom segmentu [0 , ] uz poetne uslove (0 ) = 0 . Ako naemo opte rjeenje jednaine
i variramo konstantu , tada dobijamo familiju rjeenja.

Geometrijska interpretacija te injenice moe se predstaviti na sljedei nain. Ako promatramo neku
diferencijalnu jednainu geometrijski, onda integralna kriva predstavlja rjeenje diferencijalne jednaine, pri
emu integralna kriva ima smjer polja (direction field ili fazni portret) u svakoj svojoj taki. Vano je
napomenuti da dvije integralne krive se ne sijeku, to proizilazi iz injenice da u jednoj taki ima samo jedan
nagib funkcije, kao i da dvije integralne krive se ne dodiruju odnosno ne mogu biti tangente nego samo
asimptotski prilaze jedna drugoj. Ove dvije osobine su poslijedica teoreme o egzistenciji i jedinstvenosti,
odnosno da kroz taku (0 , 0 ) jednaina = (, ) ima jedno i samo jedno rjeenje. Polje je sainjeno od
nagiba funkcije u takama. Samo polje se moe kreirati na nain da se promatraju krive (isocline) koje u
svakoj svojoj taki imaju jednaku vrijednost nagiba funkcije. Ako bi promatrali na primjer jednainu:
= 1 +

Tada bi mogli da odredimo na primjer krive u kojima ima neki odreeni nagib, na primjer 0, 1, 2, ,
te na osnovu takve interpretacije moemo da provuemu integralnu krivu potivajui osobine iste.

Odavdje se jasno vidi da variranjem konstante, dobijamo familiju rjeenja, te da izborom poetnog
rjeenja uzimamo samo jedno rjeenje iz familije rjeenja diferencijalne jednaine.

Mihailo ibonji

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Rjeenje traimo u konanom skupu taaka sa korakom (ekvidistantnim korakom). Izborom manjeg
koraka dobijamo na tanosti meutim, to za poslijedicu ima due vrijeme izvoenja jer je potrebna vea
koliina prorauna. Da bi jednaina = (, ) na segmentu [0 , ] imala rjeenje potrebno je da vrijedi:
-

Funkcija (, ) je definisana i neprekidna na 0 i < < +

Vrijedi Lipschitz-ov uslov, odnosno da funkcija ima ogranien rast, to jest da postoji pozitivna
konstanta takva da za proizvoljno [0 , ] vrijedi:
|(, 2 ) (, 1 )| |2 1 |

Rjeenja preteno nalazimo tabelarno uz pretpostavku da je poetno rjeenje tano, odnosno prilikom
zadavanja problema imamo zadano neko poetno rjeenje i korak , pa primjenom neke od metoda imamo:

Neka je data diferencijalna jednaina, i neka je dato poetno rjeenje. Pretpostavka je da je poetno
rjeenje tano, odnosno da znamo taan nagib funkcije u taki (0 , 0 ).
y(x)
y0
x0

y1

LE
x1

y(x1)

y2

x2

y(x2)

Polazei iz 0 pomjeramo se u taku 1 u zavisnosti od veliine koraka , te u njoj procjenjujemo

vrijednost 1 znajui da je u 0 vrijednost 0 tana vrijednost. Numerikim postupkom dolazimo do priblinih
rjeenja zbog greaka, prije svega lokalne greke (LE) koja nastaje primjenom metoda idui iz jedne u drugu
taku, kao i mainskih greaka. U prvom koraku kreui se iz take 0 u taku 1 pravimo lokalnu greku LE
tako da se 1 nalazi na trajektoriji nekog drugog partikularnog rjeenja, odnosno 1 (1 ). Pomjerimo li se
sada u taku 2 i u njoj procjenimo vrijednost 2 , greka koju uinimo prilikom procjene zavisit e od lokalne
greke nastale idui iz take 1 u taku 2 , kao i zbog netane vrijednosti predhodnog koraka.

Nas zanima ukupna greka koju uinimo prolazei kroz sve take iz nekog konanog skupa taaka,
odnosno zanima nas globalna greka (GE). Globalna greka je posljedica nagomilavanja lokalnih greaka,
odnosno globalna greka raste sa brojem koraka, to znai da je greka vea to smo dalje od poetnog
rjeenja. Moe se pokazati da je:
~

ako je

~ +1

Odnosno globalnu i lokalnu greku moemo izraziti u funkciji od koraka odnosno od stepena nekog
odabranog koraka .

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

To znai da ako korak smanjimo deset puta, a pri tome se lokalna greka smanji stotinu puta, tada e
se globalna greka smanjiti deset puta, odnosno:

y(x)

x0

x1

x2

x3

x4

x5

Ako procijenimo globalnu greku uinjenu u petom koraku, odnosno u taki 5 i ako koristimo metod
ija je lokalna greka proporcionalna sa 2 , tada ako bi eljeli da smanjimo globalnu greku deset puta tada
oigledno lokalnu greku moramo smanjiti za stotinu puta. Vano je napomenuti da smanjivanjem koraka
nagomilavamo globalnu greku jer pravimo vie koraka.
Numerike metode dijelimo na:
-

Jednokorane (ako za odreivanje naredne vrijednosti koristimo samo predhodnu vrijednosti)

Viekorane (ako za odreivanje naredne vrijednosti koristimo vie predhodnih vrijednosti)

Pored ove podjele numerikih metoda, formule za rjeavanje dijelimo na:

-

Eksplicitne formule
Implicitne formule

Kod eksplicitnih formula vrijednost narednog koraka zavisi samo od vrijednosti fukcije do tog koraka,
dok za razliku od eksplicitnih, kod implicitnih formula vrijednost narednog koraka zavisi od vrijednosti
funkcije predhodnih koraka, kao i od vrijednosti narednog koraka (koraka u kojem vrimo procjenu).

Formule za rjeavanje takoe moemo klasifikovati na osnovu reda formule, pa tako imamo:
-

Formule prvog reda ( = 1)

Formule drugog reda ( = 2)
Formule vieg reda ( > 2)

Naravno za odreivanje reda formule posmatramo vrijednost stepena u izrazu za globalnu, odnosno
lokalnu greku.

Mihailo ibonji

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Taylor-ov metod
Taylor-ov metod spada u kvazinumerike metode. Ovo je nepraktian metod, ali ima vaan teorijski
znaaj. Ovaj metod jo se naziva i analitiki metod priblinog rjeavanja diferencijalnih jednaina. Neka je
data diferencijalna jednaina (Cauchy-ev problem) zajedno sa poetnim uslovom:
= (, )

(0 ) = 0

Potrebno je nai partikularno rjeenje koje e zadovoljiti poetni uslov. Odnosno tano partikularno
rjeenje moemo zapisati u obliku Taylor-ovog razvoja:
() = 0 +

(0 )
(0 )
() (0 )
( 0 ) +
( 0 )2 + +
( ) +
1!
2!
!

Odnosno vrijedi da je:

(0 ) = 0 , (0 ) =

(0 ) = (0 ) = +

(0 ) = (0 ) = + + + 2 + + =
= + 2 + 2 + + 2

Nalaenje viih izvoda postaje poprilino sloeno, mada postoje rekuretne formule na osnovu kojih se
oni mogu raunati. Koliko lanova uzimamo zavisi od vrijednosti , odnosno ako imamo neku zadanu tanost
tada uslov zaustavljanja jeste da je greka manja od , to zapravo znai da je < . Ako uvedemo
korak pomou = 0 + tada na osnovu predhodnog razvoja moemo pisati:
1 = (1 ) = 0 +

Ovdje sada imamo:

0
0 2
0 1)
+ ++
+
1!
2!
!

( +1) (0 ) +1

( + 1)!

Pri emu je 0 < 0 < 1 pa prema tome moemo pisati da je:

+1 = +

1)
+ 2 + +
+
1!
2!
!

Uvedemo li sada funkciju na sljedei nain:

(, ) = (, ) +

- 74 -

1 ( 1)
(, )
(, ) + +

2!
!

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Tada vrijedi:
+1 = + ( , ) +

Odnosno odbacivanjem lanova vieg reda dobijamo formulu:

+1 = + ( , )

Broj predstavlja red Taylor-ovog metoda, odnosno govori nam sa koliko lanova Taylor-ovog razvoja
aproksimiramo funkciju (to vei broj lanova uzmemo u obzir dobijamo bolju aproksimaciju), tako na
primjer za = 1 dobijamo Euler-ov metod ija je greka proporcionalna sa prvim narednim odbaenim
lanom to jest 2 .
- Sistemi diferencijalnih jednaina
Obzirom da bilo koju diferencijalnu jednainu -tog reda u standardnom obliku moemo prevesti u
sistem od diferencijalnih jednaina prvog reda, zakljuujemo da sposobnost rjeavanja sistema
diferencijalnih jednaina prvog reda je dovoljna da bi rjeili neku diferencijalnu jednainu vieg reda. Za
sistem od diferencijalnih jednaina prvog reda potrebno nam je poetnih uslova da bi imali jedinstveno
partikularno rjeenje na nekom segmentu.
1 (0 ) = 01
2 (0 ) = 02
3 (0 ) = 03

1 = 1 (, 1 , 2 , 3 , , )
2 = 2 (, 1 , 2 , 3 , , )
3 = 3 (, 1 , 2 , 3 , , )

= (, 1 , 2 , 3 , , )

to se esto zapisuje u kompaktnom (matrinom) obliku, odnosno:

(0 ) = 0

= (, )
Tako na primjer ako imamo diferencijalnu jednainu drugog reda (sa dva poetna uslova):
= (, , )

(0 ) = 0 , (0 ) = 0

Uvodei smjenu, odnosno pomonu analitiku funkciju kao = tada dobijamo dvije diferencijalne
jednaine prvog reda, odnosno system diferencijalnih jednaina prvog reda sa dva poetna uslova:
= (, , )

Mihailo ibonji

(0 ) = 0
(0 ) = 0

- 75 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Analogno za sluaj da imamo diferencijalnu jednainu treeg reda (sa tri poetna uslova) koristili bi
dvije pomone alanitike funkcije na sljedei nain:
= (, , , )

(0 ) = 0 ,

(0 ) = 0 ,

(0 ) = 0

Uvdemo smjenu = i = te dobijamo = (, , , ) odnosno tri jednaine prvog reda:

=
=
= (, , , )

(0 ) = 0
(0 ) = 0
(0 ) = 0

Obzirom da je Taylor-ov red za -dimenzioni vektor , vektor ije su komponente Taylor-ovi razvoji
moemo to predstaviti na nain:
()

( ) + 1 (0 ) ( ) + 1 (0 ) ( )2 + + 1 ( ) +
1 0
0
0
0
1!
2!
!

()

2 (0 )
2 (0 )

2
2

(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)

+
+

0
0
0
= 2 0
!
1!
2!

()
(0 )
(0 )

( )
( 0 ) +
( 0 ) + +
( 0 ) +
0 + 1!

2!
!

Treba napomenuti da jednodimenziono pravilo ulanavanja (Chain Rule) se lako proiruje za

multivarijabilnu postavku. Ako je -dimenzini vektor diferencijabilan u nekoj taki , i ako je (, )
diferencijabilna na tada je i kompozicija (, ) diferencijabilna u i pri tome vrijedi:

(, ) = (, )

Pri emu je () derivativna matrica odnosno Jacobian od (, ).

Ako bi za neki sistem do dvije diferencijalne jednaine prvog reda, sa dva poetna uslova htjeli da
primjenimo Taylor-ov postupak (metod) to bi mogli uraditi na sljedei nain:
= (, , )
= (, , )

(0 ) = 0
(0 ) = 0

Tada uz pretpostavku zadanih poetnih uslova moemo pisati:

+1 () = + ( , , )
+1 () = + ( , , )

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Ako je zadana diferencijalna jednaina implicitnog oblika uz jedan pooetni uslov, odnosno:
(, , ) = 0

Tada to rjeavamo na sljedei nain:

(0 ) = 0

(, , ) (, , ) (, , )
+
+
= 0

Odnosno dobijamo:

(, , ) (, , )
(, , )
=
+

(, , ) (, , )
+

=
(, , )

Ponovo dobijamo diferencijalnu jednainu, ali sada je drugog reda pa samim tim nam treba i dva
poetna uslova, meutim imamo samo jedan. U tom sluaju u polaznu jednainu (, , ) = 0 uvrtavamo
vrijednosti 0 i 0 te dobijamo nelinearnu jednainu jedne promjenjive (0 , 0 , 0 ) = 0 ijim rjeavanjem
dolazimo do 0 . Nakon toga uvodimo smjenu kao i u sluaju eksplicitno zadane diferencijalne jednaine:
=

(0 ) = 0

+
=

(0 ) = (0 )

Na isti nain bi postupili i za implicitno zadanu diferencijalnu jednainu drugog reda, uz zadana dva
poetna uslova, odnosno:
(, , , ) = 0

(0 ) = 0 ,

(0 ) = 0

(, , , ) (, , , ) (, , , ) (, , , )
+
+
+
= 0

+ +

Kako je nova jednaina treeg reda, nama nedostaje jedan poetni uslov koji dobijamo uvrtavanjem
vrijednosti 0 , 0 i 0 u polaznu diferencijalnu jednainu (, , , ) = 0, pa uvodimo smjenu:
=

+ +

(0 ) = 0
(0 ) = 0

(0 ) = (0 )

Te na ovaj nain dobijamo sistem od tri diferencijalne jednaine prvog reda.

Mihailo ibonji

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Picard-ov metod
Pored Taylor-ovog metoda i Picard-ov metod spada u kvazinumerike metode. Picard-ov metod ili
metod sukcesivnih aproksimacija, javlja se u teoriji diferencijalnih jednaina u vezi sa problemima
egzistencije i jedinstvenosti rjeenja. Posmatrajmo diferencijalnu jednainu (Cauchy-ev problem):
= (, )

(0 ) = 0

Integralimo li lijevu i desnu stranu jednakosti dobijamo:

= (, )

() (0 ) = (, )
0

() = (0 ) + (, )
0

Pomou ove jednaine formiramo iterativni niz funkcija 0 () 1 () () odnosno:

+1 () = 0 + , ()
0

Ako su ispunjeni uslovi da su funkcije definisane i neprekidne na intervalu, kao i da vrijedi Lipschitz-ov
uslov (da funkcija ima ogranien rast) tada niz () konvergira ka rjeenju diferencijalne jednaine. Ima
smisla za koristiti ako su dobijeni integrali jednostavni za rjeavat.
Ako imamo sistem diferencijalnih jednaina:
= (, , )
= (, , )

(0 ) = 0
(0 ) = 0

Tada primjenom Picard-ovog metoda dobijamo:

+1 () = 0 + (, , )
0

+1 () = 0 + (, , )
0

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Euler-ovi metodi za rjeavanje diferencijalnih jednaina

Postoji vie Euler-ovih metoda (formula) za rjeavanje diferencijalnih jednaina kao to su:
-

Implicitni Euler-ov metod

Eksplicitni Euler-ov metod (backward Euler's method)
Trapezni Euler-ov metod
Modifikovani Euler-ov metod (viekorani postupak)

Bazirani su vie manje na istom principu ali sa razliitim pristupima procjene naredne vrijednosti
nagiba funkcije, odnosno aproksimaciji izvoda funkcije u narednom koraku.

- Eksplicitni Euler-ov metod

Neka je data diferencijalna jednaina, sa poetnim uslovom (Cauchy-ev problem):
= (, )

(0 ) = 0

Znamo poetni nagib funkcije, odnosno (0 ) = (0 , 0 ), te elimo da procjenimo, to jest izvriti

predikciju ponaanja funkcije u narednoj taki (odnosno zanima nas nagib funkcije u taki 1 ).
y1

'

y0

y0
x0

hy0'

h
x1

Sa slike vidimo da razliku izmeu vrijednosti nagiba funkcije u 0 i 1 moemo izraziti kao:
1 0 = 0

1 = 0 + (0 , 0 )

Te na osnovu toga moemo vriti predikciju (aproksimaciju) nagiba funkcije u narednoj taki. Tana
vrijednost funkcije moe se napisati u obliku Taylor-ovog razvoja, odnosno:
() = (0 ) +

(0 )
(0 )
( 0 ) +
( 0 )2 +
1!
2!

Uzmemo li sada da je = 0 + dobijamo:

(1 ) = 0 + (0 , 0 ) +

Mihailo ibonji

2
(0 ) +
2

- 79 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Lokalna greka metoda, predstavlja greku uinjenu kreui se iz take 0 u taku 1 , i moemo je
posmatrati kao razliku izmeu tane i aproksimirane vrijednosti odnosno:
= (1 ) 1 =

2
(0 ) +
2

Pri emu (0 ) predstavlja maksimalnu vrijednost drugog izvoda izmeu taaka 0 i 1 . Poev od
drugog izvoda sve lanove zanemarujemo (prvi zanemareni je najdominantniji), pa prema tome vrijedi da je:
~2

Zakljuujemo da je eksplicitni Euler-ov metod za rjeavanje diferencijalnih jednaina, metod prvog

reda jer je ~. U optem sluaju moemo pisati da je eksplicitna Euler-ova formula:
+1 = + ( , )

M eksplicitan, jer naredna vrijednost zavisi samo od prethodne. Potrebna je samo jedna poznata
vorna taka pa spada u jednokorane metode. Potrebno je samo jedno izraunavanje izvoda po koraku
(iteraciji). Lokalna greka je drugog reda, a akumulirana odnosno globalna greka prvog reda pa prema tome
ovo predstavlja metod prvog reda.
- Implicitni Euler-ov metod (backward Euler's method)
Formula za implicitini Euler-ov metod se dobija ako posmatramo ( + 1) taku i u njoj primjenimo
formulu za diferencijranje unazad:
y1

'

y0

y0

Odnosno dobijamo:

x0

hy0'

h
h

x1

+1 = + (+1 , +1 )

Kao to vidimo vrijednost +1 zavisi od (+1 , +1 ) pa prema tome metod je implicitan. Kao i
eksplicitni Euler-ov metod, i implicitna formula je jednokorana formula jer zahtjeva samo jedno raunanje
izvoda po koraku (iteraciji). Lokalna greka implicitnog Euler-ovog metoda je drugog reda, a nagomilana
(globalna) greka prvog reda, pa prema tome i implicitni Euler-ov metod za rjeavanje diferencijalnih
jednaina spada u formule prvog reda.
Treba napomenuti da implicitnost metoda moe (ali ne mora) da bude mana, meutim sa stanovita
stabilnosti postupka, implicitni metod je bezuslovno stabilan odnosno stabilnost metoda ne zavisi od izbora
veliine koraka to jeste sluaj kod eksplicitnog metoda.

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Trapezni Euler-ov metod

Trapezni metod predstavlja modifikaciju, tanije kombinaciju Euler-ovog implicitnog i eksplicitnog
metoda. Kako je vrijednost +1 kod eksplicitnog metoda zavisila striktno o nagibu funkcije u predhodnoj
taki ( , ) i koraku , odnosno kod implicitnog metoda u nagibu funkcije u narednoj taki (+1 , +1 )
i koraku , to kod trapeznog metoda za procjenu vrijednosti +1 koristimo se srednjom vrijednosti tih
nagiba. Odnosno kaemo da za procjenu vrijednosti imaju podjednak uticaj i vrijedi:

+1 = + [( , ) + (+1 , +1 )]
2

Trapezni Euler-ov metod je metod drugog reda jer mu je globalna greka drugog reda, i predstavlja
jednokorani metod. Nastao je kao kombinacija formula prvog reda, koje su dale metod drugog reda.
- Opta Euler-ova formula (Theta metod)
Uoptena formula, iz koje se variranjem vrijednosti dobijaju predhodni Euler-ovi metodi jeste:
+1 = + [ (+1 , +1 ) + (1 ) ( , )]

Za razliite vrijednosti dobijamo razliite formule, pa tako na primjer:

-

Za = 0 dobijamo eksplicitni Euler-ov metod

Za = 1 dobijamo implicitni Euler-ov metod
Za = 1/2 dobijamo trapezni Euler-ov postupak

- Modifikovani Euler-ov metod (viekorani metod)

Posmatrajmo razvoj funkcije u Taylor-ov red:
() = ( ) +

( )
( )
( ) +
( )2 +
1!
2!

Uvrtavanjem smjene = +1 = + i = 1 = dobijamo:

(+1 ) = ( ) + ( ) +

(1 ) = ( ) ( ) +

2
3
( ) + ( ) +
2
3!
2
3
(
)
( ) +
2
3!

Posmatramo li ova dva razvoja, zakljuujemo da ako oduzmemo drugi razvoj od prvog eliminisat emo
lan uz 2 , odnosno dobijamo:
1
(+1 ) ( 1 ) = 2 ( ) + 3 ( ) +
3

Mihailo ibonji

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Aproksimacija (procjenu) se dobija na osnovu ( 1) lana, to jest vrijedi:
+1 = 1 + 2 ( , )

Lokalna greka modifikovanog Euler-ovog metoda je:

1
~ 3
3

to znai da je globalna greka proporcionalna sa 2 pa zakljuujemo da je modifikovani Euler-ov

metod, metod drugog reda. Formula je eksplicitna, ali je sam metod dvokorani.

yn-1

yn
xn-1

2hyn'

yn'

xn

xn+1

Kod primjene modifikovanog Euler-ovog metoda, postupamo na sljedei nain. Odrednimo vrijednost
izvoda u taki (nagib funkcije u trenutnoj taki), te tu vrijednost nagiba postavimo u taku prije odnosno
taku 1 te na osnovu tog nagiba vrimo aproksimaciju vrijednosti +1 .
- Tanost Euler-ovih metoda (greka)
Posmatrat emo Taylorov razvoj (tana vrijednost):
() = ( ) +

( )
( )
( )
( ) +
( )2 +
( )3 +
1!
2!
3!

Uvedemo li smjenu = +1 = + dobijamo (tana vrijednost):

(+1 ) = ( ) + ( ) +

2
3
( ) + ( ) +
2!
3!

Priblina vrijednost dobijena na osnovu Euler-ovog eksplicitnog postupka je:

+1 = + ( )

Pa na osnovu prethodne dvije jednakosti moemo izraziti greku (odrediti tanost) Euler-ovog
eksplicitnog metoda na osnovu poreenja tane vrijednosti dobijene na osnovu Taylor-ovog razvoja i
aproksimirane vrijednosti dobijene koritenjem Euler-ovog postupka.

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Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Greka Euler-ovog eksplicitnog metoda:
= (+1 ) +1 =

3
2
( ) + ( ) +
2!
3!

Najdominantniji lan je prvi, pa na osnovu njega se vri procjena greke metoda:

~

2
( )
2!

Pri emu je ( ) maksimalna vrijednost drugog izvoda za [ , +1 ]. Lokalna greka Euler-ovog

eksplicitnog metoda je proporcionalna sa 2 , a globalna greka proporcionalna sa pa kaemo da je Euler-ov
eksplicitni metod za rjeavanje diferencijalnih jednaina, metod prvog reda.
Da bi ocjenili greku implicitnog Euler-ovog postupka (backward Euler's method) posmatrajmo tanu
vrijednost datu preko Taylor-ovog razvoja:
(+1 ) = ( ) + ( ) +

2
3
( ) + ( ) +
2!
3!

Priblina (aproksimirana) vrijednost dobijena na osnovu implicitnog Euler-ovog metoda:

+1 = + +1

Na desnoj strani jednakosti smeta nam lan +1

pa emo njega izraziti preko Taylor-ovog razvoja:
(

) = ( ) +

( )
( )
( ) +
( )2 +
1!
2!

Odnosno uvedemo li smjenu = +1 = + dobijamo:

(+1 ) = ( ) + ( ) +

Sada implicitnu Euler-ovu formulu moemo zapisati kao:

+1 = + ( ) + ( ) +
= + + 2 +

2
( ) +
2
2
( ) + =
2

3
+
2

Odnosno greka implicitnog Euler-ovog metoda (backward Euler's method) je:

= (+1 ) +1 =

Mihailo ibonji

2
+
2

- 83 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Lokalna greka Euler-ovog implicitnog metoda proporcionalna je sa 2 pa prema tome sa aspekta
tanosti je ista kao i eksplicitna formula, odnosno implicitni Euler-ov metod za rjeavanje diferencijalnih
jednaina je metod prvog reda.

Za ocjenu tanosti trapeznog Euler-ovog postupka ponovo posmatrajmo Taylor-ov razvoj funkcije:
(+1 ) = ( ) + ( ) +

Aproksimacija na osnovu trapeznog postupka je:

Odnosno vrijedi da je:

2
3
( ) + ( ) +
2!
3!

+1 = + [( , ) + (+1 , +1 )]
2

]
+1 = + [ + +1
2

Ponovno nam smeta lan +1

kojeg emo opet izraziti preko Taylor-ovog razvoja kao:

(+1 ) = ( ) + ( ) +

2
( ) +
2

Pa tako dobijamo da je vrijednost aproksimacije na osnovu trapaznog metoda:

2
+1 = + + + + +
2
2

Pa prema tome, greku trapeznog metoda sada moemo predstaviti kao razliku izmeu tane
vrijednosti i aproksimacije dobijene na osnovu trapeznog postupka odnosno:
= (+1 ) +1 = ( ) + ( ) +
+ +

2
3
( ) + ( ) +
2!
3!

2 3
3
+ + = +
2
4
12

Pri emu je maksimalna vrijednost treeg izvoda za [ , +1 ]. Zakljuujemo da je lokalna

greka trapeznog metoda proporcionalna sa 3 pa prema tome, globalna greka (nagomilana greka) ovog
metoda je proporcionalna sa 2 , odnosno trapezni Euler-ov metod za rjeavanje diferencijalnih jednaina je
metod drugog reda.

- 84 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Za ocjenu greke modifikovanog Euler-ovog metoda posmatrat cemo razvoj:
() = ( ) +

( )
( )
( ) +
( )2 +
1!
2!

Odnosno uvedemo li smjenu = +1 = + dobijamo:

(+1 ) = ( ) +

2
3
( ) + ( ) + ( ) +
1!
2!
3!

Aproksimacija dobijena na osnovu modifikovanog Euler-ovog postupka je:

+1 = 1 + 2

Uvedemo li smjenu = 1 = dobijamo:

(1 ) = ( )

2
3
( ) + ( ) ( ) +
1!
2!
3!

Odnosno formula za modifikovani Euler-ov medod moe se predstaviti kao:

+1 = +
= + +

2 3
+ + 2 =
2!
3!

2 3
+
2!
3!

Pa greku modifikovanog Euler-ovog metoda sada moemo predstaviti kao razliku izmeu tane
vrijednosti dobijene na osnovu Taylor-ovog razvoja i aproksimirane vrijednosti dobijene na osnovu formule
za modifikovani Euler-ov metod, odnosno:
= ( +1 ) +1 = ( ) +

2
3
( ) + ( ) + ( ) +
1!
2!
3!

+ +

2 3
3
+ =
+
2!
3!
3!

Odnosno zakljuujemo da je lokalna greka proporcionalna sa 3 , pa prema tome i globalna greka

(nagomilana greka) je proporcionalna sa 2 pa prema tome modifikovani Euler-ov metod za rjeavanje
diferencijalnih jednaina je metod drugog reda.

Mihailo ibonji

- 85 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Stabilnost numerikih metoda za rjeavanje diferencijalnih jednaina

Formule za numeriko rjeavanje diferencijalnih jednaina su takve da priguuju greke. Vano je
napomenuti da se greka uinjena u prvom koraku propagira kroz cijeli postupak rjeavanja diferencijalne
jednaine, odnosno greka u nekom koraku je poslijedica predhodnih greaka (greaka u predhodnim
koracima). Greka uinjena u jednom koraku mora biti priguena formulom (du rjeavanja) da bi
konvergirali ka rjeenju diferencijalne jednaine.
Pri analiziranju nekog numerikog postupka, potrebno je izvrit pertumbaciju vrijednosti + i
+1 + +1 te analizirati kakav je odnos meu njima. Da bi neki metod bio stabilan treba biti zadovoljeno:
|+1 | < | |

|+1 |
<1
| |

Obzirom da u optem sluaju ne poznajemo funckiju (, ) ne moemo izvriti analizu stabilnosti

numerikog postupka, pa zbog toga za (, ) pretpostavimo linearnu test diferencijalnu jednainu te na
njoj ispitujemo stabilnost samog numerikog postupka.

Odnosno imamo:

=
1 = 1 (, 1 , 2 , 3 , , )

2 = 2 (, 1 , 2 , 3 , , )

Za skalarni sluaj moemo pisati:

= (, 1 , 2 , 3 , , )
=

Pri emu je u optem sluaju kompleksna konstanta za koju vrijedi:

Rjeenje u optem sluaju glasi:

= +

= 0 ( 0 ) ( 0 )

Gdje ( 0 ) predstavlja priguenje, a ( 0 ) predstavlja oscilatorni lan, pa prema tome da bi

sistem bio stabilan (asimptotski) potrebno je da vrijedi:
< 0

- 86 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Stabilnost eksplicitnog Euler-ovog postupka

Posmatrajmo linearnu test diferencijalnu jednainu:
= (, ) =

Na osnovu Euler-ove eksplicitne formule imamo:

+1 = +

+1 = (1 + )

Izvrimo pertumbaciju vrijednosti i +1 , odnosno vrijedi da je:

+1 + +1 = (1 + ) ( + )

+1 + +1 = (1 + ) + (1 + ) +1

Oduzimanjem jednakosti 2 i 1 dobijamo:

+1 = (1 + ) +1

Pa na osnovu uslova stabilnosti numerikog metoda imamo:

A kako je = + dobijamo:

|+1 |
= |1 + | < 1
| |
|1 + ( + )| < 1

|(1 + ) + | < 1

(1 + )2 + ( )2 < 1
h
1

-2

Mihailo ibonji

-1

-1

- 87 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Korak biramo na osnovu kriterija stabilnosti i kriterija tanosti. Da bi metod bio stabilan potrebno je
izabrati korak da zadovoljava sljedee nejednakosti:
2 < < 0

<

1 < < 1

<

2
||

- Stabilnost implicitnog Euler-ovog postupka (backward Euler's method)

Posmatrajmo linearnu test diferencijalnu jednainu:
= (, ) =

Na osnovu Euler-ove implicitne formule imamo:

+1 = + +1
+1 =

1

(1 )

Izvrimo pertumbaciju vrijednosti i +1 , odnosno vrijedi da je:

+1 + +1 =
+1 + +1 =

1
( + )
(1 )

1
1
+

(1 )
(1 ) +1

Oduzimanjem jednakosti 2 i 1 dobijamo:

+1 =

1

(1 ) +1

Pa na osnovu uslova stabilnosti numerikog metoda imamo:

to je ekvivalentno uslovu:

|+1 |
1
<1
=
| |
1
|1 | > 1

- 88 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

A kako je = + dobijamo:

|1 + ( + )| > 1

|(1 + ) + | > 1

(1 + )2 + ( )2 > 1

-1

Implicitni Euler-ov metod je stabilan za sve take van kruga, odnosno vidimo da je za < 0 formula
sigurno stabilna (apsolutno stabilna) bez obzira na izbor koraka . Za sluaj asimptotski stabilnog sistema ne
moramo voditi rauna o izboru koraka spram stabilnosti nego korak odreujemo spram kriterija tanosti.
- Stabilnost trapeznog Euler-ovog postupka
Posmatrajmo linearnu test diferencijalnu jednainu:
= (, ) =

Na osnovu Euler-ove trapezne formule imamo:

+1 = +
1

[ + +1 ]
2

+1 = 1 +
2
2

Izvrimo pertumbaciju vrijednosti i +1 , odnosno vrijedi da je:

1

(+1 + +1 ) = 1 + ( + )
2
2

+1 + 1 +1 = 1 + + 1 + +1
2
2
2
2

Mihailo ibonji

- 89 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Oduzimanjem jednakosti 2 i 1 dobijamo:
1

+1 = 1 + +1
2
2

Pa na osnovu uslova stabilnosti numerikog metoda imamo:

A kako je = + dobijamo:

|+1 | 1 + 2
=
<1

| |
1
2

2
2

1 + ( + ) 1 + + 1 + +

2
2
2
2
2
2
=
=
=
2
2 <1

1 1 ( + ) 1 1 +
2
2
2
2
2
2

1 +

1 +

2
2
2
2

+ < 1 +
2
2
2
2
2
2

1 + < 1
2
2

1+

< 1
2
2
2 < 0

Kako je korak uvijek pozitivan, odnosno > 0 zakljuujemo da mora biti < 0 da bi bila
zadovoljena gornja nejednakost. Odnosno da bi trapezna formula bila stabilna mora vrijediti da je < 0.
Obzirom da je za prirodno stabilne sisteme ovaj uslov uvijek zadovoljen, znai da korak biramo samo sa
aspekta tanosti, za asimptotski stabilne sisteme. Za sisteme za koje vrijedi > 0 eksplicitni Euler-ov metod,
kao i trapezni Euler-ov metod su neupotrebljivi. Zakljuujemo da implicitni metodi imaju bolje osobine sa
aspekta stabilnosti, pogotovo za sluaj sistema koji nisu asimptotski stabilni sistemi.

- 90 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Primjer primjene numerikih metoda za rjeavanje diferencijalnih jednaina:
t = t0
i

R = 106
C = 1 F

U0

U0 = 1 V

+ = 0
0
+
=0

+ = 0
1
=


Euler-ovim eksplicitnim postupkom:
0 = 1

=1

= 0

= 0
=

= + =

1
+ 0

+1 = + ( , )

+1 = = (1 )
Za = 1
Za = 2

Za = 1/2

+1 = 0

+1 =
1
+1 =
2

Mihailo ibonji

0 = 0

1 = 0

2 = 0

3 = 0

0 = 1

1 = 0

2 = 0

3 = 0

0 = 1

1 = 1

2 = 1

Za < 2 sistem stabilan !

3 = 1

- 91 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Runge-Kutta metodi
Taylor-ov metod je zasnovan na razvoju rjeenja diferencijalne jednaine u Taylor-ov red, zahvaljujui
mogunosti da se izraunavaju izvodi. Meutim proraun izvoda treba izbjegavati jer funkcija moe da bude
komplikovana za diferenciranje. Ovaj problem se rjeaav primjenom funkcija sa pomjerenim parametrima. U
tom smislu su i razvijene Runge-Kutta metode koje spadaju u najvanije i najee primjenjivane postupke za
numeriko rjeavanje diferencijalnih jednaina.
- Runge-Kutta metodi drugog reda
Neka je data diferencijalna jednaina sa poetnim uslovom (Cacuhy-ev problem):
= (, )

Pretpostavimo da vrijedi:

Pri emu su 1 i 2 dati na nain:

(0 ) = 0

+1 = + 1 1 + 2 2

1 = ( , )

2 = ( + , + 1 )

f(xn+h, yn+k1)
yn'=f(xn,yn)

k1

k1

a1k1+a2k2

yn
xn

xn+1

Da bi primjenili metod potrebno je odrediti prirataj funkcije 1 1 + 2 2 , odnosno potrebno je

odrediti koficijente 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 . Koeficijente odreujemo na osnovu Taylor-ovog razovoja funkcije,
odnosno izjednaavanjem lanova to veeg reda razvoja dobijenog na osnovu tane vrijednosti i razvoja
dobijenog na osnovu aproksimacije.

- 92 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Odnosno vrijedi:
(+1 ) = +

( ) +
( )2 +
( )3 +
1!
2!
3!

Uvedemo li smjenu = +1 = + dobijamo:

(+1 ) = + +

2 3
+ +
2 3!

Priblina (aproksimirana) vrijednost se dobija na osnovu formule:

+1 = + 1 1 + 2 2 = + 1 ( , ) + 2 + , + ( , )

Kao to vidimo lan + , + ( , ) nam smeta, pa prema tome svedemo ga u

funkciji izvoda ( , ) pa razvijemo u Taylor-ov red kao funkciju dvije promjenjive u okolini take ( , ):
( + , + ) == + + + 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 2 +

Vratimo li se sada sa ovim razvojem u formulu za priblinu vrijednost dobijamo:

+1 = + 1 + 2 + + + 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 2 +
Tana vrijednost (pod pretpostavkom da je tano):

(+1 ) = + +

2 2
3
3
3
3
3
2
+ + + + 2 + + +
2
2
6
3
6
6
6

1
2

Poreenjem desnih strana jednakosti 2 i 1 i izjednaavanjem odgovarajuih izraza uz i 2 dolazimo

do sljedeeg sistema jednaina:
1 + 2 = 1
2 =
2 =

1
2
1
2

Izraze uz 3 nemogue je izjednaiti, pa prema tome ostaje da rijeimo predhodni sistem od tri
jednaine i etiri nepoznate, koji ima beskonano mnogo rjeenja. Prvi otpisani lan razvoja je reda 3 pa
prema tome zakljuujemo da je lokalna greka metoda proporcionalna sa 3 odnosno vrijedi:
2 ~3

Odnosno globalna greka je proporcionalna sa 2 pa prema tome ovo je jednokorani Ruge-Kutta

drugog reda.

