Pakistan and the Modern World

Q.1: What reason did Liaquat Ali Khan give for the demand of a separate state
?
A: Liaquat Ali Khan, tried to apprise the American people of the reasons
for and exigencies behind the Muslims’s demand for a separate home of th
eir own. He described the differences of religion, culture and economic inst
itutions, which had made it difficult for the Muslims to continue to live
with the Hindus. Above all, it was the fear of being reduced into a perpetua
l political minority. All these factors forced the Muslims to demand a sepa
rate homeland for themselves. According to him, this demand was very gen
uine and reasonable as it was in the interest of both the Muslims and the
Hindus. Futhermore, it was in the interest of the World peace. But Liaquat Ali K
han regrettedssss that the Hindu leaders apposed this because it was against
their dream of a greater India.
Q.2: Why was it impossible for the Muslims of British India to live with the
Hindus in a United India, according to Liaquat Ali Khan?
A: Liaquat Ali Khan, in his speech at the University of Kansas, advocated
the cause of the Muslim minority against the dominating majority of the H
indus in the British India on the eve of independence from the British rul
e.
He said that when the time of freedom from the British rule drew at hand
, it became clearer than ever before that the Muslims would never enjoy the
real fruits of freedom. On the contrary, they were afraid that they woul
d be forced to live as a permanent group of defeated and subjected minority
. Thus, freedom from the foreign rule would mean to the Muslims not freedom
but only a change of the rulers. He drew this conclusion on the basis of the
ir age-old experience testified by history since Muslims had been living
with the Hindus for many centuries.
Q.3: What main differences does Liaquat Ali Khan point out between Muslims an
d Hindu beliefs and attitudes?
A. Liaquat Ali Khan points out the fact that difference of religion betwee
n the two nations was not the only cause of division of India. The Muslims
had a number of very serious differences with the Hindus nation such as diffe
rence of culture, ideology of life, social system, economic system and so o
n. The Muslims were monotheists and the Hindus believed in more than one gods a
nd even godesses. They believed in a caste system while the Muslims believ
ed in equality of all men. The Muslims rightly feared that the Hindus majority
would deny then basic human rights and treat them like slaves. They would ha
ve to live in the united India as a “perpetual political minority” having no hop
e, no respect and no future for them
Q.4: On what grounds does Liaquat Ali Khan assert that the first duty of the
Pakistanis as a free people is to themselves?
A. He asserts that it is the duty of all the free people in the World to ma
intain and protect their own feedom first. This according to him is not sel
fishness or narrow-mindedness. He adds that if they fail in this duty, they dis
grace the piety of freedom. He exhorts the Muslims to remain alert and watc
hful in order to keep their hard-earned freedom safe and secure. He also urge
s them to work hard at the double pace to achieve prosperity and strengthen t
he foundation of freedom. He emphasizes that today freedom has no real sig
nificance for the common people if it does not also mean freedom from want,
ignorance and disease.
Liaquat Ali has here tried to give a new meaning and a new orientation t
o the concept of freedom as viewed in the context of the fast changing co
nditions of the present day World.
“The Condition upon which God has given liberty is eternal vigilance.”
Q.5: What is the synthesis that Liaquat Ali Khan believes is necessary for Pa
kistan to achieve?
A. Liaquat Ali Khan prescribes the formula of a natural combination of fait
h and technology for rapid progress of Pakistan.
“Science without religion is lame, religion without science is b
lind.”
Being an upright Muslim, he asserts that our old and firm faith is a sou
rce of great strength in this troubled period of human history. But at the sa
me time, he emphasizes that faith alone is not enough if we want to claim our r
ightful and honorable place in the modern World. We must also acquire the v
aluable knowledge of science and technology. This is the era of progress
and we can not hold the clock back. Liaquat Ali Khan, a true Muslim and
a die hard patriot is trying to set the Muslims on the rails of modern s
cience, the only way to progress and honorable existence in the World.
“Science without conscience is the death of the soul and
leads to greed and pride.”
Q.6: What does Liaquat Ali Khan put forward as the main duties today of the W
estern world?
A. Liaquat Ali Khan tries to determine the role of the Western World in the
present day political situation of the World.
According to him the West should demonstrate their broadminded approach and assi
st the newly independent states of Asia and Africa in their political stability
and economic progress. It is the moral and the human duty of the rich and advanc
ed nations to hold in the development of the poor and backward people. This is n
ecessary because they themselves can not enjoy the fullest fruits of their own p
rogress when more that half the World remains backward. The World can not be cal
led truly civilized unless the light of modern knowledge of science reaches the
door of every house in the World.
“The purpose of human existence is not ease or comfort but to kindle a l
ight of joy in the dark World.”
Liaquat Ali Khan here exhorts the people of America and Europe to realize their
duty and help the poor people in the name of humanity and for the sake of the wo
rld peace.
“Heal the sick, cleans the lepers, raise the fallen, cast out devil, fre
ely you have received, freely you give to others.”
AN ESSAY ON MAN
Q.1: Who wrote the poem "An Essay On Man" and what kind of poetry is this?
A. Beautiful composition of the Heroic Couplets,"An Essay on Man" is a frui
t of pen-clippings of the pioneer of the Neo-Classical school of poetry, Alexand
er Pope. The poem is dedicated to Bolingbroke whom he addresses as his guide, ph
ilosopher and friend.
According to estimate, the exact character or value of the philosophy of Pope co
ntains in this poem. The poem exhibits a concept of man which is shallow. It is
combined with an idea of God which is inadequate and irrational.
An Essay on Man, according to John Drink water, is the most real of Pope’s poems
. It is, not as Pope believed, a real contribution to Philosophy.
Q.2: What is the background of the poem of the poem "An Essay On Man"?
A. “An Essay on Man” is the last complete long poem of Allexander Pope. It
is a philosophical, thought-provoking and soul-stirring piece of verse. At the b
eginning of the poem, he says:
“The proper study of mankind is man.”
In Pope’s own words the object of the essay is “to indicate the ways of God to M
an.”
In this poem, he elaborates this point that human beings cannot peep into their
future. Similarly the animals cannot predict their future. God has no ordained t
hat man and the animals are just like puppet who act in accordance with the orde
rs of God. The lambs are very simple. They do not suspect even their killers. On
ly God observes the action of human beings. If man wants to rise he should be ve
ry humble and fearful.
Q.3: How and Why has God kept the knowledge of future hidden from all creatur
es?
A. In this great piece of philosophical poetry, Pope says that God has conc
ealed future and fate from all creatures. They are absolutely unaware of the for
th-coming event. God has hidden from animals what he has given to man and from m
an what he has given to the angles, otherwise, it would be impossible to live he
re in, God has given to his creatures only what they can afford to know.
The lamb does not know that it is going to be sacrificed. Would it know, it woul
d not skip and play. Man knows that the lamb is going to be sacrificed and he ca
n afford this knowledge but the lamb can not. Pleased to the last it licks the h
and, which is going to shed its blood. The poet says that God remains indifferen
t to the day to day happenings and rise or fall of human beings. In his eyes, th
e death or decline of a great hero or the death of a tiny bird are incidents of
similar significance. Since God prefers none to none there is no possibility of
any injustice from God. What ever is given is nothing but in our interest. So we
should hope and wait the great teacher Death and pray to God.
Q.4: According to Allexander Pope, hope springs eternal in the human breast.
Discuss.
A. According to Allexander Pope, hope soars high with flattering wings. We
should uphold the banner of hope and thankful to God for this gift of unawarenes
s. In the concluding lines of the poem, Pope gives his vies on the condition of
human soul and the role of hope in human life. He says that hope never deserts h
uman beings. It remains alive and active in human heart forever.
It is hope, which inspires human beings to keep striving and moving ahead. Man i
s never contented with his present condition and circumstances. He always hopes
and struggles to get into a better position. The light of hope gives courage and
will to work to the moral beings.
Q.5: Why, in the light of the poem "An Essay On Man", man is never contented
with his present state?
A. The poet remarks that it never enjoys a moment of real joy and peace in
this world. It is constantly restless, disturbed and far from its real and eter
nal home. The eternal abode of human soul is Heaven. It aspires to liberate itse
lf from the material cage of human body and go back to its original and final ho
me. Human soul hopes to live there permanently enjoying peace comfort freedom an
d happiness.
“When all else is lost, Future still remains.”
LINES FROM
SAMSON AGONISTES
Q.1: Who wrote the poem "Samson Agonistes"and what kind of poetry is this?
A. “Samson Agonistes” is one of the most popular compositions of “John Milt
on”, a great dramatic piece of verse, which describes the scene of the hero’s de
ath. Samson was a man of immense strength but had been taken captive by the Phil
istines. His integrity was let down by then and at last he saved his people by u
sing his strength and sacrificed his own life.
John Milton is the greatest poet of the “Neo-Classical Age of English Literature
”. He stands head and shoulder above all his contemporaries. His individual styl
e has touch of sublimity and majesty, which is quite appropriate to his noble an
d powerful ideas. Paying tribute to Milton, Worsworth wrote his famous line:
“Thy soul was like a star that dwelt apart.”
Q.2: What is the background of the poem "Samson Agonistes"?
A. The poetic tragedy, Samson Agonistes, is about an ancient Hebrew legend
of Samson. He was the son of Manoa and was gifted with immense human strength. T
he secret of his strength was concealed in his long hair.
