3.

044 MATERIALS PROCESSING

LECTURE 2

Recap: Conduction Equation

3D:

cp

1D:

T
cp tt

= V k VT = k V2 T
=

T
k x
= k T
t2

in our derivation last time we stated...

H
x
= qin qout
T
= q|x q
|x+x
T
=

x
T

x+x

xT

T
= k

x+x

x
= k x
2T
= k
assumes k independent of x, T
t2
Is it possible that the value of k is dierent at x and x + x?

Date: February 13th, 2012.

2
LECTURE 2

Taking k out of the derivative assumes that k = f (x)

and k = because T = f (x).

f (T ),

Is this assumption valid?

For most materials for most small working T ranges (< factor of 2) is usually
negligible.

Simplify the conduction equation:

What we have done so far:
= V k VT
T cp
2
t
T = V T
t
3D to 1D
T
t

2T
x2

Assumption 1: Steady State

Steady State Conduction: unchanging temperature with time (T prole),
heat is owing, but at constant rates
everywhere
T

= V 2T = 0
t
Laplace Equation

V 2T = 0
1-D Sheet and Bar

2T
x2

=0

3.044 MATERIALS PROCESSING

Solve

x
.

2T
x2 = 0
.
T
x == 0
.
T == 00
x
T
=A
x
dT = A dx
T = Ax + B

Apply Boundary Conditions

1.

@ x = 0, T = T1
T = A(0) + B = T1
B = T1
@ x = L, T = T2

2.

T = A(L) + T1 = T2
T2 T1
A=
L

Plug In
.
T=

Rearrange

TT2TT11 = Lx
Dene Dimensionless Variables:

T2
.
T2
L

x + (T1)

LLEECCTTUURR
EE 22

Dimensionless Position (0 - 1)
how far you are from

xs
T 1T
=
T2s T
1
full tem p .
x

T1

Fractional Position

ra nge

Dimensionless Position (0 1)
=

L
Solution: =

Fractional Temperature

constant

q=

x s
k

T
s x x

slope

q is a constant
Heat flow out of a pipe

Steady State:
1
r r

.
r

T
r

.
+

2 T = 0
2 T
+
=0

1 2
T
2
r2 2 Z.
. T
1
=0
r
r
r

= c o nstant

3.044 MATERIALS PROCESSING

Solve

.
.
d
T
r
=0
dr
r
.
.
d r T =
0
r
dT
r
=
A dr
A
dT =
dr
r
T = A ln r +
B

Boundary Conditions

@ r = R 1 , T = T1
1.
T1 = A ln R1 + B
2.

@ r = R 2 , T = T2
T2 = A ln R2 + B

Solve for A
T1 A ln R1 = T2 A ln R2
T1 T2 = A ln R1 A ln R2
.
.
R1
T1 T2 = A ln R
2

A
=
Solve for B

R21
Tln
1
T2

T1 = A ln R1 + B
T1 T2
T 1 = ln R1 ln R1 + B
R
2

R21
B = T1 Tln
1
T2

ln
R1

LECTURE 2

Plug In
T = A ln r +
B
T=

T1 T2 ln r +
T1
1
ln R
R

T1
T2
ln R1

(
TT2 T1 = ln R1R)2
( r
T1
) R1
Flux is not constant everywhere

q = k T
r

q A = constant Total heat ow is constant everywhere

s x
2 rr

Composite Wall

ln R1
2

3.044 MATERIALS PROCESSING

Steady State 1D
2T
= 0 in material A and B
x2
Boundary Conditions
@ x = L A , T = T2
@ x = LA, qin = qout
Solve

.
T .
.
kA
.L
x A
TA
kA L
A
kA
(T
LA

T2)
=

==
kB

.
T ..
x
.

=
kB

TBL
LB

++
A

because slope is const.

T3)
kB
(T 2
LB
Solve for T2, the unknown T

How is this useful to engineers?

TA
TB =

LA
kA
LB
kB

T
L K
= Thermal Resistivity
K
Say we are making a furnace
out of steel
.
.01m
L ..
.
= 30 W = 0.0003
T 10x less
k
steel
mK
.
.01m
L .
= 0.003
T 10x more
.
=
k mullite
W
3 mK
Read As:
1. Mullite has 10x the temperature drop of steel
2. Mullite conducts slowly compared to steel
3. Steel is a faster conductor

MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

3.044 Materials Processing

Spring 2013

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