Mihailo ibonji

- 93 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Rjeavanjem sistema jednaina dolazimo do traenih koeficijenata, te dobijamo razliite varijacije
Runge-Kutta metoda drugog reda. Najee koritene vrijednosti koeficijenata su:
- Runge-Kutta Heun's method

Pa prema tome vrijedi:

1 = 2 =

1
2

= = 1

1
+1 = + (1 + 2 )
2
1 = ( , )

2 = + , + ( , )

+1 = + ( , ) + + , + ( , )
2

- Runge-Kutta Midpoint method

+1 = + 2

1 = 0

2 = 1 ;

= =

1
2

1 = ( , )

1
2 = + , +
2
2

1
1
+1 = + + , + ( , )
2
2

- Runge-Kutta Ralston's method

1 =

1
3

1
2
+1 = + 1 + 2
3
3

2 =

2
3

= =

3
4

1 = ( , )

3
3
2 = + , + ( , )
4
4

2
1
3
3
+1 = + ( , ) + + , + ( , )
3
3
4
4

- 94 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Runge-Kutta metodi treeg reda
Kao i kod Runge-Kutta metoda drugog reda, metode treeg reda moemo izvesti pomou slinih
formula samo sa veim brojem parametara.

1 = ( , )

+1 = + 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3

2 = ( + 1 , + 1 )

3 = ( + 2 , + 21 1 + 22 2 )

Potrebno je nai nepoznate koeficijente. Lokalna greka metoda je proporcionalna sa 4 pa prema

tome ovo je Runge-Kutta metod treeg reda. Najee koritene varijante Runge-Kutta metoda treeg reda:

1 = ( , )

1
+1 = + (1 + 42 + 3 )
6

1
1
2 = + , + 1
2
2

3 = ( + , 1 + 22 )

Odnosno:

1 = ( , )

1
+1 = + (21 + 32 + 43 )
9

1
1
2 = + , + 1
2
2

3
3
3 = + , + 2
4
4

Mihailo ibonji

- 95 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Runge-Kutta metodi etvrtog reda

Za Runge-Kutta metode etvtog reda polazimo od jednakosti:
+1 = + 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4

Pri emu su:

1 = ( , )

2 = ( + 2 , + 21 1 )

3 = ( + 3 , + 31 1 + 32 2 )

4 = ( + 4 , + 41 1 + 42 2 + 43 3 )

Pri emu dobijamo sistem od jedanaest jednaina sa trinaest nepoznatih, pa prema tome imamo
beskonano mnogo rjeenja. Neke od najee koritenih varijanti Runge-Kutta metoda etvrtog reda su:
- Runge-Kutta Gill's method
1
+1 = + 1 + 2 22 + 2 + 2)3 + 4
6

1 = ( , )

1
1
2 = + , + 1
2
2

1
1 1
1
3 = + , + + 2 1 + 1 2 2
2
2 2
2

1
1
4 = + , 22 + 1 + 2 3
2
2

-RK4 Runge's method

1
+1 = + (1 + 22 + 23 + 4 )
6

1 = ( , )

1
1
2 = + , + 1
2
2

1
1
3 = + , + 2
2
2
4 = ( + , + 3 )

- 96 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- RK4 Kutta's method

1
+1 = + (1 + 32 + 33 + 4 )
8

1 = ( , )

1
1
2 = + , + 1
3
3

2
1
3 = + , 1 + 2
3
3

4 = ( + , + 1 2 + 3 )
- Runge-Kutta metodi petog reda
Runge-Kutta metodi petog reda se esto koriste jer su optimalni sa stanovita stabilnosti i tanosti
metoda. Najee koriteni su:
- Runge-Kutta Fehlberg's method (RK45)

Pri emu vrijedi:

+1 = +

16
6656
28561
9
2
1 +
3 +
4 5 + 6
135
12825
56430
50
55

1 = ( , )

1
1
2 = + , + 1
4
4

3
3
9
3 = + , + 1 + 2
8
32
32

4 = +

12
1932
7200
7296
, +
1
2 +

13
2197
2197
2197 3

5 = + , +

439
3680
845
1 82 +
3

216
513
4104 4

1
8
3544
1859
11
6 = + , 1 + 22
3 +
4 5
2
27
2565
4104
40
Pored ovog esto je u upotrebi Runge-Kutta Dormand-Prince metod.

Mihailo ibonji

- 97 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Stabilnost Runge-Kutta metoda

Sa poveanjem reda Runge-Kutta metoda poveava se i tanost ali i vrijeme izvoenja metoda zbog
veeg broja prorauna, odnosno imamo vei broj diobenih taaka (pomjerenih parametara) na osnovu kojih
vrimo aproksimaciju vrijednosti funkcije. Stabilnost metoda razmatrat emo na Cauchy-evom problemu
(initial value problem) ali zbog nepoznavanja funkcije koristimo linearnu test diferencijalnu jednainu:
= ( , )

(0 ) = 0

Odnosno ako razmatramo test diferencijalnu jednainu:

=

Pri emu je komplksna konstanta za koju vrijedi da je = + . Primjetimo da je analitiko

rjeenje test diferencijalne jednaine dato sa:
() =

Zakljuujemo da na osnovu:

Vrijedi:

+1 = +1

+1 =

Budui da se Runge-Kutta metodi zasnivaju na razvoju funkcije u Taylor-ov red, moemo napisati da za
Runge-Kutta metod -tog reda vrijedi relacija:
+1 = 1 + +

( )2 ( )3
( )
+
+ +

2!
3!
!

Sada izvrimo pertumbaciju vrijednosti +1 i odnosno:

+1 + +1 = 1 + +

( )2 ( )3
( )
+
+ +
( + )
2!
3!
!

Da bi numeriki metod bio stabilan potrebno je da vrijedi |+1 | | | odnosno ako oduzmemo
prethodne dvije jednakosti dobijamo:
+1 = 1 + +

( )2 ( )3
( )
+
+ +

2!
3!
!

Odnosno numeriki metod je stabilan ako je zadovoljena nejednakost:

|+1 |
( )2 ( )3
( )
1
= 1 + +
+
+ +
| |
2!
3!
!

- 98 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Pa tako dobijamo podruije stabilnosti za Runge-Kutta metode prvog, drugog, treeg i etvrtog reda:
Runge-Kutta I reda

|1 + | 1

Runge-Kutta II reda

1 + +

Runge-Kutta III reda

1 + +

Rugne-Kutta IV reda

1 + +

( )2
1
2!

( )2 ( )3
1
+
2!
3!

( )2 ( )3 ( )4
1
+
+
2!
3!
4!

Odnosno grafika ilustracija podruija stabilnosti Runge-Kutta metoda:

RK4
RK3
RK2
-3

-2

RK1
-1
-1

3
2
1

-1
-2
-3

Poev od Runge-Kutta metoda treeg reda, oblast (podruije) stabilnosti prelazi na pozitivan dio realne
ose. Podruije stabilnosti se iri porastom reda metoda, pa time i mogunost koritenja veeg koraka
prilikom numerikog postupka. Mana Runge-Kutta metoda je vrijeme prorauna, jer u svakom koraku imamo
(pogotovo za metode vieg reda) viestruko izraunavanje funkcije sa pomjerenim parametrima. Zbog
ogranienog podruija stabilnosti eksplicitni Runge-Kutta numeriki metodi nisu preporuljivi za krute
dinamike sisteme, jer nisu A-stabilni metodi. Meutim treba napomenuti da upravo eksplicitni Runge-Kutta
metodi danas najpopularniji za rjeavanje nekrutih dinamikih sistema.

Mihailo ibonji

- 99 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Viekorani metodi
Viekorani metodi se baziraju na poveanju stepena predikcije koritenjem vie ranije dobijenih
taaka za aproksimaciju naredne take. Neka je data diferencijalna jednaina:
= (, )

(0 ) = 0

Integracijom prethodne jednaine na segmentu [ , +1 ] dobijamo:

+1

+1

= (, )

Odnosno :

+1

+1 = + (, )

Funkciju (, ) aproksimiramo drugim Newton-ovim interpolacionim polinomom. Koritenjem vie

predhodnih vrijednosti (-predhodnih vrijednosti), moemo provui interpolacioni polinom kroz ( + 1)
taku te dobiti ekstrapolacionu vrijednost, odnosno vrijedi:

PII(X)

yn-m

yn-1

yn-2
xn-m

...

xn-2

yn+1

yn
xn-1

+1

xn

xn+1

+1 = + ()
+1

+1 + +

( )( 1 ) 2
( ) ( )

+
+ +

2
1!
2!
!

Uvedemo li smjenu = ( )/ i = dobijamo:

1

+1 = + (1) +

- 100 -

=0

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Odnosno ako predhodni izraz zapiemo kao:
1

+1 = + (1)
=0

to predstavlja Adams-Bashforth-ovu formulu, koja se integriranjem lan po lan dobija u razvijenom

obliku, odnosno:
1
5
3
251 4
95 5
+1 = + 1 + + 2 + 3 +
+
+ +
2
12
8
720
288

Za razliite vrijednosti parametra dobijamo razliite metode. Pa prema tome imamo da je za = 0

dobijamo Euler-ov metod, odnosno:
+1 = + +
Za = 1 dobijamo:

1
2 + 1

+1 = + 1 + + = +
+ = + (3 1 ) +
2
2
2

Najee se koristi metod za koji je = 3 odnosno dobijamo:

1
5
3
+1 = + 1 + + 2 + 3 +
2
12
8

Razvojem konanih razlika dobijamo Adams-ovu formulu (etvokorani metod):

5
3
1
+1 = + 1 + ( 1 ) + ( 21 + 2 ) + ( 3 1 + 32 3 ) +
12
8
2
Odnosno:

+1 = +

(55 591 + 372 93 ) +

24

Greka ovog metoda je proporcionalna sa:

251 5 (5)

720

Kako je lokalna greka metoda proporcionalna sa 5 zakljuujemo da je ovo metod etvrtog reda, i
predstavlja najee koriteni viekorani metod etvrtog reda. Prednost u odnosu na Runge-Kutta metod je
u tome to se u svakom koraku (iteraciji) raunamo samo jednu vrijednost funkcije a koristimo tri predhodno
proraunate vrijednosti pa samim tim imamo etiri puta manje prorauna u odnosu na Runge-Kutta metod.
Mana metoda je ako imamo samo poetni uslov, uopte zapoeti postupak. Odnosno, moramo prethodne tri
take nai nekim drugim postupkom na primjer nekim jednokoranim postupkom ekvivalentnog reda pa tek
onda primjenimo viekorani postupak. Pored toga mana metoda je i to prilikom svake promjene dinamike
sitema (promjene u kolu) moramo da ponovo raunamo prethodne tri vrijednosti jer ako to ne bi uinili
mogli bi dobiti ogromnu grku.

Mihailo ibonji

- 101 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Polaznu diferencijalnu jednainu smo mogli integraliti i na drugom segmentu, odnosno:
+1

+1

= (, )

Te na taj nain dobijamo generalisanu Adams-Bashforth-ovu formulu:

1

+1 = + +

+1 = +

=0

(1)

=0

Za razliite vrijednosti parametara i dobijamo razliite metode, meutim najinteresantnije su

formule u kojima je neparno zbog toga to se tada integral anulira, pa tako na primjer za = 3 imamo:
1

=
( + 1)( + 2) = 0

3!

Na taj nain se sa manjim brojem lanova se postie vea tanost. Odnosno imamo:
8
14
11
+1 = 3 + 4 4 + 2 + 4 + 5 + +
3
45
45

Pa iz predhodnog izraza proizilazi najee koritena formula, odnosno Milne-ova formula:

+1 = 3 +

4
(2 1 + 2 2 ) +
3

Kao to vidimo Milne-ova formula ima jedan manje sabirak od Adams-ove formule, a predstavlja
metod etvrtog reda. Osnovni viekorani metodi dati su Milne-ovom i Adams-ovom formulom. Prednost
viekoranih metoda je brzina izvoenja metoda, a mana to prilikom komutacije moramo restartovati
proces, ponovo zapoeti postupak nalaenjem predhodnih vrijednosti (na primjer Runge-Kutta metodama)
te ponavljati postupak. Pored toga uopteno mana viekoranih metoda je stabilnost jer se oblast stabilnosti
viekoranog postupka smanjuje, poveanjem reda metoda.

- 102 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Stabilnost viekoranih metoda

Ponovo posmatrajmo linearnu test diferencijalnu jednainu, odnosno:
=

Ako bi uzeli da je = 1 i prva dva lana dobili bi modifikovani Euler-ov postupak odnosno:
+1 = 1 + 2

Ako bi sada izvrili pertumbaciju, vidimo da imamo propagaciju greke iz predhodnog koraka, odnosno
da imamo tri pertumbacije (jer se povezuju prethodne dvije greke) to jest:
+1 + +1 = 1 + 1 + 2 + 2
+1 = 1 + 2

Odnosno dobijamo diferentnu jednainu:

ije rjeenje traimo u obliku:

+1 2 1 = 0
=

Odnosno:

+1 2 1 = 0

Kako je 0, predhodnu jednakost podjelimo sa 1 pa dobijamo:

Pa dobijamo dva korijena jednaine:

Kada naemo rjeenja, dobijamo:

2 2 1 = 0

1,2 = 4 2 + 1
= 1 1 + 2 2

Greka e biti priguena, odnosno metod je stabilan ako su korijeni | | < 1.

Mihailo ibonji

- 103 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Prediktor-Korektor formule
Prediktor-korektor formule mogu biti jednokorane i viekorane. Pomou njih rjeavamo negativnu
osobinu implicitnih metoda, na nain da nekom eksplicitnom metodom naemo vrijednost +1 pa je
popravimo tako to +1 posmatramo kao prediktor vrijednost a onda nekom implicitnom korektor
metodom popravimo tu vrijednost. Prediktor metodom se koristimo da dobijemo vrijednost u nultom
koraku, pa dalje koristimo korektor metod. Prediktor metodi treba da budu jednostavni metodi tipa Euler
metoda. Da bi metod bio efikasan potrebno je da korektor metod konvergira u dva do tri koraka. Prediktor
metodi su dobri za metode sa varijabilnim korakom. Metod zaustavljamo kad bude ispunjen uslov:
()

(1)

+1 +1 <

U zavisnosti od eljene tanosti . Ako je > 3 potrebno je smanjiti korak . Smanjenjem koraka,
smanjujemo broj potrebnih koraka za konvergenciju. Ako je = 1 onda malo poveamo korak tako da do
konvergencije doe u dva do tri koraka. Metod je dobar kao metod sa adaptivnim korakom jer ne koristi dva
metoda kao to je to sluaj kod Runge-Kutta metoda (sa adaptivnim korakom).
Ako u interpolacioni polinom kreiran na osnovu predhodnih (poznatih) vrijednosti uvrstimo i
nepoznatu taku +1 te ponovo postavimo drugi Newton-ov interpolacioni polinom dobijamo implicitnu
formulu, odnosno:
1

+ 1
+1 +
+1 = + (1)

=0

Za razliite vrijednosti parametara i dobijamo razliite formule, pa tako za = 0 vrijedi:

1
1
1
19 4
+1 = + 1 2 3
+1 +
2
12
24
720

Sada za razliite vrijednosti (broj lanova reda koje uzmemo) dobijamo razliite formule, pa tako na
primjer = 0 dobijamo implicitni Euler-ov metod (backward Euler's method) odnosno:
+1 = + (+1 , +1 )
Za = 1 dobijamo trapezni Euler-ov metod:

1
1
+1 = + (+1 , +1 ) (+1 , +1 ) + ( , )
2
2

+1 = + (+1 , +1 ) + ( , )
2

- 104 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Prediktor formula se uzima nieg reda, a implicitna korektor formula vieg reda. Pa tako imamo
prediktor-korektor par, odnosno:
Euler-ov prediktor-korektor metod
(0)

Prediktor

+1 = + ( , )

()
(1)
+1 = + ( , ) + +1 , +1
2

Korektor

Ako u formuli za = 0 uzmemo da je = 3 dobijamo sljedei prediktor-korektor par, odnosno:

Adams-ov predkiktor-korektor metod

(55 591 + 372 9 3 )

24

()
(1)
+1 = + 9+1 + 19 51 + 2
24
251 5 (5)
Greka metoda:
=

720
(0)

+1 = +

Prediktor
Korektor

Za = 1 i = 3 dobijamo vanu formulu (jer se anulira jedan lan):

Milne-ov prediktor-korektor metod

(0)

4
(2 1 + 22 )
3
(1)
= 3 + +1 + 4 + 1
3

+1 = 3 +
()

+1

Greka metoda:

Prediktor
Korektor

~ 6

Implicitnim metodama se uslovi stabilnosti viekoranih metoda neznatno poveavaju, analiza

stabilnosti se svodi na analizu diferentnih jednaina.

Mihailo ibonji

- 105 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

OPTIMIZACIJA
Zadatak optimizacije je nai minimum (maksimum) funkcije vie promjenjivih, odnosno:
min (1 , 2 , , )

min ( )

max (1 , 2 , , )

max ()

Ova funkcija se naziva funkcija cilja ili ciljna funkcija (objektivna funkcija). Imamo za cilj nai neko
koje e funkciji dati minimalnu (maksimalnu) vrijednost. Potrebno je napomenuti da ako je stvarni problem
definisan u obliku nalaenja maksimuma funkcije odnosno:

Taj problem uvijek moemo preformulisati u problem nalaenja minimuma funkcije, pri emu taka
optimuma ostaje ista ali ce vrijednost biti suprotnog predznaka odnosno:
max ( )

Grafiki to moemo predstaviti na sljedei nain:

min()

-f(x)
x
f(x)

Podjela problema optimizacije:

Kriterij podjele
Broj promjenjivih:
Ogranienja:
Derivabilnost funkcije:
Tip funkcija:
Karakter skupa dopustivih rjeenja :
Aspekt vremena:

Karakter promjenjive:

- 106 -

Podjela
- Jednodimenzioni problem ()
- Viedimenzioni problem ( )
- Bez ogranienja
- Sa ogranienjima
- Derivabilni problem
- Nederivabilni problem
- Linearno programiranje
- Nelinearno programiranje
- Konveksno programiranje
- Nekonveksno programiranje
- Stacionaran (vrijeme ne egzistira)
- Dinamiki (vrijeme egzistira
- Kontinualno programiranje
- Cjelobrojno programiranje
- Mjeoviti problem (najei problem)

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Oblast u kojoj traimo rjeenja moe biti skup realnih brojeva ali takoe moe biti i neki manji skup.
Pri rjeavanju problema optimizacije mogu postojati ogranienja, ali i ne moraju. Ukoliko postoje,
ogranienja su data u vidu jednaina i/ili nejednaina, pa tako na primjer ako imamo ogranienja tipa:

Oblast u kojoj traimo rjeenja naziva se skup dopustivih rjeenja i oznaavamo ga sa , odnosno:
f(x)

Skup

Ako imamo ogranienja tada definiemo skup dopustivih rjeenja pri emu svako iz skupa dopustivih
rjeenja moe da bude traeno rjeenje optimizacije. Skup dopustivih rjeenja definiemo kao:
= { | () = 0 ( ) 0}

Generalno problem kod skupa dopustivih rjeenja je to granine take mogu biti minimum ili
maksimum a da te take nisu stacionarne take. Zbog toga se nastoji nai neka druga funkcija koja e imati
stacionarne take u tim graninim takama, kao i stacionarnim takama polazne funkcije (funkcije za koju
traimo optimum).
Ako imamo problem sa ogranienjima moemo ga prevesti u problem bez ogranienja, na primjer u
Langrange-ovu funkciju, odnosno ako imamo funkciju vie promjenjivih i vie ogranienja tipa jednakosti
moemo dobiti Langrenge-ovu funkciju kao:

= () + () = ,
=0

Langrange-ova funkcija je sada funkcija od ( + ) promjenjivih. Postoji vie naina da se problem sa

ogranienjima prevede u problem bez ogranienja. Za funkciju vie promjenjivih imamo vie ogranienja (ako
su ogranienja tipa nejednakosti onda dobijamo oblast koja ima beskonano graninih taaka).
Ako odaberemo taku koja je iz skupa dopustivih rjeenja i zadovoljava () = 0, a ogranienje je dato
tipa nejednakosti onda kaemo da zadovoljava aktivno ogranienje. Smjer u kome se moemo kretati iz
neke take u drugu unutar skupa dopustivih rjeenja , a da pri tome ostanemo u tom skupu naziva se
dopustivi smjer. Ako u nekoj taki imamo aktivno ogranienje, to nam govori da u toj taki postoje i
nedopustivi smjerovi (smjerovi koji nas vode van skupa dopustivih rjeenja).

Mihailo ibonji

- 107 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Ako rjeavamo neki viedimenzioni problem, na primjer traimo optimum (minimum ili maksimum)
neke funkcije tri promjenjive (1 , 2 , 3 ), postupamo na sljedei nain:
x3

xk

x2

x1

Iterativni postupak moemo svesti na sljedeu konstrukciju. Kreemo iz neke take koja se nalazi u
skupu dopustivih rjeenja, zatim naemo dopustivi smjer u kome vrijednost funkcije opada (ako traimo
optimum tipa minimum). Najbolje bi bilo kretati se u smjeru negativnog gradijenta odnosno (), a ako
je vrijednost gradijenta u toj taki jednaka nuli, tada za tu taku kaemo da je ili prevojna taka ili taka
ekstrema. Smjer je normiran jer nam je samo bitan pravac kretanja a ne i intenzitet. Kretanje iz take u
smjeru se vri sa korakom .
f(xk)

xk

(+1 ) = +

Koliko se pomjeramo raunamo na osnovu jednakosti (za funkciju jedne promjenjive):

() = +1 +

Jako puno viedimenzionih problema se svode na nalaenje jednodimenzione optimizacije u svakom

koraku odnosno iteraciji. Najvie vremena troimo na nalaenje smjera , kao i na raunanje () odnosno
jednodimenzione optimizacije, pa se na osnovu toga vri i podjela algoritama. Iako je za dopusustivi smjer
kretanja najbolje odabrati smjer negativnog gradijenta to se ne koristi esto zbog kompleksnosti funkcija,
kao i injenice da funkcije mogu a i ne moraju biti izraene analitiki pa prema tome nemamo gradijent jer
sama funkcija nije derivabilna.
Dovoljno je da samo jedna funkcija bude nelinearna (a ostale linearne), pa da problem postane
nelinearan problem.

- 108 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Kod konveksnog programiranja imamo konveksne funkcije , a ogranienja su tipa nejednakosti.
Za funkciju kaemo da je konveksna ako vrijedi:
(1 )1 + 2 (1 )(1 ) + (2 )

Odnosno da je strogo konveksna ako vrijedi:

(1 )1 + 2 < (1 )(1 ) + (2 )

Za funkciju kaemo da je konkavna ako vrijedi:

(1 )1 + 2 (1 )(1 ) + (2 )

Odnosno strogo konkavna:

(1 )1 + 2 > (1 )(1 ) + (2 )

Pa na primjer konveksnu funkciju predstavljamo grafiki kao:

f(x)

x2

x1

Odnosno konkavna funkcija:

x2
x1

Mihailo ibonji

f(x)

- 109 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Klasina optimizacija
Razmatrajmo problem optimizacije funkcije vie promjenjivih. Odnosno traimo optimum funkcije:
(1 , 2 , , ) = ( ).

Prvo je potrebno odrediti stacionarne take, odnosno kandidate za optimum na nain da je:

=0

= 1,2, ,

Dobijamo sistem jednaina na osnovu kojeg dolazimo do stacionarnih taaka:

= (1 , 2 , , )

Gradijent funkcije u stacionarnoj taki isezava odnosno:

Nakon toga nalazimo Hesse-ovu matricu:

(
) = 0

1 1 1 2 1

() = 2 = 2 1 2 2 2

1 2

Razvijanjem funkcije u okolini take dobijamo (pri emu se svi izvodi raunaju u taki ):

(1 1 ) + + ( ) +
1!
1!


1 1
(1 1 )(1 1 ) + 1 2 (1 1 )(2 2 ) + + 1 (1 1 )( ) +
+
2!
2!
2!

( )(1 1 ) + +
( )( ) +
++
2!
2!

() = ( ) +

to moemo zapisati u kompaktnoj algebarskoj formi :

( ) = () + 1

1 1
1 1
1 1

1
2 2 + 2 2 () 2 2

1
( ) = ( ) + T ( ) + ( )2 ( ) +
2

- 110 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Zanima nas kako se funkcija ponaa u okolini take , pa prema tome najprije definiimo okolinu
take kao:
( ) = { | < }

Za taku kaemo da je lokalni maksimum ako vrijedi:

()( ) ( )

Odnosno strogi lokalni maksimum (izolovani maksimum):

()( ) > ( )

Za taku kaemo da je lokalni minimum ako vrijedi:

()( ) ( )

Odnosno strogi lokalni minimum (izolovani minimum):

()( ) ( )

Da bi neki minimum ili maksimum bio globalni onda gornje izrazi trebaju da vrijede za bilo koje koje
pripada skupu dopustivih rjeenja .

xk

xk*

Oznaimo vektor kao = te se na osnovu njega pomjerajmo se po okolini. Ako je

stacionarna taka onda vrijedi da je:
( ) = 0

Na osnovu Taylor-ovog razvoja funkcije u red moemo pisati:

1
( ) = ( ) + 2 ( )
2

Mihailo ibonji

- 111 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Da bi taka bila lokalni minimum potrebno je da za sve vektore bude zadovoljeno:
0 2 ( ) > 0

Odnosno da bi taka bila lokalni maksimum treba da vrijedi:

0 2 ( ) < 0

U sluaju da je 2 ( ) = 0 tada su potrebna dodatna ispitivanja, odnosno potrebno je ispitivati

ponaanja viih izvoda. Meutim ako vrijedi da je:
2 ( ) 0

Tada taka nije ekstremna taka, odnosno nije optimum funkcije.

Ispitivanje se moe vriti i preko kvadratnih formi. Hessijan odnosno Hesse-ova matrica je konstanta u
kvadratnoj formi. Kvadratnu formu zapisujemo u obliku:
1
( ) = + +
2

Pri emu je:

( ) = +

Zanima nas forma:

2 () =

( ) =

Uvijek moemo nai simetrinu matricu koja ima istu kvadradnu formu, odnosno:
1
= ( + )
2

Ako je data matrica = 2 ( ) zanima nas definitnost kvadratne forme, pa prema tome imamo:
0

() = > 0

() = 0

Nenegativna kvadratna forma

() = 0

Nedefinitna kvadratna forma

0
0

- 112 -

Pozitivna kvadratna forma

() = < 0

Negativna kvadratna forma

() = 0

Nepozitivna kvadratna forma

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Zakljuujemo da definitnost kvadratne forme zavisi iskljuivo od matrice , pa prema tome kaemo da
je matrica pozitino definitna ako je njena kvadratna forma poztivna, odnosno negativno defirnitna ako je
kvadratna forma negativna, nenegativno definitna ako je kvadratna forma pozitvno semidefinitna, kao i
nepozitivno definitna ako je kvadratna forma negativno semidefinitna i indefinitna ako je kvadratna forma
nedefinitna. Na osnovu definitnosti zakljuujemo da vrijedi:
2 ( )

Pozitivno definitna

2 ( )

Pozitivno semidefinitna

Nedefinitna

2 ( )
2 ( )
2 ( )

Negativno definitna

Negativno semidefinitna

Minimum

Nije strogi minimum

Nije ekstrem

Maksimum

Nije strogi maksimum

Definitnost matrice moemo odrediti na osnovu Sylvester-ovog kriterijuma. Za matricu kaemo da je

pozitivno definitna ako su svi glavni minori matrice vei od nule, odnosno ako vrijedi:
A tada vrijedi:

11
1 = 11 > 0, 2 =
21

12
22 > 0,

, det() > 0

( ) = > 0

I kaemo da je pozitivno definitna. Isptivanje negativne definitnosti moemo vriti na isti nain samo
za negativnu funkciju odnosno:
( ) = () = () < 0

Odnosno kaemo da je negativno definitna ako vrijedi:

11
1 = 11 < 0, 2 =
21

12
22 > 0,

0
, (1) det() > 0

Prvi minor je manji od nule a svaki naredni naizmjenino mjenja znak, pa kaemo da je negativno
definitna. Vano je jo i napomenuti da:
(0 ) > 0

(0 ) < 0

Mihailo ibonji

0
0

- 113 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Problemi sa ogranienjima tipa jednaina

Razmatrajmo problem nalaenja optimuma funkcije vie promjenjivih:

Po ogranienjima:

min ( )

= (1 , 2 , . )

1 () = 0
.
() = 0

Jedna od metoda rjeevanja ovakvog problema je metod eliminacije, odnosno sistem jednaina
(ogranienja) od promjenjivih izrazimo preko ( ) promjenjivih pa uvrstimo u funkciju iji optimum
traimo. Time smo efektivno sveli problem nalaenja optimuma sa ogranienjima, u problem funkcije cilja
odnosno u funkciju za koju traimo optimum bez ogranienja, sa ( ) promjenjivih.
Ako traimo minimum funkcije ( ) odnosno:

min ()

Po ogranienju:

1 () = 0

Pod pretpostavkom da minimum funkcije postoji , rjeenje odosno minimum funkcije traimo u obliku:
min(( ) + 2 () )

Kada koeficijent tei ka beskonanosti rjeenja ova dva problema su ista. Stavimo koeficijent
veoma veliki pa rjeavamo problem. Na ovoj ideji se temelje metode kaznenih funkcija, medju kojima je i
Courant-ov metod. Sam koeficijent nije konstantan nego je = ( ) zbog problema kod zaokruivanja pri
radu na raunaru, odnosno zbog mainskih greaka. to je () blie nuli to treba da bude manje.

h1(x)

Funkcija kazne ( ) kanjava funkciju ( ) za sve za koje je 1 () dalje od . Najpopularnije

kaznene funkcije su logaritamske kaznene funkcije, zatim elipsoidni algoritam i interior point metodi. Svaki
problem se moe predstaviti u obliku optimizacije, bilo traenja minimuma ili maksimuma.

- 114 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Metod Langrange-ovih mnoitelja

Rjeavamo problem:
min ()

Sa ogranienjima:
1 () = 0
2 () = 0

() = 0

Matrica gradijenata ogranienja data je Jaccobi-jevom matricom odnosno:

1 ()
( )
= 2

()

Ako je taka rjeenje polaznog problema, gradijent funkcije cilja se moe izraziti preko gradijenata
ogranienja u taki na sljedei nain:

( ) = ()
=1

Neka je rang matrice ogranienja jednak . Formirajmo Langrange-ovu funkciju:

, = ( ) + ( )
=1

Za optimalnu taku , . Naimo sve izvode Langrange-ove funkcije po svim odnosno:

= +

Odnosno moemo pisati:

=1

= +

Traimo taku , za koju e svi parcijalni izvodi biti jednaki nuli.

( ) + ( ) = 0

Mihailo ibonji

()

- 115 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Odnosno za izvode po imamo:
Traimo:

= ()
() = 0

()

Gradijent funkcije moemo izraziti preko ogranienja, a iz izvoda po upravo dobijamo ogranienja,
to se da zakljuiti da su stacionarne take polaznog sistema ujedno i stacionarne take i Lagrange-ove
funkcije. Kako iz () imamo jednaina, a iz () dobijamo jednaina, to znai na osnovu ( + )
jednaina dobijamo stacionarne take.
Na primjer ako imamo funkciju tri promjenjive (1 , 2 , 3 ) i potrebno je izvriti optimizaciju, odnosno
potrebno je nai minimum funkcije:
min (1 , 2 , 3 )

Po ogranienjima:

1 (1 , 2 , 3 ) = 0

2 (1 , 2 , 3 ) = 0

Odnosno ako bi grafiki predstavili gornji problem:

d2 x*

h1(x1,x2,x3)

- f( x )

h2

x3

f( x )
d1

h1
h2(x1,x2,x3)
x2

x1

Pretpostavimo da je taka taka minimuma. Okolina take predstavlja krivu po kojoj se sjeku
uslovne povrine, odnosno imamo samo dva mogua pravca kretanja a to su vektori 1 i 2 koji su normalni
na ( ). Taka nije optimalno rjeenje, odnosno nije minimum funkcije cilja ako se pomjeranjem po
krivoj presjeka dobijaju manje vrijednosti funkcije cilja.

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Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Vektor predstavlja dopustivi smjer kretanja, odnosno kreui se u smjeru vektora ostajemo u
skupu dopustivih rjeenja.
)

,x

,x

(x

d2
h1(x1,x2,x3)

f( x )

x*

d1

Vektor po kome se moemo kretati mora da zadovolji:

1 ( ) = 0

2 ( ) = 0

Odnosno vektor mora biti normalan na (u ovom sluaju) oba gradijenta. Da bi ispitali da li je taka
optimalna taka, odnosno da li je minimum, potrebno je da u okolini take nema taaka koje e funkciji
dati manju vrijednost. Ako postoji vektor takav da je dopustiv i ako vrijedi:
+ < ( )

Tada taka nije optimalna. U ovakvom sluaju vektor mora zaklapati otar ugao sa ( ). Da
bi taka bila optimum taka, gradijent cilja mora leati u ravni definisanoj sa vektorima ogranienja. Ako je
vrijedi da je 2 pozitivno definitna onda se radi o minimumu, a ako je negativno definitna onda se radi o
taki maksimuma.
Meutim, mi ne trebamo da ispitujemo za sve smjerove, nego samo za dopustive smjerove. Pa prema
tome nas ne zanima da li je zadovoljeno:
> 0

Nego nas zanimaju samo dopustivi smjerovi odnosno, da li je zadovoljeno:

Rjeavanjem sistema jednaina:

Dobijamo sve dopustive smjerove.

Mihailo ibonji

> 0
( )
1 = 0
2 ( )

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Potrebno je nai rjeenje sistema:
= 0

Nul prostor je skup svih vektora koji matricu anuliraju, odnosno to je skup definisan sa:
() = { | = 0}

Primjenom elementarnih transformacija na matrici dobijamo ( je rang matrice ):

Odnosno:

[] ~
0()

()

0()( )

()

=
()()

U matrici su sadrani svi linearno neazvisni vektori koji anuliraju matricu . Svaki vektor oblika:
1
2
=

Definie nula prostor, odnosno zakljuujemo da svaki vektor oblika:

=

Vodi u dopustiv smjer, odnosno da bi vrijedilo:

()

> 0

Potrebno je da je ( ) bude pozitivno definitno. Pa prema tome dolazimo do zakljuka da je

potreban uslov za optimum, da vrijedi:
2 , > 0

Odnosno da bude pozitivno definitna. Ako je semidefinitna zakljuujemo da su potrebna dodatna

ispitivanja da bi doli do zakljuka da li se radi o optimumu funkcije cilja.

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Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Metode jednodimenzione optimizacije

d1

xk

xk+1

d2

Metodom dopustivih smjerova kreemo se iz jedne u drugu taku. Cilj nam je nai minimum, odnosno
optimalnu taku funkcije cilja. Postavlja se pitanje za koliko se trebamo pomjeriti u nekom dopustivom
smjeru da doemo do take optimuma. Da bi to odredili, postavljamo sebi za cilj nai minimum funkcije:
min () = min +

Napomenimo da su aktivna ogranienja zadovoljena sa znakom jednakosti, i da ako nemamo aktivnih

ogranienja onda vektor moe imati bilo koji smjer. Pri odreivanju samog vektora treba da pazimo
samo na aktivna ogranienja (jer tada imamo nedopustivih smjerova).
Neka imamo neko aktivno ogranienje ( ) , i neka je ( ) = { | | ( )| < } . Aktivna
ogranienja su praktino sva ogranienja za koje vrijedi :
| ( )| <

Odnosno kada se nalazimo dovoljno blizu nekog aktivnog ogranienja, zbog mainskih greaka.
Traimo minimum funkcije jedne promjenjive:
min ()

Zanima nas u kome intervalu [, ] se nalazi optimum. Pretpostavimo da je dat interval u kojem
imamo optimalnu taku. Da bi bili sigurni da se u nekom intervalu nalazi optimum funkcija mora biti
unimodalna. Unimodalna funkcija je funkcija koja do take minimuma ne raste, a od take minimuma ne
opada odnosno vrijedi:

x1

x2

x*

x3

Za unimodalnu funkciju vrijedi:

x4

1 < 2 <

Mihailo ibonji

< 3 < 4

(1 ) (2 ) ( )

( ) (3 ) (4 )

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Fibonacci-jev metod
Opet imamo problem traenja optimuma neke funkcije. Poinjemo od nekog intervala [, ] u kome
traimo optimum, odnosno minimalnu vrijednost. Za izvoenje metoda moramo neto znati o samoj funkciji
iji optimum traimo.

f(ak-1)
ak-1

f(yk)

yk

zk

f(zk)

f(bk-1)
bk-1

Pod pretpostavkom da se radi o unimodalnoj funkciji zakljuujemo da ( ) ne moe biti vee (manje)
i od (1 ) i od (1 ). Ako je funkcija unimodalna potrebno je raunanje vrijednosti funkcije i dvije take
intervala, te na taj nain suavati poetni itnterval, odnosno:
( ) < ( )
( ) > ( )

[1 , ]

Optimum je u segmentu:

[ , 1 ]

Optimum je u segmentu:

= 1
=

Neka su i podjednako udaljeni od granica intervala. Tada vrijedi (0 < 1 < 0.5):

= 1

= 1 + 1 (1 1 )

= 1 1 (1 1 )

Mogu nastupiti dva sluaja i to:

= 1

ili

= 1

Na taj nain dobijamo novu duinu intervala, koja je u odnosu na predhodnu data sa:
| | = (1 1 )(1 1 )

Ako elimo iskoristiti proglasimo ga za +1 i naemo novo +1 u odnosu na novi interval.