He helped the Israelites and caused great destruction among the Philistines, who
were their enemy. The Philistines made a devilish plot against Samson with the
help of a beautiful girl, Dalila. Samson fell in love with her, the spy who was
sent to discover the secret of Samson’s strength. She applied her tact of love t
o Samson and finally succeeded to get the secret. As a result, the Philistines a
rrested Samson and made him captive in the prison of Gaza. They kept him in tort
ure and finally blinded him. They decided to kill him and thus assembled in a hu
ge stadium to celebrate the feast to their god. They brought him to provide amus
ements for them by means on his stupendous and extra-ordinary strength.
Q.3: What was the scene of the Temple of Dagon?
A. The extract from Milton’s poetic drama presents the impressive climax an
d the stunning scene of Samson’s heroic death.
The blind prisoner Samson entered the main hall of the Temple of Dagon, calmly,
gracefully and fearlessly. He was directed by his enemies to amuse and delight t
he spectators by showing them his great strength. Samson surprised then by the d
isplay of his regained strength. He lifted heavy objects, pulled and broke huge
things and stones. No one of his enemies had the courage to face him as a challe
nger.
Q.4: What request did Samson make to the guide and why?
A. Samson performed all the tasks with courage and patience that were assig
ned to him. The guide took him away for an interval in the display between the p
illars. He requested his guide to lean him a little bit. When he felt the pillar
s in his arms, he pretended as if he was praying to god.
The brave prisoner was determined to kill his enemies by destroying their temple
. It was the only way to save his tribe from the cruel and faithless enemies. Re
membering the words of Terence, the great Roman dramatist:
“Fortune favours the brave.”
Q.5: How did Samson destroy the enemies of his race and saved the Israelites?
A. Samson addressed the lords that he was going to show them the greatest s
kill of his power. He pulled the huge pillars down upon which the roof of the do
me was resting. As a result, the whole roof fell down on the heads of all the Ph
ilistines. Samson was himself killed in the disaster but his heroic and sacrific
ial death saved his tribe from the cruel enemies. Greek philosopher Socrates say
s:
“Fame is the perfume of heroic deeds.”
THE MAN OF LIFE UPRIGHT
Q.1: Who wrote the poem “The Man of Life Upright”and what kind of poetry is t
his?
A. “The Man of Life Upright” is a sermonic piece of writing by “Thomas Camp
ion”. He was a poet, who led English poetry and music to supreme heights. He use
d the normal forms of simultaneous verses with spectacular skill and modesty. Th
e most admirable pieces of poetry are those sonnets, which he set to his own mus
ic. Thomas Campion is a contemporary poet of Shakespeare and Sir Henry Wotton.
This poem is simple in expression but contains depth of thought and feelings. Th
e poem presents the concept of ideal personality, leading a highlyu pious, disc
iplined and controlled life.
Q.2: What is the theme of the poem "The Man of Life Upright" ?
A. The Man of Life Upright is like a sermonette that sheds lights on the pr
ominent visages of the character of a person, who leads a life of honour, nobili
ty and righteousness. He possesses a pure heart clear from sinful thoughts and w
icked ideas. He never deviates from the path of honesty and never falls prey to
the false pride. He is self-sufficient and does not fall onto the trap of decept
ive hopes. He is courageous and confident enough the encounter all the miseries.
As Allexander Pope says:
“An honest man is the noblest work of God.”
Q.3: What kind of heart does the man of life upright have?
A. In this poem, Campion says that an upright man leads an honourable and h
onest life. His mind is free from evil thoughts and his heart is free from ill f
eelings and false hopes. He is a humble person and has no thought of vanity. He
has peace of mind and contentment of heart.
Q.4: According to Campion, is the man of upright life an over ambitious one?
A. Campion idealizes a character, which does not harm anyone. As he is not
over ambitious, he does not cherish false hopes and not even deceived by them. S
orrow and grief cannot discontent or dishearten him because he has got no high e
xpectation in life. He does not give pain to others; he does not torture and ago
nize others. He remains happy because of the fact that he leads a life free from
dishonest deeds.
Q.5: What makes the Campion s man bold and courageous?
A. The man of life upright is not afraid of anyone. Honesty makes him bold
and courageous. That is why he neither needs any fortress or any armour to defen
d him. He does not feel the need of secret vaults to protect himself from any ki
nd of danger. Honesty and truthfulness is the best weapon that can provide him p
rotection against all sorts of evils. As the greatest philosopher Plato says:
“Self conquest is the greatest of all victories.”
Q.6: How could the Campion s man face the fearful situations of life?
A. Fear of death makes a person coward and he cannot face any one and he ca
nnot tackle and difficult situation with confidence. The Campion’s man can face
the horrors and terrors of the skies fearlessly because he is always ready to di
e; that is to meet his creator. He can deliberate and plan to tackle any difficu
lt situation. He does not tremble and shiver in the face of hardships and calami
ties.
Q.7: How does Campion s man gain help and guidance?
A. He bears the troubles and misfortunes patiently. He looks upon the heave
n for guidance help. He looks at the heaven for guidance help. He makes the heav
en his book and learns the lessons of wisdom form heavenly things. Thus, an upri
ght man spends his time in useful activities. He adopts a positive and optimisti
c attitude towards life. He knows that cares and worries are the parts of life.
Q.8: What is the world, in view of Campion s The Man of Life Upright ?
A. He believes that this world is a Vanity Fair, so he is never deceived by
the glamour of the world and never leaves the path of honesty, integrity and ri
ghteousness. There is no vacuum in his life that’s why he enjoys the spiritual p
leasure of life, which is the asset of his life.
The Campion’s man never lacks in self-reliance. Therefore, he leads a happy and
contented life. His life is simple because he is not an ambitious person. That i
s why he leads a pious life and never thinks of committing crimes and sins. In o
ther words the poet wants to convince us that honestly is the best policy and if
we want to lead a pleasant and contented life, we must not deviate from the pat
h of honesty. No doubt honesty gives us real and spiritual pleasure.
MUSIC WHEN SOFT VOICES DIE
Q.1: Who wrote the poem "Music when soft voices die" and what kind of poem is
this?
A. Music When Soft Voice Die is a composition of passages having pure and i
ntense lyrical quality that demands the recognition of Percy Bysshe Shelley as a
major poet. He is an idealist and dreamer who visions more practicably that the
so-called realities of this world. Shelley is the contemporary poet of John Kea
ts and William Wordsworth. He belongs to the Romantic Age of English Literature.
Q.2: What is the theme of the poem "Music when soft voices die" ?
A. “Absence sharpens love; distances intensifies love but imagination bring
s the beloved so close to the lover that distances come to end and the two separ
ated souls are united.”
In this short lyrical piece of verse, Shelley expresses his views about beauty,
love and separation. He says that beauty is immortal and love is unchangeable. I
t does not change with the passage of time and with the change of circumstances.
Absence or separation cannot kill true love.
“Love never dies”
Another beautiful theme of the poem is that
“Abstract remains while matter decays”
Q.3: What message does Shelley coney to the reader by giving the examples of
flowers and soft voice?
A. Shelly opines that when sweet voices fade away, they echo in our memory.
Beautiful and mellifluous songs are unforgettable and immortal. Similarly when
the sweet smelling lovely flowers of violets wither away, their pleasant fragran
ces can still be enjoyed in senses. Our minds are refreshed when we remember the
sweet sprinkling of violets. If a thing loses its physical beauty, it can be re
vived in the imagination. Thus this short lyric reflects the fundamental importa
nce of imagination in human life.
Shelly emphasizes the idea about the depth of meaning and philosophical approach
 to love, beauty, separation, absence and imagination. The poet by giving the ex
ample of enchanting music and fragrant violets expresses this idea that a beauty
has everlasting effect on the mind of a man. It adds to a precious store held f
orever in the memory, a lasting source of refreshment and joy.
Q.4: How does Shelley advocates the idea that the true love never dies?
A. Shelly believes in the platonic love, which shuns fulfillment. It is a d
esire that always remain unsatisfied. In love Shelley must find something ever t
o aspire after, something ever to look forward to. It is in the expectation of f
ulfillment that his happiness lies. He says that when rose petals wither away, t
hey do not become useless. They retain their sweet smell even after withering aw
ay. That is why they are used for decorating the beloved’s bed. Even though one’
s beloved has been separated from him, she is not with him, but her thoughts are
with him and his love will sleep on her thoughts.
In other words, the poet conveys the idea that id does not matter if the sweet h
eart is physically away from him because spiritually she is with him. He is not
alone as in his imagination he finds his beloved very close to him. He is not al
one as in his imagination he finds his beloved very close to him. Separation has
sharpened love but he is free from mental agony as her sweet thoughts always co
mfort and soothe him. His love is passionate and profound and it will not change
with the passage of time. He cannot forget his beloved and will continue to lov
e her in his imagination as true love does not die and transcends all barriers a
nd surmount all obstacles.
The Day the Dam Broke
Q.1: Who wrote the essay The Day The Dam Broke and why is it so interesting
one?
A. The autobiographical note "The Day the Dam Broke" is a fascinating, capt
ivating, remarkable piece of literature, full of humour and irony. It is penned
by the great American humorist "James Groves Thurber". He was, in fact, a cartoo
nist and a correspondent of "The Chicago Tribune" and has written a number of w
itty and humorous articles.
The incident has depiction of the mob mentality with great dexterity. He has nar
rated the experiences of the "Great Run" of the afternoon in Columbus city by co
llecting information from his acquantances and from his own memories.This short
story is a good example of Thurber’s sardonic but affectionate view of human beh
avior.
“Humour is an emotional chaos recollected in tranquillity.”
