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COMBUSTION
ENGINES
SECTION 2
CONSTRUCTION OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
CONSTRUCTION OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
The Camshaft:1.
2.
3.
The cams are oval shaped metal pieces which are (centered / offcenter) on the shaft.
Off-center
6.
There are two cams for each cylinder: one cam for the intake valve
and one for the exhaust valve.
An 8-cylinder engine has . cams on its camshaft.
16
7.
The gear on the camshaft is (twice / one-half) as large as the gear on the
crankshaft.
Twice
8.
As the push rod lifts one end of the rocker arm, the other end
forces the valve stem down.
The valve spring is compressed and the valve .
Opens
11.
In a 4-cycle engine, each valve must open once each time the
crankshaft makes two revolutions.
Each valve opens once every the camshaft makes revolution.
One
12.
13.
With the camshaft gear turning at one half the speed of the
crankshaft gear, the camshaft rotates only once every time the
crankshaft rotates ..
Twice
14.
15.
16.
17.
During compression and power, the cam (lifts/ does not lift) the push rod.
Does not lift
18.
19.
If the valves do not open and close at right time, the cylinders (fire /
do not fire) properly.
Do not fire
Both the intake and exhaust valves are (open / closed) during the
compression and power strokes.
Closed
The Carburetor:20.
For smooth and efficient burning, air and fuel must be mixed in
just the right amounts.
To get the proper air fuel ratio, it is necessary to .. the amount of
fuel and air being combined.
Control/Regulate
21.
24.
The carburetor is normally (near the top / near the bottom) of the
cylinder.
Near the top
25.
27. The narrow air passage inside the carburetor is called the venturi.
As air rushes past the venture, it picks up particles of .
Fuel
28.
29.
30.
31.
Spark ignition engines using natural gas or any other gas as a fuel
do not need a carburetor to mix air with fuel.
34.
The header line distributes the gas evenly through inlet pipes to the
cylinders.
To distribute the mixture evenly, the gas may be put into the air at the
entrance to the
Cylinder
35.
38.
39.
40.
Governors:-
45.
51.
52.
56.
57.
The speeder rod is connected to the engine throttle so that when the
flyweights compress the speeder spring, the speeder rod causes the
throttle to close.
Thus engine speed is increased, the ..of charge admitted to the
engine is decreased.
Amount
59.
To correct the first error, the governor may make as a change in the
opposite direction.
This hunting effect is a major fault of.governors.
Mechanical/Centrifugal
Hydraulic Governors:62.
In the hydraulic governor, the control elements are the same and
operate the same as in the mechanical governor.
66.
When power from the engine is transmitted at a nearly constant rate, the
effectiveness of the driving and driven units is (greater / less).
Greater
When the load is suddenly removed from a fully loaded engine, the
governor may react too slowly, or may stick and nor react at all.
If the fuel is not shut off, speed continues to .until the engine flies
apart.
Increase
69.
70.
71.
When the engine over speed, the trip pin moves out against the
over speed latch.
The latch releases a trip lever which is pulled down and held by a
Spring
72. The trip lever spring pulls the fuel shutoff lever down.
This fuel shutoff lever cuts off the.supply to the engine.
Fuel
73. To restart the engine, the over speed trip must be reset by hand.
The over speed trip is not like the governor, because the over speed trip
cannot..itself automatically.
Reset/ Adjust
74.
There are other types of over speed trip devices, including over
speed governors.
Overspeed governors are emergency controls which take over and slow
the engine down by reducing its fuel supply if the regular
governor
Fails
75.
Lets Review
Carburetors are needed with (liquid / gaseous) fuels.
Liquid
The Carburetor .. the fuel and the air.
Mixes
In a gas fuel engine, fuel may be fed directly to the cylinders through
a ..line.
Header
It may also be run through a valve.
Mixing
Electrical System:76.
To start this whole reaction the fuel must first be mixed with air
and burnt.
To burn, the air fuel must be .
Ignited
78. A spark plug is usually used to ignite the air-fuel charge.
The spark plug needs (Electrical / Mechanical) energy.
Electrical
79.
80.
82.
84.
In this system, the is the source of power and the ..is the
user.
Battery, Light/Bulb
85.
87.
88.
on
and
off
by
90.
91.
94.
95.
97.
The distributor allows current into a spark plug only to start the .
stroke of that particular cylinder.
Power
107. The distributor acts like a moving switch.
When electricity is needed by the spark plug, the distributor (Opens /
Closes) a circuit to that spark plug.
Closes
108. When electricity is not needed by the cylinder, the circuit to that
cylinder must be
Opened
109. The distributor opens and closes each circuit in relation to the
power stroke of each cylinder.
Just as the camshaft times the valves, the ..shaft times the
distributor.
Distributor
112. Unlike magnetos and batteries, . produce electric current in
spurts, rather than in a steady stream.
Pulse generators
113. In engines equipped with a pulse generator, the electrical spurts
can be timed so that one spurt occurs for a power event in each
cylinder.
Engines with a pulse generator (Need / Do not need) a separate
distributor.
Do not need
Diesel Engines:115. All IC engines burn fuel inside a cylinder to produce power.
This power is used to drive the .
Pistons
116. IC engines are separated into two general classes.
They are classified according to the way the is ignited.
Fuel / Charge
117. The gas or gasoline fueled engine uses a ..to ignite the
charge.
Spark / Spark plug
118. Diesel engines do not need a spark to ignite the charge. When air is
compressed, its temperature increases, even if heat is not added.
If the air is compressed enough, its temperature increases enough to
..a jet of fuel sprayed into the air.
Ignite
119. Diesel engines are (Spark ignition / compression ignition) engines.
Compression ignition
120. Diesel engines compress air inside the cylinder to a very high
pressure.
The air gets very hot, and when the fuel mist is injected into it, the
fuel.. immediately.
Ignites
121. A diesel engine, by compressing air in the cylinder and then
injecting fuel into the cylinders, eliminates the need to mix fuel
and air separately.
It needs no (Carburetor / fuel).
Carburetor
122. It uses the heat of compression to ignite the fuel and thus needs no
system.
Ignition
123. High pressure fuel is pumped into the cylinders at, or slightly
before, the end of the compression stroke.
The fuel .and the power stroke begins.
Ignites
124. Diesel fuel oil is thicker than most other IC engine fuels.
Fuel injector nozzles are used to break this fuel oil into very small
particles so that it can..
Burn
125. The drawing shows a high pressure fuel injection nozzle.
When high pressure fuel enters the engine through the nozzle tip, it is
broken into a ..mist.
Fine / Small
127.
128.
129.
131.
In the diesel engine, fuel injection starts the power event.
Fuel must be injected into the compressed air at the ...time to give
maximum power output.
Proper
132.
The camshaft times the combustion cycle.
Gears relate the camshaft to the .so that the camshaft and the
cams can time the combustion events.
Crankshaft
133.
The fuel injection pump is sometimes run off a separate shaft
driven by the crankshaft.
A gear also times this fuel injection.
Pump
133.
134.
135.
Thus, the pistons, crankshaft, and connecting rods are built much
stronger in a (Diesel / Gasoline) engine.
Diesel
A.
Carburetor
B.
Valve
C.
Spark plug
D.
Cylinder
E.
Piston
F.
Camshaft
G.
Connecting rod
H.
Crankshaft
I.
137.
The engine (Is / Is not) a diesel.
Is not
138.