+1 =

Pri emu je:

+1 = 1 (1 1 ) =
=

- 120 -

1
1 1

1
( )
1 1

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Ako novo odredimo na osnovu prethodne formule onda za +1 ostaje stara vrijednost , a za
novo uzmemo taku na istoj udaljenosti od . U svakom koraku provjeravamo:
|1 1 | < 2

Ako je ispunjen gornji uslov, uzmemo polovinu tog intervala i proglasimo ga za optimum.
Posmatrajmo jednakosti:
| | = (1 1 )(1 1 )
Nakon koraka imamo:

|+1 +1 | = (1 )( )

|+1 +1 | = (1 )(1 1 ) (1 2 ) 1

1 0

|+1 +1 | = (1 )(0 0 )
=0

Cilj nam je nai:

min|+1 +1 | = (1 )(0 0 )
c0

=0

Poto 0 zavisi samo od , pokae se da nakon koraka vrijedi:

0 =

+2

0 =

+2

Gornji izraz kao rjeenje problema 1 vrijedi samo za > 3 (za < 3 ne vrijedi). Ako se 0 za dati
problem odabere kao:

Tada se metod naziva Fibonacci-jev metod. Mana metoda je raunanje 0 za datu greku (tanost) jer
se metod zbog toga znatno usporava.

Mihailo ibonji

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Metod zlatnog presjeka

Nedostatak Fibonacci-jevog metoda je to prvo moramo odrediti broj iteracija koji garantuje da se
optimalna taka nalazi unutar nekog intervala sa eljenom tanosti, pa tek onda rauna koeficijent 0 .
Posmatrajmo opti lan Fibonacci-jevog niza:
+2 = +1 +

+2 +1 = 0
2 1 = 0
1,2 =

Odnosno imamo:

1 5
2

1 + 5
1 5
=
+

2
2

1 5
1 + 5

2
2
5

Za dovoljno veliko drugi lan postaje znatno manji od prvog odnosno dobijamo:

1 + 5

2
5

Pa vrijedi:

0 =

1 1 + 5
2
5

1
3 5

=
=
+2

+2
2
1 1 + 5
1 + 5
2
2
5

to predstavlja zlatni presjek. Odnosno kako , 0 tei ga gornjoj vrijednosti. Uzmemo zlatni
presjek i raunamo narednu taku te smo na taj nain smanjili vrijeme izvoenja algoritma.

- 122 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Metode aproksimacije polinomima

Da bi odredili taku minimuma neke funkcije, prvo je aproksimiramo nekim jednostavnim polinomom,
na datom intervalu koji sadri taku optimuma, zatim odredimo minimum funkcije kojom smo vrili
aproksimaciju a poto ta funkcija aproksimira polazni problem tako i aproksimirana optimalna taka
aproksimira optimum polazne funkcije. Aproksimacija se najee vri nekom funkcijom drugog ili treeg
reda odnosno koristimo se metodom parabole i kubnom metodom.

f(x)

p(x)
f(a)
a

f(c)

f(d)

f(b)
b

Odaberemo taku tako da je () manje bar od ( ) ili (). Postavimo parabolu kroz te tri take:
2
2
2

() = 1 2 + 1 + 1

( )
1 1
1 1 = ()
()
1 1

1
1
1

Parabola mora imati minimum na intervalu [, ]. Minimum parabole, odnosno taka je data sa:
=

1
21

Mogu nastupiti dva sluaja, i to da taka pada u podinterval [, ] ili u podinterval [, ]. Tako da
smo smanjili poetni interval i ponovo dobili tri take kroz koje moemo ponovo provui parabolu te dalje
suavati interval do eljene tanosti. Proces zaustavljamo kada doemo do prihvatljive aproksimacije take
optimuma.
Kubna metoda se zasniva na istom principu samo to su nam na poetku potrebne etiri take kroz
koje provuemo neku kubnu funkciju oblika:
() = 1 3 + 1 2 + 1 + 1

Zatim odredimo minimum kubne aproksimacije, te odredimo novi interval gdje se nalazi optimum na
isti nain kao i kod metoda parabole, te postupak ponavaljamo dok ne doemo do eljene tanosti
aproksimacije.

Mihailo ibonji

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Newton-ova metoda (metod tangente)

Newton-ova metoda se primjenjuje za diferencijabilne funkcije, slui za odreivanje stacionarne take
funkcije cilja. Ako je funkcija konveksna onda je ovo taka globalnog minimuma.

f(x)

xk+1

xk

Unimodalnu funkciju () aproksimiramo parabolom:

1
() = () = ( ) + ( )( ) + ( )( )2 +
2

Odnosno vrijedi:

() = ( ) + ( )( ) = 0

Djeljenjem sa ( ) dobijamo:

+1 =

( )
( )

Raunanje stacionarne take funkcije () na ovaj nain naziva se Newton-ov metod. U principu
aproksimiramo funkciju cilja parabolom, naemo stacionarnu taku parabole pa odemo na vrijednost
funkcije () u toj taki pa postavimo novu parabolu, te dalje ponavljamo postupak na isti nain.

- 124 -

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Viedimenziona optimizacija bez ogranienja

Ove metode ne koriste izvode funkcije pri odreivanju optimalnog rjeenja, to znai da se mogu
primjeniti i na nederivabilne funkcije (podrazumjeva se da se mogu primjeniti na defivabilne). Testiraju se na
kvadratnoj formi oblika:
1
( ) = + +
2

- Metoda pomjeranja po osama (Hooke-Jeeves-ova metoda)

Traimo optimum neke funkcije ( ) odnosno:

min ()

Imamo neku poetnu taku (bazna taka) = (10 , 20 , , 0 ). Usvojimo neki korak te se kreemo
po nekoj od osa, na primjer po prvoj promjenjivoj, odnosno 1 pa ako vrijedi:
1 + , 2 , , <

Onda zakljuujemo da je korak bio uspjean. Ako je korak bio uspjean probamo se ponovo pomjeriti.
Ako korak nije bio uspjean moemo probati pomjeriti se u suprotnom smjeru po 1 odnosno:
1 , 2 , , <

Ako vrijedi gornja nejednakost onda je korak bio uspjean, pa probamo se ponovno pomjeriti za jo
jedan korak u tom smjeru. Ako je korak bio neuspjean onda zakljuujemo da je:
1 +1 = 1

Ponavljamo sada postupak za sve ose, odnosno za 2 , 3 , , i na kraju dobijamo da je:

+1 = 1 1 , 2 2 , ,

Mana metoda je duina koraka, poto ne mora biti ista veliina koraka za sve ose. U svakoj iteraciji
vrimo pretraivanje po obliku, odnosno traimo brda i doline u dopustivim smjerovima te pratimo
doline i na taj nain iterativnim putem dolazimo do take optimuma.

Mihailo ibonji

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Powell-ova metoda
Konjugovani smjerovi (vektori) prate oblik funkcije. Ako je funkcija kvadratnog oblika:
1
( ) = + +
2

Pri emu je simetrina pozitivno definitna matrica, tada su potrebna dva pretraivanja pa da odemo
do minimuma. Ako nije kvadratna forma onda imamo po jedan korak po iteraciji.
Konjugovani smjerovi matrice su vektori za koje vrijedi:
= 0

Svaka matrica reda ima konjugovanih smjerova. Za simetrinu pozitivno definitnu matricu
konjugovani smjerovi su svojstvene vrijednosti matrice. Za svaku simetrinu matricu vrijedi:
= ( )
=
=

Odnosno tada vrijedi da je:

=
= = 0

Neka su i svojstveni vektori matrice , odnosno neka vrijedi:

=

Odnosno:

=
=

( ) = 0

Zakljuujemo da su svojstveni vektori simetrine matrice normalni. Ako je matrica regularna onda su
svojstveni vektori linearno zavisni.
= = 0

- 126 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

Svojstveni vektori su konjugovani smjerovi, a za simetrinu matricu svojstvene vrijednosti su realne.
Bitnost konjugovanih smjerova se ogleda u injenici da ako startamo iz neke poetne take, do take
optimuma moemo doi kreui se po tim smjerovima.

=1

=1

= 0 +
=1

1
() = 0 + 0 + + 0 + + =
2

=1

=1

=1

=1

1
1
1
1
= 0 0 + 0 + 0 + + 0 + + =
2
2
2
2

=1

=1

1
= (0 ) + 0 + 2 +
2
=1

=1

=1

Kao to vidimo nema zavisnosti odnosno nema mjeovitih lanova, a to znai da iz 0 moemo
pretraivanjem po konjugovanim smjerovima da dodjemo do take . Minimum emo nai minimizirajui
svaki od lanova. Pa prema tome -ti lan bi glasio:
1
0 + 2 +
2

Pa deriviramo po i izjednaimo sa nulom, dobijamo:

0 + + = 0

Pa dobijamo korak u kome trebamo ii da bi doli do , odnosno:

=

0 +

Uzmemo neku poetnu taku 0 zatim odredimo konjugovane smjerove i raunamo udjele za svaki
od smjerova, pa prema tome u koraka preko smjerova dolazimo iz 0 u taku . Kada dodjemo do take
minimuma = 0 zbog 0 + = 0, to jest kada vrijedi prethodna jednakost zakljuujemo da smo doli do
rjeenja. Problem samo predstavlja nai konjugovane smjerove.
U optem sluaju matrica ne mora biti kvadratne forme. Powell-ov metod je numeriki metod
nalaenja konjugovanih smjerova ako je bilo kakva funkcija.

Mihailo ibonji

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

x2

e2

x0

1
x1

e1

() = (0 + 1 )
Neka je data poetna taka 0 . Pretraujemo funkciju po smjerovima 1 i 2 . Pretpostavka je da su
bazni vektori konjugovani vektori, pa vrimo pretragu po trenutnim konjugovanim smjerovima i traimo
minimum. Neka je 1 minimum u smjeru 1 . Iz 1 idemo u drugom smjeru i traimo minimum, odnosno
pretraujemo iz 0 u 2. Minimum moe biti ili prije ili poslije. Naemo minimum tog pravca odnosno
dolazimo u taku 3. Svaki konjugovani smjer koji naemo stavljamo na kraj, to jest sada smo nali:
{1 , 2 } {2 ,
}
Ponavljamo dalje proceduru, to jest iz 3 vrimo pretragu po 2 sad u smjeru 3 5 traimo
minimum, te na taj nain smo korigovali i drugi konjugovani smjer odnosno:
{1 , 2 } {2 ,
} {
, }
Konjugovani smjerovi ne moraju biti normalni. Za funkciju od promjenjivih, za korekciju samo jednog
konjugovanog smjera treba ( + 1) pretraga ( po smjerovima i 1 po obliku), dok za ( + 1) pretragu
dobijamo sve konjugovane smjerove.

- 128 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Optimizacija bez ogranienja za derivabilne funkcije

Ove metode imaju svojstvo kvadratnog zavravanja ako za koraka daju rjeenje.

- Gradijentni metod (Cauchy-ev metod, metod najbreg opadanja)

U taki 0 moemo nai gradijent funkcije odnosno (0 ) . Gradijent funkcije pokazuje smjer
maksimalnog rasta funkcije, pa prema tome ako je problem nai minimum onda jednostavno idemo u smjeru
negativnog gradijenta sa nekim korakom , odnosno:
Rjeavamo problem:

0 + (0 )

() = 0 (0 )

Rjeenje je > 0. Problem nastupa kod mainskog prorauna zbog greaka zaokruivanja. Pogreno je
uzimati normu gradijenta kao uslov zaustavljanja postupka. Ako traimo optimum to znai da traimo:
()
=0

0 (0 ) (0 ) = 0
(1 )(0 ) = 0

Odnosno zakljuujemo da dva susjedna gradijenta su normalna. Dovoljno je nai prvi gradijen, dok
drugi ne traimo nego probamo normalno u jednom i drugom smjeru i tako dalje.
- Newton-ov metod
Ako imamo funkciju promjenjivih ( ). U nekoj poetnoj taki naemo gradijent funkcije to jest
naemo stacionarne take,odnosno rjeimo:
() = 0

Dobijamo sistem nelinearnih jednaina na koji moemo da primjenimo Newton-Raphson-ov postupak:

+1 = 2 1 ( )( )

to predstavlja Newton-ov metod za nalaenje optimuma. Postupak se primjenjuje sve dok ne bude
zadovoljena nejednakost:
|+1 | <

Ako je u pitanju kvadratna forma onda je Hesseova matrica konstanta pa je rjeenje (minimum) dato
sa = 1 . U jednom koraku dobijamo rjeenje za kvadratnu formu, a ako nije kvadratna onda vie.

Mihailo ibonji

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Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Metode promjenjive (varijabilne) metrike (kvazi Newton-ove metode)

Dobra osobina Cauchy-eve metode je brzo poetno napredovanje metoda, a loa injenica da je
konvergencija linearna i sporo napredovanje u blizini rjeenja. Newton-ov metod ima kvadratnu
konvergenciju i veoma brzo napreduje pri kraju, meutim veoma je osjetljiv na izbor poetnog rjeenja. Ideja
je ukomponovati ova dva metoda tako da izvuemo maksimum iz oba, pa tako moemo na poetku postupka
koristiti Cauchy-ev metod a kasnije Newton-ov metod.
Traimo optimum funkcije (), pa imamo na osnovu Cauchy-a:
+1 = ( )

() = min ( )

Odnosno po Newton-ovom metodu:

+1 = 2 1 ( )( )

Mana Newton-ove metode je i inverzija Hesse-ove matrice za vie varijabli u svakom koraku. Da se
primjetiti slinost meu predhodnim formula, pa tako oba metoda moemo zapisati u obliku:
+1 = ( )

Pri emu je neka matrica koja je za Cauchy-ev metod data sa = , dok je za Newton-ov
metod matrica definisana kao = 2 1 ( ). elimo na poetku da koristimo Cauchy-ev metod a
poslije Newton-ov metod. Postavlja se pitanje nakon koliko koraka treba da transformiemo matricu.
Pa prema tome na poetku matricu proglasimo za = a kako idemo ka rjeenju postepeno
korigujemo matricu u svakom koraku, odnosno u svakom koraku je korigujemo tako da lii na Newton-ovu.
Matricu korigujemo u svakom koraku na sljedei nain:

Cilj nam je da vrijedi:

+1 = +
lim = 2 1 ( )

Prednost nam je to nemamo strog prelaz meu matricama, nego blagi. Ni jednog trenutka neemo
postii Hesseovu matricu, jer emo prije doi do rjeenja pa kaemo da je konvergencija ovakvog metoda
super linearna. Upotpunjavanje se vri samo jedne kolone ili jednog reda (ili 2 kolone ili 2 reda).
Metode za upotpunjavanje se razlikuju po rangu:
-

- 130 -

Rang prvog reda

Rang drugog reda
Rang vieg reda

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- DFP metod (Davidon Fletcher Powell)

Ovo je kvadratni metod, kod koga se upotpunjavanje zasniva na dvije ili tri susjedne take.
+1 = + +

Metod DFP spada u klasu promjenjive metrike sa rangom dva, jer je u optem sluaju rang matrice
+ jednak dva.
= ( )

+1 = (+1 )

Pa imamo:

= +1

Pri emu vrijedi da se i raunaju kao:

Pored ove metode imamo jo mnogo metoda varijabilne metrike kao to su na primjer FR metod,
BFGS metod i mnogi drugi. Jako dobra osobina metoda sa varijabilnom metrikom jeste to nemamo inverziju
Hesse-ove matrice odnosno Hessijana.
Za problem isezavanja Hessijana, normiramo i upotpunimo sa:
( + )

Nekim manjim ili veim elementima. Odreivanje vrijednosti vrimo LM metodom (metod
primjenjujemo kod isezavanja Hessijana). Prednost metoda je i to sigurnije napredujemo ka rjeenju. Ako
imamo problem sa Newton-ovim dijelom metoda, vratimo se na Cauchy-ev metod koji je dosta stabilniji u
odnosu na izbor poetnog rjeenja.

Mihailo ibonji

- 131 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Konveksno programiranje
Rjeavamo problem nalaenja minimuma funkcije ( ) odnosno:
min ()

Po ogranienjima (pri emu su 1 , 2 , konveksne funkcije):

1 ( ) 0

2 ( ) 0

() 0

Pri emu je skup dopustivih rjeenja definisan sa:

= { | () 0, = 1,2, , }

Da bi skup bio konveksan mora da sadri sve spojnice. Kod konveksnog programa skup dopustivih
rjeenja mora biti konveksan skup. Presjek dva ili vie konveksnih skupova je ponovo konveksan skup. Za
konveksnu funkciju svaki lokalni minimum je ujedno i globalni minimum.
Okolinu neke take definiemo sa:
( ) = { | | | < }

Taka je lokalno optimalno rjeenje ako u okolini ( ) ne postoji taka koja funkciji daje manju
vrijednost. Za funkciju kaemo da je konveksna ako vrijedi:
( + (1 ) ) () + (1 )( )

[0,1]

Ako je taka lokalna optimalna taka tada je ona i globalna optimalna taka.

- 132 -

Mihailo ibonji

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Uslov optimalnosti preko Langrange-ove funkcije

, = () + ()
=1

Kaemo da je Slater-ov uslov za skup dopustivih rjeenja ispunjen ako postoji unutranja taka,
odnosno ako vrijedi:
() < 0

Ako je ispunjen Slater-ov uslov tada moemo primjeniti Langrange-ov metod.

Par ( , ) je sedlasta taka Langrange-ove funkcije ako je:

, , ,

Ako je par ( , ) sedlasta taka, konveksnog problema tada je optimum na skupu dopustivih
rjeenja . Ako imamo ogranienja tipa:
1 ( ) 0

2 () 0

Optimum mora biti na granici, osim u rijetkim sluajevima. Da bi taka bila optimum uslov je da ne
smije postojati takav vektor koji e voditi u skup dopustivih rjeenja a koji e sa vektorom negativnog
gradijenta zaklapati otar ugao:

Vektor mora biti:

Taka nije optimum ako je:

( ) > 0
1 ( ) 0
( ) < 0

( ) 0

Ako postoji kao rjeenje gornjeg problema tada taka nije optimalna taka.

Mihailo ibonji

- 133 -

Optimizacione metode u elektrotehnici Predavanja

- Kuhn-Tucker-ovi uslovi optimalnosti

Ogranienja su linearna. Za provjeru postavljamo pomoni linearni problem:
( ) + 0

( + 0

Gornji sistem ima + 1 promjenjivu. elja nam je maksimizirati , pa na osnovu toga zakljuujemo da
ako je > 0 taka nije optimalna taka, a ako je < 0 to znai da taka jeste optimalno rjeenje.
- Metod dopustivih smjerova

Pretpostavimo poetnu taku, te naemo vektor kretanja sa korakom te odredimo:

+1 = +

Svaki smjer je dopustiv ako vodi u skup dopustivih rjeenja i vrijednost funkcije opada. Odnosno
zakljuujemo da svaka naredna taka mora ostati u skupu dopustivih rjeenja.
Vektor moemo odrediti:
-

Sluajno (za mali broj promjenjivih)

Odaberemo pa rjeimo sitem 1
Stohastike metode (mravlje kolonije, rojenje estica...)

Napomena: sve stohastike metode su spore metode.

- 134 -

Mihailo ibonji

NGEVTQ
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6JGQT[$QQM

CONTENTS
(Click topic to jump to its location)
CHAPTER

PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE SOLUTION METHOD USED IN THE EMTP

2. LINEAR, UNCOUPLED LUMPED ELEMENTS

14

3. LINEAR, COUPLED LUMPED ELEMENTS

45

4. OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES

64

5. UNDERGROUND CABLES

150

6. TRANSFORMERS

192

7. SIMPLE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES

238

8. THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

251

9. UNIVERSAL MACHINE

311

10. SWITCHES

339

11. SURGE ARRESTERS AND PROTECTIVE GAPS

354

12. SOLUTION METHODS IN THE EMTP

360

13. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS (TACS)

395

APPENDIX
I NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 413
II RE-INITIALIZATION AT INSTANTS OF DISCONTINUITIES

431

III SOLUTION OF LINEAR EQUATIONS, MATRIX REDUCTION AND

INVERSION, SPARCITY
IV ACTUAL VALUES VERSUS PERUNIT QUANTITIES
V RECURSIVE CONVOLUTION

434
452
459

VI TRANSIENT AND SUBTRANSIENT PARAMETERS OF SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINES

460

VII INTERNAL IMPEDANCE OF STRANDED CONDUCTORS

470

REFERENCES

472

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VTCXGNNKPIQPVJGNKPGYKVJYCXGXGNQEKV[E6JGFKUVCPEGVTCXGNNGFD[VJKUQDUGTXGTKUZZ EV
ZNQECVKQP
QHUVCTVKPIRQKPVQTZEVKUEQPUVCPV+HZEVKUKPFGGFEQPUVCPVVJGPVJGXCNWGQHX <KUGGPD[VJGQDUGTXGT
OWUVCNUQTGOCKPEQPUVCPV9KVJVTCXGNVKOG
JNKPGNGPIVJE
CPQDUGTXGTNGCXKPIPQFGCVVKOGVJYKNNUGGVJGXCNWGQHX
VJ <K
VJCPFWRQPCTTKXCNCVPQFG
CHVGT
VJGGNCRUGQHVTCXGNVKOGJYKNNUGGVJGXCNWGQHX
V<K
V
PGICVKXGUKIPDGECWUGKJCUQRRQUKVGFKTGEVKQPQHK 
$WVUKPEGVJKUXCNWGUGGPD[VJGQDUGTXGTOWUVTGOCKPEQPUVCPVDQVJQHVJGUGXCNWGUOWUVDGGSWCNIKXKPICHVGT
TGYTKVKPI
K
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X
V % JKUV
V & J
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YJGTGVJGVGTOJKUVKUCICKPMPQYPHTQORTGXKQWUN[EQORWVGFXCNWGU
JKUV
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V&J
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'ZCORNG.GV)VzUCPFJOU(TQOGSWCVKQPU
KVECPDGUGGPVJCVVJGMPQYPJKUVQT[
QHVJGNKPGOWUVDGUVQTGFQXGTCVKOGURCPGSWCNVQJUKPEGVJGXCNWGUPGGFGFKP'S
DCTGVJQUGEQORWVGF
VKOGUVGRUGCTNKGT'S
KUCPGZCEVUQNWVKQPHQTVJGNQUUNGUUNKPGKH)VKUCPKPVGIGTOWNVKRNGQHJKHPQVNKPGCT
KPVGTRQNCVKQPKUWUGFCPFKPVGTRQNCVKQPGTTQTUCTGKPEWTTGF.QUUGUECPQHVGPDGTGRTGUGPVGFYKVJUWHHKEKGPVCEEWTCE[
D[ KPUGTVKPI NWORGF TGUKUVCPEGU KP C HGY RNCEGU CNQPI VJG NKPG CU FGUETKDGF NCVGT KP 5GEVKQP   # OQTG
UQRJKUVKECVGFVTGCVOGPVQHNQUUGUGURGEKCNN[YKVJHTGSWGPE[FGRGPFGPVRCTCOGVGTUKUFKUEWUUGFKP5GEVKQP
+H'S

C
CCPF
CCTGKPUGTVGFKPVQ'S
VJGPVJGPQFGGSWCVKQPHQTPQFGDGEQOGU
 )V % 

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X
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YJKEJKUUKORN[CNKPGCTCNIGDTCKEGSWCVKQPKPWPMPQYPXQNVCIGUYKVJVJGTKIJVJCPFUKFGMPQYPHTQOXCNWGUQH
RTGEGFKPIVKOGUVGRU
(QTCP[V[RGQHPGVYQTMYKVJPPQFGUCU[UVGOQHPUWEJGSWCVKQPUECPDGHQTOGF
=)? =X
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C

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=X
V?XGEVQTQHPPQFGXQNVCIGU
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=JKUV?XGEVQTQHPMPQYPJKUVQT[VGTOU

0QTOCNN[UQOGPQFGUJCXGMPQYPXQNVCIGUGKVJGTDGECWUGXQNVCIGUQWTEGUCTGEQPPGEVGFVQVJGOQTDGECWUGVJG
PQFGKUITQWPFGF+PVJKUECUG'S
CKURCTVKVKQPGFKPVQCUGV#QHPQFGUYKVJWPMPQYPXQNVCIGUCPFCUGV$
QHPQFGUYKVJMPQYPXQNVCIGU6JGWPMPQYPXQNVCIGUCTGVJGPHQWPFD[UQNXKPI
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KUVTKCPIWNCTK\GFYKVJQTFGTGFGNKOKPCVKQPCPFGZRNQKVCVKQPQHURCTUKV[+PGCEJVKOGUVGRVJGXGEVQTQPVJGTKIJVJCPF
UKFGQH'S
DKUCUUGODNGFHTQOMPQYPJKUVQT[VGTOUCPFMPQYPEWTTGPVCPFXQNVCIGUQWTEGU6JGPVJG
U[UVGOQHNKPGCTGSWCVKQPUKUUQNXGFHQT=X#
V?WUKPIVJGKPHQTOCVKQPEQPVCKPGFKPVJGVTKCPIWNCTK\GFEQPFWEVCPEG
OCVTKZ  +P VJKU TGRGCV UQNWVKQP RTQEGUU VJG U[OOGVT[ QH VJG OCVTKZ KU GZRNQKVGF KP VJG UGPUG VJCV VJG UCOG
VTKCPIWNCTK\GFOCVTKZWUGFHQTFQYPYCTFQRGTCVKQPUKUCNUQWUGFKPVJGDCEMUWDUVKVWVKQP$GHQTGRTQEGGFKPIVQVJG
PGZVVKOGUVGRVJGJKUVQT[VGTOUJKUVQH'S
D
DCPF
DCTGVJGPWRFCVGFHQTWUGKPHWVWTGVKOGUVGRU
1TKIKPCNN[VJG'/62YCUYTKVVGPHQTECUGUUVCTVKPIHTQO\GTQKPKVKCNEQPFKVKQPU+PUWEJECUGUVJGJKUVQT[
VGTOU JKUV JKUV CPF JKUV KP 'S
 CTG UKORN[ RTGUGV VQ \GTQ  $WV UQQP ECUGU CTQUG YJGTG VJG VTCPUKGPV
UKOWNCVKQPJCFVQDGUVCTVGFHTQORQYGTHTGSWGPE[
QT*\CEUVGCF[UVCVGKPKVKCNEQPFKVKQPU1TKIKPCNN[UWEJ
CEUVGCF[UVCVGKPKVKCNEQPFKVKQPUYGTGTGCFKPDWVVJKURWVCJGCX[DWTFGPQPVJGRTQITCOWUGTYJQJCFVQWUG
CPQVJGTUVGCF[UVCVGUQNWVKQPRTQITCOVQQDVCKPVJGO0QVQPN[YCUVJGFCVCVTCPUHGTDQVJGTUQOGDWVVJGUGRCTCVG
UVGCF[UVCVGUQNWVKQPRTQITCOOKIJVCNUQEQPVCKPPGVYQTMOQFGNUYJKEJEQWNFFKHHGTOQTGQTNGUUHTQOVJQUGWUGF
KPVJG'/62+VYCUVJGTGHQTGFGEKFGFVQKPEQTRQTCVGCPCEUVGCF[UVCVGUQNWVKQPTQWVKPGFKTGEVN[KPVQVJG'/62
YJKEJYCUYTKVVGPD[,99CNMGT
6JGCEUVGCF[UVCVGUQNWVKQPUJCNNCICKPDGGZRNCKPGFHQTVJGECUGQH(KI7UKPIPQFGGSWCVKQPUCICKP
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PQYDGEQOGU
+ % + % + % + ' +



YJGTGVJGEWTTGPVU+CTGEQORNGZRJCUQTSWCPVKVKGU*+* GL"PQY(QTVJGNWORGFGNGOGPVUVJGDTCPEJGSWCVKQPUCTG
QDXKQWU(QTVJGTGUKUVCPEG
+ '

8 & 8
4 



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=?RE


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8 & 8
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+ ' LT%

8 & 8



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+
+

;UGTKGU %
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 UJWPV

&;UGTKGU

&;UGTKGU

8




8
;
;UGTKGU %
 UJWPV

KHVJGGSWKXCNGPVBEKTEWKVTGRTGUGPVCVKQPQH(KIKUWUGFYKVJ

(KI'SWKXCNGPVBEKTEWKVHQTCEUVGCF[UVCVG
UQNWVKQPQHVTCPUOKUUKQPNKPG

;UGTKGU '


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 UJWPV

YJGTG(KUVJGRTQRCICVKQPEQPUVCPV



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UKORNKHKGUVQ
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;UGTKGU %

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T . )% )

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 UJWPV

+HVJGXCNWGQHTKUUOCNNV[RKECNN[#MOCV*\HQTQXGTJGCFNKPGUVJGPVJGTCVKQUUKPJ
ZZCPF
VCPJ
ZZKP'S
CUYGNNCUUKP
ZZCPFVCP
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CNNDGEQOG6JKUUKORNKHKGF
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KH T KU UOCNN



9KVJVJGGSWKXCNGPVBEKTEWKVQH(KIVJGDTCPEJGSWCVKQPHQTVJGNQUUNGUUNKPGHKPCNN[DGEQOGU

+ '
;UGTKGU % ;UJWPV 8 & ;UGTKGU 8




0QYYGECPCICKPYTKVGVJGPQFGGSWCVKQPHQTPQFGD[KPUGTVKPI'S


CPF

KPVQ'S






%
% LT% % ;UGTKGU % ;UJWPV 8 & 8 &
8 & LT% 8 & ;UGTKGU 8 ' +
4 LT.

4
LT. 


(QTCP[V[RGQHPGVYQTMYKVJPPQFGUCU[UVGOQHPUWEJGSWCVKQPUECPDGHQTOGF
=;? =8? ' =+?
YKVJ



=;?U[OOGVTKEPQFCNCFOKVVCPEGOCVTKZYKVJEQORNGZGNGOGPVU
=8?XGEVQTQHPPQFGXQNVCIGU
EQORNGZRJCUQTXCNWGU
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EQORNGZRJCUQTXCNWGU

#ICKP'S
KURCTVKVKQPGFKPVQCUGV#QHPQFGUYKVJWPMPQYPXQNVCIGUCPFCUGV$QHPQFGUYKVJMPQYP


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$TKPIKPI VJG VGTO =;#$?=8$? HTQO VJG NGHVJCPF UKFG KP 'S
 VQ VJG TKIJVJCPF UKFG KP 'S
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IGPGTCNK\CVKQPQHEQPXGTVKPI6JGXGPKPGSWKXCNGPVEKTEWKVU
XQNVCIGXGEVQT=8$?DGJKPFCFOKVVCPEGOCVTKZ=;#$?KPVQ
0QTVQPGSWKXCNGPVEKTEWKVU
EWTTGPVXGEVQT=;#$?=8$?KPRCTCNNGNYKVJCFOKVVCPEGOCVTKZ=;#$?
0QTVQPGSWKXCNGPVEKTEWKVU
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CRRGCTCURCTVUQHGSWKXCNGPVEKTEWKVUYJKEJOC[TGRTGUGPVIGPGTCVQTUVTCPUHQTOGTUUJQTVUGEVKQPUQHVTCPUOKUUKQP
NKPGUQTQVJGTEQORQPGPVUQHCPGNGEVTKERQYGTU[UVGOQTVJG[OC[TGRTGUGPVCEQORQPGPVD[KVUGNH
4GUKUVCPEG4
4GUKUVCPEGGNGOGPVUCTGWUGFVQTGRTGUGPVCOQPIQVJGTVJKPIU

ENQUKPICPFQRGPKPITGUKUVQTUKPEKTEWKVDTGCMGTU

VQYGTHQQVKPITGUKUVCPEG
CUCETWFGCRRTQZKOCVKQP=?QHCEQORNKECVGFHTGSWGPE[FGRGPFGPV
ITQWPFKPIKORGFCPEG

TGUKUVCPEGITQWPFKPIQHVTCPUHQTOGTCPFIGPGTCVQTPGWVTCNU

OGVGTKPITGUKUVCPEGKPRNCEGUYJGTGEWTTGPVUQHDTCPEJXQNVCIGUECPPQVDGQDVCKPGFKPQVJGT
YC[UD[VJG'/62

CURCTVUQHGSWKXCNGPVPGVYQTMUGIKPRCTCNNGNYKVJKPFWEVCPEGUVQRTQFWEGRTQRGTHTGSWGPE[
FGRGPFGPVFCORKPI
UGG5GEVKQP

HQTVJGTGRTGUGPVCVKQPQHNQPINKPGUKPNKIJVPKPIUWTIGUVWFKGUKHPQTGHNGEVKQPEQOGUDCEMHTQOVJG
TGOQVGGPFFWTKPIVJGFWTCVKQPVOCZQHVJGUVWF[

'ZCORNG
HKUGCUKN[FGTKXGFHTQO'S
DKHKVKUCUUWOGFVJCVVJGKPKVKCNEQPFKVKQPUQPVJGNKPGCTG\GTQ+PVJCV
ECUGJKUV
VJHQTVJUKPEGKVVCMGUVKOGJHQTCP[PQP\GTQEQPFKVKQPQEEWTTKPIKPPQFGCHVGTV$VQ
UJQYWRKPPQFG+HPQVJKPIKUEQPPGEVGFVQPQFG
QRGPGPFGFNKPGVJGP+YQWNFTGOCKP\GTQHQTVJ
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VOCZCPF

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EQORWVGT VKOG DWV UVQTCIG URCEG CU
YGNNDGECWUGPQJKUVQT[VGTOUJCXG
VQDGUVQTGFHQTVJGNKPG6JKUNQPI
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UWTIGUVWFKGUCPF

(KI'SWKXCNGPVEKTEWKVQH
NQPINKPGKHPQTGHNGEVKQPUEQOG
DCEMHTQOQVJGTGPF

+VKURQUUKDNGVQOQFKH[VJKUUKORNKHKECVKQPHQTECUGUUVCTVKPIHTQONKPGCTCEUVGCF[UVCVGEQPFKVKQPUCUYGNNKP
VJCVECUGPQFGUCPFKP(KIYQWNFJCXGCEUVGCF[UVCVGEWTTGPVUQWTEGUEQPPGEVGFVQVJGO
7PHQTVWPCVGN[VJG'/62FQGUPQV[GVEQPVCKPVJKUOQFKHKECVKQP


KPVTCPUKGPVTGEQXGT[XQNVCIGUVWFKGUYJGTGVJGWPHCWNVGFNKPGUNGCXKPIVJGUWDUVCVKQPWPFGTUVWF[CTGRTGHGTCDN[
OQFGNNGFVJKUYC[
6JGGSWCVKQPQHCNWORGFTGUKUVCPEG4DGVYGGPPQFGUMCPFO
KMO
V '


X
V & XO
V
4 M



KUUQNXGFCEEWTCVGN[D[VJG'/62CUNQPICUVJGXCNWGQH4KUPQVWPTGCUQPCDN[UOCNN
'TTQT#PCN[UKU
8GT[NCTIGXCNWGUQH4CTGCEEGRVCDNGCPFFQPQVFGITCFGVJGUQNWVKQPQHVJGEQORNGVGPGVYQTM+PVJG
NKOKVKPIECUG44KVUTGEKRTQECNXCNWG4UKORN[IGVUNQUVKP=)?QH'S
VJCVKUKVYKNNPQVJCXGCP[
KPHNWGPEGQPVJGPGVYQTMUQNWVKQPCUKVUJQWNFDG#RTCEVKECNNKOKVHQTXGT[NCTIGTGUKUVCPEGUKUVJGCRRTQZKOCVG
USWCTGTQQVQHVJGNCTIGUVTGCNPWODGTYJKEJVJGEQORWVGTECPJCPFNG
GI4KHVJGEQORWVGTCEEGRVU
PWODGTUWRVQ6JKUKUDGECWUGKPVGTOGFKCVGGZRTGUUKQPUQHVJGHQTO4  :CTGEQORWVGFKPVJGUVGCF[UVCVG
UQNWVKQPKPVJGEQPXGTUKQPHTQOKORGFCPEGUVQCFOKVVCPEGU'ZVTGOGN[NCTIGXCNWGUQH4JCXGDGGPWUGFKPVJGRCUV
VQQDVCKPXQNVCIGFKHHGTGPEGUDGVYGGPPQFGUYKVJUWEJOGVGTKPITGUKUVCPEGDTCPEJGUKPPGYGT'/62XGTUKQPU
XQNVCIGFKHHGTGPEGUECPDGQDVCKPGFFKTGEVN[
8GT[NCTIGTGUKUVCPEGUECPDGWUGFVQTGRNCEGVJGUGTKGU4.GNGOGPVUKPU[OOGVTKEOWNVKRJCUGBEKTEWKVU
KHQPGKUQPN[KPVGTGUVGFKPVJGECRCEKVKXGEQWRNKPICOQPIVJGRJCUGUCUGZRNCKPGFKP(KI6JKUVTKEMTGFWEGU
VJGPWODGTQHPQFGUDWVOQTGKORQTVCPVN[KVCXQKFUCEEWTCE[RTQDNGOUYJKEJOC[QEECUKQPCNN[UJQYWRKHVJGB
EKTEWKVTGRTGUGPVUCXGT[UJQTVNKPGUGEVKQP+PVJGUVGCF[UVCVGUQNWVKQPQH'S
VJGXCNWGQHVJGUGTKGU