While reading this interesting piece of work, we see the use of American English
, which might be somewhat incomprehensible for a new reader but the use of simil
ies and metaphorical language cloaks this minor defect. This is remarkable how t
he author has described almost the same thing in each paragraph repeatedly, insp
ite of that, the brilliant use of vocabulary and symbolism makes it interesting.
Q.2: What is the theme of the autobiographical note of James Groves Thurber
The Day the Dam Broke ?
A. Through all the funny references Thurber has tried to point out that all
of us no matter how serious and sober, behave in one and the same idiotic manne
r when we are thrown in a trying situation
“Stuffing the ear with false report.”
William Shakespeare
Thurber has presented, in this story, his sardonic but affectionate view of life
. It is a commendable effort to tell something serious through fun and laughter.
But in fact the author has tried to study human characters thrown in difficult
and trying circumstances because:
“Man alone suffered so cruelly in the world that he was compelled to invent laug
hter.”
Q.3: What incident does James Thurber describe in his writing?
A. In this autobiographical note, James Groves Thurber reconstructs an inte
resting incident of his early childhood when he lived at Columbus City in Ohio.
The city is situated at the bank of the river Ohio in the U.S.A. The story start
s when all of a sudden, on March 12, 1913 a rumour spread like a grass fire that
 the river Ohio was in flood and the water would rush towards the city because t
he dam had been broken. All was hustle and bustle after hearing the rumour and c
ame out on the High Street. They started running towards the east for safety wit
hout confirming the news about the flood. Men, women and children were running h
elter-skelter towards the east. A review at the main center of trade, High Stree
t, normal business was going on; but when the rumour spread about the flood, the
people who were busy in selling and buying, suddenly came in full pace for thei
r lives in utter confusion.
“Two thousand people were abruptly in full flight. Go East! Go East! was the cry
that arose.”
Q.4: How does Aunt Edith Taylor describe her experiences?
A. The writer’s aunt Edith Taylor wrote to him that she was in a movie thea
tre when the panic spread. She emerged out and began to run to the east and when
she reached Grant Avenue, she was so exhausted that Dr. H.P Mallory passed her.
There was a boy behind him on the roller-skates and Dr. Mallory mistook the swi
shing of the skates for the sound of rushing water. At last, he came to know wha
t he was running from when he fell down and the boy swirled past him. Inspite of
it that he knew there was no water behind, he began to jog on the street again.
It shows how affrighted the people were of the flood.
Q.5: How long did the panic last and how was order restored?
A. The panic-stricken people ran out for safety leaving fires burning and f
ood cooking and doors wide open in their houses. Some of the people covered the
distance 12 miles in order to save their lives. At last the military men riding
through the city in motor-lorries announced that it was just a rumour and that t
he dam had not broken. At first the announcement added to the confusion and incr
eased the panic, for many stampeders thought that the militiamen were announcing
, "The dam has now broken! The people thought that the millitiamen authenticated
the news of the calamity. But eventually, the misunderstanding was removed. The
people heaved a sigh of relief when they heard that the dam had not broken. The
y returned to their homes and started their normal business the next day, but th
ey did not joke about the happenings of the previous day. It is rightly said:
“How much have cost us the evils that never happened.”
Q.6: Why did Dr. Mallory think that the flood waters were about to engulf him
?
A. There was a boy behind him on the roller-skates and Dr. Mallory mistook
the swishing of the skates for the sound of rushing water. At last, he came to k
now what he was running from when he fell down and the boy swirled past him. Ins
pite of it that he knew there was no water behind, he began to jog on the street
again. It shows how affrighted the people were of the flood.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FROM THE NOVEL
Q.1. Which incident in the novel appears most interesting to you and why?
Ans. Forcing the Trap
The most stirring and thrilling incident in “The Prisoner of Zenda” is what the
novelist calls the forcing of the trap. It depicts to the reader the daring atte
mpt made by Rassendyll, Sapt, Fritz and their party to rescue the King from the
castle of Zenda where the Duke of Strelsau kept him a close prisoner. Hard work
was required to free the king from the clutches of the Duke, who was bent upon g
etting the throne, even if it necessitated the murder of the King. Sapt and Frit
z, who were staunch supporters of the King, were determined of free him; but thi
s was possible only if bold steps were taken to achieve the purpose.
There were two alternative for them. They could launch a direct attack on the ca
stle and openly declare war against the Duke and free the King by using the arme
d forces. This was a risky step because it would have given publicity to what th
ey did. They wanted to keep the whole enterprises a secret and this forced them
to use a small and of friends who could be expected to keep the secret. Thus the
whole procedure depended upon the bravery and courage of the small number man w
ho actively participated in it. The crossing of the moat and finally the entry i
nto the castle were difficult. In this enterprise, Rudolf Rassendyll without who
m the King’s party would have suffered a sure defeat played the most important p
art. Inside the castle were the six servants Duke Michael. They were his trusted
friends and helpers. It was to easy task to fight these dare devils and great c
redit goes to Rassendyll that he not only fought against them but also defeated
them. Thus it was he who saved the lie of the King restored to him the throne of
Ruritania.
SYED NAWED NAQVI
Q.2. How did the King keep his appointment at the coronation?
Ans. The scheme was successfully put into practice. Rudolf was anointed to th
e church and crowned the King of Ruritania. Great festivities were held during t
his period. Rudolf had become such a successful understudy none wax able to dete
ct the impersonation. Even Princess Flavia, who was to marry the King, was both
able to notice replacement. She was very clever and intelligent and did notice t
hat the behavior of the King had undergone a change, but she considered this to
be the result of coronation and the assumption of the authority and responsibili
ty.
The things were going on smoothly and the fraud would have been a grand and easy
success; but Black Michael, was too clever for them. He was the son of the late
King from a morganatic marriage and was a bitter enemy of the Crown Prince. Thr
ough his secrete agency he came to know that the King was in the lodge at Zenda.
He took effective steps to get possession of the King and transfer him to a pla
ce where the King became virtually his prisoner.
After this coronation ceremony, Rudolf Rassendyll and Sapt attended a banquet gi
ven in honour of the King. It was at this banquet that Rudolf Rassendyll first m
et Princess Flavia. This meeting had important effects on the future as they fel
l in love with each other at the first meeting.
SYED NAWED NAQVI
Q.3. Why were the relations between Rupert of Hentzau and Black Michael strai
ned?
Ans. There came off a chance meeting between Rassendyll and Rupert of Hentzau
; but they did to fight because they had met in a public place. It was during th
is meeting that Rassendyll came to know that relations between the duke and Rupe
rt of Hentzau had become strained. The reason of this quarrel was that Rupert ha
d begun to show leaning of love towards Madame de Mauban and the Duke resented t
his.
Rupert went so far as to suggest Rassendyll that they too should join hands and
kill Michael as well as the king. After this dual murder Rassendyll would rule o
ver Ruritania as King while Rupert would be his trusted friend and supporter. Th
is suggestion was disliked by Rassendyll who refused to join hands with such a w
icked man as Rupert. He however, tried to enlist the support of Rupert to free t
he king from captivity. Rupert did not agree to this proposal and went away. At
another meeting, he delivered a letter from Madame de Mauban in which she had re
quested him for help.
SYED NAWED NAQVI
Q.4. Describe in detail how Flavia learnt the truth about the King and how sh
e took it.
Ans. Since Johann had been wounded in the fight between Michael and Rupert, S
apt’s party could not let into the castle by Johann and Rudolf had to change to
plan to save Madame de Mauban Rupert’s molesting her in reality. Madame shrieked
for her life before the time Rassendyll had suggested in the letter to play act
and that cry was true. When, eventually, Sapt and his party reached the New Cas
tle, the found Michael dead. Sapt and Fritz then made their way to the Old Castl
e, found the bodies of Bersonin and de Gautet who were killed by Rassendyll and
the bodies of Bersonin and de Gautet who were killed by Rassendyll and the King
unconscious but likely to live still. Sapt sent fritz I search of Rassendyll tha
t is why he had come to Rassendyll’s help in the nick of time.
Sapt now had to make the real King take place of Rassendyll and put out a story
which would explain the events of the fight without disclosing the fact that Ras
sendyll had been posing at the King since the day of the coronation. The story w
as put out that Michael was killed, and the King was gravely wounded when the ki
ng went to rescue his friend from this illegal detention.
However, Princess Flavia insisted on seeing the wounded King at once. She was ri
ding to the castle just when Rassendyll, supported by fritz had reached the edge
of the forest by the road to the castle. The farm girl, seeing Rassendyll and b
elieving him to be the King, ran to the princess saying that the king was wounde
d and lying in the nearby bushes. Princess Flavia, with Sapt walked up to the wo
unded Rassendyll. He and Sapt now had to tell her that Rassendyll was not the re
al king.
Rudolf had to be kept concealed until the secretly lift Ruritania. He bid farewe
ll to the deeply grateful king and then had a painful interview with Princess Fl
avia. Sapt and Fritz escorted Rassendyll to a station across the frontier and bi
d him good-bye with great affection and respect. Princess Flavia sacrificing her
love for the betterment of the state of Ruritania married Rudolf Elphberg
Q.5: Give a brief critical review of the novel The Prisoner of Zenda .
A. CRITICAL REVIEW
“The Prisnor of Zenda” is one of the most famous compositions of “Sir Anthony Ho
pe Hawkins”. It is written in the “First Person Point of View”, which was a popu
lar style of fiction writing during the end of nineteenth century. The Prisoner
of Zenda is not a piece of literature in any thing like the class as the best no
vels of “Scott" and "Dickens”, but it has some very real literary merits, great
enough to attract the warm praise of the reader.
