Wind loading and structural response

Lecture 14 Dr. J.D. Holmes

Aeroelastic effects

Aeroelastic effects
Very flexible dynamically wind-sensitive structures
Motion of the structure generates aerodynamic forces

Positive aerodynamic damping : reduces vibrations - steel lattice towers

if forces act in direction to increase the motion : aerodynamic instability

Aeroelastic effects
Example : Tacoma Narrows Bridge WA - 1940

Example :

Galloping of iced-up transmission lines

Aeroelastic effects
Aerodynamic damping (along wind) :

Consider a body moving with velocity x in a flow of speed U

Relative velocity of air with respect to body =

U x

Aeroelastic effects
Aerodynamic damping (along wind) :
Drag force (per unit length) =
1
1
2x
D CD a b(U x ) 2 CD a bU 2 (1 )
2
2
U
1
CD a bU 2 CDa bUx
2

for small x /U

aerodynamic damping term

transfer to left hand side of equation of motion : mx cx kx D(t)
total damping term : cx CDa bUx

along-wind aerodynamic damping is positive

Aeroelastic effects
Galloping :

galloping is a form of aerodynamic instability caused by negative

aerodynamic damping in the cross wind direction

Motion of body in z direction will generate an apparent reduction in angle of attack,

From vector diagram :

z /U

Aeroelastic effects
Galloping :
Aerodynamic force per unit length in z direction (body axes) :
1
Fz = D sin + L cos = a U 2 b(CDsin CL cos )
2
(Lecture 8)
dFz 1
dC
dC
a U 2 b(CD cos D sin CLsin L cos )
d 2
d
d

For = 0 :

dFz 1
dC
a U 2 b(CD L )
d 2
d
1
dC
Fz a U 2 b(CD L )
2
d

Aeroelastic effects
Galloping :
Substituting, z /U
1
dCL
z
2
Fz a U b(CD
)( )
2
d
U

1
dC
a Ub(CD L )z
2
d

For (C D

dCL
) 0 , Fz is positive - acts in same direction as z
d

negative aerodynamic damping when transposed to left-hand side

Aeroelastic effects
Galloping :
(C D

dCL
)0
d

den Hartogs Criterion

critical wind speed for galloping,Ucrit , occurs when total damping is zero
cz

1
dC
a Ucrit b(CD L )z 0
2
d

Ucrit

2c
- a b(CD

dCL
)
d

Ucrit

8mn1
dC
- a b(CD L )
d

Since c = 2(mk)=4mn1 (Figure 5.5 in book)

m = mass per unit length

n1 = first mode natural frequency

Aeroelastic effects
Galloping :

Cross sections prone to galloping :

Square section (zero angle of attack)
D-shaped cross section
iced-up transmission line or guy cable

Aeroelastic effects
Flutter :

Consider a two dimensional body rotating with angular velocity

Vertical velocity at leading edge :

d/2

Apparent change in angle of attack : d/2U

Can generate a cross-wind force and a moment
Aerodynamic instabilities involving rotation are called flutter

Aeroelastic effects
Flutter :

General equations of motion for body free to rotate and translate :

z

z 2z z z 2z z

Fz (t)
H1z H 2 H 3
m

2 2 M(t) A z A A

1
2
3
I
Flutter derivatives

per unit mass

per unit mass moment of inertia

Aeroelastic effects

Flutter :

Types of instabilities :
Name

Conditions

Type of motion

Type of section

Galloping
Stall flutter

H1>0
A2>0

translational
rotational

Classical flutter

H2>0, A1>0

coupled

Square section
Rectangle, Hsection
Flat plate, airfoil

Aeroelastic effects
Flutter :

Flutter derivatives for two bridge deck sections U/nd

:
A1*

10

12

2
2

-2
1

stable

-4

2
0

10

12

-6

H1*

U/nd
0.4
0.3

A2*

unstable

0.2
2

0.1

6
4

-0.1

-2

-0.2

stable

H2*

Aeroelastic effects
Flutter :

Determination of critical flutter speed for long-span bridges:

Empirical formula (e.g. Selberg)

Experimental determination (wind-tunnel model)

Theoretical analysis using flutter derivatives obtained experimentally

Aeroelastic effects

Lock - in :

Motion-induced forces during vibration caused by vortex shedding

Frequency locks-in to frequency of vibration
Strength of forces and correlation length increased

End of Lecture 14
John Holmes
225-405-3789 JHolmes@lsu.edu