+VOC[DGYQTVJCFFKPICFKCIPQUVKERTKPVQWVKPVJG'/62KHVJGCFOKVVCPEGUQHVJGUGTKGUCPFUJWPVGNGOGPVU
CTGVQQHCTCRCTVKPQTFGTUQHOCIPKVWFG6JKUYQWNFTGSWKTGCEQORCTKUQPQHT.CPFT%KPVJGUVGCF[UVCVG
UQNWVKQPCPFQH)V.CPF%)VKPVJGVTCPUKGPVUQNWVKQP


(KI%QPXGTUKQPQHPQOKPCNBEKTEWKVHQTUJQTVNKPGKPVQBEKTEWKVYKVJECRCEKVKXGEQWRNKPIQPN[

GNGOGPVKUGPVGTGFCU=< ?KPVQ=;?YJGTG=< ?KUVJGKORGFCPEGRGTWPKVNGPIVJCPFVJGNGPIVJQHVJGUJQTV

UGEVKQP(QTCUJQTVNGPIVJKUUOCNNCPF=< ?CEEQTFKPIN[TGNCVKXGN[NCTIG#VVJGUCOGVKOGVJGUJWPV
UWUEGRVCPEGU LT=% ?GPVGTGFKPVQ=;?DGEQOGTGNCVKXGN[UOCNN#UKUFGETGCUGFVJGECRCEKVKXGEQWRNKPIGHHGEV
YKNNGXGPVWCNN[IGVNQUVKPVJGUQNWVKQP+PCRTCEVKECNECUGQHECRCEKVKXGEQWRNKPIDGVYGGPM8EKTEWKVUCV*\
VJKUCEEWTCE[RTQDNGOUJQYGFWRYKVJVJGUJQTVGUVNKPGUGEVKQPDGKPIMOKVYCUFKUEQXGTGFCEEKFGPVCNN[DGECWUG
VJGUKPINGRTGEKUKQPUQNWVKQP
CEEWTCE[CRRTQZFGEKOCNFKIKVUQPCP+$/FKHHGTGFWPGZRGEVGFN[D[HTQO
VJGFQWDNGRTGEKUKQPUQNWVKQP
CEEWTCE[
CRRTQZFGEKOCNFKIKVU(QTTGCUQPCDNGUVGRUK\GUQH)VVJGRTQDNGOKUNGUUUGXGTGKPVJGVTCPUKGPVECNEWNCVKQP
CUECPGCUKN[DGUGGPKHLTKP'S
KUTGRNCEGFD[)VKP'S
+PVJKUGZCORNGYKVJ)VzUVJG
XCNWGQHVJGUGTKGUGNGOGPVYQWNFDGUOCNNGTD[CHCEVQTQHYJKNGVJGXCNWGQHVJGUJWPVGNGOGPVYQWNFDGNCTIGT
D[CHCEVQTQH1TKPQVJGTYQTFUCUKOKNCTCEEWTCE[RTQDNGOYQWNFCRRGCTFWTKPIVJGVTCPUKGPVUKOWNCVKQPKH
VJGNKPGYGTGUJQTVGPGFD[CHCEVQTQH
OKPUVGCFQHMO
8GT[UOCNNXCNWGUQH4FQETGCVGCEEWTCE[RTQDNGOUHQTVJGUCOGTGCUQPCUFKUEWUUGFKPVJGRTGEGFKPI
RCTCITCRJ 8GT[ UOCNN XCNWGU QH 4 ETGCVG XGT[ NCTIG EQPFWEVCPEG XCNWGU 4 KP VJG OCVTKZ =;? QH UVGCF[UVCVG
UQNWVKQPUCPFKPVJGOCVTKZ=)?QHVTCPUKGPVUQNWVKQPUYJKEJECPUYCORQWVVJGGHHGEVUQHQVJGTGNGOGPVUEQPPGEVGF
VQVJCVTGUKUVCPEG8GT[UOCNNXCNWGUQH4JCXGDGGPWUGFKPVJGRCUVRTKOCTKN[VQUGRCTCVGUYKVEJGUUKPEGGCTNKGT
'/62XGTUKQPUCNNQYGFQPN[QPGUYKVEJVQDGEQPPGEVGFVQCPQFGYKVJWPMPQYPXQNVCIG+PPGYGTXGTUKQPUVJKU
NKOKVCVKQPQPVJGNQECVKQPQHUYKVEJGUPQNQPIGTGZKUVUCPFVJGPGGFHQTWUKPIXGT[UOCNNXCNWGUQH4UJQWNFVJGTGHQTG
PQNQPIGTGZKUVKPVJGUGNCVGTXGTUKQPU
*KPVUCDQWVVJGWUGQHUOCNNTGUKUVCPEGUCTGIKXGPKP=?RRDE



'ZCORNGHQT0GVYQTMYKVJ4GUKUVCPEGU
2TCEVKECNGZCORNGUHQTRWTGN[TGUKUVKXGPGVYQTMUCTGTCVJGTNKOKVGF#UKORNGECUGKUUJQYPKP(KI
#UUWOGCFEXQNVCIGUQWTEGYKVJPGINKIKDNGUQWTEGKORGFCPEGKUEQPPGEVGFVQCNKPGVJTQWIJCEKTEWKVDTGCMGTYKVJ
CENQUKPITGUKUVQTQHXCNWG4ENQUG+HYGCTGKPVGTGUVGFKPYJCVJCRRGPUCHVGTENQUKPIQHEQPVCEV+KPVJGHKTUVUJQTVVKOG
RGTKQFFWTKPIYJKEJTGHNGEVKQPUJCXGPQV[GVEQOGDCEMHTQOVJGTGOQVGGPFVJGPVJKUECUGECPDGUVWFKGFYKVJVJG
EKTEWKVQH(KI
D+HYGEJQQUG4ENQUG<YGUGGVJCVVJGXQNVCIGCVVJGUGPFKPIGPFYKNNDGRWYJKEJ
YKNNFQWDNGVQRWCVVJGQRGPTGEGKXKPIGPF6JGTGHQTGPQQXGTXQNVCIGYKNNCRRGCTCUNQPICUEQPVCEV++KUUVKNN
QRGP#TGCNECUGKUQDXKQWUN[OQTGEQORNKECVGFDGECWUG

CPGVYQTM

DGSWKXCNGPVEKTEWKV

(KI'PGTIK\CVKQPQHCXGT[NQPINKPG
<UWTIG
KORGFCPEGJVTCXGNVKOG

!EQPVCEV++YKNNENQUG
V[RKECNN[VQOUNCVGTCUYGNN
!VJGU[UVGOKUVJTGGRJCUG
!VJGNKPGKUPQVNQUUNGUU
!OWNVKRNGTGHNGEVKQPUYKNNQEEWTCUYGUVWF[CNQPIGTVKOGRGTKQF
!ENQUKPIQHEQPVCEV+FQGUPQVPGEGUUCTKN[QEEWTCVOCZKOWOXQNVCIG
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HQTCP[PWODGTQHRJCUGU/(QTVJKUIGPGTCNECUGVJG"$VTCPUHQTOCVKQPQH'S
JCUDGGPIGPGTCNK\GF
VQ/RJCUGUYKVJVJGVTCPUHQTOCVKQPOCVTKZ=?



/

=6? '

&

&



,
,&







,
,&


&

,&



/
/&




/
/&


/

,
,&

&



/&
/
/&

YJGTGCICKP
=6?& ' =6?V



=6?QH'S
KUCURGEKCNECUGQH'S
HQT/KHYGCUUWOGVJCVVJGRJCUGUCTGPWODGTGFKP'S

CPFKHVJG"$SWCPVKVKGUCTGQTFGTGF$"
UKIPTGXGTUCNQP"
#RRN[KPIVJKU/RJCUG"$VTCPUHQTOCVKQP VQVJGOCVTKEGUQH/RJCUGDCNCPEGFNKPGURTQFWEGUFKCIQPCNOCVTKEGU


QHVJGHQTO

 +PVJG7$%'/62CPFKPQNFGTXGTUKQPUQHVJG$2#'/62-CTTGPDCWGT UVTCPUHQTOCVKQP=?KUWUGF

KPUVGCFYJKEJRTQFWEGUVJGUCOGFKCIQPCNOCVTKEGUDWVFQGUPQVJCXGVJGRTQRGTV[QH'S
6JKURTQRGTV[
KUKORQTVCPVDGECWUGKVOCMGUVJGDCNCPEGFNKPGLWUVCURGEKCNECUGQHVJGWPVTCPURQUGFNKPGFKUEWUUGFKP5GEVKQP





Zzero
Zpos
Zpos
.
.
.
Zpos
with the first diagonal element being the zero sequence (ground mode) impedance, and the next M-1 diagonal elements
being the positive sequence (aerial mode) impedance,
)

<\GTQ ' <U %

/ & <O

C

<RQU ' <U & <O

D

and similarly for the capacitances,

)

%\GTQ ' %U %
/ & %O

C

%RQU ' %U & %O

D

To refer to the two distinct diagonal elements as zero and positive sequence may be confusing, because the
concept of sequence values has primarily been used for three-phase lines. "Ground mode" and "aerial mode" may be
more appropriate. Confusion is most likely to arise for double-circuit three-phase lines, where each three-phase line
has its own zero and positive sequence values defined by Eq. (4.50) and (4.51) with symmetrical components used for
each three-phase circuit, while in the context of this section the double-circuit line is treated as a six-phase line with
different zero and positive sequence values defined by Eq. (4.60) and (4.61). The fact that the terms zero and positive
sequence are used for M 3 as well comes from the generalization of symmetrical components of Section 4.1.4 to M
phases with the transformation matrix [56, p. 155]
U U  U/
=5/&RJCUG? '

U U  U/



C

U/ U/  U//



with
UKM '


/

GZR 6&L

B

K&
M&>
/

D

A special case of interest for symmetric bipolar dc lines11 is M = 2. In this case [T] of Eq. (4.58) and [S] of
Eq. (4.62a) are identical,
=6&RJCUG? '

  
  &



4.1.3.3 Two Identical Three-Phase Lines with Zero Sequence Coupling Only
Just as a transposed single-circuit three-phase line can usually be approximated as a balanced line, so two
identical and parallel three-phase lines can often be approximated as "almost balanced" lines with an impedance matrix
of the form
< )U < )O < )O < )R < )R < )R
< )O < )U < )O < )R < )R < )R
< )O < )O < )U < )R < )R < )R



< )R < )R < )R < )U < )O < )O

< )R < )R < )R < )O < )U < )O
< )R < )R < )R < )O < )O < )U

The transposition scheme of Fig. 4.22 would produce such a matrix form, which implies that the two circuits are only
coupled in zero sequence, but not in positive or negative sequence. Such a complicated transposition scheme is seldom,
if ever, used, but the writer suspects that positive and negative sequence couplings in the more common double-circuit
transposition scheme of Fig. 4.23 is often so weak that the model discussed here may be a useful approximation for the
case of Fig. 4.23 as well.

 6QDGEQPUKUVGPVNKPGUYKVJ/CPF/CTGECNNGFUKPINGRJCUGCPFVYQRJCUGNKPGU
TGURGEVKXGN[KPVJKUOCPWCN6JKUFKHHGTUHTQOVJG+'''5VCPFCTFU=R?KPYJKEJEKTEWKVUYKVJQPGRJCUG
EQPFWEVQTCPFQPGPGWVTCNEQPFWEVQT
YJKEJEQWNFDGTGRNCEGFD[ITQWPFTGVWTPCUYGNNCUEKTEWKVUYKVJVYQ
RJCUGEQPFWEVQTUCPFQPGPGWVTCNEQPFWEVQT
QTITQWPFTGVWTPCTGDQVJECNNGFUKPINGRJCUGEKTEWKVUHQTJKUVQTKECN
TGCUQPU(QT/$VJGFGHKPKVKQPKPVJG+'''5VCPFCTFUKUVJGUCOGCUKPVJKUOCPWCN




(KI&QWDNGEKTEWKVVTCPURQUKVKQPUEJGOGYKVJ\GTQUGSWGPEGEQWRNKPI
QPN[
T h e
matrix of Eq. (4.64) is diagonalized by modifying the transformation matrix of Eq. (4.58) to
 

=6? '

  &  

  

&

  &

 &

 &  

 &



&

with [T]-1 = [T]t again, which produces the diagonal matrix

ZG
ZIL
ZL
ZL

(4.66)
ZL
ZL

If each circuit has three-phase sequence parameters Zzero, Zpos, and if the three-phase zero sequence coupling between
the two circuits is Zzero-coupling, then the ground mode G, inter-line mode IL and line mode L values required by the EMTP
are found from

<)

+.

'

<)

\GTQ

&

<)

< ) ) ' < ) \GTQ % < )\GTQ&EQWRNKPI

\GTQ&EQWRNKPI



< ) . ' < ) RQU

with identical equations for the capacitances.

If the two three-phase circuits are not identical, then the transformation matrix of Eq. (4.65) can no longer be
used; instead, [T] depends on the particular tower configuration.



4.1.4 Symmetrical Components

Symmetrical components are not used as such in the EMTP, except that the parameters of balanced lines after
transformation to M-phase , , 0-components are the same as the parameters of symmetrical components, namely zero
and positive sequence values. The supporting routine LINE CONSTANTS does have output options for more detailed
symmetrical component information, however, which may warrant some explanations.
In addition to zero and positive sequence values, LINE CONSTANTS also prints full symmetrical component
matrices. Its diagonal elements are the familiar zero and positive sequence values of the line; they are correct for the
untransposed line as well as for a line which has been balanced through proper transpositions. The off-diagonal
elements are only meaningful for the untransposed case, because they would become zero for the balanced line. For
the untransposed case, these off-diagonal elements are used to define unbalance factors [47, p. 93]. The full symmetrical
component matrices are no longer symmetric, unless the columns for positive and negative sequence are exchanged [27].
This exchange is made in the output of the supporting routine LINE CONSTANTS with rows listed in order "zero, pos,
neg,..." and columns in order "zero, neg, pos,...". With this trick, matrices can be printed in triangular form (elements
in and below the diagonal), as is done with the matrices for individual and equivalent phase conductors.
Symmetrical components for two-phase lines are calculated with the transformation matrix of Eq. (4.63), while
those of three-phase lines are calculated with
CPF =XU[OO? ' =5?& =XRJCUG?

=XRJCUG? ' =5? =XU[OO?

C

identical for currents,

X\GTQ
YJGTG

=5? '

=5?&

'




 

=XU[OO? ' XRQU




 

XPGI


 C C
 C C

 C C
 C

D

and a = ej120E.
The columns in these matrices are normalized12; in that form, [S] is unitary,
=5?& ' =5 ?V



 6JGGNGEVTKEWVKNKV[KPFWUVT[WUWCNN[WUGUWPPQTOCNK\GFVTCPUHQTOCVKQPKPYJKEJVJGHCEVQTHQTVJG=5?OCVTKZ
KUKPUVGCFQH%CPFHQTVJG=5? OCVTKZKPUVGCFQH%6JGU[OOGVTKECNEQORQPGPVKORGFCPEGUCTG
KFGPVKECNKPDQVJECUGUDWVVJGUGSWGPEGEWTTGPVUCPFXQNVCIGUFKHHGTD[CHCEVQTQH%






where "*" indicates conjugate complex and "t" transposition.

For M $ 3, the supporting routine LINE CONSTANTS assumes three-phase lines in parallel. Examples:
M = 6: Two three-phase lines in parallel
M = 9: Three-phase lines in parallel
M = 8: Two three-phase lines in parallel, with equivalent phase conductors no. 7 and 8 ignored in the
transformation to symmetrical components.
The matrices are then transformed to three-phase symmetrical components and not to M-phase symmetrical components
of Eq. (4.62). For example for M = 6 (double-circuit three-phase line),
=< ) U[OO? '

=5?&

=5?&

< ) RJCUG

=5?

=5?



with [S] defined by Eq. (4.68), Eq. (4.70) produces the three-phase symmetrical component values required in Eq.
(4.67).
Balancing of double-circuit three-phase lines through transpositions never completely diagonalizes the
respective symmetrical component matrices. The best that can be achieved is with the seldom-used transposition scheme
of Fig. 4.22, which leads to

=< )

U[OO? '

< )\GTQ&+

<\GTQ&EQWRNKPI

< )RQU&+

< )RQU&+

<\GTQ&EQWRNKPI

< )\GTQ&++

< )RQU&++

< )RQU&++
(4.71)

If both circuits are identical, then Zzero-I = Zzero-II = Zzero , and Zpos-I = Zpos-II = Zpos ; in that case, the transformation matrix
of Eq. (4.65) can be used for diagonalization. The more common transposition scheme of Fig. 4.23 produces positive
and zero sequence coupling between the two



(a)

barrels rolled in
opposite direction

(b)

barrels rolled in
same direction

Fig. 4.23 - Double-circuit transposition scheme

circuits as well, with the nonzero pattern of the matrix in Eq. (4.71) changing to
:  *:  
 : * : 
  :*  :
:  *:  
 : * : 
  :*  :
where "X" indicates nonzero terms. Re-assigning the phases in Fig. 4.23(b) to CI, BI, AI, AII, BII, CII from top to
bottom would change the matrix further to cross-couplings between positive sequence of one circuit and negative
sequence of the other circuit, and vice versa,

:  *:  
 : *  :
  :* : 
:  *:  

  :* : 
 : *  :
4.1.5 Modal Parameters
From the discussions of Section 4.1.3 it should have become obvious that the solution of M-phase transmission
line equations becomes simpler if the M coupled equations can be transformed to M decoupled equations. These
decoupled equations can then be solved as if they were single-phase equations. For balanced lines, this transformation
is achieved with Eq. (4.58).
Many lines are untransposed, however, or each section of a transposition barrel may no longer be short
compared with the wave length of the highest frequencies occurring in a particular study, in which case each section
must be represented as an untransposed line. Fortunately, the matrices of untransposed lines can be diagonalized as
well, with transformations to "modal" parameters derived from eigenvalue/eigenvector theory. The transformation
matrices for untransposed lines are no longer known a priori, however, and must be calculated for each particular pair
of parameter matrices [Zphase] and [Yphase].
To explain the theory, let us start again from the two systems of equations (4.31) and (4.32),



F8RJCUG

&

' =< ) RJCUG? =+RJCUG?

C

' =; ) RJCUG?=8RJCUG?

D

FZ

and
F+RJCUG

&

FZ

with [Yphase] = j [Cphase] if shunt conductances are ignored, as is customarily done. By differentiating the first equation
with respect to x, and replacing the current derivative with the second equation, a second-order differential equation for
voltages only is obtained,
F 8RJCUG
FZ 

' =< ) RJCUG? =; ) RJCUG? =8RJCUG?

C

Similarly, a second-order differential equation for currents only can be obtained,

F +RJCUG
FZ 

' =; ) RJCUG? =< ) RJCUG? =+RJCUG?

D

where the matrix products are now in reverse order from that in Eq. (4.73a), and therefore different. Only for balanced
matrices, and for the lossless high-frequency approximations discussed in Section 4.1.5.2, would the matrix products
in Eq. (4.73a) and (4.73b) be identical.
With eigenvalue theory, it becomes possible to transform the two coupled equations (4.73) from phase
quantities to "modal" quantities in such a way that the equations become decoupled, or in terms of matrix algebra, that
the associated matrices become diagonal, e.g., for the voltages,
F 8OQFG
FZ 



' =7? =8OQFG?

with [ ] being a diagonal matrix. To get from Eq. (4.73a) to (4.74), the phase voltages must be transformed to mode
voltages, with
=8RJCUG? ' =6X? =8OQFG?

C

=8OQFG? ' =6X?& =8RJCUG?

D

and

Then Eq. (4.73a) becomes

F 8OQFG
FZ 

' =6X?& =< ) RJCUG? =; ) RJCUG? =6X? =8OQFG?



C

which, when compared with Eq. (4.74), shows us that

=7? ' =6X?& =< ) RJCUG? =; ) RJCUG? =6X?

D

To find the matrix [Tv] which diagonalizes [Zphase][Yphase] is the eigenvalue/eigenvector problem. The diagonal elements
of [ ] are the eigenvalues of the matrix product [Zphase][Yphase], and [Tv] is the matrix of eigenvectors or modal matrix
of that matrix product. There are many methods for finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The most reliable method
for finding the eigenvalues seems to be the QR-transformation due to Francis [3], while the most efficient method for
the eigenvector calculation seems to be the inverse iteration scheme due to Wilkinson [4, 5]. In the supporting routines
LINE CONSTANTS and CABLE CONSTANTS, the "EISPACK"-subroutines [67] are used, in which the eigenvalues
and eigenvectors of a complex upper Hessenberg matrix are found by the modified LR-method due to Rutishauser. This
method is a predecessor of the QR-method, and where applicable, as in the case of positive definite matrices, is more
efficient than the QR-method [68]. To transform the original complex matrix to upper Hessenberg form, stabilized
elementary similarity transformations are used. For a given eigenvalue

, the corresponding eigenvector [tvk] (= k-th

column of [Tv]) is found by solving the system of linear equations

6 =< ) RJCUG? =; ) RJCUG? & 8M=7? > =VXM? ' 



with [U] = unit or identity matrix. Eq. (4.77) shows that the eigenvectors are not uniquely defined in the sense that they
can be multiplied with any nonzero (complex) constant and still remain proper eigenvectors13, in contrast to the
eigenvalues which are always uniquely defined.
Floating-point overflow may occur in eigenvalue/eigenvector subroutines if the matrix is not properly scaled.
Unless the subroutine does the scaling automatically, [Zphase][Yphase] should be scaled before the subroutine call, by
dividing each element by

-( 2g0 0), as suggested by Galloway, Shorrows and Wedepohl [39]. This division brings

the matrix product close to unit matrix, because [Z'phase][Y'phase] is a diagonal matrix with elements - 2g0 0 if resistances,
internal reactances and Carson's correction terms are ignored in Eq. (4.7) and (4.8), as explained in Section 4.1.5.2. The
eigenvalues from this scaled matrix must of course be multiplied with - 2g0 0 to obtain the eigenvalues of the original
matrix. In [39] it is also suggested to subtract 1.0 from the diagonal elements after the division; the eigenvalues of this
modified matrix would then be the p.u. deviations from the eigenvalues of the lossless high-frequency approximation
of Section 4.1.5.2, and would be much more separated from each other than the unmodified eigenvalues which lie close
together. Using subroutines based on [67] gave identical results with and without this subtraction of 1.0, however.
In general, a different transformation must be used for the currents,
=+RJCUG? ' =6K? =+OQFG?

C

 6JKUKUKORQTVCPVKHOCVTKEGU=6 ?QDVCKPGFHTQOFKHHGTGPVRTQITCOUCTGEQORCTGF6JGCODKIWKV[ECPDG

TGOQXGFKPCPWODGTQHYC[UGID[CITGGKPIVJCVVJGGNGOGPVUKPVJGHKTUVTQYUJQWNFCNYC[UDGQTD[
PQTOCNK\KPIVJGEQNWOPUVQC'WENKFGCPXGEVQTNGPIVJQHVJCVKUD[TGSWKTKPIV V  V V  
YKVJVEQPLWICVGEQORNGZQHV+PVJGNCVVGTECUGVJGTGKUUVKNNCODKIWKV[KPVJGUGPUGVJCVGCEJEQNWOPEQWNF
DGOWNVKRNKGFYKVJCTQVCVKQPEQPUVCPVG "CPFUVKNNJCXGXGEVQTNGPIVJ


X X



X X

and
=+OQFG? ' =6K?& =+RJCUG?

D

because the matrix products in Eq. (4.73a) and (4.73b) have different eigenvectors, though their eigenvalues are
identical. Therefore, Eq. (4.73b) is transformed to
F +OQFG
FZ 



' =7? =+OQFG?

with the same diagonal matrix as in Eq. (4.74). While [Ti] is different from [Tv], both are fortunately related to each
other [58],
=6K? ' =6X ?&
V



where "t" indicates transposition. It is therefore sufficient to calculate only one of them.
Modal analysis is a powerful tool for studying power line carrier problems [59-61] and radio noise interference
[62, 63]. Its use in the EMTP is discussed in Section 4.1.5.3. It is interesting to note that the modes in single-circuit
three-phase lines are almost identical with the , , 0-components of Section 4.1.3.1 [58]. Whether the matrix products
in Eq. (4.73) can always be diagonalized was first questioned by Pelissier in 1969 [64]. Brandao Faria and Borges da
Silva have shown in 1985 [65] that cases can indeed be constructed where the matrix product cannot be diagonalized.
It is unlikely that such situations will often occur in practice, because extremely small changes in the parameters (e.g.,
in the 8th significant digit) seem to be enough to make it diagonalizable again. Paul [66] has shown that diagonalization
can be guaranteed under simplifying assumptions, e.g., by neglecting conductor resistances.
The physical meaning of modes can be deduced from the transformation matrices [Tv] and [Ti]. Assume, for
example, that column 2 of [Ti] has entries of (-0.6, 1.0, -0.4). From Eq. (4.78a) we would then know that mode-2 current
flows into phase B in one way, with 60% returning in phase A and 40% returning in phase C.

4.1.5.1 Line Equations in Modal Domain

With the decoupled equations of (4.74) and (4.79) in modal quantities, each mode can be analyzed as if it were
a single-phase line. Comparing the modal equation
F 8OQFG&M
FZ 

' 8M 8OQFG&M

with the well-known equation of a single-phase line,

F 8
' (8

FZ
with the propagation constant defined in Eq. (1.15), shows that the modal propagation constant


mode-k

is the square

root of the eigenvalue,

(OQFG&M ' "M % L$M ' (M



with
k

= attenuation constant of mode k (e.g., in Np/km),

= phase constant of mode k (e.g., in rad/km).

The phase velocity of mode k is

RJCUG XGNQEKV[ '

T
$M

C

and the wavelength is

YCXG NGPIVJ '

B
$M

D

While the modal propagation constant is always uniquely defined, the modal series impedance and shunt
admittance as well as the modal characteristic impedance are not, because of the ambiguity in the eigenvectors.
Therefore, modal impedances and admittances only make sense if they are specified together with the eigenvectors used
in their calculation. To find them, transform Eq. (4.72a) to modal quantities
&

F8OQFG
FZ

' =6X?& =< ) RJCUG? =6K? =+OQFG?



The triple matrix product in Eq. (4.83) is diagonal, and the modal series impedances are the diagonal elements of this
matrix
=< ) OQFG? ' =6X?& =< ) RJCUG? =6K?

C

=< ) OQFG? ' =6K V? =< ) RJCUG? =6K?

D

or with Eq. (4.80),

Similarly, Eq. (4.72b) can be transformed to modal quantities, and the modal shunt admittances are then the diagonal
elements of the matrix
)

=;OQFG? ' =6K?& =;RJCUG? =6X?

C

=; ) OQFG? ' =6X V? =; ) RJCUG? =6X?

D

or with Eq. (4.80),



The proof that both [Zmode] and [Ymode] are diagonal is given by Wedepohl [58]. Finally, the modal characteristic
impedance can be found from the scalar equation
< )OQFG&M

<EJCT&OQFG&M '

C

; )OQFG&M

or from the simpler equation

(OQFG&M

<EJCT&OQFG&M '

D

; )OQFG&M

A good way to obtain the modal parameters may be as follows: First, obtain the eigenvalues

and the

eigenvector matrix [Tv] of the matrix product [Zphase][Yphase ]. Then find [Ymode ] from Eq. (4.85b), and the modal series
impedance from the scalar equation
< )OQFG&M '

8M

E

; )OQFG&M

The modal characteristic impedance can then be calculated from Eq. (4.86a), or from Eq. (4.86b) if the propagation
constant from Eq. (4.81) is needed as well. If [Ti] is needed, too, it can be found efficiently from Eq. (4.85a)
=6K? ' =; ) RJCUG? =6X? =; ) OQFG?&

E

because the product of the first two matrices is available anyhow when [Ymode] is found, and the post-multiplication with
[Ymode]-1 is simply a multiplication of each column with a constant (suggested by Luis Marti). Eq. (4.85c) also
establishes the link to an alternative formula for [Ti] mentioned in [57],
=6K? ' =; ) RJCUG? =6X? =&?
with [D] being an arbitrary diagonal matrix. Setting [D] = [Ymode]-1 leads us to the desirable condition [Ti] = [Tvt]-1 of
Eq. (4.80). If the unit matrix were used for [D], all modal matrices in Eq. (4.84) and (4.85) would still be diagonal, but
with the strange-looking result that all modal shunt admittances become 1.0 and that the modal series impedances
become k. Eq. (4.80) would, of course, no longer be fulfilled. For a lossless line, the modal series impedance would
then become a negative resistance, and the modal shunt admittance would become a shunt conductance with a value of
1.0 S. As long as the case is solved in the frequency domain, the answers would still be correct, but it would obviously
be wrong to associate such modal parameters with
&

MX
' 4 )K
MZ

CPF

(with R negative and G = 1.0) in the time domain.



&

MK
' ) )X
MZ

4.1.5.2 Lossless High-Frequency Approximation

In lightning surge studies, many simplifying assumptions are made. For example, the waveshape and amplitude
of the current source representing the lightning stroke is obviously not well known. Similarly, flashover criteria in the
form of volt-time characteristics or integral formulas [8] are only approximate. In view of all these uncertainties, the
use of highly sophisticated line models is not always justified. Experts in the field of lightning surge studies normally
use a simple line model in which all wave speeds are equal to the speed of light, with a surge impedance matrix [Zsurge ]
in phase quantities, where
<KK&UWTIG '  NP
JKTK

C

<KM&UWTIG '  NP
&KMFKM

D

CNN YCXG URGGFU ' URGGF QH NKIJV

E

with ri being the radius of the conductor, or the radius of the equivalent conductor from Eq. (4.30) in case of a bundle
conductor.14
Typically, each span between towers is represented separately as a line, and only a few spans are normally
modelled (3 for shielded lines, or 18 for unshielded lines in [8]). For such short distances, losses in series resistances
and differences in modal travel times are negligible. The effect of corona is sometimes included, however, by modifying
the simple model of Eq. (4.87) [8].
It is possible to develop a special line model based on Eq. (4.87) for the EMTP, in which all calculations are
done in phase quantities. But as shown here, the simple model of Eq. (4.87) can also be solved with modal parameters
as a special case of the untransposed line. The simple model follows from Eq. (4.72) by making two assumptions for
a "lossless high-frequency approximation":
1.

Conductor resistances and ground return resistances are ignored.

2.

The frequencies contained in the lightning surges are so high that all currents flow on the surface of
the conductors, and on the surface of the earth.

Then the elements of [Zphase] become

< ) KK ' LT

z
B

NP
JKTK 

< ) KM ' LT

z
B

NP
&KMFKM



while [Y] is obtained by inverting the potential coefficient matrix,

=; )? ' LT =2 )?&



with the elements of [P] being the same as in Eq. (4.88) if the factor j 0/(2 ) is replaced by 1/(2 g0). Then both matrix

 )TQWPFYKTGUCTGWUWCNN[TGVCKPGFCURJCUGEQPFWEVQTUKPUWEJUVWFKGU+HVJG[CTGGNKOKPCVGFVJGOGVJQF
QH5GEVKQPOWUVDGWUGFQP=< ?


UWTIG



products in Eq. (4.73) become diagonal matrices with all elements being
8M ' & Tgz

M'/



These values are automatically obtained from the supporting routines LINE CONSTANTS and CABLE
CONSTANTS as the eigenvalues of the matrix products in Eq. (4.73), by simply using the above two assumptions in
the input data (all conductor resistances = 0, GMR/r = 1.0, no Carson correction terms). The calculation of the
eigenvector matrix [Tv] or [Ti] needed for the untransposed line model of Section 4.2 breaks down, however, because
the matrix products in Eq. (4.73) are already diagonal. To obtain [Tv], let us first assume equal, but nonzero conductor
resistances R. Then the eigenvectors [tvk] are defined by

& Tgz=7? % LT4 )=2 )?& =VXM? ' 8M =VXM?



with the expression in parentheses being the matrix product [Zphase][Yphase], and [U] = unit matrix. Eq. (4.91) can be
rewritten as
=2 )?& =VXM? ' 8M&OQFKHKGF =VXM?



with modified eigenvalues

LT 4 ) 8M&OQFKHKGF ' 8M % Tgz



Eq. (4.92) is valid for any value of R, including zero. It therefore follows that [Tv] is obtained as the eigenvectors of
[P]-1, or alternatively as the eigenvectors of [P] since the eigenvectors of a matrix are equal to the eigenvectors of its
inverse. The eigenvalues of [P]-1 are not needed because they are already known from Eq. (4.90), but they could also
be obtained from Eq. (4.93) by setting R = 0.
For this simple mode, [Tv] is a real, orthogonal matrix,
=6X? =6X?V ' =7?



=6K? ' =6X?



and therefore,

D.E. Hedman has solved this case of the lossless high-frequency approximation more than 15 years ago [45]. He
recommended that the eigenvectors be calculated from the surge impedance matrix of Eq. (4.87), which is the same as
calculating them from [P] since both matrices differ only by a constant factor.
One can either modify the line constants supporting routines to find the eigenvectors from [P] for the lossless
high-frequency approximation, as was done in UBCs version, or use the same trick employed in Eq. (4.91) in an
unmodified program: Set all conductor resistances equal to some nonzero value R, set GMR/r = 1, and ask for zero
Carson correction terms. If the eigenvectors are found from [P], then it is advisable to scale this matrix first by
multiplying all elements with 2 g0.
The lossless high-frequency approximation produces eigenvectors which differ from those of the lossy case


at very high frequencies [61]. This is unimportant for lightning surge studies, but important for power line carrier
problems.

Example: For a distribution line with one ground wire (Fig. 4.24) the lossless high-frequency approximation produces
the following modal surge impedances and transformation matrix,
mode

Zsurge-mode ( )

1
2
3
4

993.44
209.67
360.70
310.62

(KI2QUKVKQPQHRJCUGEQPFWEVQTU#$
%CPFITQWPFYKTG&
CXGTCIGJGKIJVCNN
FKOGPUKQPUKPO%QPFWEVQTFKCOGVGT
OO
  &
 & 
 & 
 & &

Converted to phase quantities, the surge impedance matrix becomes [Tv][Zsurge-mode][Tv]t, or


=<UWTIG&RJCUG? '

  U[OOGVTKE

 



 





S


The elements from Eq. (4.87) are slightly larger, by a factor of 300,000/299,792, because the supporting routine LINE
CONSTANTS uses 299,792 km/s for the speed of light, versus 300,000 km/s implied in Eq. (4.87).
Representation in EMTP then would be by means of a 4-phase, constant-parameter, lossless line. The following
branch cards are for the first of 4 such cascaded sections:
-11A 2A
-11B 2B
-11C 2C
-11D 2D

993.44 .3E-6
993.44 .3E-6
993.44 .3E-6
993.44 .3E-6

2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4

The modelling of long lines as coupled shunt resistances [R] = [Zsurge-phase] has already been discussed in Section
3.1.3. In the example above, such a shunt resistance matrix could be used to represent the rest of the line after the 4
spans from the substation. Simply using the 4 x 4 matrix would be unrealistic with respect to the ground wire, however,
because it would imply that the ground wire is ungrounded on the rest of the line. More realistic, though not totally
accurate, would be a 3 x 3 matrix obtained from [Zphase] and [Yphase] in which the ground wire has been eliminated. This
model implies zero potential everywhere on the ground wire, in contrast to the four spans where the potential will more
or less oscillate around zero because of reflections up and down the towers.

Comparison with More Accurate Models: For EMTP users who are reluctant to use the simple model described in this
section, a few comments are in order. First, let us compare exact values with the approximate values. If we use constant
parameters and choose 400 kHz as a reasonable frequency for lightning surge studies, then we obtain the results of table
4.5 for the test example above, assuming T/D = 0.333 for skin effect correction and internal inductance calculation with
the tubular conductor formula, Rdc = 0.53609 /km, and = 100 m.