Anthony Hope does one of the most creative things a writer can do, by producing
an imaginary world in which we can believe, some how, under the spell of the boo
k. The book tells a good story, very skill fully plotted in which the main situa
tion is very cleverly contrived. The plot may easily be explained on a simple gr
aph.

The beginning of the novel gives a clear and interesting exposition of the extra
vacation story and romantic setting with a remarkable degree of conviction.
Event after event, a temporary conflict rises where Rassendyll has to impersonat
e the King for only one day. “The secret of the cellar” is a step forward to the
generation of permanent conflict. That is for Rassendyll to keep impersonation
on until the rescue of king Elphberg.
Some incidents full of thrill and sensation strengthen the conflict by the time
it becomes crisis when the incident “A new use for a tea table” occurs, how beau
tifully Hawkins many palates the situation that Rassendyll, the spat and fritz c
annot act openly against Michael with out gravely risking the King’s life or dis
closing the imposture of Rassendyll on the other side the enemies dear not expos
ed the reality with reveling their own treason. This situation springs a fascina
ting tale of plot and counter plot tense & violent action from both sides.
“An Hunting a big bear” takes the story to climax where striking combat of the s
olitary Hero against a set of villains is.
“If love were all” is the incident which dramatically closes the plat of the st
ory with the fair resolution of climax. Here, the outer unlike the other novelis
ts give logically real end to the story easily accepted by readers.
IMPORTANT INCIDENTS
THE FIRST MEETING OF THE TWO RUDOLFS

This incident belongs to the Exposition of the novel “The Prisoner of Zenda”. An
thony Hope Hawkins has manipulated the plot of the story in such a beautiful man
ner that the reader enjoys full adventurous spirit of it.
When this interesting incident occurs, Rudolf Elphberg, the King is hunting in t
he forest near Zenda just a day before the coronation ceremony. His two friends
Colonel Sapt and Fritz are moving in the forest. Suddenly, they see a stranger,
who resembles their king.
This is a visiting stranger, who has come from England for a change and also for
attending the coronation. He has stayed in a small inn at Zenda and is wanderin
g in the forest. He comes across the companions of the King and gets him introdu
ced to them. In the meantime the king also appears. He is very much surprised to
see a man, very much like him. Colonel Sapt describes the scandal of the Elphbe
rgs and the Burlesdons, which has caused this striking resemblance. The King rea
lizes the distant blood relationship between him and Rassendyll. Rassendyll find
s some points of difference between them too but declares them as negligible. Fu
rthermore, when Rassendyll tells them about his plan to attend the coronation ce
remony, Colonel Sapt and Fritz both object to his going to Strelsau. On the cont
rary, Rudolf Elphberg doesn’t take it seriously and allows him to. He invites Ra
ssendyll to an informal dinner at the shooting lodge. They enjoy the company fol
lowed with dinner and drinks. This continues till at night.

SYED NAWED NAQVI

THE SUMMERHOUSE INCIDENT
OR
A NIGHT OUTSIDE THE CASTLE
OR
A NEW USE FOR A TEA-TABLE
This incident belongs to the “Crisis” of the novel “The Prisoner of Zenda”. Anth
ony Hope Hawkins has manipulated the plot of the story in such a beautiful manne
r that the reader enjoys full adventurous and thrilling spirit of it.
After the coronation ceremony, when there was a deadlock between the two rivals:
Rassendyll and Michael, Rassendyll continues to impersonate the King. One day,
Rassendyll receives a letter from a lady, who afterward comes to be recognized a
s Madame De Mauban, requesting him to visit the summerhouse for information abou
t the King. It is said that he should come alone to settle the matters. Rassendy
ll discusses it with Colonel Sapt, who suggests it as one of the traps from the
enemy. Rassendyll makes up his mind to face the situation. He visits the summerh
ouse, followed by Col. Sapt for defense. Entering the gate of the summerhouse, h
e comes across a woman in total darkness. She is Madame De Mauban. She warns him
against Michael. In fact, she betrays Michael because she does not wish him to
marry Princess Flavia. In a moment, the three of Michael’s Six: Detchard, Berson
in and De Gautet come to attack and kill Rassendyll. He controls his senses and
feels their cruel intentions. First they offer him a sum of fifty thousand pound
s and a safe conduct to the frontier. When Rassendyll plays act as if he accept
s their offer, they prepare themselves for the butchery they have come to execut
e on Michael’s command. He catches hold of an iron table, which is lying there i
n a way that it works as a shield for his body against the fires of the enemy an
d throws it on all of them. They are trapped under it. In this way, he makes a n
arrow escape and he rides back to the palace safe and sound. There he tells the
story to his friends who enjoy it and also warns him to avoid such careless and
risky visits in the future.
SYED NAWED NAQVI
THE CORONATION CEREMONY
The incident of the coronation ceremony is a very glamorous and interesting one,
which occurs in chapters four, five and six of the novel “The Prisoner of Zenda
”. This incident helps generate a “temporary conflict” in the story. The author
has discussed each and every detail of the procession, which passes through the
streets of the capital city “Strelsau”.
When at last, Rudolf Rassendyll, impersonating the King of Ruritania reaches the
Cathedral; he finds a fine building, which was tastefully decorated with statue
s and pictures. Rudolf says that on entering the church, he fully realizes what
dangers he is going to brave in this adventure which he has so carelessly undert
aken. In the church, he meets Princess Flavia for the first time as well as Blac
k Michael who are his near relations since he is acting as the King. Here the ex
pressions of Michael are noticeable because he has not been aware of the fact th
at his plan has been dragged down into the mire through the wise decision of Sap
t. He has been living in the fool’s paradise that he will be the king after some
time, as Rudolf Elphberg cannot make himself present at the coronation. However
, when he looks at Rassendyll, supposing him to be the king, his complexion sudd
enly changes and he is stunned.
He kneels down before the Cardinal, who anoints his head and presents to him the
crown of Ruritania. After all the ceremony necessary for his coronation has bee
n performed, the Marshal gives orders to the heralds to proclaim him the King of
Ruritania. Then Princess comes to him and greets him as King. The Cardinal pres
ented to him a letter from the pope of Rome. The last person who comes to meet h
im is Black Michael. The two supposed brothers embrace each other with an outwar
d show of love and regards. No one presents in the church at all shows any signs
of doubt as to Rudolf’s impersonation. The Rassendyll serves the purpose and ev
eryone in the church comes and kisses his hand to pay his homage to the new King
.
Then the procession marches back through the streets and go to the Royal Palace.
Rudolf is in a carriage along with Princess Flavia and he plays his part so wel
l that even Princess Flavia cannot find out that she is not talking to the real
King. Talking thus, they arrive at the palace and hear the boom of guns and blar
e of trumpets.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT
Practice Exercise
1. “It is certainly a great privilege to hear you talk,” answered little Hans si
tting down and wiping his forehead, “A very great privilege. But I am afraid I s
hall never have such beautiful ideas as you have.”
2. “What a silly boy you are!” cried the miller. “I really don’t know what is th
e use of sending you to school. You seem not to learn anything. If little Hans c
ome here and saw our warm fire and our good super, and our great cask of wine, h
e might get envious, and envy is the most terrible thing and would spoil anybody
’s nature.
3. “Sir, you hand better let me take you hose to the blacksmith to have a shoe p
ut on.” “No,” said the farmer, “It does not matter much. I am already late and i
f I wait I will get still more lately. I have only a few miles to go and my hors
e can take me so far without a shoe.”
4. The teacher became angry with the student and said, “Why have you disturbed t
he class in this way? I have told you before that when I am speaking you should
be silent. Leave the room and do not return today."
5. She said to the king, “Has your Majesty any doubt of this man’s guilt? There
is the very sword with which he meant to kill you. How sharp and bright and terr
ible it is! Quick, let him taste the milk; or he may perhaps do the deed even ye
t.”
6. “Sir, I want work. May I earn a penny?” said the lad, “Well,” said the man, a
fter a pause, “you shall take my son home, and I will give you a penny. Shall I
give you your penny now?”
7. “What do you want to know?” the Owl asked. “I am seeking the wild goose.” Rep
lied the little Boy. The Owl blinked, coughed a little and said, “The wild goose
is an inhabitant of many parts of the globe. It fled westward half an hour befo
re sunset.”
8. “Do you come to make inquiries?” he said. “I do,” the young stranger replied.
“A friend of mine is missing and I think he is staying with you.” “Yes, I have
a man staying with me, but I do not know whether he is your missing friend,” he
said.
9. “You are very ill-mannered Giant,” answered the stranger quietly, “and I shal
l probably have to teach you a little civility before we part. As for my name, i
t is Hercules. I have come hither because this is my most convenient road to the
garden of Hesperides whither I am going to get three of the golden apples for t
he King Eurystheus.”
10. “I have begun my picture of yours among the Scotch firs, Maggie,” said Phili
p, “so you must let me study your face. Please turn you head this way.” “I shall
be sitting for my second portrait then,” she said smiling. “Will it be larger t
han the other?” “Oh yes, much larger. It is an oil painting, “replied Philip.
11. “What in the world, my little fellow,” said Hercules, “may you be?” “I am yo
ur enemy,” answered the valiant pygmy, “You have slain the enormous Antaeus, our
brother, and for ages the faithful ally of our nation. We are determined to put
you to death. I challenge you to instant battle on equal ground.”