Table 4.5 - Exact line parameters at 400 kHz

mode

Zsurge-mode ( )

1
2
3
4

1027.6-j33.9
292.0-j0.5
361.9-j0.5
311.1-j0.5

wave velocity (m/s)

285.35
299.32
299.37
299.32

R ( /km)
597.4
7.9
8.2
8.0

The differences are less than 0.5% in surge impedance and wave speed for the aerial modes 2 to 4, and not more than
5% for the ground return mode 1. These are small differences, considering all the other approximations which are made
in lightning surge studies. If series resistances are included by lumping them in 3 places, totally erroneous results may
be obtained if the user forgets to check whether R/4 # Zsurge in the ground return mode. For the very short line length
of 90 m in this example, this condition would still be fulfilled here.
Using constant parameters at a particular frequency is of course an approximation as well, and some users may
therefore prefer frequency-dependent models. For very short line lengths, such as 90 m in the example, most frequencydependent models are probably unreliable, however. It may therefore be more sensible to use the simple model



described here, for which answers are reliable, rather than sophisticated models with possibly unreliable answers.
A somewhat better lossless line model for lightning surge studies than the preceding one has been suggested
by V. Larsen [92]. To obtain this better model, the line parameters are first calculated in the usual way, at a certain
frequency which is typical for lightning surges (e.g., at 400 kHz). The resistances are then set to zero when the matrix
product [Zphase][Yphase ] is formed, before the modal parameters are computed. With this approach, [Ti] will always be
real. Table 4.6 shows the modal parameters of this better lossless model. They differ very little from those in Table
4.5.

Table 4.6 - Approximate modal parameters at 400 kHz with R=0

mode

Zsurge-mode ( )

wave velocity (m/s)

1026.3

285.50

292.0

299.32

362.0

299.37

311.1

299.32

In particular, the wave velocity of the ground return mode 1 is now much closer to the exact value of Table 4.5. The
transformation matrix which goes with the modal parameters of Table 4.6 is
  &
=6K? '

 &  &

 & 



 & &

In this case [Tv] is no longer to [Ti]; Eq. (4.80) must be used instead.

4.1.5.3 Approximate Transformation Matrices for Transient Solutions

The transformation matrices [Tv] and [Ti] are theoretically complex, and frequency-dependent as well. With
a frequency-dependent transformation matrix, modes are only defined at the frequency at which the transformation
matrix was calculated. Then the concept of converting a polyphase line into decoupled single-phase lines (in the modal
domain) cannot be used over the entire frequency range. Since the solution methods for transients are much simpler
if the modal composition is the same for all frequencies, or in other words, if the transformation matrices are constant
with real coefficients, it is worthwhile to check whether such approximate transformation matrices can be used without
producing too much error. Fortunately, this is indeed possible for overhead lines [66, 78].
Guidelines for choosing approximate (real and constant) transformation matrices have not yet been worked out
at the time when these notes are being written. The frequency-dependent line model of J. Marti discussed in Section
4.2.2.6 needs such a real and constant transformation matrix, and wrong answers would be obtained if a complex
transformation matrix were used instead. Since a real and constant transformation matrix is always an approximation,



its use will always produce errors, even if they are small and acceptable. The errors may be small in one particular
frequency region, and larger in other regions, depending on how the approximation is chosen.
One choice for an approximate transformation matrix would be the one used in the lossless approximations
discussed in Section 4.1.5.2. This may be the best choice for lightning surge studies.
For switching surge studies and similar types of studies, the preferred approach at this time seems to be to
calculate [Tv] at a particular frequency (e.g., at 1 kHz), and then to ignore the imaginary part of it. In this approach, [Tv]
should be predominantly real before the imaginary part is discarded. One cannot rely on this when the subroutine
returns the eigenvectors, since an eigenvector multiplied with ej50E or any other constant would still be a proper
eigenvector. Therefore, the columns of [Tv] should be normalized in such a way that its components lie close to the real
axis. One such normalization procedure was discussed by V. Brandwajn [79]. The writer prefers a different approach,
which works as follows:
1.

Ignore shunt conductances, as is customarily done. Then [Yphase] is purely imaginary. Use Eq. (4.85)
to find the diagonal elements of the modal shunt admittance matrix Ymode-k-preliminary.

2.

In general, these "preliminary" modal shunt admittances will not be purely imaginary, but j Cmode-kej k

instead. Then normalize [Tv] by multiplying each column with ej

k/2

. With this normalized

transformation matrix, the modal shunt admittances will become j Cmode-k, or purely imaginary as in
the phase domain.
3.

To obtain the approximate (real and constant) transformation matrix, discard the imaginary part of
the normalized matrix from step 2.

4.

Use the approximate matrix [Tv-approx.] from step 3 to find modal series impedances and modal shunt
admittances from Eq. (4.84) and (4.85) over the frequency range of interest. If [Ti] is needed, use
=6K&CRRTQZ? ' =6X&CRRTQZ?&
V

5.



If the line model requires nonzero shunt conductances, add them as modal parameters. Usually, only
conductances from phase to ground are used (with phase-to-phase values being zero); in that case,
the modal conductances are the same as the phase-to-ground conductances if the latter are equal for
all phases.

An interesting method for finding approximate (real and constant) transformation matrices has been suggested
by Paul [66]. By ignoring conductor resistances, and by assuming that the Carson correction terms Rii + j Xii in Eq.
(4.7) and Rik + j Xik in Eq. (4.8) are all equal (all elements in the matrix of correction terms have one and the same
value), the approximate transformation matrix [Ti-approx.] is obtained as the eigenvectors of the matrix product

=% )

RJCUG?




with all elements of the second matrix being 1. To find [T v-approx.], Eq. (4.96) would have to be used. Wasley and


Selvavinayagamoorthy [93] find the approximate transformation matrices by simply taking the magnitudes of the
complex elements, with an appropriate sign reflecting the values of their arguments. They compared results using these
approximate matrices with the exact results (using complex, frequency-dependent matrices), and report that fairly high
accuracy can be obtained if the approximate matrix is computed at a low frequency, even for the case of double-circuit
lines.
If the M-phase line is assumed to be balanced (Section 4.1.3.2), then the transformation matrix is always real
and constant, and known a priori with Eq. (4.58) and Eq. (4.59). Two identical and balanced three-phase lines with zero
sequence coupling only have the real and constant transformation matrix of Eq. (4.65).

4.2 Line Models in the EMTP

The preceding Section 4.1 concentrated on the line parameters per unit length. These are now used to develop
line models for liens of a specific length.
For steady-state solutions, lines can be modelled with reasonable accuracy as nominal -circuits, or rigorously
as equivalent -circuits. For transient solutions, the methods become more complicated, as one proceeds from the simple
case of a single-phase lossless line with constant parameters to the more realistic case of a lossy polyphase line with
frequency-dependent parameters.

4.2.1 AC Steady-State Solutions

Lines can be represented rigorously in the steady-state solution with exact equivalent -circuits. Less accurate
representations are sometimes used, however, to match the model to the one used in the transient simulation (e.g.,
lumping R in three places, rather than distributing it evenly along the line, or using approximate real transformation
matrices instead of exact complex matrices). For lines of moderate "electrical" length (typically # 100 km at 60 Hz),
nominal -circuits are often accurate enough, and are probably the best models to use for steady-state solutions at power
frequency. If the steady-state solution is followed by a transient simulation, or if steady-state solutions are requested
over a wide frequency range, then the nominal -circuit must either be replaced by a cascade connection of shorter
nominal -circuits, or by an exact equivalent -circuit derived from the distributed parameters.

4.2.1.1 Nominal M-Phase -Circuit

For the nominal M-phase -circuit of Fig. 3.10, the series impedance matrix and the two equal shunt
susceptance matrices are obtained from the per unit length matrices by simply multiplying them with the line length, as
shown in Eq. (4.35) and (4.36). The equations for the coupled lumped elements of this M-phase -circuit have already
been discussed at length in Section 3, and shall not be repeated here.
Nominal -circuits are fairly accurate if the line is electrically short. This is practically always the case if
complicated transposition schemes are studied at power frequency (60 Hz or 50 Hz). Fig. 4.25 shows a typical example,
with three circuits on the same right-of-way. In this case, each of the five transposition sections (1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6)
would be represented as a nominal 9-phase -circuit. While a nominal -circuit would already be reasonably accurate


for the total line length of 95 km, nominal -circuits are certainly accurate for each transposition section, since the
longest section is only 35 km long. A comparison between measurements on the de-energized line L3 and computer
results is shown in table 4.7 [80]. The coupling in this case is predominantly capacitive.

(KI6TCPURQUKVKQPUEJGOGHQTVJTGGCFLCEGPVEKTEWKVU

Table 4.7 - Comparison between measurements and EMTP results (voltages on energized line L1 =
372 kV and on L2 = 535 kV)
phase

measurement

EMTP results

Induced voltages on de-energized line L3 if open at

both ends

A
B
C

30 kV
15 kV
10 kV

27.5 kV
13.8 kV
7.8 kV

Grounding currents if de-energized line L3 is

grounded at right end

A
B
C

11 A
5A
1A

10.5 A
3.2 A
1.5 A

Because nominal -circuits are so useful for studying complicated transposition schemes, a "CASCADED PI"
option was added to the BPA EMTP. With this option, the entire cascade connection is converted to one single circuit, which is an exact equivalent for the cascade connection. This is done by adding one "component" at a time, as
shown in Fig. 4.26. The "component" may either be an M-phase -circuit, or other types of network elements such as


shunt reactors or series capacitors. Whenever component k is added, the nodal admittance matrix

(KI5EJGOCVKEKNNWUVTCVKQPQHECUECFKPIQRGTCVKQPHQT-VJEQORQPGPV

for nodes 1, 2, 3 is reduced by eliminating the inner nodes 2, to form the new admittance matrix of the equivalent for
the cascaded components 1, 2, ... K. This option keeps the computational effort in the steady-state solution as low as
possible by not having to use nodal equations for the inner nodes of the cascade connection, at the expense of extra
computational effort for the cascading procedure.

4.2.1.2 Equivalent -Circuit for Single-Phase Lines

Lines defined with distributed parameters at input time are always converted to equivalent -circuits for the
steady-state solution.
For lines with frequency-dependent parameters, the exact equivalent -circuit discussed in Section 1 is used,
with Eq. (1.14) and (1.15). The same exact equivalent -circuit is used for distortionless and lossless line models with
constant parameters.
In many applications, line models with constant parameters are accurate enough. For example, positive
sequence resistances and inductances are fairly constant up to approximately 1 kHz, as shown in Fig. 4.20. But even
with constant parameters, the solution for transients becomes very complicated (except for the unrealistic assumption
of distortionless propagation). Fortunately, experience showed that reasonable accuracy can be obtained if L and C
are distributed and if
4 ' 4 )



is lumped in a few places as long as R << Zsurge. In the EMTP, R/2 is lumped in the middle and R/4 at both ends of an
otherwise lossless line, as shown in Fig. 4.27, and as further discussed in Section 4.2.2.5. For this transient
representation, the EMTP uses the same assumption15 in the

 6JG'/62UJQWNFRTQDCDN[DGEJCPIGFVQD[RCUUVJKUQRVKQPKHQPN[UVGCF[UVCVGUQNWVKQPUCTGTGSWGUVGF
GKVJGTCVQPGHTGSWGPE[QTQXGTCTCPIGQHHTGSWGPEKGU




(KI.KPGTGRTGUGPVCVKQPYKVJNWORGFTGUKUVCPEGU
steady-state solution, to avoid any discrepancies between ac steady-state initialization and subsequent transient
simulation, even though experiments have shown that the differences are extremely small at power frequency. By using
equivalent -circuits for each lossless, half-length section in Fig. 4.27, and by eliminating the "inner" nodes 1, 2, 3, 4,
an equivalent -circuit (Fig. 1.2) was obtained by R.M. Hasibar with
<UGTKGU ' 4EQUTJ &  % 




;
'
 UJWPV

&  & 

4
<

4 UKPTJ % L UKPTJ EQUTJ@

4
%  <
<

4
4
 UKPTJ % L UKPTJ EQUTJ
<
<
<UGTKGU



where
J ' NGPIVJ . )% )
< '

.)
%)

4 ' NGPIVJ @ 4 )



4.2.1.3 Equivalent M-Phase -Circuit

To obtain an equivalent M-phase -circuit, the phase quantities are first transformed to modal quantities with
Eq. (4.84) and (4.85) for untransposed lines, or with Eq. (4.58) and (4.59) for balanced lines. For identical balanced
three-phase lines with zero sequence coupling only, Eq. (4.65) is used. For each mode, an equivalent single-phase circuit is then found in the same way as for single-phase lines; that is, either as an exact equivalent -circuit with Eq.
(1.14) and (1.15), or with Eq. (4.98) and (4.99) for the case of lumping R in three places. These single-phase modal
-circuits each has a series admittance Yseries-mode and two equal shunt admittances 1/2 Yshunt-mode. By assembling these
admittances as diagonal matrices, the admittance matrices of the M-phase -circuit in phase quantities are obtained from
=;UGTKGU? ' =6K? =;UGTKGU&OQFG? =6K?V



and




=;UJWPV? ' =6K? =;UJWPV&OQFG? =6K?V





While it is always possible to obtain the exact equivalent M-phase -circuit at any frequency in this way,
approximations are sometimes used to match the representation for the steady-state solution to the one used in the
transient solution. One such approximation is the lumping of resistances as shown in Fig. 4.27. Another approximation
is the use of real and constant transformation matrices in Eq. (4.100) and (4.101), as discussed in Section 4.1.5.3.

4.2.2 Transient Solutions

Historically, the first line models in the EMTP were cascade connections of -circuits, partly to prove that
computers could match switching surge study results obtained on transient network analyzers (TNAs) at that time. On
TNAs, balanced three-phase lines are usually represented with decoupled 4-conductor -circuits, as shown in Fig. 4.28.
This representation can easily be derived from Eq. (4.44) by rewriting it as
&

F8#
FZ

'
< ) U & < ) O +# % < ) O
+# % +$ % +%



(KI(QWTEQPFWEVQTBEKTEWKVWUGFQP
60# U
for phase A, and similar for phases B and C. The first term in Eq. (4.102) is ZposIA (or branch A1-A2 in Fig. 4.28),
while the second term is the common voltage drop caused by the earth and ground wire return current IA + IB + IC
(branch N1-N2 in Fig. 4.28). Note, however, that Fig. 4.28 is only valid if the sum of the currents flowing out through
a line returns through the earth and ground wires of that same line. For that reason, the neutral nodes N2, N3, ... must
be kept floating, and only N1 at the sending end is grounded. Voltages with respect to ground at location i are obtained
by measuring between the phase and node Ni. In meshed networks with different R/X-ratios, this assumption is probably
not true. For this reason, and to be able to handle balanced as well as untransposed lines with any number of phases,
M-phase -circuits were modelled directly with M x M matrices, as discussed in Section 4.1.2.4. Voltages to ground
are then simply the node voltages. Comparisons between these M-phase -circuits, and with the four-conductor circuits of Fig. 4.28 confirmed that the results are identical.


The need for travelling wave solutions first arose in connection with rather simple lightning arrester studies,
where lossless single-phase line models seemed to be adequate. Section 1 briefly discusses the solution method used
in the EMTP for such lines. This method was already known in the 1920s and 1930s and strongly advocated by
Bergeron [81]; it is therefore often called Bergerons method. In the mathematical literature, it is known as the method
of characteristics, supposedly first described by Riemann.
It soon became apparent that travelling wave solutions were much faster and better suited for computers than
cascaded -circuits. To make the travelling wave solutions useful for switching surge studies, two changes were needed
from the simple single-phase lossless line: First, losses had to be included, which could be done with reasonable
accuracy by simply lumping R in three places. Secondly, the method had to be extended to M-phase lines, which was
achieved by transforming phase quantities to modal quantities. Originally, this was limited to balanced lines with builtin transformation matrices, then extended to double-circuit lines, and finally generalized to untransposed lines. Fig. 4.29
compared EMTP results with results obtained on TNAs, using the built-in transformation matrix for balanced threephase lines and simply lumping R in three places.

Fig. 4.29 - Energization of a three phase line. Computer simulation results (dotted line) superimposed on 8 transient


network analyzer results for receiving end voltage in phase B. Breaker contacts close at 3.05 ms in phase A, 8,05 ms
in phase B, and 5.55 ms in phase C (t=0 when source voltage of phase A goes through zero from negative to positive)
[82]. Reprinted by permission of CIGRE

While travelling wave solutions with constant distributed L, C and constant lumped R produced reasonable
accurate answers in many cases, as shown in Fig. 4.29, there were also cases where the frequency dependence,
especially of the zero sequence impedance, could not be ignored. Choosing constant line parameters at the dominant
resonance frequency sometimes improved the results. Eventually, frequency-dependent line models were developed
by Budner [83], by Meyer and Dommel [84] based on work of Snelson [85], by Semlyen [86], and by Ametani [87].
A careful re-evaluation of frequency-dependence by J. Marti [88] led to a fairly reliable solution method, which seems
to become the preferred option as these notes are being written. J. Martis method will therefore be discussed in more
detail.

4.2.2.1 Nominal -Circuits

Nominal -circuits are generally not the best choice for transient solutions, because travelling wave solutions
are faster and usually more accurate. Cascade connections of nominal -circuits may be useful for untransposed lines,
however, because one does not have to make the approximations for the transformation matrix discussed in Section
4.1.5.3. On the other hand, one cannot represent frequency-dependent line parameters and one has to accept the
spurious oscillations caused by the lumpiness. Fig. 4.30 shows these oscillations for the simple case of a single-phase
line being represented with 8 and 32 cascaded nominal -circuits. The exact solution with distributed parameters is
shown for comparison purposes as well. The proper choice of the number of -circuits for one line is discussed in [89],
as well as techniques for damping the spurious oscillations with damping resistances in parallel with the series R-L
branches of the -circuit of Fig. 4.28.



Fig. 4.30 - Voltage at receiving end of a single phase line if a dc voltage of 10 V is connected to the sending end at t=0
(line data: R=0.0376 /mile, L=1.52 mH/mile, C=14.3 nF/mile, length-320 miles; receiving end terminated with shunt
inductance of 100 mH)

The solution methods for nominal -circuits have already been discussed in Section 3.4. With M-phase
nominal -circuits, untransposed lines (or sections of a line) are as simple to represent as balanced lines. In the former
case, one simply uses the matrices of the untransposed line, whereas in the latter case one would use matrices with
averaged equal diagonal and averaged equal off-diagonal elements.

4.2.2.2 Single-Phase Lossless Line with Constant L and C

The solution method for the single-phase case has already been explained in Section 1. The storage scheme
for the history terms is the same as the one discussed in the next Section 4.2.2.3 for M-phase lossless lines, except that
each single-phase line occupies only one section in the table, rather than M section for M modes. Similarly, the
initialization of the history terms for cases starting from linear ac steady-state initial conditions is the same as in Eq.
(4.108).



(KI.KPGCTKPVGTRQNCVKQP

(KI'HHGEVQHNKPGCTKPVGTRQNCVKQPQPUJCTRRGCMU&QVVGFNKPG)V
zUVQOCMGJKPVGIGTOWNVKRNGQH)V5QNKFNKPG)VzU
JPQVKPVGIGT
OWNVKRNGQH)V



The solution is exact as long as the travel time is an integer multiple of the step size t. If this is not the case,
then linear interpolation is used in the EMTP, as indicated in Fig. 4.31. Linear interpolation is believed to be a
reasonable approximation for most cases, since the curves are usually smooth rather than discontinuous. If
discontinuities or very sharp peaks do exist, then rounding to the nearest integer multiple of t may be more sensible
than interpolation, however. There is no option for this rounding procedure in the EMTP, but the user can easily
accomplish this through changes in the input data. Fig. 4.32 compares results for the case of Fig. 4.30 with sharp peaks
with and without linear interpolation. The line was actually not lossless in this case, but the losses were represented
in a simple way by subdividing the line into 64 lossless sections and lumping resistances in between and at both ends.
The interpolation errors are more severe if lines are split up into many sections, as was done here. If the line were only
split up into two lossless sections, with R lumped in between and at both ends, then the errors in the peaks would be
less (the first peak would be 18.8, and the second peak would be -15.4).
The accumulation of interpolation errors on a line broken up into many sections, with of each section not
being an integer multiple of t, can easily be explained. Assume that a triangular pulse is switched onto a long, lossless
line, which is long enough so that no reflections come back from the remote end during the time span of the study (Fig.
4.33). Let us look at how this pulse becomes distorted through interpolation as it travels down the line if
(a)

the line is broken up into short sections of travel time 1.5 t each, and

(b)

the line from the sending end to the measuring point is represented as one section ( = k @ 1.5 t, with k = 1,
2, 3,...).

(KI5KPINGRJCUGNQUUNGUUNKPGGPGTIK\GFYKVJVTKCPIWNCT
RWNUG
At any point on the line, the current will be
K '


X
<

and between points 1 and 2 separated by (Fig. 4.33),

X
V % J ' X
V
This last equation was used in Fig. 4.34, together with linear interpolation, to find the shape of the pulse as it travels


down the line. The pulse loses its amplitude and becomes wider and wider if it is broken up into sections of travel time
1.5 t each. On the other hand, the pulse shape never becomes as badly distorted if the line is represented as one single
section.
What are the practical consequences of this interpolation error? Table 4.8 compares peak overvoltages from
a BPA switching surge study on a 1200 kV three-phase line16, 133 miles long. Each section was split up into two
lossless half-sections, with R lumped in the middle and

Table 4.8 - Interpolation errors in switching surge study with t = 50 s

Peak overvoltages (MV)

Run

Line model

1
2
3

phase A

phase B

phase C

single section

1.311

1.191

1.496

7 sections

1.276

1.136

1.457

1.342

1.167

1.489

single section with

rounded

at both ends, as explained in Section 4.2.2.4. Run no. 1 shows the results of the normal line representation as one
section. Run no. 2 with subdivision into 7 sections produces differences of 2.6 to 4.7%. In run no. 3 the zero and
positive sequence travel times

= 664.93 s and

= 445.74 s were rounded to 650 and 450 s, respectively, to make

them integer multiples of t = 50 s. These changes could be interpreted as a decrease in both L' 0 and C' 0 of 2.25%,
and as an increase in both L'1 and C'1 of 0.96%, with the surge impedances remaining unchanged. Since line parameters
are probably no more accurate than 5% at best anyhow, these implied changes are quite acceptable. With rounding,
a slightly modified case is then solved without interpolation errors. Whether an option for rounding to the nearest
integer multiple of t should be added to the EMTP is debatable. In general, rounding may imply much larger changes
in L', C' than in this case, and if implemented, warning messages with the magnitude of these implied changes should
be added as well. In Table 4.8, runs no. 3 to 1 differ by no more than 2.3%, and the interpolation error is therefore
acceptable if the line is represented as one section. Breaking the line up into very many sections may produce
unacceptable interpolation errors, however.
If the user is interested in a "voltage profile" along the line, then a better alternative to subdivisions into
sections would be a post-processor "profile program" which would calculate

 6JGRTQDNGOQHKPVGTRQNCVKQPGTTQTUKUDCUKECNN[VJGUCOGHQTUKPINGRJCUGCPF/RJCUGNKPGUVJGTGHQTGC
VJTGGRJCUGECUGKURTGUGPVGFJGTGHQTYJKEJFCVCYCUCNTGCF[CXCKNCDNG%JQQUKPICUVGRUK\G)VYJKEJOCMGU
VJGVTCXGNVKOGJCPKPVGIGTOWNVKRNGQH)VKUOQTGFKHHKEWNVHQTVJTGGRJCUGNKPGUJQYGXGTDGECWUGVJGTGCTGVYQ
VTCXGNVKOGUHQTVJGRQUKVKXGCPF\GTQUGSWGPEGOQFGQPDCNCPEGFNKPGU
QTVJTGGVTCXGNVKOGUHQTVJGOQFGUQP
WPVTCPURQUGFNKPGU




(KI2WNUGCVKPETGOGPVCNFKUVCPEGUFQYPVJGNKPG



voltages and currents at intermediate points along the line from the results at both ends of the line. Such a program is
easy to write for lossless and distortionless lines. Luis Marti developed such a profile algorithm for the more
complicated frequency-dependent line models, which he merged into the time step loop of the EMTP [90]. This was
used to produce moves of travelling waves by displaying the voltage profile at numerous points along the line at time
intervals of t.
Fig. 4.34(a) suggests a digital filtering effect from the interpolation which is similar to that of the trapezoidal
rule described in Section 2.2.1. To explain this effect, Eq. (1.6) must first be transformed from the time domain


X
V & KMO
V ' XO
V&J % KOM
V&J
< M
<
into the frequency domain,
+ '


8 & +MO '
< M


8 % +OM
< O

@ G &LTJ



For simplicity, let us assume that voltage and current phasors Vm and Imk at node m are known, and that we want to find
I = Vk/Z - Ikm at node k. Without interpolation errors, Eq. (4.103) provides the answer. If interpolation is used, and if
for the sake of simplicity we assume that the interpolated value lies in the middle of an interval t, then Eq. (4.103)
becomes
)V

+KPVGTRQNCVGF '

&LT
J% 
&LT
J&



8O % +OM @ @ G
%G
<


)V 




Therefore, the ratio of the interpolated to the exact value becomes

+KPVGTRQNCVGF
+GZCEV

' EQU T

)V




which is indeed somewhat similar to Fig. 2.10 for the error produced by the trapezoidal rule.
Single-phase lossless line models can obviously only approximate the complicated phenomena on real lines.
Nonetheless, they are useful in a number of applications, for example
(a)

in simple studies where one wants to gain insight into the basic phenomena,

(b)

in lightning surge studies, and

(c)

as a basis for more sophisticated models discussed later.

For lightning surge studies, single-phase lossless line models have been used for a long time. They are
probably accurate enough in many cases because of the following reasons:
(1)

Only the phase being struck by lightning must be analyzed, because the voltages induced in the other
phases will be much lower.

(2)

Assumptions about the lightning stroke are by necessity very crude, and very refined line models are
therefore not warranted.


(3)

The risk of insulation failure in substations is highest for backflashovers at a distance of approx. 2
km or less. Insulation co-ordination studies are therefore usually made for nearby strokes. In that
case, the modal waves of an M-phase line "stay together," because differences in wave velocity and
distortion among the M waves are still small over such short distances. They can then easily be
combined into one resultant wave on the struck phase. There seems to be some uncertainty, however,
about the value of the surge impedance which should be used in such simplified single-phase
representations. It appears that the "self surge impedance" Zii-surge of Eq. (4.87a) should be used. For
nearby strokes it is also permissible to ignore the series resistance. Attenuation caused by corona may
be more important than that caused by conductor losses. At the time of writing these notes, corona
is still difficult to model, and it may therefore be best to ignore losses altogether to be on the safe side.

4.2.2.3 M-Phase Lossless Line with Constant L and C

Additional explanations are needed for extending the method of Section 1 from single-phase lines to M-phase
lines. In principle, the equations are first written down in the modal domain, where the coupled M-phase line appears
as if it consisted of M single-phase lines. Since the solution for single-phase lines is already known, this is
straightforward. For solving the line equations together with the rest of the network, which is always defined in phase
quantities, these modal equations must then be transformed to phase quantities, as schematically indicated in Fig. 4.35.

(KI6TCPUHQTOCVKQPDGVYGGPRJCUGCPFOQFCNFQOCKPQPCVJTGGRJCUGNKPG
For simplicity, let us assume that the line has 3 phases. Then, with the notations from Fig. 4.35, each mode
is described by an equation of the form of Eq. (1.6), or

X
V % JKUVC&C
V&JC
<C C

X
V % JKUVD&D
V&JD
KD&D
V '
<D D
KC&C
V '





KE&E
V '


X
V % JKUVE&E
V&JE
<E E

where each history term hist was computed and stored earlier. For mode a, this history term would be
JKUVC&C
V&JC ' &


X
V&JC & KC&C
V&JC
<C C



and analogous for modes b and c. These history terms are calculated for both ends of the line as soon as the solution
has been obtained at instant t, and entered into a table for use at a later time step. As indicated in Fig. 4.36, the history
terms of a three-phase line would occupy 3 sections of the history tables for modes a, b, c, and the length of each section
would be

/ t, with

increased

increased

being the travel time of the particular mode increased to the nearest integer multiple

of t17. Since the modal travel times a, b,

differ from each other, the 3 sections in this table are generally of different

length. This is also the reason for storing history terms as modal values, because one has to go back different travel
times for each mode in picking up history terms. For the solution at time t, the history terms of Eq. (4.106) are obtained
by using linear interpolation on the top two entries of each mode section.

 #UKPINGRJCUGNKPGYQWNFUKORN[QEEWR[QPGUGEVKQPYJGTGCUCUKZRJCUGNKPGYQWNFQEEWR[UKZUGEVKQPUKP
VJKUVCDNG




(KI6CDNGHQTJKUVQT[VGTOUQHVTCPUOKUUKQPNKPGU
After

the

solution in each time step, the entries in the tables of Fig. 4.36 must be shifted upwards by one location, thereby
throwing away the values at the oldest point at t-

. This is then followed by entering the newly calculated history

increased

terms hist(t) at the newest point t. Instead of physically shifting values, the EMTP moves the pointer for the starting
address of each section down by 1 location. When this pointer reaches the end of the table, it then goes back again to
the beginning of the table ("wrap-around table") [91].
The initial values for the history terms must be known for t = 0, - t, -2 t, ... -

. The necessity for

increased

knowing them beyond t = 0 comes from the fact that only terminal conditions are recorded. If the conditions were also
given along the line at travel time increments of t, then the initial values at t = 0 would suffice. For zero initial
conditions, the history table is simply preset to zero. For linear ac steady-state conditions (at one frequency ), the
history terms are first computed as phasors (peak, not rms),



*+56MO ' & 8O & +OM
<

C

where Vm and Imk are the voltage and current phasors at line end m (analogous for HISTmk ). With HIST = *HIST* ej ,
the instantaneous history terms are then
JKUVMO
V ' **+56MO* @ EQU
TV % "  YKVJ V' &)V &)V 
(4.108b)
Eq. (4.108) is used for single-phase lines as well as for M-phase lines, except that mode rather than phase quantities
must be used in the latter case.
Eq. (4.106) are interfaced with the rest of the network by transforming them from modal to phase quantities
with Eq. (4.78a),
RJCUG

K&

RJCUG

' ;UWTIG X

RJCUG

% JKUV&

C

with the surge admittance matrix in phase quantities,

&

<C

;UWTIG ' 6K 

<D

&

 6K V

D

&

<E

and the history terms in phase quantities,

JKUVC&C
RJCUG

JKUV&

' 6K JKUVD&D

E

JKUVE&E

For a lossless line with constant L' and C', the transformation matrix [Ti] will always be real, as explained in the last
paragraph of Section 4.1.5.2. It is found as the eigenvector matrix of the product [C'][L'] for each particular tower
configuration, where [L'] and [C'] are the per unit length series inductance and shunt capacitance matrices of the line.
For balanced lines, [Ti] is known a priori from Eq. (4.58), and for identical balanced three-phase lines with zero
sequence coupling only it is known a priori from Eq. (4.65).
The inclusion of Eq. (4.109) into the system of nodal equations (1.8a) for the entire network is quite
straightforward. Assume that for the example of Fig. 4.35, rows and columns for nodes 1A, 1B, 1C follow each other,
as do those for nodes 2A, 2B, 2C (Fig. 4.37). Then the 3 x 3 matrix [Ysurge] enters into two 3 x 3 blocks on the diagonal,
as indicated in Fig. 4.37, while the history terms [hist1-2phase] = [hist1A-2A, hist1B-2B , hist1C-2C ] of Eq. (4.109c) enter into rows
1A, 1B, 1C, on the right-hand side with negative signs. Analogous history terms for terminal 2 enter into rows 2A, 2B,


2C on the right-hand side. While [Ysurge] is entered into [G] only once outside the time-step loop, the history terms must
be added to the right-hand side in each time step.

(KI'PVTKGUHQTCVJTGGRJCUGNKPGKPVQU[UVGOQHGSWCVKQPU

M-phase lossless line models are useful, among other things, for
(a)

simple studies where one wants to investigate basic phenomena,

(b)

in lightning surge studies, where single-phase models are no longer adequate, and

(c)

as a basis for more sophisticated models discussed later.

Lightning surge studies cannot always be done with single-phase models. For simulating backflashovers on
lines with ground wires, for example, the ground wire and at least the struck phase must be modelled ("2-phase line").
Since it is not always known which phase will be struck by the backflashover, it is probably best to model all three
phases in such a situation ("4-phase line"). An example for such a study is discussed in Section 4.1.5.2, with 4-phase
lossless line models representing the distribution line, and single-phase lossless line models representing the towers.
Not included in the data listing are switches (or some other elements) for the simulation of potential flashovers from
the tower top (nodes D) to phases A, B, C.

4.2.2.4 Single and M-Phase Distortionless Lines with Constant Parameters

Distortionless line models are seldom used, because wave propagation on power transmission lines is far from
distortionless. They have been implemented in the EMTP, nonetheless, simply because it takes only a minor
modification to change the lossless line equation into the distortionless line equation.


A single-phase transmission line, or a mode of an M-phase line, is distortionless if

4)
))
'
.)
%)



Losses are incurred in the series resistance R as well as in the shunt conductance G. The real shunt conductance of
an overhead line is very small (close to zero), however. If its value must be artificially increased to make the line
distortionless, with a resulting increase in shunt losses, then it is best to compensate for that by reducing the series
resistance losses. The EMTP does this automatically by regarding the input value RINPUT as an indicator for the total
losses, and uses only half of it for R,
)
4)
))
 4 +0276
'
'
 .)
.)
%)



With this formula, the ac steady-state results are practically identical for the line being modelled as distortionless or with
R lumped in 3 places; the transient response differs mainly in the initial rate of rise. From Eq. (4.111), the attenuation
constant

becomes
" '

4 ) +0276


%)
.)



The factor 1/2 can also be justified by using an approximate expression for the attenuation constant for lines with low
attenuation and low distortion [48, p. 257],
" '

4 ) +0276


) ) +0276
%)
%

.)

.)
%)



which is reasonably accurate if R << L and G << C. This condition is fulfilled on overhead lines, except at very
low frequencies. Eq. (4.112) is then obtained by dropping the term with GINPUT and by ignoring the fact that the waves
are not only attenuated but distorted as well.
If a user wants to represent a truly distortionless line where G is indeed nonzero, then the factor 1/2 should
of course not be used. The factor 1/2 is built into the EMTP, however, and the user must therefore specify RINPUT twice
as large as the true series resistance in this case.
With known, an attenuation factor e- is calculated ( = length of line). The lossless line of Eq. (1.6) is then
changed into a distortionless line by simply multiplying the history term of Eq. (1.6b) with this attenuation factor,
JKUVMO
V&J ' &


X
V&J & KOM
V&J @ G &"
< O



The surge impedance remains the same, namely %L/C.

For M-phase lines, any of the M modes can be specified as distortionless. Mixing is allowed (e.g., mode 1
could be modelled with lumped resistances, and modes 2 and 3 as distortionless).


Better results are usually obtained with the lumped resistance model described next, even though lumping of
resistances in a few places is obviously an approximation, whereas the distortionless line is solved exactly if the travel
time is an integer multiple of t.

4.2.2.5 Single and M-Phase Lines with Lumped Resistances

Experience has shown that a lossy line with series resistance R and negligible shunt conductance can be
modelled with reasonable accuracy as one or more sections of lossless lines with lumped resistances in between. The
simplest such approach is one lossless line with two lumped resistances R/2 at both ends. The equation for this model
is easily derived from the cascade connection of R/2 - lossless line - R/2, and leads to a form which is identical with that
of Eq. (1.6),
KMO
V '


X
V % JKUVMO
V&J
<OQFKHKGF M



except that the values for the surge impedance and history terms are slightly modified. With Z, R and calculated from
Eq. (4.99),
<OQFKHKGF ' < %

4


and
JKUVMO
V&J ' &


<OQFKHKGF

4
XO
V&J %
<& KOM
V&J


This model with R/2 at both ends is not used in the EMTP. Instead, the EMTP goes one step further and lumps
resistances in 3 places, namely R/4 at both ends and R/2 in the middle, as shown in Fig. 4.27. This approach was taken
because the form of the equation still remains the same as in Eq. (4.115), except that
<OQFKHKGF ' < %

4




now. The history term becomes more complicated18, and contains conditions from both ends of the line at t - ,
JKUVMO
V&J ' &

<
<OQFKHKGF


4
XO
V&J %
<&  KOM
V&J


 6JGGSWCVKQPCVVJGDQVVQOQHRNGHVEQNWOPKP=?EQPVCKPUCPGTTQT+ CPF+ UJQWNFPQVDG

EQORWVGFHTQO'S
DKPUVGCFWUG+ 
<G
VJJK
VJYKVJVJGPQVCVKQPQH=?YJGTG<KU
<
QH'S
(QT+ GZEJCPIGUWDUETKRVUMCPFO


OQFKHKGF

MO



&

4
<OQFKHKGF


4
XM
V&J %
<&  KMO
V&J




Users who want to lump resistances in more than 3 places can do so with the built-in three-resistance model,
by simply subdividing the line into shorter segments in the input data. For example, 32 segments would produce lumped
resistances in 65 places. Interestingly enough, the results do not change much if the number of lumped resistances is
increased as long as R << Z. For example, results in Fig. 4.30 for the distributed-parameter case were practically
identical for lumped resistances in 3, 65, or 301 places. Fig. 4.29 shows as well that TNA results are closely matched
with R lumped in 3 places only.
One word of caution is in order, however. The lumped resistance model gives reasonable answers only if R/4
<< Z, and should therefore not be used if the resistance is high. High resistances do appear in lightning surge studies
if the parameters are calculated at a high frequency, e.g., at 400 kHz in Table 4.5, where R = 597.4 /km in the zero
sequence mode. Lumping R in 3 places would still be reasonable in the case discussed there where each tower span of
90 m is modelled as one line, since 13.4

is still reasonably small compared with Z = 1028 . If it were used to model

a longer line, say 90 km, then R/4 = 13,400 , which would produce totally erroneous results19. In such a situation it
might be best to ignore R altogether, or to use the frequency-dependent option if higher accuracy is required.
For M-phase lines, any of the M modes can be specified with lumped resistances. Mixing is allowed (e.g.,
mode 1 could be modelled with lumped resistances, and modes 2, ... M as distortionless). The lumped resistances do
not appear explicitly as branches, but are built into Eq. (4.115) (4.116) and (4.117) for each mode. Should a user want
to add them explicitly as branches, e.g., for testing purposes, then they would have to be specified as M x M - matrices
[R] in phase quantities, which could easily be done with the M-phase nominal -circuit input option by setting L =
0 and C = 0. All modes would have to use the lumped resistance model in this set-up, that is, mixing of models would
not be allowed in it.

4.2.2.6 Single and M-Phase Lines with Frequency-Dependent Parameters

The two important parameters for wave propagation are the characteristic impedance
<E '

4 ) % LT. )
) ) % LT% )



and the propagation constant

( '
4 ) % LT. )
) ) % LT% )



Both parameters are functions of frequency, even for constant distributed parameters R, L, G, C (except for lossless
and distortionless lines). The line model with frequency-dependent parameters can handle this case of constant

 6JG7$%XGTUKQPQHVJG'/62UVQRUYKVJCPGTTQTOGUUCIGKH4 <+VYQWNFDGCFXKUCDNGVQCFFC

YCTPKPIOGUUCIGCUYGNNCUUQQPCU4IGVUHCKTN[NCTIG
GI <




distributed parameters20, even though it has primarily been developed for frequency-dependent series impedance
parameters R( ) and L( ). This frequency-dependence of the resistance and inductance is most pronounced in the zero
sequence mode, as seen in Fig. 4.20. Frequency-dependent line models are therefore important for types of transients
which contain appreciable zero sequence voltages and currents. One such type is the single line-to-ground fault.
To develop a line model with frequency-dependent parameters which fits nicely into the EMTP, it is best to
use an approach which retains the basic idea behind Bergerons method. Let us therefore look at what the expression
v + Zi used by Bergeron looks like now, as one travels down the line. Since the parameters are given as functions of
frequency, this expression must first be derived in the frequency domain. At any frequency, the exact ac steady-state
solution is described by the equivalent -circuit of Eq. (1.13), or in an input-output relationship form more convenient
here,
8M
+MO

EQUJ
(
' 
UKPJ
(
<

<EUKPJ
(

8O



EQUJ
( &+OM

which can be found in any textbook on transmission lines. Assume that we want to travel with the wave from node m
to node k. Then the expression V + ZcI is obtained by subtracting Zc times the second row from the first row in Eq.
(4.120),
8M & <E +MO '
8O % <E +OM @ G &(

C

+MO ' 8M<E &

8O<E % +OM @ G &(

D

or rewritten as

with a negative sign on Ikm since its direction is opposite to the travel direction. Eq. (4.121) is very similar to Bergerons
method; the expression V + ZcI encountered when leaving node m, after having been multiplied with a propagation
factor e- , the same when arriving at node k. This is very similar to Bergerons equation for the distortionless line,
except that the factor is e- there, and that Eq. (4.121) is in the frequency domain here rather than in the time domain.
Before proceeding further, it may be worthwhile to look at the relationship between the equations in the
frequency and time domain for the simple case of a lossless line. In that case,
<E '

.)

%)

( ' LT . )% )  CPF G &( . G &LTJ

Anybody familiar with Fourier transformation methods for transforming an equation from the frequency into the time
domain will recall that a phase sift of e-j in the frequency domain will become a time delay in the time domain.
Furthermore, Zc is now just a constant (independent of frequency), and Eq. (4.121) therefore transforms to

 6JKUECUGFKHHGTUHTQOVJGNKPGYKVJNWORGFTGUKUVCPEGUKPCUOWEJCUVJGTGUKUVCPEGDGEQOGUVTWN[FKUVTKDWVGF
PQY




XM
V & <E KMO
V ' XO
V&J % <E KOM
V&J
which is indeed Bergerons equation (1.6).
For the general lossy case, the propagation factor
#
T ' G &( ' G &" @ G &L$
with = + j , contains an attenuation factor e- as well as a phase shift e-j , which are both functions of frequency.
To explain its physical meaning, let us connect a voltage source Vsource to the sending end m through a source impedance
which is equal to Zc( ), to avoid reflections in m (Fig. 4.38). In that case, V m + Z cI mk = V source. Furthermore, let us
assume that the receiving end k is open. Then from Eq. (4.121),
8M ' 8UQWTEG @ #
T



(KI8QNVCIGUQWTEGEQPPGEVGFVQGPFOVJTQWIJOCVEJKPI
KORGFCPEG

that is, the propagation factor is the ratio (receiving end voltage) / (source voltage) of an open-ended line if the line is
fed through a matching impedance Zc( ) to avoid reflections at the sending end21. If Vsource = 1.0 at all frequencies from
dc to infinity, then its time domain transform vsource(t) would be a unit impulse (infinitely high spike which is infinitely
narrow with an area of 1.0), and the integral of vsource(t) would be a unit step. Setting Vsource = 1.0 in Eq. (4.122) shows
that A( ) transformed to the time domain must be the impulse which arrives at the other end k, if the source is a unit
impulse. This response to the unit impulse,
C
V ' KPXGTUG (QWTKGT VTCPUHQTO QH 6#
T>



will be attenuated (no longer infinitely high), and distorted (no longer infinitely narrow). Fig. 4.39 shows these
responses for a typical 500 kV line of 100 miles length. They were obtained

 1PGEQWNFCNUQEQPPGEVCOCVEJKPIKORGFCPEG<
THTQOPQFGMVQITQWPFVQCXQKFTGHNGEVKQPUCVVJG
TGEGKXKPIGPFCUYGNN+PVJCVECUGVJGNGHVJCPFUKFGQH'S
DGEQOGU8 TCVJGTVJCP8 0QVGVJCVVJG
TCVKQG (UVCTVUHTQOCPFDGEQOGUNGUUVJCPCUVJGNKPGNGPIVJ
QTHTGSWGPE[KUKPETGCUGF6JKUKUKP
EQPVTCUVVQVJGQRGPEKTEWKVTGURQPUG8 8 EQUJ
(OQTGHCOKNKCTVQRQYGTGPIKPGGTUYJKEJKPETGCUGU
YKVJNGPIVJQTHTGSWGPE[
(GTTCPVKTKUG




(a)

zero sequence mode

(b)

positive sequence
mode with same
scale as (a)

(c)

positive sequence
mode with
expanded scale

Fig. 4.39 - Receiving end response vk(t) = a(t) for the network of Fig. 4.38 if vsource(t) = unit impulse [94]. Reprinted
by permission of J. Marti
from the inverse Fourier transformation of A( ) = exp(- ) calculated by the LINE CONSTANTS supporting routine
at a sufficient number of points in the frequency domain. The amplitude of the propagation factors A( ) for the case
of Fig. 4.39 is shown in Fig. 4.40.
The unit impulse response of a lossless line would be a unit impulse at t = with an area of 1.0. In Bergerons
method, this implies picking up the history term vm/Z + imk at t - with a weight of 1.0. In the more general case here,
history terms must now be picked up at more than one point, and weighted with the "weighting function" a(t). For the
example of Fig. 4.39(a),

C\GTQUGSWGPEGOQFG

DRQUKVKXGUGSWGPEGOQFG

(KI2TQRCICVKQPHCEVQT#
THQTVJGNKPGQH(KI=?4GRTKPVGFD[
RGTOKUUKQPQH,/CTVK


history terms must be picked up starting at

min

min

= 0.6 ms back in time, to approx.

is the travel time of the fastest waves, while

max

max

= 2.0 ms back in time. The value

is the travel time of the slowest waves. Each terms has its own

weight, with the highest weight of approx. 5400 around = 0.7 ms back in time. Mathematically, this weighting of
history at the other end of the line is done with the convolution integral
JKUVRTQRCICVKQP ' &

JOCZ

mJOKP

KO&VQVCN
V&WC
WFW



which can either be evaluated point by point, or more efficiently with recursive convolution as discussed later. The
expression im-total in Eq. (4.124) is the sum of the line current i mk and of a current which would flow through the
characteristic impedance if the voltage vm were applied to it (expression Imk + Vm/Zc in the frequency domain).
With propagation of the conditions from m to k being taken care of through Eq. (4.124), the only unresolved
issue is the representation of the term Vk/Zc in Eq. (4.121b). For the same 500 kV line used in Fig. 4.39, the magnitude
and angle of the characteristic impedance Zc are shown in Fig. 4.41. If the shunt conductance per unit length G were
ignored, as is usually done, Zc would become infinite at

= 0. This complicates the mathematics somewhat, and since

G is not completely zero anyhow, it was therefore decided to use a nonzero value, with a default option of 0.03 s/km.
As originally suggested by E. Groschupf [96] and further developed by J. Marti [94], such a frequency-dependent
impedance can be approximated with a Foster-I R-C





network. Then the line seen from node k becomes a simple R-C network in parallel with a current source histpropagation
(Fig. 4.42(a)). One can then apply the trapezoidal rule of integration to the capacitances, or use any other method of
implicit integration. This transforms each R-C block into a current source in parallel with an equivalent resistance.
Summing these for all R-C blocks produces one voltage source in series with one equivalent resistance, or one current
source in parallel with one equivalent resistance (Fig. 4.42(b)). In the solution of the entire network with Eq. (1.8), the
frequency-dependent line is then simply represented again as a constant resistance Requiv to ground, in parallel with a
current source histRC + histpropagation, which has exactly the same form as the equivalent circuit for the lossless line.
To represent the line in the form of Fig. 4.42 in the EMTP, it is necessary to convert the line parameters into
a weighting function a(t) and into an R-C network which approximates the characteristic impedance. To do this, Zc and
are first calculated with the support routine LINE CONSTANTS, from dc to such a high frequency where both A( )
= exp(- ) becomes negligibly small and Zc( ) becomes practically constant. J. Marti [94] has shown that it is best to
approximate A( ) and Zc( ) by rational functions directly in the frequency domain. The weighting function a(t) can
then be written down explicitly as a sum of exponentials, without any need for numerical inverse Fourier transformation.
Similarly, the rational function approximation of Zc( ) produces directly the values of R and C in the R-C network in
Fig. 4.42.



YKVJ4%PGVYQTM

YKVJGSWKXCNGPVTGUKUVCPEGCHVGT
CRRN[KPIKORNKEKVKPVGITCVKQP

(KI(TGSWGPE[FGRGPFGPVNKPGTGRTGUGPVCVKQPUGGPHTQONKPGGPFM

The rational function which approximates A( ) has the form

#CRRTQZ
U ' G

&UJOKP

U%\
U%\
U%\P



U%R
U%R
U%RO

with s = j and n < m. The subscript "approx" indicates that Eq. (4.125) is strictly speaking only an approximation to
the given function A( ), even though the approximation is very good. The factor e-j
fact that a(t) in Fig. 4.39 is zero up to t =

min

is included to take care of the

; this avoids fitting exponentials through the portion 0 # t #

min

min

where the

values are zero anyhow (remember that a time shift - in the time domain is a phase shift e-j in the frequency domain).
All poles pi and zeros zi in Eq. (4.125) are negative, real and simple (multiplicity one). With

n < m, the rational

function part of Eq. (4.125) can be expanded into partial fractions,

M

U%\
U%\
U%\P

U%R
U%R
U%RO

M

'

U%R

M
U%R

%

MO



U%RO

The corresponding time-domain form of Eq. (4.15) then becomes

CCRRTQZ
V ' MG

' 

&R
V&JOKP

% MG

&R
V&JOKP

HQT VJOKP

% MOG

&R O
V&JOKP

HQT V$JOKP



This weighting function aapprox(t) is used to calculate the history term histpropagation of Eq. (4.124) in each time step.
Because of its form as a sum of exponentials, the integral can be found with recursive convolution much more efficiently


than with a point-by-point integration. If we look at the contribution of one exponential term kie-pi(t- min),
UK
V '

mJOKP

K
V&WMK G

&RK
V & JOKP

FW



then si(t) can be directly obtained from the value si(t -

t) known from the preceding time step, with only 3

multiplications and 3 additions,

UK
V ' E @ UK
V&)V % E @ K
V&JOKP % E @ K
V&JOKP&)V



as explained in Appendix V, with c1, c2, c3 being constants which depend on the particular type of interpolation used
for i.
The characteristic impedance Zc( ) is approximated by a rational function of the form [94]
<E&CRRTQZ
U ' M

U%\
U%\
U%\P



U%R
U%R
U%RP

with s = j . All poles and zeros are again real, negative and simple, but the number of poles is equal to the number of
zeros now. This can be expressed as
<E&CRRTQZ
U ' M %

M
U%R

M
U%R



MP



U%RP

which corresponds to the R-C network of Fig. 4.42, with

4 ' M 

4K '

MK
RK

%K '


 K'P
MK



Rather than applying the trapezoidal rule to the capacitances in Fig. 4.42, J. Marti chose to use implicit integration with
Eq. (I.3) of Appendix I22, with linear interpolation on i. For each R-c block
K '

XK
4K

% %K

FXK
FV

which has the exact solution

XK
V ' G

& "K )V

@ XK
V&)V %

 V & "K
V&W
G
K
WFW
%K mV&)V



 6JKUOGVJQFKUKFGPVKECNVQVJGTGEWTUKXGEQPXQNWVKQPQH#RRGPFKZ8CRRNKGFVQ'S
9JGVJGT
TGEWTUKXGEQPXQNWVKQPKUDGVVGTVJCPVJGVTCRG\QKFCNTWNGKUUVKNNWPENGCT




with

= 1/(RiCi). By using linear interpolation on i, the solution takes the form of

XK
V ' 4GSWKX&K @ K
V % GK
V&)V



with ei(t - t) being known values of the preceding time step (formula omitted for simplicity), or after summing up over
all R-C blocks and R0,
X
V ' 4GSWKX @ K
V % G
V&)V

C

with
P

4GSWKX ' 4 % j 4GSWKX&K

K'

CPF G ' j GK

D

K'

which can be rewritten as

K
V '


X
V % JKUV4%
4GSWKX



The equivalent resistance R equiv enters into matrix [G] of Eq. (1.8), whereas the sum of the history terms hist RC +
histpropagation enters into the right hand side.
The key to the success of this approach is the quality of the rational function approximations for A( ) and
Zc( ). J. Marti uses Bodes procedure for approximating the magnitudes of the functions. Since the rational functions
have no zeros in the right-hand side of the complex plane, the corresponding phase functions are uniquely determined
from the magnitude functions (the rational functions are minimum phase-shift approximations in this case) [94]. To
illustrate Bodes procedure, assume that the magnitude of the characteristic impedance in decibels is plotted as a function
of the logarithm of the frequency, as shown in Fig. 4.43 [94]. The basic principle is to approximate the given curve by
straight-line segments which are either horizontal or have a slope which is a multiple of 20 decibels/decade. The points
where the slopes change define the poles and zeros of the rational function. By taking the logarithm on both sides of
Eq. (4.130), and multiplying by 20 to follow the convention of working with decibels, we obtain
NQI*<E&CRRTQZ
U* ' NQIM % NQI*U%\*% NQI*U%\P*
& NQI*U%R*@@@& NQI*U%RP*



For s = j , each one of the terms in this expression has a straight-line asymptotic behavior with respect to . For
instance, 20 log *j + z1* becomes 20 log z1 for

<< z1 , which is constant, and 20 log

for

>> zi , which is a straight

line with a slope of 20 db/decade. The approximation to Eq. (4.137) is constructed step by step: Each time a zero corner
(at

= zi) is added, the slope of the asymptotic curve is increased by 20 db, or decreased by 20 db each time a pole

corner (at

= pi) is added. The straight-line segments in Fig. 4.43 are only asymptotic traces; the actual function

becomes a smooth curve without sharp corners. Since the entire curve is traced from dc to the



Fig. 4.43 - Asymptotic approximation of the magnitude of Zc() [94].

Reprinted by permission of J. Marti

highest frequency at which the approximated function becomes practically constant, the entire frequency range is
approximated quite closely, with the number of poles and zeros not determined a priori. J. Marti improves the accuracy
further by shifting the location of the poles and zeros about their first positions. Fig. 4.44 shows the magnitude and
phase errors of the approximation of A( ), and Fig. 4.45 shows the errors for the approximation of Zc( ) for the line
used in Fig. 4.39.
L. Marti has recently shown [95] that very good results can be obtained by using lower-order approximations
with typically 5 poles and zeros rather than the 15 poles and zeros used in Fig. 4.44 and 4.45. Furthermore, he shows
that positive and zero sequence parameters at power frequency (50 or 60 Hz) can be used to infer what the tower
geometry of the line was, and use this geometry in turn to generate frequency-dependent parameters. With this
approach, simple input data (60 Hz parameters) can be used to generate a frequency-dependent line model internally
which is fairly accurate.



(a)

zero sequence mode

(15 zeros and 20 poles)

(b)

positive sequence mode

(13 zeros and 17 poles)

Fig. 4.44 - Errors in approximation of A( ) for line of Fig. 4.39 [94]. Reprinted by permission of J.
Marti

For M-phase lines, any of the M modes can be specified as frequency-dependent, or with lumped resistances,
or as distortionless. Mixing is allowed. A word of caution is in order here, however: At the time of writing these notes,
the frequency-dependent line model works only reliably for balanced lines. For untransposed lines, approximate real
and constant transformation matrices must be used, as explained in Section 4.1.5.3, which seems to produce reasonably



(a)

zero sequence mode

(15 zeros and poles)

(b)

positive sequence mode

(16 zeros and poles)

Fig. 4.45 - Errors in approximation of Zc( ) for line for Fig. 4.39 [94]. Reprinted by permission of
J. Marti

accurate results for single-circuit lines, but not for double-circuit lines. Research by L. Marti into frequency-dependent
transformation matrices in connection with models for underground cables will hopefully improve this unsatisfactory
state of affairs.





Fig. 4.46 - Comparison between voltages at phase b for [94]:

(a) Field test oscillograph
(b) BPAs frequency-dependence simulation
(c) New model simulation
Reprinted by permission of J. Marti

Field test results for a single-line-to-ground fault from Bonneville Power Administration have been sued by
various authors to demonstrate the accuracy of frequency-dependent line models [84]. Fig. 4.46 compares the field test
results with simulation results from an older method which used two weighting functions a1 and a2 [84], and from the
newer method described here. The peak overvoltage in the field test was 1.60 p.u., compared with 1.77 p.u. in the older
method and 1.71 p.u. in the newer method. Constant 60 Hz parameters would have produced an answer of 2.11 p.u.



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z 
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%QWRNKPIYKNNQPN[
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DGEQOGCXCKNCDNGUQOGFC[
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'S
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OWUVDGCFFGFVQVJGNQQRKORGFCPEGOCVTKZQH'S

as in Eq. (5.18),

with elements defined

in Section 5.4.1

-Zm
0

[Zloop] =

(5.38a)

-Zm
0
0
-Zm
0 0 -Zm 0 0 -Zm 0 0 -Zm

Zs

with
Zm = Zpipe-mutual from Eq. (5.7c),

(5.38b)

Zs = Zpipe-out + Zinsulation + Zearth.

(5.38c)

The first two terms in Eq. (5.38c) are found from Eq. (5.7b) and (5.6) (Zinsulation = 0 if pipe in contact with earth), and
Zearth is the earth-return impedance discussed in Section 5.3. Transforming Eq. (5.38a) to phase quantities produces
same matrix as

Z Z

....Z

Ze

for infinite

Z Z

....Z

Ze

[Zphase] =

pipe thickness

..............

.
0 0 ...

..............

(5.39a)

Z Z

....Z

Ze

Ze Ze

...Ze

Zs

with Zs from Eq. (5.38c)

Ze = Zs - Zm

(5.39b)

Z = Zs - 2Zm
The last row and column in Eq. (5.39a) represent the pipe quantities, while the first 9 rows and columns refer to core,
sheath (shield tapes), armor (skid wires) of phases a, b, and c.
If the pipe is in contact with the earth, then the shunt admittance matrix is the same as in Section 5.4.1. If it
is insulated, then the potential coefficient matrix of Eq. (5.34) must be expanded with one extra row and column for the
pipe, and the same element



2) '

T

NP RKRG&KPUWNCVKQP
BggT
TRKRG&QWVUKFG



must be added to this expanded matrix,

same as in

P P

....P

Eq. (5.34)

P P

....P

[Pphase] =

.
0 0 ...

..............
P P

(5.41)

....P

The admittance matrix is then again found by inversion with Eq. (5.37).

5.5 Building of Conductors and Elimination of Grounded Conductors

Conductors are sometimes connected together ("bundled"). For example, the concentric neutral conductors
in the cable of Fig. 5.2 are in contact with each other, and therefore electrically connected. In a pipe-type cable, the
shield tapes and skid wires are in contact with the pipe. In a submarine cable, the sheath is often bonded to the armor
at certain intervals, to avoid voltage differences between the sheath and armor.
In such cases, the connected conductors 1,...m can be replaced by (or bundled into) one equivalent conductor,
by introducing the bundling conditions
I1 + I2 +...Im = Iequiv; V1 = V2 = ... Vm = Vequiv

(5.42)

into the equations for the series impedance and shunt admittance matrices. The bundling procedure for reducing the
equations from m individual to one equivalent conductor is the same as Method 1 of Section 4.1.2.2 for overhead lines,
and is therefore not explained again. It is exact if the conductors are continuously connected with zero connection
resistance (as the neutral conductors in Fig. 5.2), and accurate enough if the connections are made at discrete points with
negligible resistance (as in bonding of the sheath to the armor), as long as the distance between the connection points
is short compared to the wavelength of the highest frequency in the transient simulation.
As in the case of overhead lines with ground wires, some conductors in a cable may be grounded. For example,
the steel pipe of a pipe-type cable can usually be assumed grounded, because its asphalt mastic coating is not an electric
insulation. Also, neutral conductors may be connected to ground at certain intervals, or at both ends. If a conductor
i is grounded, then the condition is simply
Vi = 0

(5.43)

and conductor i can then be eliminated from the system of equations in the same way as described in Section 4.1.2.1.
Again, the elimination is only exact if the conductor is grounded continuously with zero grounding resistance, and
accurate enough if the distance between discrete grounding points is short compared to the wavelength of the highest
frequency.
An example of bundled as well as grounded conductors would be a single-core submarine cable which has its
sheath bonded to the armor. Since the asphalt coating of the armor is not an electric insulation, the armor is in effect


in contact with the sea water, and both sheath and armor are therefore grounded conductors. By eliminating both of
them, the submarine cable can be represented by single-phase equations for the core conductor, with the current return
combined in sea water, armor and sheath. For an overhead line, the equivalent situation would be a single-phase line
with two ground wires.
The case of segmented ground wires in overhead lines discussed in Section 4.1.2.5(b) can exist in cables as
well. For example, if the sheath is grounded at one end, but open and ungrounded at the other end, then the sheath could
be eliminated in the same way as segmented ground wires, provided the cable length is short compared to the wavelength
of the highest frequency. The support routine CABLE CONSTANTS does not have an option for such eliminations.
The user must represent the sheath as an explicit conductor, instead, with one end connected to ground. This offers the
advantage that the induced voltage at the other end can automatically be obtained, if so desired.

5.6 Buried Pipelines

Pipelines buried close to power lines can be subjected to hazardous induction effects, especially during singleline-to-ground faults. To study these effects, one can include the pipeline as an additional conductor into the
transmission line representation (Fig. 5.14(a)).

For steady-state analysis, one can also use the single-phase

representation of Fig. 5.14(b), with an impressed voltage

steady-state analysis, one can also use the single-phase representation of Fig. 5.14(b), with an impressed voltage

CRQN[RJCUGTGRTGUGPVCVKQP

DUKPINGRJCUGTGRTGUGPVCVKQP

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&

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There is no capacitive coupling between the power line and the pipeline if it is buried in the ground.
As explained later, nominal -circuits can only be used for very short lengths of pipeline (typically # 0.3 km
at 60 Hz). The single-phase representation is therefore preferable for steady-state analysis, because the distributed
parameters of Fig. 5.14(b) are more easily converted into an exact equivalent -circuit than the polyphase parameters
of Fig. 5.14(a). This results in the active equivalent -circuit of Fig. 5.15, with Yseries and Yshunt being the usual


parameters obtained from Eq. (1.14), while Iinduced is an active current [158],
+KPFWEGF '

& F8KPFWEGFFZ



< ) RR

(KI#EVKXGGSWKXCNGPVBEKTEWKV
The correctness of the active -circuit can easily be shown. Starting from the differential equations
&

F8
' < ) RR % < ) RR +KPFWEGF
FZ

&

F+
' ; ) RR 8
FZ

the introduction of a modified current

Imodified = I + Iinduced
transforms the differential equations into the normal form of the line equations, with the assumption that Iinduced does not
change along the line (dImodified/dx = dI/dx),
F8
' < ) RR +OQFKHKGF
FZ
F+
& OQFKHKGF ' ; ) RR 8
FZ

&

The solution for a line between nodes k and m is given in Eq. (1.13), except that the current is now Imodified, or rewritten,
+MO % +KPFWEGF
+OM & +KPFWEGF

'

;UGTKGU %
;UJWPV
& ;UGTKGU

& ;UGTKGU

8M

;UGTKGU %
;UJWPV 8O

This is exactly the same equations which comes out of the equivalent circuit of Fig. 5.15.


With this single-phase approach, the currents in the power line are assumed to be known, e.g., from the usual
type of short-circuit study. It is also assumed that they are constant over the length of the exposure to the pipeline, and
that the pipeline runs parallel to the power line (mutual impedances constant). If either assumption is not true, then the
power line-pipeline system must be split up into shorter sections as is customarily done in interference studies. The
effect of the pipe on the power line zero sequence impedance is usually ignored, but could be taken into account.
In both representations of Fig. 5.14, the mutual impedances between the pipe and the overhead conductors, as
well as the self impedance of the pipe with earth return, are needed. The mutual impedances are obtained with the
formulas discussed in Section 5.3.4. At 60 Hz, Carsons formula will give practically identical results as the more
complicated formula of Pollaczek.
The self impedance Zpp of the pipeline consists of the same three terms shown for the armor in Eq. (5.4). The
first two terms are calculated with Eq. (5.7b) and (5.6), while Rearth is found from the equations discussed in Section
5.3.
For the shunt admittance Ypp = G + j C, the capacitive part is calculated in the usual way with Eq. (5.13).
In contrast to the underground cable, the shunt conductance G of the pipeline can no longer be ignored. The insulation
around pipelines is electrically poor, either originally or because of puncturing during the laying operation. The loss
angle in Eq. (5.14) is so large on pipelines insulated with glass-fiber/bitumen that G becomes much larger than C
at power frequency, and if one part of the shunt admittance is ignored it should be C rather than G. On PVC-insulated
pipelines, G may still be smaller than C, though.
If the shunt resistance of the insulation is relatively small, then the grounding resistance of the pipe should be
connected in series with it2 [170], or
)) '

where

4)

KPUWNCVKQP


% 4 ) ITQWPFKPI



Rinsulation = resistance of pipe insulation,

Rgrounding = grounding resistance.

A useful formula for the grounding resistance is [170]

4 ) ITQWPFKPI '

with

earth

DGCTVJ


% NP
NP
B
&

J %


J%


&




= earth resistivity (e.g., in m),

h = depth of burial of pipe

= length of pipe
 +HVJGUJGCVJCTOQTQTRKRGQHCPWPFGTITQWPFECDNGQTVJGITQWPFYKTGQHCPQXGTJGCFNKPGKUITQWPFGF
VJGPKVJCUDGGPUVCPFCTFRTCEVKEGVQKIPQTGVJGITQWPFKPITGUKUVCPEG
8#PCNVGTPCVKXGYQWNFDGVQWUGC
HKPKVGUJWPVCFOKVVCPEG; 4
CUTGEGPVN[UWIIGUVGF=?


ITQWPFKPI



D = outside diameter of pipe.

Grounding grids must generally be analyzed as three-dimensional problems, even if they consist of only one
pipe. The grounding resistance from Eq. (5.47) is therefore no longer an evenly distributed parameter, but depends on
the length. Fortunately, the dependence of G on length is very small for typical values of Ginsulation [158]. In the region
of measured values for G between 0.1 S/km for newly-layed pipelines and 0.3 S/km for older pipelines with glass
fiber/bitumen insulation [170], the dependence of G on length is practically negligible, as shown in Fig. 5.16. Treating
G as an evenly distributed parameter is therefore a reasonable approximation.

(KI5JWPVEQPFWEVCPEGQHDWTKGFRKRG

Because of G >> C, the wavelength of buried pipelines is significantly shorter than that of underground
cables, as shown in Table 5.3 [170]. Therefore, a nominal -circuit of a circuit which includes a buried pipeline should
not be longer than approximately 0.8 km for

Table 5.3 - Wavelength of pipeline at 50 Hz [170]

G (S/km)

wavelength (km)

0.1

41.3

1.0

13.1

10.0

4.13



steady-state analysis, or approximately 0.08 km for switching surge studies [158].

Fig. 5.17 shows a comparison between measured and calculated voltages and currents in a pipeline, induced
by currents in a neighboring power line, with the pipeline representation as discussed here [158].

(KI+PFWEGFXQNVCIGUCPFEWTTGPVUKPCDWTKGFRKRGNKPG

5.7 Partial Conductor and Finite Element Methods

The support routine CABLE CONSTANTS uses analytical formulas which are essentially only applicable to
configurations with axial symmetry. The formulas for the nonconcentric configuration in pipe-type cables (Section 5.5)
are only approximate, and the authors of these formulas themselves suggest improvements along the lines discussed
here.
To find the impedances and capacitances for conductor systems with arbitrary shapes (e.g., for the cable of Fig.
5.1), numerical methods can be used in place of analytical formulas, which are either based on subdivisions into partial
conductors or on finite element methods. There is no support routine yet in the EMTP which uses these numerical
methods. The principle of these methods is therefore only outlined very briefly.



5.7.1 Subdivision into Partial Conductors

With this method, each conductor is subdivided into small "partial" conductors ("subconductors" in [162],
"segments" in [164]), as shown in Fig. 5.18. Various shapes can be used for the partial conductors, with rectangles
being the preferred shape for strip lines in

(KI5WDFKXKUKQPQHVJGOCKPEQPFWEVQTUKPVQRCTVKCN
EQPFWEVQTU
integrated circuits (Fig. 5.19).

(KI5WDFKXKUKQPQHUVTKRNKPGUKPVQRCTVKCNEQPFWEVQTU
QHTGEVCPIWNCTUJCRG=?%QR[TKIJVD[+PVGTPCVKQPCN
$WUKPGUU/CEJKPGU%QTRQTCVKQPTGRTKPVGFD[RGTOKUUKQP
In deriving the equations for the system of partial conductors, uniform current density is assumed within each
partial conductor. Then the voltage drops along a system of n partial conductors at one frequency are described by the
phasor equations
F8FZ

4

F8FZ
&

@
@

. . @ @ .P

4
'

% LT

@
@

F8PFZ

4P

. . @ @ .P

@

@ @

.P .P @ @ .PP

+
+
@



@
+P

The diagonal resistance matrix contains the dc resistances, and the full inductance matrix contains the self and mutual
inductances of the partial conductors. The formulas for the matrix elements depend on the shape of the partial
conductor, but they are well known.
To obtain the frequency-dependent impedance of a cable system, the matrices [R] and [L] are first computed.
At each frequency, the complex matrix [Z] = [R] + j [L] is formed, and reduced to the number of actual conductors with
Bundling Method 1 of Section 5.5. For example, if partial conductors 1,...50 belong to the core conductor, and partial


conductors 51,...120 to the sheath, then this bundling procedure will reduce the 120 x 120-matrix to a 2 x 2-matrix,
which produces the frequency-dependent impedances
<EE
T <EU
T
<EU
T <UU
T

This numerical method works well as long as the conductors are subdivided into sufficiently small partial
conductors. The size of these partial conductors must be of the same order of magnitude as the depth of penetration.

5.7.2 Finite Element Methods

Finite element methods are more powerful than partial conductor methods in one sense, inasmuch as it is not
necessary to assume uniform current density within each element. However, it is very difficult to handle open-boundary
conditions with finite element methods, that is configurations where the magnetic field diminishes gradually as one
moves away from the conductors, with no clearly defined boundary of known magnetic vector potential reasonably close
to the conductors. In situations where a boundary is clearly defined, e.g., in pipe-type cables at high frequency where
the depth of penetration becomes much less than the wall thickness, finite element methods can be quite useful.
With finite element methods, the region inside and outside of the conductors is subdivided into small elements,
usually of triangular shape. Fig. 5.20(a) shows the example of a stranded conductor inside a pipe of radius Rb as the
return path (clearly defined boundary with zero magnetic field A = 0 outside the pipe and zero derivative along the two
edges of the "wedge"). Because of axial symmetry, it is sufficient to analyze the "wedge" shown in Fig. 5.20(a). This
wedge region is then subdivided into triangular elements as shown in Fig. 5.20(b), with longer triangles as one moves
away from the conductor.
The magnetic vector potential A is assumed to vary linearly along the edges and inside of each triangle,
A = ax + by + c,

(5.49)

when a first-order method is used (higher-order methods exist as well). The unknowns are essentially the values of A
in the node points. If they were shown in the z-direction of a three-dimensional picture, then the triangles would appear
in a shape similar to a geodesic dome, with the roof height being the value of A. The equations for finding A are linear
algebraic




C5VTCPFGFEQPFWEVQTKPUKFGRKRGQHTCFKWU4

D5WDFKXKUKQPQHTGIKQPKPVQVTKCPIWNCTGNGOGPVU
Fig. 5.20 - Analysis of stranded conductor with finite element method [171]. Reprinted by permission of Yin Yanan

equations with a sparse matrix, but the number of node points or the number of equations is usually quite high (146
equations for the example of Fig. 5.20). Once the magnetic vector potential is known in the entire region, the
impedances can be derived from it.
For readers interested in finite element methods for cable impedance calculations, the papers by Konrad, Weiss
and Csendes [165, 166, 167] are a good introduction.

5.8 Modal Parameters

Once the series impedance and shunt admittance matrices per unit length [Zphase], [Yphase] are known, the
derivation of modal parameters is exactly the same as described in Section 4.1.5 for overhead lines. They could be used,
for example, to develop exact equivalent -circuits for steady-state solutions as explained in Section 4.2.1.3.


For transient simulations, it is more difficult to use modal parameters, as compared to overhead lines, because
the transformation matrix [Ti] can no longer be assumed to be constant as for a single-circuit overhead line. Fig. 5.21
shows the variation of the elements in the third column of [Ti] for a typical three-phase arrangement of 230 kV singlecore cables with core conductor and sheath in each [155]. Especially around the power frequency of 50 or 60 Hz, the
variations are quite pronounced.

(KI/CIPKVWFGQHVJGGNGOGPVUQHEQNWOPQH=6 ?
K

Above a few kHz, the loop between core conductor and sheath becomes decoupled from the outer loop between sheath
and earth return, because the depth of penetration on the inside of the sheath for loop 1 becomes much smaller than the
sheath thickness. In that case, Ztube-mutual ~ 0. This makes the transformation matrix constant above a few kHz, as evident
from Fig. 5.21. For a single-phase single-core cable with sheath and armor, the three modes are identical with the 3
loops described in Eq. (5.1) at high frequency where Z12 ~ 0 and Z23 ~ 0. The transformation matrix between loop and
phase quantities of Eq. (5.9),
  
=6 ?&
K

'   
  


CPF =6K? ' & 




& 

5.9 Cable Models in the EMTP

Co-author: L. Marti

As of now (Summer 1986), there are no specific cable models in the BPA EMTP. The only way to simulate
cables is to fit cable data into the models available for overhead lines. It has long been recognized, of course, that this
is only possible in a limited number of cases. A method specifically developed for cables, as discussed in Section
5.9.2.3, will hopefully be implemented in late 1986 or early 1987. It has already been tested extensively in the UBC


EMTP.

5.9.1 Ac Steady-State Solutions

In principle, there is no difficulty in representing cables as nominal or equivalent -circuits in the same way
as overhead lines (Section 4.2.1). If nominal -circuits are used, it should be realized that the wavelength of
underground cables is shorter than on overhead lines. If a nominal -circuit should not be longer than 100 km at 60 Hz
for overhead lines, the limit is more typically 30 km for underground cables. If a pipeline is modelled, the limit can be
as low as 1 km, as discussed in Section 5.6.
Underground cables are often very short compared to the length of connected overhead lines. In such cases,
the (complicated) series impedances have very little effect on the results because the system sees the cable essentially
as a shunt capacitance. The cable can then be modelled as a simple lumped capacitance.