12. “I seem to myself like a child,” said Newton, “playing on the sea shore and
picking up here and there a curious shell or a pretty pebble, while the boundles
s ocean of Truth lies undiscovered before me.”
13. “Mother,” he said, “Whatever you do, you will always be dear to me. But one
thing I have a right to say, which is, that at my age I am old enough to know wh
at is best for me.”
14. Peterkin said gravely, “Do you believe in ghosts, Ralph?” “No,” Ralph answer
ed, “I do not. Nevertheless, I must confess that strange unaccountable sounds, s
uch as we have just heard, make me feel a little uneasy.”
15. “They got the money, you say? Hawkins, what were they after? More money. I s
uppose?” he said, “No sir, not money I think,” replied Hawkins, “In fact, sir, I
believe I have the thing in my breast-pocket. To tell you the truth, I should l
ike to get it put in safety.”
SYED NAWED NAQVI
The Solitary Reaper
Q.1: Who wrote the poem The Solitary Reaper and what kind of poetry is this
?
A. Williams Wordsworth is a poet who has a unique and artificial style. His
work shows his life long for natural beauty, which gives him the title “The Poe
t of the Nature.”
“William Wordsworth is the greatest interpreter of nature’s message.”
-(WJ Long)
The “Solitary Reaper” like most of his poem, reflects Wordsworth belief in the e
ternity of beauty in every form.
“The love of nature led him to the love of humanity.”
The poem entitled “The Solitary Reaper” relates to an incident, which deeply ins
pired the poet when he was walking alone through the barren hills of Scotland. H
e was fascinated by the sweet voice of a girl, who was singing a song in her nat
ive language.
“Music in universal language of mankind.”
Q.2: What is the message of the poem?
A. We conclude that music has it’s own charm either it is of any language t
hat’s why the poet impressed by her voice left prints on his memory.
“Great music is that which penetrates the ear with facility and leaves the memor
y with difficulty. Magical music never leaves the memory.”
Q.3: How does the poet portray the scene?
A. The poet was on long walks along the barren hills of Scotland when he sa
w a young girl. She was all alone in the field, harvesting the crops and singing
a song in a pensive tone. The poet was profoundly fascinated by the melody and
her voice left an everlasting impression on the mind of the poet. This impressio
n motivated the poet to write a poem in appreciation of the melodies voice of th
e girl.
“Sweet child is the sweetest thing in nature.” -(Charless Lame)
Q.4: Why does the poet use the similies of the nightingale and cuckoo-bird?
A. The poet says that the voice of the girl scattered all over the deep val
ley. He says that the musical notes of the young singer are symmetrical to the t
hrilling songs of the Nightingale and the Cuckoo. They were far sweeter than the
humming of birds and impressed the heart deeply.
“Music is power that rules without sword.” (Jack Noble)
Q.5: Why was the poet unable to understand the song of that girl?
A. The poet says that although he failed to understand the exact wordings o
f the song, as the girl was singing in Gaelic, a Celtic language, he could feel
the sorrow and grief in her voice. In the end, the poet realizes that although h
e would never again get the opportunity to listen to that melodies voice.
“Music is the nutrition of one’s soul.”
Q.6: How does the poet compare the song the reaper with the song of two birds
?
The poem entitled The Solitary Reaper is composed by William Wordsworth. He is a
poet who has developed hi own immensely valuable theories concerning poetry. Th
is is the reason why he possesses a unique and artificial style. His work shows
his life long love for natural beauty, which gives him the title Poet of Nature.
This poem relates to incident, which deeply inspired the poet when he was walkin
g alone through the barren hills of Scotland. He was fascinated by the sweet voi
ce of a girl, who was singing a song in her native language.
The poet says that the musical notes of the young singer are symmetrical to the
thrilling songs of the Nightingale and the Cuckoo. They were far sweeter than th
e humming of birds and impressed the heart deeply. The voice leaves a deeper imp
act than the song sung by the Cuckoo birds. It gives more than just breaking the
serenity and tranquility of the lonely seas.
The poet makes the competition of Solitary Reaper to the sweetest songs of Night
ingale and Cuckoo birds simply to express his linking for her lovely song. The s
ong echoes in the whole valley. He impressed the poet deeply. He therefore, comp
ares her voice with that of sweet birds. It has magnificent effect on the poet.
It is flight of his imagination.
Q.7: The poet makes the competition of Solitary Reaper to the sweetest songs
of Nightingale and Cuckoo birds simply to express his linking for her lovely son
g. The song echoes in the whole valley. He- How does the poet compare the song t
he reaper with the song of two birds?
The poem entitled The Solitary Reaper is composed by William Wordsworth. He is a
poet who has developed hi own immensely valuable theories concerning poetry. Th
is is the reason why he possesses a unique and artificial style. His work shows
his life long love for natural beauty, which gives him the title Poet of Nature.
This poem relates to incident, which deeply inspired the poet when he was walkin
g alone through the barren hills of Scotland. He was fascinated by the sweet voi
ce of a girl, who was singing a song in her native language.
The poet says that the musical notes of the young singer are symmetrical to the
thrilling songs of the Nightingale and the Cuckoo. They were far sweeter than th
e humming of birds and impressed the heart deeply. The voice leaves a deeper imp
act than the song sung by the Cuckoo birds. It gives more than just breaking the
serenity and tranquility of the lonely seas. impressed the poet deeply. He ther
efore, compares her voice with that of sweet birds. It has magnificent effect on
the poet. It is flight of his imagination.
Q.8: The poet makes the competition of Solitary Reaper to the sweetest songs
of Nightingale and Cuckoo birds simply to express his linking for her lovely son
g. The song echoes in the whole valley. He- How does the poet compare the song t
he reaper with the song of two birds?
The poem entitled The Solitary Reaper is composed by William Wordsworth. He is a
poet who has developed hi own immensely valuable theories concerning poetry. Th
is is the reason why he possesses a unique and artificial style. His work shows
his life long love for natural beauty, which gives him the title Poet of Nature.
This poem relates to incident, which deeply inspired the poet when he was walkin
g alone through the barren hills of Scotland. He was fascinated by the sweet voi
ce of a girl, who was singing a song in her native language.
The poet says that the musical notes of the young singer are symmetrical to the
thrilling songs of the Nightingale and the Cuckoo. They were far sweeter than th
e humming of birds and impressed the heart deeply. The voice leaves a deeper imp
act than the song sung by the Cuckoo birds. It gives more than just breaking the
serenity and tranquility of the lonely seas. impressed the poet deeply. He ther
efore, compares her voice with that of sweet birds. It has magnificent effect on
the poet. It is flight of his imagination.

Ulysses
Q.1: Who wrote Ulysses and what kind of poem is this?
A. The poem Ulysses is from the desk of Alfred Lord Tennyson, who occupies
a very important and prominent position in the domain of English Literature. He
is a representative poet of Victorian era. His technical excellence added great
beauty and grace to his works. His remarkable poems are “Lady of Shallot” and “T
he lotus eaters.”
Ulysses is a long, magnificent and moral boosting poem. The poem tells the story
of the bravest Greek heroes, Ulysses of Homer’s Odyssey”. He is the symbol of a
dventurous spirit, courage and thirst for knowledge.
Q.2: Who was Ulysses and what is his aim in the light of the poem Ulysses ?
A. “A man of courage is also a man of faith.” -(Cicero)
Ulysses was a Greek hero and the King of Ithaca. He had spent most of his life i
n voyages and had always filled with the spirit of courage. His life was based o
n the principle of struggle and courage.
“Labor and struggle conquer everything.” -(Homer)
In this speech, Ulysses paid high tribute to his mariners who worked with him. H
e showed them light of the moon appearing from behind the cliffs, as a symbol or
sign of hope and success. He demanded them of the past and got prepared for ano
ther voyage. Ulysses believed that struggle should continue as long as they live
d. He was conscious about the dangers and hazards involved in such exploitation
but he was prepared to meet all the challenges.
“When all else is lost
Future still remains.”
Q.3: How did Ulysses encourage his sailors?
A. Ulysses admitted that with the passage of time, the major part of their
lives and much for their energies have been used up and they had grown weaker. H
owever, their determination was as strong as ever and they do not find them them
selves lacking in strength. They are always ready for efforts to discover new la
nds, and under no circumstances, living up their struggle until ultimate success
is achieved. Ulysses pointed out the fact that the spirit and heart of his sail
ors had not been affected by time and misfortune.
“Lighter is the task when many share the toil.” -(Homer)
Q.4: What is the theme of the poem Ulysses ?
A. His message for all of us is that with the help of our unshaken will pow
er, confidence and courage, we must keep struggling till our last breath. We mus
t explore our destination and we should never surrender.
“Struggle is the father of all thing… it is not by the principles of humanity th
at man lives or is able to preserve himself above the animal world, but solely b
y means of the most brutal struggle.”(Adolph Hitler)
Twenty Minutes with Mrs. Oakentubb
Q- Why did the meeting with the Korean girl ‘him’ the purpose to live in Tw
enty Minutes with Mrs. Oakentubb?
Twenty Minutes with Mrs. Oakentubb is an effective little piece of emotional dra
ma written by Frank Arthur. Frank Arthur is known for his achievements as a civi
l servant, novelist and scriptwriter. It is a rare specimen of a melodrama fille
d with thrill and suspense. The play is notable for the skilful manipulation of
suspense.
The man had a severe accident in June 1953 in Korea. He was severely wounded and
wanted to die. He fainted and when he regained consciousness, he saw a young Ko
rean girl bending over him. She smiled at him and her smile gave him the courage
to live. The smile made him realize what his daughter was killed along with her
mother in a road accident. They were overrun by a car, which was being driven r
ecklessly by Mrs. Judy Oakentubb. She was held guilty of manslaughter and was se
ntenced to 18-month imprisonment but according to him it was a plain deliberate
heartless murder. So, he was going to Stainthorpe in order to avenge the murder
of his wife and daughter.
Q- Why did the man kill Mrs.Oakentubb? Was he right or wrong in doing so? G
ive reasons for your answer.
Twenty Minutes with Mrs. Oakentubb is an effective little piece of emotional dra
ma written by Frank Arthur. Frank Arthur is known for his achievements as a civi
l servant, novelist and scriptwriter.
The man killed Mrs. Oakentubb because her daughter was killed along with her mot
her in a road accident and they were overrun by a car, which was being driven re
cklessly by Mrs. Judy Oakentubb. She was held guilty of manslaughter and was sen
tenced to 18-month imprisonment but according to him it was a plain deliberate h
eartless murder. So, he was going to Stainthorpe in order to avenge the murder o
f his wife and daughter.
The woman told the man that his wife and daughters were killed in the accident.
It was not a murder. But he did not agree. He said that she was drunk and was dr
iving the car very fast to reach the coast from Stainthorpe. She led a bed with
one of her companions to cover the long distance within 15 minutes while it coul
d be covered in half an hour. She drove recklessly and killed his wife and daugh
ter. So, it was a deliberate murder.
By chance he read the name of Mrs. Oakentubb, written on the label of the suitca
se, which belonged to the lady who was conversing with him. He was sure that the
lady, who was standing before him, was Mrs. Judy Oakentubb. He Pulled a revolve
r from his pocket and pointed at her. Mrs. Judy Oakentubb recoiled and told him
that she had been in perpetual agony ever since the accident took place. She pos
ed herself as a repentant lady over the tragic accident. She instead of asking f
or her life implored for her death that according to her was a mean of escaping
from the mental torture. Believing in her statement, he decided to leave her and
give her no punishment, as living with a sense of self-rapprochement was an ide
al punishment for the lady. He said:
“Yes! You are right! It would be a greater punishment to live.”
He pocketed his revolver and walked out leaving her sobbing. As soon as he left
the room, she came to her real self. She expressed her hatred for the man observ
ing her from outside. He opened the door suddenly, raised the revolver and shot
her dead. It is rightly said:
“Often a clever culprit is caught by the trap of his own blunders.”
Those who cause tragedies in the lives of others inevitably meet the tragic end.
Beyond any shadow of doubt an evildoer is the engineer of his own catasrophe.
Q- vengeance is not wickedness. It is not wicked to punish the evildoer.
The lines, given for contextual explanation, are an extract from the play entitl
ed Twenty Minutes with Mrs. Oakentubb, written by Frank Arthur.
In English literature, Frank Arthur is known as a novelist and a playwright. He
has the quality to present suspense skillfully. The readers remain captivated ti
ll the end, while reading his novels. Here, in these lines, the man character ca
lled. He in the story is justifying that revenge is not wickedness. Furthermore
it is not wickedness to punish the evildoer. Actually his daughter was killed al
ong with her mother in a road accident. They were overrun by a car, which was be
ing driven recklessly by Mrs. Judy Oakentubb. She was held guilty of manslaughte
r and was sentenced to 18-month imprisonment but according to him it was a plain
deliberate heartless murder. So, he was going to Stainthorpe in order to avenge
the murder of his wife and daughter.
The woman told the man that his wife and daughter were killed in the accident. I
t was not a murder. But he did not agree. He said that she was drunk and was dri
ving the car very fast to reach the coast from Stainthorpe. She led a bet with o
ne of her companions to cover the long distance within 15 minutes while it could
be covered in half an hour. She drove recklessly and killed his wife and daught
er. So, it was deliberate murder.
The woman, who was the murderer herself, tried to persuade him not to take reven
ge but she failed. He was very determined to take the revenge.
Q- Explain the importance of the label on Mrs. Oakentubb’s suitcase. Why do
es she hide it?
The label on the suitcase was bearing the name, “Mrs. Judy Oakentubb.” The man h
ad already seen it as she entered the waiting room. The lady tired to hide it be
cause the man had told her that he was looking for Mrs. Judy Oakentubb to take r
evenge of the murder of his wife and daughter. He was pretending as if he had no
t recognized her.
Q3 Why did the man kill Mrs. Oakentubb? Was he right or wrong in doing so? Give
reasons for your answer.
Twenty Minutes with Mrs. Oakentubb is an effective little piece of emotional dra
ma by Frank Arthur. Frank Arthur is known for his achievements as a civil servan
t, novelist and scriptwriter.
The man killed Mrs. Oakentubb because her daughter was killed along with her mot
her in a road accident and they were overrun by a car, which was being driven re
cklessly by Mrs. Judy Oakentubb. She was held guilty of manslaughter and was sen
tenced to 18-month imprisonment but according to him it was a plain deliberate h
eartless murder. So, he was going to Stainthorpe in order to average the murder
of his wife and daughter.
The women told the man his wife and daughter were killed in the accident. It was
not a murder. But he did not agree. He said that she was drunk and was driving
the car very fast to reach the coast from Stainthorpe. She led a bet with one of
her companions to cover the long distance within 15 minutes while it could be c
overed in half an hour. She drove recklessly and killed his wife and daughter. S
o, it was a deliberate murder. By chance he read the name of Mrs. Oakentubb, wri
tten on the label of the suitcase, which belonged to the lady who was conversing
with him. He was sure that the lady, who was standing before him, was Mrs. Judy
Oakentubb. He pulled a revolver from his pocket and pointed at her Mrs. Judy Oa
kentubb recoiled and told him that she had been in perpetual agony ever since th
e accident took place. She posed herself as a repentant lady over the tragic acc
ident. She instead of asking for her life implored for her death that according
to her was a mean of escaping from the mental torture. Believing in her statemen
t, he decided to leave her and give her go punishment, as living with a sense of
self-rapprochement was an ideal punishment for the lady. He said:
“Yes! You are right! It would be a greater punishment to live.”
He pocketed his revolver and walked out leaving her sobbing. As soon as he left
the room, she came to her real self. She expressed her hatred for the man observ
ing her from outside. He opened the door suddenly, raised the revolver and shot
her dead. It is rightly said:
“Often a clever culprit is caught by the trap of his own blunders.”
Those who cave tragedies in the lives of other inevitably meet the tragic end. B
eyond any shadow of doubt an evildoer is the engineer of his own catastrophe.
Q- Write down a character sketch of Mrs. Oakentubb.
CHARACTER SKETCH OF MRS. OAKENTUBB
Introduction:
Mrs. Judy Oakentubb has a graceful personality. She looks very charming because
of her well set grey hair. She is the wife of a wealthy merchant and wearing a w
edding ring. When she first appeares with a suitcase at a small railway station,
she is heavily wrapped with scarf, hat, gloves and fur coat, all slightly wet f
rom the rain. She is going to Stainthrope. Unfortunately, she is killed by a per
son whose wife and daughter havebeen murdered by Mrs. Oakentubb when she is driv
ing her car at a terrible speed to win a bet.
Characteristics:
A Drunkard
Mrs. Oakentubb is fond of drinking and occasionally attends cocktail parties at
various places for the sake of enjoyment.
Liked Fast Driving:
She likes fast driving. Once she kills a woman and her daughter when she is tryi
ng to overtake a bus only to win a bet.
Selfish Lady:
She is a selfish woman. One day she is driving her car very fast to win a bet. S
uddenly a lorry comesin front of her car when she is overtaking a bus. She turns
her car immediately towards the footpath and crushes a woman and her daughter o
nly to save herself.
Clever Woman:
She is very clever women. She doesnot lose heart in difficult situation. She tri
es to impress the passenger in the waiting room and told him that she is very sa
d at the death of is wife and daughter. She cheats the man through her acting.
Careless Driver:
She kills the man’s wife and daughter because of her fast driving. She even does
notcare the persons who were going on the footpath.
Wiser able Death:
The man knowsvery soon that Mrs. Oakentubb has killed his wife and daughter. So
he wants to take revenge but he does’t kill her and gets out of the room. She, a
t once, jumps in joy. He returns, and as he seesher in this condition, he kills
her and leaves room immediately without wasting his time.
“The World As I See It”
Q.1: What is Einstein s view on war?
A. Albert Einstein expresses his views on war and peace. He says that war s
eems to him a mean and hateful thing. He would rather die than take part in such
a hateful business. He hates war because he is humanist. He is fully aware of t
he fact that thousands of innocent people are killed mercilessly and purposeless
ly in the war. No doubt he hates war but does not hate human beings. He thinks
that man is not blood-chirsty and the curse of war would have disappeared long a
go if the sound sense of the nations had not been corrupted by political and com
mercial interests. He means to say that war break out because the commercial and
political interest of various nations is involved.
Einstein is a great lover of humanity. He believes that the highest purpose of a
man’s life if to serve humanity and people must live in peace and tranquility.
He wants to say that if nations ignore their commercial and political interests
and if mankind learns a degree of mutual respect, this world will become a place
of happiness and nations will not think of waging wars against each other. No d
oubt Einstein is a noble man and has noble ideas. He is not only a humanist but
also a pacifist.
Q.2: What are the real ideals of life according to Einstein?