5.9.2 Transient Solutions

The accurate representation of cables with frequency-dependent impedances and frequency-dependent
transformation matrices is discussed in Section 5.9.2.3. Situations where simpler models should be accurate enough
are discussed first.

5.9.2.1 Short Cables

If a rectangular wave pulse travels on an overhead line and hits a relatively short underground cable, then the
cable termination is essentially seen as a lumped capacitance. The voltage then builds up exponentially with a time
constant of T = ZoverheadCcable, shown in Fig. 5.22(a). If the cable is modelled somewhat more accurately as a lossless
distributed-parameter line, then the voltage build-up has the staircase shape of Fig. 5.22(b), with the average of the
sending and receiving end curve being more or less the same as the continuous curve in Fig. 5.22(a). As long as the
travel time [] of the cable is short compared to the time constant T, reasonably accurate results can be obtained if the
cable is represented as a lumped capacitance.

(a)

Cable represented as lumped

(b)


Cable represented as

capacitance

lossless transmission line

------ sending end of cable
...... receiving end of cable

Fig. 5.22 - Voltage build-up in a cable connected to an overhead line

Nominal -circuit representations have often been suggested as approximate cable models. They obviously
represent the capacitance effect correctly, but the pronounced frequency-dependence in the series impedance is ignored.
Nominal -circuits give reasonable answers probably only in those cases in which the simpler lumped capacitance
representation is already accurate enough.

5.9.2.2 Single-Phase Cables

There are situations where single-phase representations are possible. An example is a single-phase submarine
cable in which the sheath and armor are bonded together, with the armor being in contact with the sea water. In such
a case, the sheath and armor can be eliminated from Eq. (5.10), which results in the reduced single-phase equation
&

F8E
FZ

' < ) EQTG +E

with Zcore being the impedance of the core conductor with combined current return through sheath, armor and sea water.
Coupling to the cables of the other two phases can be ignored because the three cables are layed relatively far apart, to
reduce the risk of anchors damaging more than one phase in the same mishap.
When the equations have been reduced to single-phase equations, then it is straightforward to use the
frequency-dependent overhead line model described in Section 4.2.2.6.
Sometimes it is not necessary to take the frequency-dependence in the series impedances into account. For
example, single phase SF6-busses have been modelled quite successfully for fast transients with two decoupled lossless
single-phase lines, one for the inside coaxial loop and a second one for the outside loop between the enclosure and the
earth-return. The coupling between the two loops through the enclosure is negligible at high frequencies because the
depth of penetration is much less than the enclosure wall thickness. The only coupling occurs through reflections at
the terminations. Agreement between simulation results from such simple models and field tests has been excellent
[169].

5.9.2.3 Polyphase Cables [155]

The simple overhead line models with constant parameters discussed in Section 4.2.2 are of limited use for
underground cables for two reasons:
(a)

The transformation matrix [Ti] is frequency-dependent up to a few kHz, though a constant [Ti] would be
acceptable for transients which contain only high frequencies (e.g., lightning surge studies).

(b)

The modal parameters (e.g., wave velocity and attenuation) are more frequency-dependent than on overhead
lines, as shown in Fig. 5.23 for three single-core cables with core and sheath [150].



C#VVGPWCVKQP

D8GNQEKV[
Fig. 5.23 - Modal parameters as a function of frequency [150]. Reprinted by permission of IEE and
the authors

To derive an accurate model for an n-conductor cable system between nodes k and m, we can start from the
phasor equation (4.121) for the overhead line, if we replace that scalar equation, which was written for one phase or
mode, by a matrix equation for the n conductors,
=;E? =8M? & =+MO? ' =#? 6=;E? =8O? % =+OM?>





with [Yc] = [Zc]-1 = characteristic admittance matrix in phase quantities,

[A] = e-j k = propagation factor matrix.
Eq. (5.51) is transformed to modal quantities, with
=+? ' =6K? =+OQFG?

C

=8? ' =6K V?& =8OQFG?

D

and

which yields
=+MO&OQFG? ' =;E&OQFG? =8M&OQFG? & =#OQFG? 6 =;E&OQFG? =8O&OQFG? % =+OM&OQFG? >
(5.53)
with both [Yc-mode] and [Amode] being diagonal matrices,
=;E&OQFG? ' =6K?& =;E? =6K V?&

C

=#OQFG? ' =6K?& =#? =6K?

D

The diagonal element of [Amode] is obtained from the i-th eigenvalue

#OQFG&K ' G

& 8

of the product jYphasek jZphasek,

E

and [Ti] is the matrix of eigenvectors of the same product [Yphase ] [Zphase ]. Eq. (5.53) consists of n decoupled (scalar)
equations, with one equation for each mode.
Transforming these scalar equations into the time domain is the same procedure as described in Section 4.2.2.6
for the overhead line. For mode i, the second term in Eq. (5.53) is found with the same convolution integral as in Eq.
(4.124),
JKUVRTQRCICVKQP ' &

JOCZ

mJOKP

KO&VQVCN
V&WC
W FW HQT GCEJ OQFG



with the current im-total being the sum of the line current imk and of a current which would flow through the characteristic
impedance of mode i if the voltage vm of mode i were connected across it. Only known history terms appear in Eq.
(5.55), and histpropagation can therefore be found by n recursive convolutions for the n modes, in the same say as in Section
4.2.2.6. The modal propagation factors are very similar in shape to those of an overhead line, as shown for Amode-3 ( )
in Fig. 5.24.



(KI/CIPKVWFGQHRTQRCICVKQPHCEVQTHQTOQFGQHCEQPFWEVQT
U[UVGO
VJTGGUKPINGEQTGECDNGUYKVJEQTGCPFUJGCVJKPGCEJ
With
propagation of the conditions from m to k being taken care of through Eq. (5.55), the only unresolved issue in the modal
domain equations is the representation of the term YcVk in Eq. (5.53). Again, the frequency dependence of Yc is similar
to that of an overhead line, as shown in Fig. 5.25, and can be represented with the same type of Foster-I R-C network
shown in Fig. 4.42(a), and reproduced here as Fig. 5.26. By applying the trapezoidal rule of integration to the
capacitances, or by using recursive convolution as discussed in Appendix V, the R-C

(KI/CIPKVWFGQHEJCTCEVGTKUVKECFOKVVCPEGHQTOQFG
UCOG
EQPFWEVQTU[UVGOCUKP(KI



4%PGVYQTM

'SWKXCNGPVTGUKUVCPEGCHVGTCRRN[KPIKORNKEKVKPVGITCVKQPVQ%

(KI4GRTGUGPVCVKQPQHQPGOQFGUGGPHTQOUKFGM
network is converted into an equivalent conductance Gequiv in parallel with a known current source histRC + histpropagation.
After the network solution at each time step, the current flowing through the characteristic impedance represented by
the R-C network must be calculated for both ends of the cable from Gequivv + histRC, because this term is needed after
the elapse of travel time to form the expression im-total needed in Eq. (5.55).
From Fig. 5.26(b), it can be seen that each mode is now represented by the scalar, algebraic equation
ikm(t) = Gequivvk(t) + (histRC + histpropagation)

(5.56)

with an analogous equation for imk(t) at the other end. If the transformation matrix were constant and real, then Eq.
(5.56) could very easily be transformed back to phase quantities,
[ikm-phase(t)] = [Ti][Gequiv][Ti]t[vk-phase] + [Ti][hist]
as explained in Eq. (4.109) for the overhead line. As shown in Fig. 5.21, the transformation matrix [Ti] of cables is very
much frequency-dependent, and the transformation back to phase quantities now requires convolutions based on Eq.
(5.52),
=KRJCUG
V? '

=XOQFG
V? '

=V
V&W? =KOQFG
W? FW
m&4 K
V

m&4

=VK
V&W?V =XRJCUG
W? FW

C

D

where [ti] is a matrix obtained from the inverse Fourier transform of the frequency-dependent matrix [Ti]. Similar to
the curve fitting used for the modal characteristic impedances, each element of [Ti] is again approximated by rational
functions of the form


MK

K'

LT % RK

6z<
T ' M % j



with k0, ki and pi being real constants which, when transformed into the time domain, becomes
O

Vz<
V ' M F
V % j MK GZR
&RKV W
V
K'



With the simple sum of exponentials in Eq. (5.59), recursive convolution can be applied again (Appendix V). Then,
the convolution integrals in Eq. (5.57) can be split up into a term containing the yet unknown voltages and currents at
time t, and the known history terms which can be updated recursively,
=KRJCUG
V? ' =V? =KOQFG
V? % =JKUVEWTTGPV?

C

=XOQFG
V? ' =V?V =XRJCUG
V? % =JKUVXQNVCIG?

D

with [t0] being a real, constant n x n-matrix. With Eq. (5.60), the transformation of the modal equations (5.56) to phase
quantities is now fairly simple,
=KMO&RJCUG
V? ' =)RJCUG? =XM&RJCUG
V? % =JKUVRJCUG?

C

=)RJCUG? ' =V? =)RJCUG? =V?V

D

with

and the history term

[histphase] = [histcurrent] + [t0]{[Gequiv][histvoltage]
+ [histRC] + [histpropagation]}

(5.61c)

Since the form of Eq. (5.61a) is identical to that of Eq. (4.109) for the overhead line with constant [Ti], adding the model
to the EMTP is the same as described there. The extra effort lies essentially in the evaluation of the two extra history
vectors [histcurrent] and [histvoltage]. After the network solution at each time step, Eq. (5.60) is used to obtain the modal
quantities from the phase quantities.
The principle of the frequency-dependent cable model is fairly simple, but its correct implementation depends
on many intricacies, which are described in [155]. In particular, it is important to normalize the eigenvectors in such
a way that the elements of [Ti] as well as the modal surge admittances Yc-mode-i both become minimum phase shift
functions. This is achieved by making one element of each eigenvector a real and constant number through the entire
frequency range. Furthermore, standard eigenvalue/eigenvector subroutines do not produce smooth curves of [Ti] and
[Yc-mode] as a function of frequency, because the order in which the eigenvalues are calculated often changes as one
moves from one frequency point to the next. This problem was solved by using an extension of the Jacobi method for
complex symmetric matrices. Symmetry is obtained by reformulating the eigenproblem


=; ) RJCUG? =< ) RJCUG? =Z? ' 8=Z?

in the form
=*? =T? ' 8=T?

C

=*? ' =.?V =< ) RJCUG? =.?

D

=Z? ' =.? =T?

E

where

and

with [L] being the lower triangular matrix obtained from the Choleski decomposition of [Yphase] [157]. The Choleski
decomposition is a modification of the Gauss elimination method, as explained in Appendix III. One can also replace
[L] in Eq. (5.62) with the square root of [Yphase] obtained from
=; ) RJCUG? ' =:? =7? =:?&
where [



1/2

] is the diagonal matrix of the square roots of the eigenvalues, and [X[ is the eigenvector matrix of [Yphase].

Both approaches are very efficient if G is ignored, or if tan is constant for all dielectrics in the cable system, because
[L] or [Yphase]1/2 must then only be computed once for all frequencies.
For parallel single core cables layed in the ground (not in air), [Y] is diagonal if loop equations are used. In
that case it is more efficient to find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for [Yloop][Zloop], where both [L] and [Yloop]1/2
become the same diagonal matrix with %Yloop-i as its elements. The conversion back to phase quantities is trivial with
Eq. (5.50).
The reason why the Jacobi procedure produces smooth eigenvectors is that the Jacobi algorithm requires an
initial guess for the solution of the eigenvectors. This initial guess is readily available from the solution of the
eigenproblem of the preceding frequency step; consequently, the order of the eigenvectors from one calculation to the
next is not lost.
Figure 5.27(a) shows the magnitude of the elements of row 3 of the eigenvector matrix [Ti] for the same 6conductor system as in Fig. 5.24, when standard eigenvalue/eigenvector routines are used. Fig. 5.27(b), on the other
hand, shows the same elements of [Ti] calculated with the modified Jacobi algorithm.
As an application for this cable model, consider the case of three 230 kV single-core cables (with core and
sheath), buried side by side in horizontal configuration, with a length of 10 km. A unit-step voltage is applied to the
core of phase A, and the cores of phases B and C as well as all three sheaths are left ungrounded at both ends. The unitstep function was approximated as a periodic rectangular pulse of 10 ms duration and a period of 20 ms with a Fourier
series containing 500 harmonics,





X
V ' C % j 6 CK EQU
TKV % DK UKP
TKV >
K'

The wave front of this approximation is shown in Fig. 5.28. Choosing a Fourier series

(KI(QWTKGTUGTKGUCRRTQZKOCVKQPQHWPKVUVGR

approximation for the voltage source offered the advantage that exact answers could be found as well, by using ac
steady-state solutions with exact equivalent -circuits (Section 4.2.1.3) at each of the 500 frequencies, and by
superimposing them. Fig. 5.29 and 5.30 show the EMTP simulation results in the region of the third pulse,
superimposed on the exact answers. The two

C5VCPFCTFGKIGPXCNWGGKIGPXGEVQTUWDTQWVKPGU




D/QFKHKGF,CEQDKCNIQTKVJO
Fig.
5.27
Magnitude of the elements of row 3 of [Ti] (same 6-conductor system as in Fig. 5.24)

curves are indistinguishable in this third pulse region where the phenomena have already become more or less periodic.
This shows that the EMTP cable model is capable of producing highly accurate answers. The insert on the right-hand
side of Fig. 5.29 shows the response to the first pulse, where the EMTP simulation results differ slightly from the exact
answers, not because of inaccuracies in the model but because the EMTP starts from zero initial conditions while the
exact answer assumes periodic behavior even for t < 0.

(KI5VGRTGURQPUGTGEGKXKPIGPFXQNVCIGQHEQTG
RJCUG#



(KI5VGRTGURQPUGTGEGKXKPIGPFXQNVCIGQHUJGCVJ
RJCUG#



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KPFWEVCPEGUVGPFVQHKNVGTQWVVJGJKIJHTGSWGPEKGUUWEJCNQYHTGSWGPE[4.EKTEWKVCRRGCTUVQDGTGCUQPCDNG
6QGZRNCKPVJGFGTKXCVKQPQHUWEJ6JGXGPKPGSWKXCNGPVEKTEWKVUVJGRTCEVKECNGZCORNGQH(KIUJCNNDG
WUGF =? YJGTG VJG HGGFKPI PGVYQTM EQPUKUVU QH VJTGG IGPGTCVQTU CPF VYQ VJTGGYKPFKPI VTCPUHQTOGTU  6JG
VTCPUHQTOGTUJQTVEKTEWKVTGCEVCPEGUCTG: RW: RW: RWCPFVJGIGPGTCVQT
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TGCEVCPEGKU: RWCNNDCUGFQP
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VTCPUHQTOGTU
6JGVJIGPGTCVQTYCUFKUEQPPGEVGF
HQTCEEGRVCPEGVGUVKPI
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/8#CV*\9KVJVJGYGNNMPQYPGSWKXCNGPVUVCTEKTEWKVHQTVJTGGYKPFKPIVTCPUHQTOGTU
UGG5GEVKQPVJG
RQYGTRNCPVKP(KIECPDGTGRTGUGPVGFYKVJVJGRQUKVKXGCPF\GTQUGSWGPEGPGVYQTMUQH(KI(QTUKORNKEKV[
TGUKUVCPEGUCTGKIPQTGFDWVVJG[EQWNFGCUKN[DGKPENWFGF+VKUHWTVJGTCUUWOGFJGTGVJCVVJG\GTQUGSWGPEGTGCEVCPEG
XCNWGUQHVJGVTCPUHQTOGTCTGVJGUCOGCUVJGRQUKVKXGUGSWGPEGXCNWGUYJKEJKUQPN[EQTTGEVHQTVJTGGRJCUGDCPMU
DWKNVHTQOUKPINGRJCUGWPKVUDWVPQVSWKVGEQTTGEVHQTVJTGGRJCUGWPKVU
KHVJG\GTQUGSWGPEGXCNWGUYGTGMPQYP

2QUKVKXGUGSWGPEG
PGICVKXG
UGSWGPEGKFGPVKECNGZEGRVVJCV
XQNVCIGUQWTEGUCTGUJQTVGF



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(KI'SWKXCNGPVEKTEWKVUHQTVJGRQYGTRNCPV
TGCEVCPEGXCNWGUKPRWDCUGF
QP/8#CV*\
VJGPVJQUGXCNWGUEQWNFQHEQWTUGDGWUGFKP(KI
D(WTVJGTOQTGVJGIGPGTCVQTKUOQFGNNGFCUCU[OOGVTKECN
XQNVCIGUQWTEG'DGJKPF: 0QVGVJCVVJGFGNVCEQPPGEVGFYKPFKPIUCEVCUUJQTVEKTEWKVUHQT\GTQUGSWGPEGEWTTGPVU
F

KP (KI 

DYJKNGVJGIGPGTCVQTUCTGFKUEQPPGEVGFVQHQTEG+

6JG\GTQUGSWGPEGRCTCOGVGTUQHVJG

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IGPGTCVQTUCTGVJGTGHQTGKTTGNGXCPVKPVJKUGZCORNG
6JGPGVYQTMUQH(KIECPPQYDGTGFWEGFVQVJGVJTGG6JGXGPKPGSWKXCNGPVEKTEWKVUQH(KIYJKEJ
KPVWTPECPDGEQPXGTVGFVQQPGVJTGGRJCUG6JGXGPKPGSWKXCNGPVEKTEWKVCUUJQYPKP(KI6JKUVJTGGRJCUG
EKTEWKVKUWUGFKPVJG'/62HQTVJGTGRTGUGPVCVKQPQHVJGRQYGTRNCPVYKVJVJGFCVCWUWCNN[EQPXGTVGFHTQORWVQ
CEVWCNXCNWGUUGGPHTQOVJGM8UKFG
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(KI6JGXGPKPGSWKXCNGPVEKTEWKVUKPUGSWGPEGSWCPVKVKGU

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+PFWEVCPEG/CVTKZ4GRTGUGPVCVKQPQH5KPING2JCUG6YQCPF6JTGG9KPFKPI6TCPUHQTOGTU
6TCPUHQTOGTUECPQPN[DGTGRTGUGPVGFCUEQWRNGF=4?=.?DTCPEJGUKHVJGGZEKVKPIEWTTGPVKUPQVKIPQTGF
6JGFGTKXCVKQPUCTGHCKTN[UKORNGCPFUJCNNDGGZRNCKPGFYKVJURGEKHKEGZCORNGU



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#UUWOGCUJQTVEKTEWKVTGCEVCPEGQHUJQTVEKTEWKVNQUUGUQHCPFCPGZEKVKPIEWTTGPVQHDCUGF
QPVJGTCVKPIU8

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TCVKPI

QHVJGVTCPUHQTOGT6JGGZEKVCVKQPNQUUGUCTGKIPQTGFDWVEQWNFDGVCMGPKPVQCEEQWPVCU

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TCVKPI

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CPFTGCEVCPEGRCTVQHVJGUJQTVEKTEWKVKORGFCPEGCTG
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5KPEGVJGNQCFNQUUGUFQPQVIKXGCP[KPHQTOCVKQPCDQWVVJGKTFKUVTKDWVKQPDGVYGGPYKPFKPIUCPFKVKUDGUVVQ
CUUWOG
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D9KVJVJG6EKTEWKVTGRTGUGPVCVKQPHQWPFKPOQUVVGZVDQQMUVJGRW
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KORGFCPEGUCTGVJGPCUUJQYPKP(KI6JGUJQTVEKTEWKVKORGFCPEG LRWKUFKXKFGFKPVQVYQGSWCN
RCTVUCPFVJGOCIPGVK\KPITGCEVCPEGLRWYJKEJKURWTGN[KOCIKPCT[YJGPGZEKVCVKQPNQUUGUCTGKIPQTGFKU
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VJGTGUKUVCPEGRWKUUQUOCNNEQORCTGFVQRWVJCVKVECPDGKIPQTGFKPHKPFKPIVJGXCNWG
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EQWRNGFDTCPEJGUDGEQPPGEVGFCUUJQYPKPVJG6EKTEWKVQH(KI+HKVYGTGKPFGGFNKOKVGFVQVJCVEQPPGEVKQP
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HTQOPQFGVQITQWPFQTVQUQOGQVJGTEQOOQPPQFG+PUVGCF=<?UKORN[TGRTGUGPVUVYQEQWRNGFEQKNU
(KI
6JGEQPPGEVKQPUCTGQPN[FGHKPGFVJTQWIJPQFGPCOGCUUKIPOGPVU(QTGZCORNGKHVJTGGUKPINGRJCUGVTCPUHQTOGTU
CTGEQPPGEVGFCUCVJTGGRJCUGDCPMYKVJCITQWPFGFY[GEQPPGEVKQPQPUKFGCPFCFGNVCEQPPGEVKQPQPUKFGVJGP
VJGHKTUVVTCPUHQTOGTEQWNFJCXGKVUVYQEQWRNGFDTCPEJGUHTQOPQFG*#VQITQWPFCPFHTQO.#VQ.$VJGUGEQPF
VTCPUHQTOGTHTQO*$VQITQWPFCPF.$VQ.%CPFVJGVJKTFVTCPUHQTOGTHTQO*%VQITQWPFCPF.%VQ.#6JKU
EQPPGEVKQPYKNNCNUQETGCVGVJGEQTTGEVRJCUGUJKHVCWVQOCVKECNN[
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RQUKVKXGUGSWGPEGQRGTCVKQPKPVJKURCTVKEWNCTECUG

(KI6YQEQWRNGFEQKNU

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6JGHQWTGNGOGPVUKPVJG=:?OCVTKZQH'S
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O

UOCNNFKHHGTGPEGUDGVYGGP: CPF: CPFDGVYGGP: CPF: +HCNNHQWTXCNWGUYGTGTQWPFGFVQQPGFKIKVDGJKPF









VJGFGEKOCNRQKPV
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VJGTGHQTGKNNEQPFKVKQPGFVJGOQTGUQVJGUOCNNGTVJGGZEKVKPIEWTTGPVKU'ZRGTKGPEGJCUUJQYPVJCVVJGKPXGTUKQP
QH=:?KPUKFGVJG'/62FQGUPQVECWUGCP[RTQDNGOUCUNQPICUXGT[JKIJCEEWTCE[KUWUGFKPVJGKPRWVFCVC
2TQDNGOUOC[CRRGCTQPNQYRTGEKUKQPEQORWVGTUJQYGXGT6JGCWVJQTVJGTGHQTGRTGHGTUKPXGTUGKPFWEVCPEGOCVTKZ
TGRTGUGPVCVKQPUCUFKUEWUUGFKP5GEVKQP
6JTGG9KPFKPI6TCPUHQTOGTU
6JGKORGFCPEGOCVTKZQHUKPINGRJCUGVJTGGYKPFKPIVTCPUHQTOGTUECPDGQDVCKPGFKPCUKOKNCTYC[YKVJVJG
YGNNMPQYPUVCTEKTEWKVWUGFKP(KI+PVJCVEKTEWKVVJGOCIPGVK\KPITGCEVCPEGKUWUWCNN[EQPPGEVGFVQVJGUVCT
RQKPVDWVUKPEGKVUWPUCVWTCVGFXCNWGKUOWEJNCTIGTVJCPVJGUJQTVEKTEWKVTGCEVCPEGUKVEQWNFDGEQPPGEVGFVQGKVJGT
VJGRTKOCT[UGEQPFCT[QTVGTVKCT[UKFGCUYGNN#UUWOKPIVJCVVJGGZEKVKPIEWTTGPVHQTVJGGZCORNGQH(KIKU
OGCUWTGFHTQOVJGRTKOCT[UKFGYKVJGZEKVCVKQPNQUUGUKIPQTGFVJGOCIPGVK\KPITGCEVCPEGKPVJGUVCTRQKPVYQWNF
VJGPDGRW6JGP


 



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6JGRCTVKEWNCTEQPPGEVKQPYQWNFCICKPDGGUVCDNKUJGFVJTQWIJVJGPQFGPCOGUCVDQVJGPFUQHVJGDTCPEJGU(QT
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CPFOWNVKRN[VJGHKTUVTQYCPFEQNWOPYKVJ

TCVKPI

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6JG=4?CPF=:?OCVTKEGUECPGKVJGTDGFGTKXGFD[JCPFQTVJG[ECPDGQDVCKPGFHTQOVJGUWRRQTVTQWVKPGU
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FGXGNQRGFHQTVJTGGRJCUGWPKVUDWVECPDGWUGFHQTUKPINGRJCUGWPKVUCUYGNN
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YJKEJCTGJCPFNGFD[VJG'/62CUFGUETKDGFKP5GEVKQP6JGCWVJQTRTGHGTUVJKUTGRTGUGPVCVKQPQXGTCNNQVJGTU
DGECWUGVJGOCVTKEGU=4?CPF=.? CTGPQVKNNEQPFKVKQPGFCPFDGECWUGCP[XCNWGQHGZEKVKPIEWTTGPVKPENWFKPI\GTQ




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\GTQ

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KUHCKTN[UKORNGCPFECPGCUKN[DGFQPGD[JCPFCUGZRNCKPGFPGZV
6YQ9KPFKPI6TCPUHQTOGTU
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6JG=4?CPF
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CHVGTVJG


OCIPGVK\KPIKPFWEVCPEGJCUDGGPTGOQXGF

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CPF =T .RW?& '


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6JGKPXGTUGDTCPEJTGCEVCPEGOCVTKZ=T. ? KUVJGYGNNMPQYPPQFGCFOKVVCPEGOCVTKZQHCUGTKGUDTCPEJYKVJRW


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TGCEVCPEG: (QTVJGGZCORNGQH(KIYKVJGZEKVKPIEWTTGPVKIPQTGFVJGRWOCVTKEGUYQWNFDG
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6JGOCVTKEGUKP'S
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6QQDVCKP=.? VJGOCVTKZKP'S
KUUKORN[OWNVKRNKGFYKVJT


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6JTGG9KPFKPI6TCPUHQTOGTU
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4GUKUVCPEGUECPDGKPENWFGFJQYGXGTKHVJGUWRRQTVTQWVKPGU$%64#0QT64'.')CTGWUGF
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(KI5VCTEKTEWKVHQTVJTGGYKPFKPI
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UKFG
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DCUGFQPVJGXQNVCIGTCVKPIUCPFQPGEQOOQPRQYGTDCUG5

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KUGCUKN[QDVCKPGFHTQO(KIYKVJVJGTWNGUHQTPQFCNCFOKVVCPEG

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6JKUOCVTKZYKNNEQPVCKPVJGEQTTGEVVWTPUTCVKQU+HCNNSWCPVKVKGUCTGVQDGTGHGTTGFVQQPGUKFGUC[UKFG*VJGP
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ECOGVQUKOKNCTEQPENWUKQPUCDQWVVJGRTQRGTRNCEGOGPVQHVJGPQPNKPGCTKPFWEVCPEGYJGPVJG[OGCUWTGFUCVWTCVKQP
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CKUCHCOKN[QHHNWZEWTTGPVNQQRUHQT*\UKPWUQKFCNHNWZNKPMCIGQHXCTKQWUCORNKVWFGU(KI
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FGXGNQROGPVQHOQTGUQRJKUVKECVGFJ[UVGTGUKUOQFGNUDWVGXGPVJGUGOQFGNUFQPQVUGGOVQRTQFWEGVJGTGUKFWCNHNWZ
XGT[CEEWTCVGN[6JKUYTKVGTDGNKGXGUVJCVVJGTGCTGPQOQFGNUCXCKNCDNGCVVJKUVKOGYJKEJECPRTGFKEVTGUKFWCNHNWZGU
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CUGZRNCKPGFKP5GEVKQP



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6JGOQTGUQRJKUVKECVGFOQFGNUOGPVKQPGFCDQXGWUGRTGFGHKPGFVTCLGEVQTKGUQTVGORNCVGUKPVJG8KRNCPG
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4GUKFWCN(NWZ
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RQUKVKXGUGSWGPEGEQORQPGPVUECPDGECNEWNCVGFCPFVJGPWUGFVQEQTTGEVVJGKPVGTPCNXCTKCDNGUHQTUCVWTCVKQPGHHGEVU
5KPEGVJKUEQTTGEVKQPFQGUPQVEJCPIGVJGVGTOKPCNXQNVCIGUCPFEWTTGPVUVJGEQORNGVGPGVYQTMUQNWVKQPFQGUPQVJCXG
VQDGTGRGCVGFKPUVGR
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XQNVCIGUQWTEGUDGJKPFCPKORGFCPEGOCVTKZ#ICKPVJGVGTOKPCNXQNVCIGUCPFEWTTGPVUCPFVJGKTRQUKVKXGUGSWGPEG
EQORQPGPVUYKNNDGMPQYPHTQOVJGUVGCF[UVCVGUQNWVKQP
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TGRTGUGPVCVKQPYKNNRTQFWEGEQTTGEVXCNWGU*QYVQWUGVJGUGPGICVKXGUGSWGPEGXCNWGUKPVJGUCVWTCVKQPEQTTGEVKQPU
JCUPQV[GVDGGPYQTMGFQWV5KPEGVJG[RTQFWEGUGEQPFJCTOQPKEUKPVJGFKTGEVCPFSWCFTCVWTGCZGUHNWZGUKVOC[
YGNNDGDGUVVQKIPQTGUCVWTCVKQPGHHGEVUKPVJGPGICVKXGUGSWGPEGKPKVKCNK\CVKQPRTQEGFWTGQH5GEVKQPCNVQIGVJGT
6JGGSWKXCNGPVNKPGCTOCEJKPGRTQFWEGUEQTTGEVKPKVKCNEQPFKVKQPUHQTVJGFKHHGTGPVOQFGNWUGFKPVJGVTCPUKGPV
UKOWNCVKQPCUECPGCUKN[DGXGTKHKGFKHCUVGCF[UVCVGUQNWVKQPKUHQNNQYGFD[CVTCPUKGPVUKOWNCVKQPYKVJQWVCP[
FKUVWTDCPEG
5CVWTCVKQPWPFGT6TCPUKGPV%QPFKVKQPU
6JGGSWKXCNGPVNKPGCTOCEJKPGFGUETKDGFKP5GEVKQPECPPQVDGWUGFKPVJGVTCPUKGPVUQNWVKQPDGECWUG
VJGRTQRGTNKPGCTK\CVKQPHQTUOCNNFKUVWTDCPEGU
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VJGURGGFXQNVCIGUCPFVJTQWIJVJGVTCPUHQTOGTXQNVCIGU%QPUKFGTVJGFKTGEVCZKUGSWCVKQPU
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6JGOGEJCPKECNRCTVQHVJGWPKXGTUCNOCEJKPGKUOQFGNNGFSWKVGFKHHGTGPVN[HTQOVJCVQHVJGU[PEJTQPQWU
OCEJKPGQH5GEVKQP+PUVGCFQHCDWKNVKPOQFGNQHVJGOCUUUJCHVU[UVGOVJGWUGTOWUVOQFGNVJGOGEJCPKECNRCTV
CUCPGSWKXCNGPVGNGEVTKEPGVYQTMYKVJNWORGF4.%YJKEJKUVJGPUQNXGFCUKHKVYGTGRCTVQHVJGEQORNGVGGNGEVTKE
PGVYQTM6JGGNGEVTQOCIPGVKEVQTSWGQHVJGWPKXGTUCNOCEJKPGCRRGCTUCUCEWTTGPVUQWTEGKPVJKUGSWKXCNGPVPGVYQTM
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9KPFKPIUQPVJGHKGNFUVTWEVWTG
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QWVUKFG6JGRTQRGTVGTOKUTQVQTYKPFKPIKPVJKUECUGCPFVJGVGTOHKGNFUVTWEVWTGYKPFKPIKUQPN[WUGF
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6JGUGVYQV[RGUQHYKPFKPIUCTGGUUGPVKCNN[VJGUCOGCUVJQUGQHVJGU[PEJTQPQWUOCEJKPGFGUETKDGFKP
5GEVKQP+VKUVJGTGHQTGPQVUWTRTKUKPIVJCVVJGU[UVGOQHGSWCVKQPU
CPF
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CTOCVWTGYKPFKPIUYJKEJCTGEQPXGTVGFVQJ[RQVJGVKECNYKPFKPIUFSC
CHQTCTOCVWTGKPVJGUCOGYC[CUKP
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VJQWIJVJGRTQITCOOKPIFGVCKNUCTGFKHHGTGPV
#VJKTFCRRTQCEJKUVQEJCPIGVJGPGVYQTMEQPPGEVKQPUYJGPGXGTCUYKVEJRQUKVKQPEJCPIGU#UKPFKECVGF
KP(KIVJGTGCTGVYQPQFGUYJGPGXGTVJGUYKVEJKUQRGPCPFQPN[CUKPINGPQFGYJGPGXGTVJGUYKVEJKUENQUGF
6JKUCRRTQCEJJCUDGGPKORNGOGPVGFKPVJG'/62KPVYQFKHHGTGPVYC[U
0GVYQTM4GFWEVKQPVQ5YKVEJ0QFGU
+PVJG7$%'/62CPFKPCPQNFGTXGTUKQPQHVJG$2#'/62PQFGUYJKEJJCXGUYKVEJGUEQPPGEVGFCTG
GNKOKPCVGFNCUVCUKPFKECVGFKP(KI$GHQTGGPVGTKPIVJGVKOGUVGR



KPKVKCNTGFWEVKQP

EQORNGVKQPQHVTKCP
IWNCTK\CVKQPYJGPGXGT
UYKVEJGUEJCPIGRQUKVKQP

(KI/CVTKZTGFWEVKQPHQTPQFGUYKVJUYKVEJGU
NQQRPQTOCN)CWUUGNKOKPCVKQPKUWUGFQPVJQUGPQFGUYKVJWPMPQYPXQNVCIGU
UWDUGV#YJKEJFQPQVJCXGUYKVEJGU
EQPPGEVGFVQVJGO(QTVJGTGUVQHVJGPQFGUQHUWDUGV#YKVJUYKVEJGUVJG)CWUUGNKOKPCVKQPKUUVQRRGFCVVJG
XGTVKECNNKPGYJKEJUGRCTCVGUVJGPQPUYKVEJPQFGUHTQOVJGUYKVEJPQFGU6JKUETGCVGUVJGTGFWEGFOCVTKZKNNWUVTCVGF
KP(KI
C#NNUYKVEJGUCTGCUUWOGFVQDGQRGPKPVJKUECNEWNCVKQP
9JGPGXGTCUYKVEJRQUKVKQPEJCPIGUKPVJGVKOGUVGRNQQRVJKUTGFWEGFOCVTKZKUHKTUVOQFKHKGFVQTGHNGEV
VJGCEVWCNUYKVEJRQUKVKQPU+HVJGUYKVEJDGVYGGPPQFGUMCPFOKUENQUGFVJGPVJGVYQTGURGEVKXGTQYUCPFEQNWOPU
CTGCFFGFVQHQTOQPGPGYTQYCPFEQNWOPWUKPIVJGJKIJGTPQFGPWODGTDGVYGGPMCPFOCPFVJGQVJGTTQYCPF
EQNWOPHQTVJGNQYGTPQFGPWODGTKUFKUECTFGF+HVJGUYKVEJKUQRGPPQEJCPIGUCTGOCFGKPVJGTGFWEGFOCVTKZ
#HVGTVJGUGOQFKHKECVKQPUVJGVTKCPIWNCTK\CVKQPKUEQORNGVGFHQTVJGGPVKTGOCVTKZQHUWDUGV#CUKPFKECVGFKP(KI

D+PTGRGCVUQNWVKQPUVJGCFFKVKQPQHTQYUHQTENQUGFUYKVEJGUOWUVDGCRRNKGFVQVJGTKIJVJCPFUKFGUCU
YGNN+PVJGDCEMUWDUVKVWVKQPVJGXQNVCIGQHVJGFKUECTFGFNQYGTPQFGPWODGTKUUGVGSWCNVQVJGXQNVCIGQHVJG
TGVCKPGFJKIJGTPQFGPWODGT
7UKPIVJKUTGFWEGFOCVTKZUEJGOGJCUVJGCFXCPVCIGVJCVVJGVTKCPIWNCTK\CVKQPFQGUPQVJCXGVQDGFQPGCICKP
HQTVJGGPVKTGOCVTKZYJGPGXGTUYKVEJRQUKVKQPUEJCPIG+PUVGCFTGVTKCPIWNCTK\CVKQPKUEQPHKPGFVQVJGNQYGTRCTV
6JKUUEJGOGYQTMUYGNNKHVJGPGVYQTMEQPVCKPUQPN[CHGYUYKVEJGU+HVJGTGCTGOCP[UYKVEJGUCUKP*8&%
EQPXGTVGT UVCVKQP UKOWNCVKQPU VJGP VJKU OGVJQF DGEQOGU NGUU CPF NGUU GHHKEKGPV CPF UVTCKIJVHQTYCTF TG
VTKCPIWNCTK\CVKQP OC[ VJGP DG VJG DGUV CRRTQCEJ CU FGUETKDGF KP 5GEVKQP   9JGP VJG OGVJQF YCU HKTUV
RTQITCOOGFQPN[VYQTQYUCPFEQNWOPUEQWNFDGCFFGF6JKUJCUNGFVQVJGTGUVTKEVKQPVJCVCPQFGYKVJWPMPQYP
XQNVCIGECPQPN[JCXGQPGUYKVEJEQPPGEVGFVQKVKPVJKUUEJGOGDGECWUGVYQENQUGFUYKVEJGUEQPPGEVGFVQQPGPQFG
YQWNFTGSWKTGVJGCFFKVKQPQHVJTGGTQYUCPFEQNWOPU
VQEQNNCRUGVJTGGPQFGUKPVQQPG6JKUTGUVTKEVKQPPQNQPIGT
CRRNKGUVQPGYGT$2#XGTUKQPUYJKEJWUGVJGOGVJQFQH5GEVKQP
6JGEWTTGPVECNEWNCVKQPHQTENQUGFUYKVEJGUKPVJGVKOGUVGRNQQRWUGUVJGTQYQHGKVJGTPQFGMQTOKPVJG
TGFWEGFOCVTKZ
YJGTGVJGUYKVEJYCUCUUWOGFVQDGQRGPCHVGTVJGTKIJVJCPFUKFGUJCXGDGGPOQFKHKGFD[VJG
FQYPYCTFQRGTCVKQPUYKVJVJGWRRGTRCTVQHVJGVTKCPIWNCTOCVTKZ+PGHHGEVVJKUUWOUWRVJGEWTTGPVUVJTQWIJVJG
DTCPEJGUEQPPGEVGFVQMQTOYJKEJOWUVDGGSWCNVQVJGUYKVEJEWTTGPV+PVJGCEUVGCF[UVCVGUQNWVKQPVJGUYKVEJ