A. Einstein has expressed his views on the ideals of his life. His ideals h
ave been Truth, Goodness and beauty which have brightened up his ways of life an
d have given him a new courage to face the problems, difficulties and hardships
of life with a smile.
Beauty is truth, truth beauty – that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know
Thus we see that the ideals which Einstein cherishers, are high ideals of life.
He loves these ideals give spiritual pleasure. In other words these ideals give
spiritual pleasure to every person who loves these ideals.
He, then, talks about the sense of fellowship with man of like mind. He wants to
 say that life is colourless and meaningless if a man does not enjoy the company
and fellowship of like minded people and if a person is not preoccupied with th
e objective, which is not attainable in the field of art and scientific research
. We are really startled when Einstein says that property, outward success and l
uxury are the ordinary objects of human endeavor. We are at a loss to understand
when he finally says than these objects have always seemed to him contemptible.
But we are deliberate over the philosophical ideas; we come to the conclusion t
hat Albert Einstein is right.
Q,3: Give Albert Einstein s views on Human life?
A. He has given his views on human life and conduct of human beings. Its su
bject is closely related to man and life. He has talked about politics, rights,
way of living, war, mystery of the universe, etc.
Einstein has talked about the character and how a man conducts his life. Man liv
es in society and takes part in every type of social, moral, and economical acti
vities. He sometimes thinks about the reason behind his existence by mostly he i
s indulged in materialistic activities. According to Einstein, everyone acts not
only under external compulsion but also in accordance with inner necessity. The
refore it relates to his life-style. If his life-style is complicated and he nee
ds to strive greater to maintain it, he is in, both, mental and physical stress.
That is why; Einstein says that he considers that a simple life-style is the be
t for everyone. It is easy to achieve and of course it is easy to maintain. So a
ma having a plain living is free from all type of mental and physical stress.
Q.4: What, in Einstein s opinion, is the fairest experience of life?
A. In his philosophical and thought-provoking passage Albert Einstein says
that the experience of the mysterious objects given birth to art and science. Cu
riosity is the emotion, which is found in almost all persons but if there is a p
erson who is devoid of curiosity and mystery, is just like a dead wood and a snu
ffed-out candle. It means that such a person can’t do any thing in the world. A
snuffed-out candle is useless as it cannot brighten up the ways of the world and
it cannot guide anyone. Similarly a person devoid of curiosity and mystery is o
f no help to any one. Einstein further says that it was the experience of myster
y that gave birth of religion.
In this passage Albert Einstein has expressed his views on religion and mystery
without any mental reservation. He is a straightforward man and whatever he has
experienced he has described it unhesitatingly. He rightly says that curiosity o
f man has led to the birth and growth of true art and true science. He has delib
erated almost on every aspect of human life and has drawn certain conclusions wi
th which he has acquainted us. We which he has expressed in this passage and we
spontaneously utter that Einstein is a learned broad-minded, sagacious and strai
ghtforward man.
Q.5: What does Einstein says about democracy?
A. He strongly believes that one should lead a simple life as simple life i
s conducive to health and happiness. Plain life keeps a person fit physically an
d mentally. If a man leads a luxurious life, he has to run after worldly wealth
and remains worried because he always thinks of earning more and more money by f
air means or foul. Thus he has no peace of mind and peace of heart. His health d
eteriorates due to worries and cares. But if a man leads a simple life, he has n
o worries and cares and leads a pleasant, peaceful and contented life.
Einstein also expresses his views on class differences which, he thinks, are con
trary to justice and are based on force and compulsion. Thus we can say that he
is strongly opposed to class differences and perhaps he wants to say that he is
strongly opposed to class differences and perhaps he wants to say that these cla
ss differences must not exist in any human society. He really believes in equali
ty and fraternity.
Q6. What did Einstein think about property, outward success, luxury and war?
The World as I See It is an interesting essay in which Albert Einstein has expre
ssed his personal views about the purpose and ideals of life; democracy and dict
atorship; war and peace; mystery and religion. There were several things that Ei
nstein mentioned in this connection.
Einstein goes on to declare that he does not believe in class differences. Einst
ein also declares that he believes in simple living and a simple way of life. Ne
xt, he expresses his opinion regarding freedom. Einstein declares that he defini
tely believes in freedom but he does not believe in unlimited freedom because ac
cording to Einstein unlimited freedom in not possible, Further, Einstein goes on
to talk about his ideas and goals in life. These are for three in number truth,
goodness and beauty. Einstein says that friendship should be made only with lik
e-minded people. Einstein at time prefers to be alone so that he can think well.
Einstein now moves to another factor and that is the system of Government. Acco
rding to Einstein democracy if practiced correctly, is the best form of Governme
nt for any country. While talking about Governments, he goes on to declare that
he is totally against war and he has always favored peace.
He goes on to say that he loves to solve the mysteries of the Universe. As such
he was fond of solving all mysteries. In the end, Einstein is very grateful for
the fact that he is still living and that he is trying to contribute in solving
the mysteries of this Universe.
“This life which seems so fair is like a bubble blown up in air.”
Albert Einstein also expressed his views on war and peace. He said that war seem
s to him a mean and hateful thing. He would rather die than take part in such a
hateful business. He hated war because he was humanist. He was fully aware of th
e fact that thousands of innocent people are killed mercilessly and purposelessl
y in the war. No doubt he hated war but did not hate human beings. He thought th
at man is no blood-thirsty and the curse of war would have disappeared long ago
if the sound sense of the nations had not been corrupted by political and commer
cial interests. He meant to say that war break out because the commercial and po
litical interest of various nations in involved.
Einstein was a great lover of humanity. He believed that the highest purpose of
a man’s life is to serve humanity and people must live in peace and tranquility.
He wanted to say that if nations ignore their commercial and political interest
s and if mankind learns a degree of mutual respect, this world will become a pla
ce of happiness and nations will not think of waging wars against each other. No
doubt Einstein was a noble man and had noble ideas. He was not only a humanist
but also a pacifist.

DENGUE VIRUS
Dengue is a mosquito-born infection which in recent years has become a major pub
lic health concern. It is found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the
world, predominantly in urban and semi-urban areas, and nowadays in Pakistan.
Dengue fever is a severe, flu-like illness that affects infants, young children
and adults, but seldom causes death.
The clinical features of dengue fever vary according to the age of the patient,
infants and young children may have a nonspecific febrile illness with rash. Old
er children and adults may have either a mild febrile syndrome or the classical
incapacitating disease with abrupt onset and high fever, sever head ache, pain b
ehind the eyes, muscle and joint pains, and rash.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a potentially deadly complication that is characteri
zed by high fever, hemorrhagic phenomena often with enlargement of the liver and
in severe cases, circulatory failure. The illness commonly begins with a sudden
rise in temperature accompanied by facial and other non-specific constitutional
symptoms of dengue fever. The fever usually continues for two to seven days and
can be as high as 40 – 410C, possibly with febrile convulsions and hemorrhagic
phenomena.
In moderate DHF cases, all signs and symptoms abate after the fever subsides. In
severe cases, the patient’s condition may suddenly deteriorate after a few days
of fever, the temperature drops, followed by signs of circulatory failure, and
the patient may rapidly go into a critical state of shock and die within 12-24 h
ours. Or quickly recover following appropriate volume replacement therapy.
There is no specific treatment for dengue fever. However, careful clinical manag
ement by experienced physicians and nurses frequently saves the lives of DHF pat
ients with appropriate intensive supportive therapy, mortality may be recluse to
less than one percent. Maintenance of the circulating fluid volume is central f
eature of DHF case management.
At present, the only method of controlling or preventing dengue and DHF is to co
mbat vector mosquitoes.
Vector control is implemented using environmental management and chemical method
s. Proper solid waste disposal and improved water storage practices, including c
overing containers to prevent access by egg laying female mosquitoes are among m
ethods that are encouraged through community based programmers for this we will
be able to get rid of Dengue.
TERRORISM
Defining terrorism has become so polemical and subjective undertaking as to rese
mble an art rather than a science. Media coverage of terrorist incidents over th
e years has father confounded the difficulties of defining terrorism, which is v
ariously described as the work of, among other, ‘commandos’, extremists, ‘fundam
entalists’, and ‘guerrillas’.
It is evident from the history of political life of mankind that the device of t
error had been used to attain political goals. It is in no case a new developmen
t of world of politics. The oppressive expansionists, colonialists and so called
conquerors had resorted to perpetrate terror upon the weak countries and enslav
ed their people, it is state terrorism which was invented by Romans.
Terrorism is an insurrectional strategy that can be used by the people of very d
ifferent political convictions.
“As the technology of terrorism can be mastered by peopl
e of all creeds, so does its philosophy transcend the traditional dividin
g lines between political doctrines. It is truly all purpose and value free”.
Some terrorists have an authentic and fanatical commitment to a cause, but in fa
ct are nihilists for whom bloodshed is an end in itself. In the world history wh
at the European settlers did with the local Red Indian tribes of America, the so
uthern USA confederates did with Negro slaves and what Hitler did with Jews in t
he first half of 20th century and what the Britisher did with the Indian Muslims
while snatching power from the Moghals were the few examples of naked terrorism
. In recent years there has also been a proliferation of groups that combine fan
aticism in ideology with cold, rational professionalism in the planning and exec
ution of violent acts. All kinds of terrorists share an inability to see people
as individuals rather than as representatives of a political kidnap, torture and
murder strangers in order to intimidate distinct Governments.