EWTTGPVUCTGPQECNEWNCVGFCVCNNDWVUKORN[UGVVQ\GTQCVV6JKUKUQDXKQWUN[KPEQTTGEVDWVVJGXCNWGUYKNNDG
EQTTGEVCV)V)VVOCZ
%QORNGVG4G6TKCPIWNCTK\CVKQP
+PPGYGTXGTUKQPUQHVJG$2#'/62VJGTGFWEVKQPUEJGOGFKUEWUUGFKPVJGRTGEGFKPIUGEVKQPKUPQNQPIGT
WUGF+PUVGCFVJGOCVTKZKUDWKNVCPFVTKCPIWNCTK\GFEQORNGVGN[CICKPYJGPGXGTUYKVEJRQUKVKQPUEJCPIGQTYJGP
VJGUNQRGQHRKGEGYKUGNKPGCTGNGOGPVUEJCPIGU6JGEWTTGPVKUECNEWNCVGFHTQOVJGQTKIKPCNTQYQTGKVJGTPQFGMQT
OYKVJCNNUYKVEJGUQRGPYKVJVJGRTQRGTTKIJVJCPFUKFG
9KVJVJKUPGYGTUEJGOGCP[PWODGTQHUYKVEJGUECPDGEQPPGEVGFVQCP[PQFGCUNQPICUVJGEWTTGPVKP
GCEJUYKVEJKUWPKSWGN[FGHKPGF#FGNVCEQPHKIWTCVKQPQHENQUGFUYKVEJGUQTVYQENQUGFUYKVEJGUKPRCTCNNGNYQWNF
VJGTGHQTGPQVDGCNNQYGF#NUQCUYKVEJECPPQVEQPPGEVVYQXQNVCIGUQWTEGUVQIGVJGTYJKEJKUWPTGCNKUVKECP[JQY
DGECWUGKVYQWNFETGCVGCPKPHKPKVGEWTTGPV6JGUYKVEJEWTTGPVUCTGPQYECNEWNCVGFKPVJGCEUVGCF[UVCVGUQNWVKQP
CUYGNNCPFUYKVEJEWTTGPVUCTGVJGTGHQTGEQTTGEVCVCNNVKOGUKPENWFKPICVV
5YKVEJ%NQUKPI
9JGPVJG'/62RTKPVUCOGUUCIGVJCVCUYKVEJKUENQUGFCHVGT6UGEQPFU6YKNNCNYC[UDGCPKPVGIGT
OWNVKRNGQH)VDGECWUGVJG'/62ECPPQVJCPFNGXCTKCDNGUVGRUK\GUUQHCT6JGCEVWCNENQUKPIVKOG6YKNNVJGTGHQTG
FKHHGTUQOGYJCVHTQOVJGWUGTURGEKHKGFVKOG6%.15'CUGZRNCKPGFKP(KI
6JGPGVYQTMYKNNCNTGCF[JCXGDGGPUQNXGFYKVJVJGUYKVEJUVKNNQRGPYJGPVJGFGEKUKQPKUOCFGVQENQUG
VJGUYKVEJCVVKOG6#UUJQYPKP(KICNNXQNVCIGUCPFEWTTGPVUCVV6CTGVJGTGHQTGVJGRTGENQUKPI
XCNWGU#HVGTVJGPGVYQTMUQNWVKQPCVV6VJGOCVTKZKUTGDWKNVCPFTGVTKCPIWNCTK\GFHQTVJGENQUGFUYKVEJRQUKVKQP
CPFKPVJGVTCPUKVKQPHTQO6VQ6 )VKVKUCUUWOGFVJCVCNNXCTKCDNGUEJCPIGNKPGCTN[YKVJHKPKVGUNQRGTCVJGTVJCP
CDTWRVN[

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GZCORNGKHVJGXQNVCIGXYGTGVJGXQNVCIGCETQUUCECRCEKVQTVJGPXEQWNFPQVEJCPIGCDTWRVN[CP[JQY1PVJGQVJGT


JCPFKHKVYGTGVJGXQNVCIGCETQUUCPKPFWEVCPEGKVEQWNFKPFGGFLWORCUKPFKECVGFD[VJGFQVVGFNKPGKP(KI
5WEJXQNVCIGLWORUCTGXGT[EQOOQPKP*8&%EQPXGTVGTUVCVKQPU6JGGZCEVOGVJQFHQTJCPFNKPIUWEJLWORUYQWNF
DGVJGCFFKVKQPQHCUGEQPFRQUVEJCPIGUQNWVKQPCV6 CHVGTVJGRTGEJCPIGUQNWVKQPCV6YKVJQWVCFXCPEKPIKP
VKOG#UGZRNCKPGFKP#RRGPFKZ++OGVJQFUCTGPQYMPQYPVQTGKPKVKCNK\GCV6 DWVVJG[JCXGPQV[GVDGGP
KORNGOGPVGFKPVJG'/62
5YKVEJ1RGPKPI
6JGVTGCVOGPVQHUYKVEJQRGPKPIKPVJGUQNWVKQPKUUKOKNCTVQVJCVQHUYKVEJENQUKPI#ICKPVJGPGVYQTMYKNN
CNTGCF[JCXGDGGPUQNXGFYKVJVJGUYKVEJUVKNNENQUGFYJGPVJGFGEKUKQPKUOCFGVQQRGPVJGUYKVEJCVVKOG66Q
GZRNCKPVJGVTCPUKVKQPHTQO6VQ6 )V(KIECPCICKPDGWUGFCNNXQNVCIGCPFEWTTGPVUCVV6YKNNDGVJG
RTGEJCPIGXCNWGUCPFCHVGTVJGUGXCNWGUJCXGDGGPQDVCKPGFVJGOCVTKZYKNNDGTGDWKNVCPFTGVTKCPIWNCTK\GFHQT
VJGRQUVEJCPIGEQPHKIWTCVKQP#NNXCTKCDNGUCTGVJGPCUUWOGFVQXCT[NKPGCTN[TCVJGTVJCPCDTWRVN[KPVJGVTCPUKVKQP
HTQO6VQ6 )V
#UCNTGCF[GZRNCKPGFKP5GEVKQPPQVTGKPKVKCNK\KPIVJGXCTKCDNGUCV6YKVJCUGEQPFRQUVEJCPIG
UQNWVKQP ETGCVGU PWOGTKECN QUEKNNCVKQPU KP VJG XQNVCIGU CETQUU KPFWEVCPEGU  6JG[ ECP DG RTGXGPVGF YKVJ VJG TG
KPKVKCNK\CVKQP OGVJQF QH #RRGPFKZ ++ YJKEJ JCU PQV [GV DGGP KORNGOGPVGF KP VJG '/62 QT YKVJ VJG FCORKPI
TGUKUVCPEGUFKUEWUUGFKP5GEVKQP(QTOCP[[GCTUKVYCUVJQWIJVVJCVVJGPWOGTKECNQUEKNNCVKQPUQEEWTQPN[
DGECWUG VJG EWTTGPV KU PGXGT GZCEVN[ \GTQ YJGP VJG UYKVEJ QRGPU YKVJ C TGUKFWCN GPGTI[ .
)K NGHV KP VJG
KPFWEVCPEG+VKUPQYMPQYPVJCVVJG[CNUQQEEWTKH)K&GETGCUKPI)VYKNNPQVEWTGVJGQUEKNNCVKQPUGKVJGT
6JGTG CTGECUGUYJGTGVJGPWOGTKECNQUEKNNCVKQPKPRNCEGQHVJGEQTTGEVUWFFGPLWORECPUGTXGCUCP
KPFKECVQTQHKORTQRGTOQFGNNKPI#PGZCORNGKUVTCPUKGPVTGEQXGT[XQNVCIGUVWFKGUYJGTGCUWFFGPLWORKPXQNVCIG
YQWNFKPFKECVGVJCVVJGRTQRGTUVTC[ECRCEKVCPEGUCTGOKUUKPIHTQOVJGOQFGN(KIUJQYUCUKORNGGZCORNG
DQVJUYKVEJGU+CPF++KPVJGPGVYQTMQH(KI
CCTGENQUGFCVVVQEJCTIGVJGECRCEKVQT5YKVEJ++QRGPU
YJGPVJGECRCEKVQTKUEJCTIGFWRCPFYJGPVJGEWTTGPVKUOQTGQTNGUU\GTQ(KI
DUJQYUVJGPWOGTKECN
QUEKNNCVKQPUKPVJGXQNVCIGXQPVJGHGGFKPIPGVYQTMUKFG$[CFFKPICUVTC[ECRCEKVCPEGVQVJGNGHVUKFGQHVJGUYKVEJ
CUKNNWUVTCVGFKP(KI
EVJGVTCPUKGPVTGEQXGT[XQNVCIGQPVJGHGGFKPIUKFGYQWNFPQNQPIGTJCXGVJGWPTGCNKUVKE
LWORCUUJQYPKP(KI
F
#TE2JGPQOGPCKP%KTEWKV$TGCMGTU
9JGPVJGEQPVCEVUQHCEKTEWKVDTGCMGTQRGPVJG[FTCYCPGNGEVTKECTEYJKEJOCKPVCKPUVJGEWTTGPVHNQYWPVKN
KPVGTTWRVKQPVCMGURNCEGCVEWTTGPV\GTQ+PJKIJXQNVCIGEKTEWKVDTGCMGTUVJGCTETGUKUVCPEGKUPGINKIKDN[UOCNNKH
PQTOCNNQCFEWTTGPVUQTJKIJUJQTVEKTEWKVEWTTGPVUCTG




CPGVYQTM

DXQNVCIGCETQUUKPFWEVCPEG

EOQFKHKGFPGVYQTM



FXQNVCIGCETQUUKPFWEVCPEG

(KI%CRCEKVQTEJCTIKPICPFFKUEJCTIKPI
KPVGTTWRVGF+PVJGKPVGTTWRVKQPQHUOCNNKPFWEVKXGEWTTGPVU
GIKPUYKVEJKPIQHHCPWPNQCFGFVTCPUHQTOGTVJGCTE
TGUKUVCPEGKUJKIJGTDGECWUGQHVJGHCNNKPICTEEJCTCEVGTKUVKECPFOC[DGKORQTVCPVKPFGEKFKPIYJGVJGTEWTTGPV
KPVGTTWRVKQPKUUWEEGUUHWNQTPQV+OOGFKCVGN[CHVGTEWTTGPVKPVGTTWRVKQPCVTCPUKGPVTGEQXGT[XQNVCIGDWKNFUWRCETQUU
VJGEQPVCEVUYJKEJECPNGCFVQTGKIPKVKQPKHKVGZEGGFUVJGFKGNGEVTKEUVTGPIVJYJKEJTGCRRGCTUCUVJGICRDGVYGGP
VJGEQPVCEVUKUDGKPIFGKQPK\GF
6JGTGKUPQEKTEWKVDTGCMGTCTEOQFGNKPVJG'/62PQYDWVYQTMKUKPRTQITGUUVQCFFQPG5VCVKECTE
OQFGNUCTGPQVIQQFGPQWIJCPFFKHHGTGPVKCNGSWCVKQPUFGUETKDKPIVJGCTEOWUVDGWUGFKPUVGCF/QUVGZRGTVU
YQTMKPIQPEWTTGPVKPVGTTWRVKQPRTQDNGOUWUGCOQFKHKECVKQPQHCPGSWCVKQPHKTUVRTQRQUGFD[/C[TQHVJGHQTO
FI

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ICTEEQPFWEVCPEG
KCTEEWTTGPV
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IEQPFWEVCPEGFGRGPFGPVJGCVFKUUKRCVKQP
6JG RCTCOGVGTUJ
VCPF2
ICTGFGRGPFGPVQPVJGEJCTCEVGTKUVKEUQHVJGRCTVKEWNCTEKTEWKVDTGCMGT#FGVCKNGF
KPXGUVKICVKQPKPVQVJGWUGHWNPGUUQHXCTKQWUCTEGSWCVKQPUKURTGUGPVN[DGKPIFQPGD[%+)4'9QTMKPI)TQWR



2TCEVKECN#RRNKECVKQPQH#TE2J[UKEUKP%KTEWKV$TGCMGTU
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UYKVEJKPIQHHUOCNNKPFWEVKXGEWTTGPVUQTKPQVJGTEWTTGPVEJQRRKPIUKVWCVKQPUVJGPTGKIPKVKQPOC[QEEWTYKVJKP
E[ENGCHVGTEWTTGPVKPVGTTWRVKQP
VJGVGTOTGUVTKMGKUWUGFVQFGUETKDGTGUWORVKQPQHEWTTGPVEQPFWEVKQPKHKVQEEWTU
E[ENGQTNQPIGTCHVGTEWTTGPVKPVGTTWRVKQPYJKEJOQUVNKMGN[QEEWTUKPVJGKPVGTTWRVKQPQHECRCEKVKXGEWTTGPVU
(QT FGEKFKPI YJGVJGT TGKIPKVKQP QEEWTU VJG CTE GSWCVKQP QH 'S
 ECPPQV DG WUGF  +PUVGCF VJG VTCPUKGPV
TGEQXGT[XQNVCIGKUEQORCTGFCICKPVJGFKGNGEVTKEUVTGPIVJYJKEJKPETGCUGUCUCXQNVCIGKUEQORCTGFCICKPUVVJG
FKGNGEVTKEUVTGPIVJYJKEJKPETGCUGUCUCHWPEVKQPQHVKOGCPFKHKVGZEGGFUKVVJGPTGKIPKVKQPQEEWTU(QTVJG
DTGCMFQYPKVUGNH6QGRNGT UGSWCVKQPECPDGWUGFYJKEJKUQHVJGHQTO=?
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MEQPUVCPV
UICRURCEKPI
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UVCTVKPIHTQOCPGZVTGOGN[UOCNNXCNWG
XXQNVCIGCETQUUICR



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6QRTQVGEVIGPGTCVQTUVTCPUHQTOGTUECDNGU5(DCUUGUCPFQVJGTFGXKEGUCICKPUVNGXGNUQHQXGTXQNVCIGU
YJKEJEQWNFRGTOCPGPVN[FGUVTQ[VJGKTPQPUGNHTGUVQTKPIKPUWNCVKQPUWTIGCTTGUVGTUCTGKPUVCNNGFCUENQUGCURQUUKDNG
VQVJGRTQVGEVGFFGXKEG5JQTVEQPPGEVKQPUCTGKORQTVCPVVQCXQKFVJGFQWDNKPIGHHGEVQHVTCXGNNKPIYCXGUQPQRGP
GPFGF NKPGU GXGP KH VJG[ CTG UJQTV DWUUGU  5WTIG CTTGUVGTU JCXG PQTOCNN[ PQV DGGP WUGF HQT VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH
VTCPUOKUUKQPNKPGUDGECWUGQPGECPGCUKN[TGEQXGTHTQOKPUWNCVQTHNCUJQXGTUYKVJHCUVQRGPKPICPFTGENQUKPIQHEKTEWKV
DTGCMGTU
UGNHTGUVQTKPI KPUWNCVKQP  5QOG WVKNKVKGU CTG UVWF[KPI VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ QH WUKPI UWTIG CTTGUVGTU QP
VTCPUOKUUKQPNKPGUVQQVQNKOKVUYKVEJKPIUWTIGQXGTXQNVCIGU
2TQVGEVKXGICRUCTGUGNFQOWUGFPQYCFC[UGZEGRVKPVJGRTQVGEVKQPQHUGTKGUECRCEKVQTUVCVKQPU
2TQVGEVKXG)CRU
2TQVGEVKXGICRUCTGETWFGRTQVGEVKQPFGXKEGU6JG[EQPUKUVQHCKTICRUDGVYGGPGNGEVTQFGUQHXCTKQWUUJCRGU
'ZCORNGUCTGJQTPUQTTKPIUQPKPUWNCVQTUCPFDWUJKPIUQTTQFICRUQPQTPGCTVTCPUHQTOGTU6JG[FQRTQVGEV
CICKPUVQXGTXQNVCIGUD[EQNNCRUKPIVJGXQNVCIGVQRTCEVKECNN[\GTQCHVGTURCTMQXGTDWVVJG[GUUGPVKCNN[RTQFWEGCUJQTV
EKTEWKVYJKEJOWUVVJGPDGKPVGTTWRVGFD[EKTEWKVDTGCMGTU#NUQVJGKTXQNVCIGVKOGEJCTCEVGTKUVKE
(KITKUGU
UVGGRN[HQTHCUVHTQPVUYJKEJOCMGUVJGRTQVGEVKQPCICKPUVHCUVTKUKPIKORWNUGUSWGUVKQPCDNG
2TQVGEVKXGURCTMICRUCTGUVKNNWUGFVQRTQVGEVUGTKGUECRCEKVQTU6JGTGVJGURCTMQXGTFQGUPQVKPETGCUGVJG
VTCPUOKUUKQPNKPGEWTTGPVDWVCEVWCNN[TGFWEGUKVDGECWUGVJGNKPGKORGFCPEGKPETGCUGUYJGPVJGUGTKGUECRCEKVQTKU
D[RCUUGF  5KPEG VJGURCTMICRKUWPCDNGVQKPVGTTWRVVJGEWTTGPVCD[RCUUEKTEWKVDTGCMGTOWUVDGENQUGFVQ
GZVKPIWKUJVJGCTEKPVJGURCTMICR
(KI6JKUD[RCUUDTGCMGTOWUVDGQRGPGFCICKPKHVJGUGTKGUECRCEKVQT
KUVQDGTGKPUGTVGF+PVJGHWVWTGRTQVGEVKXGURCTMICRUOC[DGTGRNCEGFD[OGVCNQZKFGUWTIGCTTGUVGTU

(KI5GTKGUECRCEKVQTRTQVGEVKQPUEJGOG



2TQVGEVKXGICRUCTGUKOWNCVGFKPVJG'/62YKVJVJGICRUYKVEJFKUEWUUGFKP5GEVKQP
5WTIG#TTGUVGTU
6JGTGCTGVYQDCUKEV[RGUQHUWTIGCTTGUVGTUPCOGN[UKNKEQPECTDKFGUWTIGCTTGUVGTUCPFOGVCNQZKFGUWTIG
CTTGUVGTU7PVKNCDQWV[GCTUCIQQPN[UKNKEQPECTDKFGCTTGUVGTUYGTGWUGFDWVVJGOGVCNQZKFGCTTGUVGTKUSWKEMN[
TGRNCEKPIVJGQNFGTV[RGVQVJGGZVGPVVJCVUQOGOCPWHCEVWTGTURTQFWEGQPN[OGVCNQZKFGCTTGUVGTUPQY
5KNKEQP%CTDKFG5WTIG#TTGUVGT
5KNKEQPECTDKFGCTTGUVGTUEQPUKUVQHCUKNKEQPECTDKFGTGUKUVQTYKVJCPQPNKPGCTXKEJCTCEVGTKUVKEKPUGTKGUYKVJ
C URCTM ICR
(KI6JGURCTMICREQPPGEVUVJGCTTGUVGTVQVJGU[UVGOYJGPVJGQXGTXQNVCIGGZEGGFUVJG
URCTMQXGTXQNVCIGCPFVJGTGUKUVQTNKOKVUVJGHQNNQYEWTTGPVCPFGPCDNGUVJGCTTGUVGTVQTGUGCN
KPVGTTWRVVJGEWTTGPV
KPVJGICR6QHCEKNKVCVGTGUGCNKPIUQECNNGFCEVKXGURCTMICRUJCXGDGGPFGUKIPGFKPYJKEJCPCTEXQNVCIGDWKNFU
WRCHVGTUQOGVKOG#TGUKUVQTDNQEMKPUGTKGUYKVJVJGICRKUPQVXGT[JKIJ
V[RKECNN[EOCPFVQRTQFWEGVJG
FGUKTGFURCTMQXGTXQNVCIGCPFPQPNKPGCTTGUKUVCPEGHQTCRCTVKEWNCTXQNVCIGNGXGNOCP[UWEJDNQEMUCTGUVCEMGF
VQIGVJGTKPCUGTKGUEQPPGEVKQP6QCEJKGXGTGCUQPCDN[WPKHQTO

(KI0QPNKPGCTEJCTCEVGTKUVKEQHCM8UKNKEQPECTDKFGUWTIGCTTGUVGT
XQNVCIG FKUVTKDWVKQP CNQPI VJG UVCEM RCTCNNGN 4% ITCFKPI PGVYQTMU CTG WUGF YJKEJ CTG PQTOCNN[ KIPQTGF KP
UKOWNCVKQPU
5KNKEQPECTDKFGCTTGUVGTUCTGOQFGNNGFKPVJG'/62CUCPQPNKPGCTTGUKUVCPEGKPUGTKGUYKVJCICRYJKEJJCU
CEQPUVCPVURCTMQXGTXQNVCIG+PTGCNKV[VJGURCTMQXGTXQNVCIGFGRGPFUQPVJGUVGGRPGUUQHVJGKPEQOKPIYCXGCU
UJQYPKP(KI=?5KPEGUWTIGUKPCU[UVGOJCXGXGT[KTTGIWNCTUJCRGUTCVJGTVJCPVJGNKPGCTTKUGWUGFKP


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CTGVJGXCTKQWUQRVKQPUHQTJCPFNKPIPQPNKPGCTKVKGUVJGNQCFHNQYQRVKQPCPFOGVJQFUHQTKPKVKCNK\KPIXCTKCDNGUYKVJ
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VJGTGHQTGPQVFGUETKDGFJGTG
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NKPGU+VCRRGCTUVJCVVJGV[RGPQPNKPGCTKPFWEVCPEGKPVJG$2#'/62UVKNNJCUVJKUTGUVTKEVKQPKORQUGFQPKVDWV
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6JGGZVGPUKQPQHVJGEQORGPUCVKQPOGVJQFVQOQTGVJCPQPGPQPNKPGCTKV[YCUHKTUVKORNGOGPVGFHQTOGVCN


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CTGUWRGTKORQUGFQPVJGNKPGCTPGVYQTMCHVGTCUQNWVKQPYKVJQWVVJGPQPNKPGCTGNGOGPVUJCUHKTUVDGGPHQWPF6JGTG
CTGTCTGUKVWCVKQPUYJGTGCPGVYQTMUQNWVKQPYKVJQWVVJGPQPNKPGCTKV[KUKORQUUKDNGCUKPVJGECUGQH(KI9KVJ
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OC\GTQFKCIQPCNGNGOGPVYKNNDGGPEQWPVGTGFKPVJGPQFCNEQPFWEVCPEGOCVTKZCPFVJG'/62YKNNUVQRYKVJVJG
GTTQTOGUUCIGFKCIQPCNGNGOGPVKPPQFGOVQQUOCNN6JGTGOGF[KPVJKUECUGKUVJGUCOGTGRTGUGPVVJGPQPNKPGCT
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OQFKHKGFPQPNKPGCTDTCPEJ6JG$2#OCPWCNCNUQUWIIGUVUVJGKPUGTVKQP
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PGVYQTM
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KHVJGPQPNKPGCTGNGOGPVKUVTGCVGFCUCNQCFCPFPQVCUCUQWTEG6JGEWTTGPVKMOOWUVHWNHKNNVYQGSWCVKQPUPCOGN[
VJGPGVYQTMGSWCVKQPUQHVJGNKPGCTRCTV
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XMO ' XMO& & 46JGX KMO



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DGKPLGEVGFKPVQPQFGMCPFFTCYPQWVHTQOPQFGO6JGTGHQTGTGRNCEG=M#?YKVJCXGEVQTYJQUGEQORQPGPVUCTG
CNN\GTQGZEGRVHQT KPTQYMCPFKPTQYO6JGPRGTHQTOQPGTGRGCVUQNWVKQPYKVJVJKUTKIJVJCPFUKFG
XGEVQTYJKEJYKNNRTQFWEGCXGEVQT=T6JGX?6JKUXGEVQTKUVJGFKHHGTGPEGQHVJGMVJCPFOVJEQNWOPUQHVJGKPXGTUG
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KUVJGTGHQTGTGHGTTGFVQ=?HQTOQTGFGVCKNU
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VJG KPKVKCNK\CVKQPYKVJVJGUVGCF[UVCVGUQNWVKQPOGVJQFQH5GEVKQPVQCXQKFFKUETGRCPEKGUDGVYGGPKPKVKCN
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QH5GEVKQPCPFUWDUGSWGPVVTCPUKGPVUKOWNCVKQPUQHCPQVJGTYKUGWPFKUVWTDGFPGVYQTMDGEQOGRTCEVKECNN[
PGINKIKDNG
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OQTGQTNGUUEQTTGEVJCTOQPKEUDGECWUGPQFKUVWTDCPEGKUPQVKEGCDNGCHVGTV(KIUJQYUUKOKNCTTGUWNVU



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UVCTVUHTQOUVGCF[UVCVGYKVJJCTOQPKEU
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KPENWUKQPQHJCTOQPKEUKPVJGKPKVKCNK\CVKQPKUSWKVGGXKFGPVKPVJGUGEQPFGZCORNG

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UVCTVUHTQOUVGCF[UVCVGYKVJJCTOQPKEU



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EQPFKVKQPUCPFQPVJGV[RGQHFKUVWTDCPEGYJKEJQPGQHVJGUGRQUUKDNGUVGCF[UVCVGUYKNNDGTGCEJGF6JGOGVJQFQH
5GEVKQPKUVJGTGHQTGPQVWUGHWNHQTHGTTQTGUQPCPEGUVWFKGU6JG'/62ECPDGWUGFHQTVJGUKOWNCVKQPQH
HGTTQTGUQPCPEGRJGPQOGPCJQYGXGTVJQWIJKVYKNNPQVIKXGCP[KPUKIJVKPVQCNNRQUUKDNGUVGCF[UVCVGEQPFKVKQPU
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CNVGTPCVKXGUCTGGORJCUK\GFOQTGVJCPFGVCKNUQHKORNGOGPVCVKQP
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VJGUCOGVKOGUVGRYJKNGQWVRWVSWCPVKVKGUHTQO6#%5ECPDGEQOGKPRWVSWCPVKVKGUVQVJGPGVYQTMUQNWVKQPQPN[QXGT
VJGPGZVVKOGUVGR6#%5CEEGRVUCUKPRWVPGVYQTMXQNVCIGCPFEWTTGPVUQWTEGUPQFGXQNVCIGUUYKVEJEWTTGPVU
UVCVWUQHUYKVEJGUCPFEGTVCKPKPVGTPCNXCTKCDNGU
GITQVQTCPINGUQHU[PEJTQPQWUOCEJKPGU6JGPGVYQTMUQNWVKQP
CEEGRVUQWVRWVUKIPCNUHTQO6#%5CUXQNVCIGQTEWTTGPVUQWTEGU
KHVJGUQWTEGUCTGFGENCTGFCU6#%5EQPVTQNNGF
UQWTEGUCPFCUEQOOCPFUVQQRGPQTENQUGUYKVEJGU
KHVJGUYKVEJKUCVJ[TKUVQTQTC6#%5EQPVTQNNGFUYKVEJ



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6QUQNXGVJGOQFGNUTGRTGUGPVGFKP6#%5UKOWNVCPGQWUN[YKVJVJGPGVYQTMKUOQTGEQORNKECVGFVJCPHQT
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V[RGQHUKOWNCVKQPKUIGPGTCNN[UOCNNUC[zU5GEQPFN[VJGFGNC[KPENQUKPICVJ[TKUVQTUYKVEJKUEQORGPUCVGF
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EQPUVCPVKPUVGCF[UVCVGQRGTCVKQP9KVJEQPVKPWQWUXQNVCIGCPFEWTTGPVUQWTEGHWPEVKQPUEQOKPIHTQO6#%5VJG
VKOGFGNC[ECPDGEQOGOQTGETKVKECNJQYGXGTCPFVJGWUGTOWUVDGCYCTGQHKVUEQPUGSWGPEGU%CUGUJCXGDGGP
FQEWOGPVGFYJGTGVJKUVKOGFGNC[QH)VECPECWUGPWOGTKECNKPUVCDKNKV[GIKPOQFGNKPIVJGCTEQHEKTEWKVDTGCMGTU
YKVJ6#%5=?


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1PEG0'6914-JCUDGGPUQNXGFVJGPGVYQTMXQNVCIGUCPFEWTTGPVUURGEKHKGFCUKPRWVVQ6#%5CTGMPQYP
DGVYGGP
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2TGFKEVVJGQWVRWVHTQO6#%5CVVKOGVCPFWUGVJGRTGFKEVGFXCNWGUVQUQNXGVJG0'6914-CPFVJGP
6#%5HTQO
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RCTVUCICKPHTQO
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QPVJGEQPXGTIGPEGDGJCXKQT6YQQTVJTGGKVGTCVKQPUVGRUQPCXGTCIGYQWNFRTQDCDN[DGCEEGRVCDNG6JKU
OGVJQFYQWNFOCMGKVRQUUKDNGVQCFFQVJGTEQTTGEVKQPUKP0'6914-CPF6#%5YJGTGQPN[RTGFKEVKQPU
CTGWUGFPQY
GIEQTTGEVKQPQHRTGFKEVGFCTOCVWTGEWTTGPVUKPU[PEJTQPQWUOCEJKPGU

CDGHQTGTGFWEVKQP

DCHVGTTGFWEVKQP


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D

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UVCDKNKV[RTQITCOHQTVJGTGRTGUGPVCVKQPQHGZEKVCVKQPU[UVGOU=?#UUWOGVJCVVJGVTCRG\QKFCNTWNGQH
KPVGITCVKQP
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U[UVGO#UUWOGHWTVJGTVJCVVJGXCTKCDNGUCTGQTFGTGFKPUWEJCYC[VJCVVJGKPVGTPCNXCTKCDNGU=Z+06'40#.?
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C$[GNKOKPCVKPIVJGKPVGTPCNXCTKCDNGU
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XGNQEKV[VJCPVJGQVJGTCGTKCNOQFG6JCVOQFGYCUEJQUGPQPVJGUCOGDCUKUJGTG*QYGXGTKPRWVFCVCYGTGWUGF
YJKEJFKHHGTUNKIJVN[HTQOVJQUGIKXGPKP=?

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SMO
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C5KGOGPUJCPFDQQMUC[UVJCV
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8++

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

,'8CP0GUU6JGKPXGTUGKVGTCVKQPOGVJQFHQTHKPFKPIGKIGPXGEVQTU+'''6TCPU#WVQOCVKE%QPVTQN
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=?

',&CXKUQP#JKIJQTFGT%TCPM0KEJQNUQPVGEJPKSWGHQTUQNXKPIFKHHGTGPVKCNGSWCVKQPU%QORWVGT
,QWTPCNXQNRR#WI

=?

#4CNUVQP#(KTUV%QWTUGKP0WOGTKECN#PCN[UKU/E)TCY*KNN0GY;QTM

=?

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=?

9QTMKPI)TQWR*CTOQPKEUEJCTCEVGTKUVKERCTCOGVGTUOGVJQFUQHUVWF[GUVKOCVGUQHGZKUVKPI
XCNWGUKPVJGPGVYQTM'NGEVTCPQRR,WN[

=?

56QOKPCIC-#\WOK;5JKDW[C/+OCVCMK;(WLKYCTCCPF50KUJKFC2TQVGEVKXGRGTHQTOCPEG
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2#5RR0QX&GE

=?

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+'''6TCPU2QYGT#RR5[UVXQN2#5RR,CP

=?

#9GZNGT
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,QJPU0WOGTKECNOQFGNNKPID[VJG6./OGVJQF

=?

8$TCPFYCLP5[PEJTQPQWUIGPGTCVQTOQFGNUHQTVJGCPCN[UKUQHGNGEVTQOCIPGVKEVTCPUKGPVU2J&VJGUKU
7PKXGTUKV[QH$TKVKUJ%QNWODKC8CPEQWXGT%CPCFC

=?

49*COOKPI0WOGTKECN/GVJQFUHQT5EKGPVKUVUCPF'PIKPGGTU5GEQPF'FKVKQP/E)TCY*KNN$QQM%Q
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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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QTKIKPCNGFKVKQP
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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

# 5GON[GP )TQWPF TGVWTP RCTCOGVGTU QH VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPGU CP CU[ORVQVKE CPCN[UKU HQT XGT[ JKIJ
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=?

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=?

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=?

4*)CNNQYC[9$5JQTTQEMUCPF./9GFGRQJN%CNEWNCVKQPQHGNGEVTKECNRCTCOGVGTUHQTUJQTVCPF
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=?

25KNXGUVGT+ORGFCPEGQHPQPOCIPGVKEQXGTJGCFRQYGTVTCPUOKUUKQPEQPFWEVQTU+'''6TCPU2QYGT
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=?

#'-GPPGNN[(#.CYUCPF2*2KGTEG'ZRGTKOGPVCNTGUGCTEJQPUMKPGHHGEVKPEQPFWEVQTU#+''
6TCPURV++XQNRR

=?

*, 9GUV CPF #. %QWTVU %WTTGPV FKUVTKDWVKQP YKVJKP CU[OOGVTKECN 7*8 DWPFNGU # NCDQTCVQT[
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=?

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%QOOWP
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=?

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=?

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=?

./9GFGRQJNCPF4)9CUNG[9CXGRTQRCICVKQPKPRQN[RJCUGVTCPUOKUUKQPU[UVGOUTGUQPCPEGGHHGEVU
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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

5KGOGPU(QTOGNWPF6CDGNNGPDWEJHWGT5VCTMUVTQO+PIGPKGWTG'UUGP)KTCTFGV
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=?

**CRRQNFVCPF&1GFKPI'NGMVTKUEJG-TCHVYGTMGWPF0GV\G
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=?

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=?

* 'FGNOCPP$GTGEJPWPIGNGMVTKUEJGT8GTDWPFPGV\G
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=?

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=?

/%2GT\0CVWTCNOQFGUQHRQYGTNKPGECTTKGTQPJQTK\QPVCNVJTGGRJCUGNKPGU+'''6TCPU2QYGT#RR
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=?

/%2GT\#OGVJQFQHCPCN[UKUQHRQYGTNKPGECTTKGTRTQDNGOUQPVJTGGRJCUGNKPGU+'''6TCPU2QYGT
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=?

./ 9GFGRQJN 'NGEVTKE EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH RQN[RJCUG VTCPUOKUUKQP U[UVGOU YKVJ URGEKCN TGHGTGPEG VQ
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=?

10KIQN#PCN[UKUQHTCFKQPQKUGHTQOJKIJXQNVCIGNKPGU
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=?

./9GFGRQJNCPF,05CJC4CFKQKPVGTHGTGPEGHKGNFUKPOWNVKEQPFWEVQTQXGTJGCFVTCPUOKUUKQPNKPGU
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=?

42GNKUUKGT2TQRCICVKQPQHGNGEVTQOCIPGVKEYCXGUQPCOWNVKRJCUGNKPG4GXWG)GPGTCNGFG 'NGEVTKEKVG
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=?

,#$TCPFCQ(CTKCCPF,4$QTIGUFC5KNXC9CXGRTQRCICVKQPKPRQN[RJCUGVTCPUOKUUKQPNKPGUCIGPGTCN
UQNWVKQPVQKPENWFGECUGUYJGTGQTFKPCT[OQFCNVJGQT[HCKNU+'''6TCPU2QYGT5[UVGOUXQN294&
4

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%42CWN5QNWVKQPQHVJGVTCPUOKUUKQPNKPGGSWCVKQPUHQTNQUU[EQPFWEVQTUCPFKORGTHGEVGCTVJ2TQE
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=?

$65OKVJ,$Q[NG$)CTDQY;+MGDG8-NGPCCPF%/QNGT/CVTKZ'KIGPU[UVGO4QWVKPGU
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=?

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=?

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=?

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=?

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