The definition of terrorism is still a matter of debate can the Britisher say th
at what George Washington did to throw the yoke of British rule was terrorism, c
an the present. Israel Government can say that the struggle of existence of the
Palestinians Arabs from the tyrants domination of Jews is terrorism and are shed
ding blood of occupation forces in Kashmir who are shedding blood of Kashmiri fr
eedom fighters can categorize the freedom struggle of Kashmir’s to be terrorism.
On 9 - 11th, 2001 some unknown terrorists struck the pentagon Washington and Tr
ade tower New York by hijack planes of United Airline, It was no doubt a great d
isastrous event in which thousands of innocent people were killed and property w
orth of billions of dollars was destroyed. Such on act of terrorism has to be co
ndemned. However in retaliation of this boldly act of terrorism what America and
great Britain had done in Afghanistan mostly women and children is a proof of b
edlam activity were killed and nearly 60,000 civilian were buried in the grave,
which is also highly condemnable act and a bad example of state terrorism later
what Americans and Britishers did in Marach- April 2003 and continuously massacr
ing the Iraqis till date up to new are naked expansionism and barbaric torture a
nd terrorism perpetrated on civilian population.
It is high time that the Americans and British rulers should discharge their res
ponsibility to restore human rights the world over. Specially USA should adopt t
he policy of “Live and let live” and give up his aggressive designs against Pale
stinians, Arabs, Iraq, Iran and also North Korea. The Britisher should not play
the role of Jackal following a tiger and hideous and shady activities to act on
“THE NEW WORLD ORDER”
Truly speaking America and Britain should stop the Russians to kill chechnian, I
ndia to kill Kashim freedom fighters and stop Israel to mercilessly kill the Pal
estinian Arabs. Better late than never, it is high time for them to evacuate Ira
q.
CRICKET
Cricket is one of the most popular and exciting out door sports. Some of us get
the opportunity to play first class cricket, but there are millions who enjoy s
eeing it being played. It gives us moments of leisure and pleasure and fills us
with a competitive spirit. I with messed the demonstration of the greatest excit
ement and determination at National stadium, Karachi.
It was a final day. A large number of people including men, women and children f
rom all walks of life gathered there and enjoy the match between Pakistan and We
st Indies. To be a good sports term, one has to be aggressive and this was shown
in the previous match. West Indies won the toss and invited Pakistan to bat fir
st. This was a big blonder that their captain had made. Shahid Afridi and Salman
But were sent as openers. It was a right decision by the captain, because Shahi
dn Afridi slammed the ball over the field. IT was due to his hard hitting that P
akistan achieved a good start Salman But was very careful and most of the time s
imply obstructed. The bowling was quite strong, due to which Salman But was not
able to score a single run for the first fifteen minutes. But as time passed, he
grasped the strategy of the bowlers and began to fully support Afridi. He compl
eted his half-century by playing keen and beautiful shots. When he was at a scor
e of 88, the first slip caught him smartly. In this way, the first wicket of Pak
istan fell at a total of 130. After him, Shahid Afridi could not steadily face t
he bowlers and proceeded towards the pavilion in a short time. Muhammad Younis b
egan his batting when the Pakistani team was playing at 135. Along with Inzamamu
m Ul Haw, he pulled up the score to 170. the next four men were dismissed very q
uickly two bowled one caught and one out leg before wickets. However made a stan
d and was able to increase the score to 218. At this moment 10 overs remained an
d three wickets in hand played a beautiful inning and Pakistani team snatched at
total 269 for 8.
This terrifying score market down the morals of the team. They made only ten run
s. However, their middle order batsmen made a great effort and cheered the term
as the openers let down and gave poor start. Inzaman-ul-Haq was the person who c
aught the second middle order batsmen at 70. The following batsmen also played q
uite well and raised up the score to 220 for 5. This situation was exciting and
pointed out to the defeat if Pakistan. However, when come to bowl, the hopes of
Pakistanis revived. He bowled extraordinary well and just after 5 overs, the WES
IINDIES term had reached 260 for 7. The rival needed barely 10 runs to win in 1
over. The down order batsmen shoot up well, score kept on increasing gradually a
nd they reached to 266. It was the last ball.
Team requiring 4 runs to win and ……… was on the other side of the wicket. As soo
n as he bowled, the wickets were slammed and Pakistan was granted another exciti
ng victory over West Indies team. The crowd went in made uproar, congratulating
their national champions for the great success.
Note: “You can change the name of players, team as according the situation of th
e match for this I underlined the name of players and term.
WOMEN’S ROLE OF OUR SOCIETY
It is a gustening fact that creation of a woman is a fine creative work of the A
l mighty Allah. She has been bestowed divan responsibility. For the fulfillment
of her duties, She has been awarded reverential grace. Her reverence is universa
l.
A woman performs different roles in this world. She is the phenomena of rainbow
as well as the reflection of spiritual love. Her task is grand in this world. He
r role has been sublime, noble and exalted in past age as well as in the modern
world.
Fundamental role which she plays in this universe is the role of a generous moth
er. She takes utmost care for her children from the age of infancy. Its only the
personality of mother, who faces innumerable and endless difficulties. In the u
pbringing of her children so that they might be happy in their future life. Moth
er is the real torchbearer who provides true guideline to her children.
Women perform their role with great care and responsibility. They have shared in
every field of life. There is not a single faculty where they have not shown th
eir efficiency. They have made positive efforts to contribute in all the process
ions of life. The women of today is spiritually courageous.
The role of working women is doubtless in our society. They have completed with
men in each and every field. They have expressed their performance is scientific
knowledge, social education and other subject matters. They have shown their in
tellectual efficiency with profound responsibility.
Working women have performed their role in the economy of country, politics, soc
ial welfare, in the field of health and medication, law affairs, banking and edu
cation. Their role is vast and splendid. They have been doing their best in busi
ness and splendidly successful in commerce.
The role of working women in our society can’t be declined as she has shared in
all the faculties of the society. It is a well proved fact that working women ar
e the supporting pillars of nation. Their physical labour and intellectual brill
iance is highly appreciative.
Dignity, honour, nobility, brilliance and keen responsibility are the fundaments
which have upgraded the role of woman. Their visionary approach is very high an
d as such they are well determined with their determination and objectivity wome
n have proved themselves to be very significant to move as society.
INFLUENCE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA
Imagine a city without televisions, radios or internet connections. All these me
dia facilities provide people awareness of what is going on around them. Electro
nic as well as print media is an effective way of communication as it provides l
ike between ordinary persons and others in the world. It is only due to newspape
rs that we can read in the morning about the events that took place on the other
 side of the world the bay. Besides, electronic media can telecast live happenin
gs from around my corner of the world. Radio, television and Internet are invent
ions that extend across all areas of internet including weather forecasts, enter
taining programmers, educational broad cast, business and important political an
d social events. Companies what went to sell their products by advertising also
make use of media, Media is very important in the fast moving world, because wit
h out media the society world be unaware of the local and foreign affairs.
Now we come to drawbacks of media. Electronic media is the most unpredictable me
an of spreading knowledge among people. One gets biased and one-side views throu
gh this media and nobody can rely on the truth. Internet was supposed to be used
for gaining information from throughout the world, but only a fraction uses it
for information. Rests are being morally devaluated through the improper and no
n-religious publishing. Print media is also playing its role in this regard. Fas
hion and movie Magazines are the main cause of wastage of money and every amidst
the young generation. It a newspaper can be used, it can be misused much easily
by spreading views of one political party and other vomours. Reader s should be
careful and judicious in selecting the type of media so that they may keep away
from its harms.
DEMOCRACY
AN ESSAY
WHAT IS DEMOCRACY?
The idea underlying the scheme of all democracies is that the ultimate right to
govern is vested in the people themselves who are the real sovereign. The idea o
f basic democracy fosters the system of representative government that is best s
uited to the culture and genius of our people. It takes due recognition of the p
rinciple that ultimately the people are sovereign and the best possible way to c
ater to their want is to associate them, one way or the other with the process o
f authority. It is not possible for the people also as a whole to arrive at join
t decisions on day-to-day problems. The only way is to sleet a few individuals t
o represent large groups. The process of choosing must be such that it results i
n the selection of individuals who an correctly estimate effectively interpret a
nd honestly protect the interest of those whom they represent.
DEMOCRACY IN PAKISTAN
In our country more than 85% of our people live in villages. An average villager
is able to see the village as the attention of his which is more than a reality
to him. The management of the affair of the village is something in which he ca
n recognize his own self interest. He can understand very well that the betterme
nt and welfare of the village in his own welfare, because he lives in the free a
tmosphere of the village.
On the other hand the 15% of our people who live in the cities nearby towns are
treated in entirely different way. In order to have a uniform system of choosing
all over the countries ought to be applied to all. That pattern is in no sense
unstable for necessities in fact there is very possibility that it may be more s
uitable than any other alternative. A city can be broken up for that purpose int
o population units of the same size as of villages and the same procedure in the
n be employed.
DEMOCRACY CHANCES OF SURVIVAL
The doctrine of the ‘survival of 14th fittest” survives as a biological truth. I
n every branch of human experience and experiment it is no less true. Ideologica
l systems do not crop up, overnight, but are the product of age-long development
. This is true only of systems which have evolved and continue to persist by vir
tue of their inherent value. Upstart ideologies droop and die in a day. The fact
of success is the supreme and well-defined test that governs the survival-possi
bility. For any system of government which claims to grow and overcome formidabl
e challenges, there must always be a certain amount of basic ingredient, moralit
y, and infinite capacity for expansion and growth within the organism itself.
“In its simple phraseology, democracy is the rule of the people, by the people a
nd for the people.”
(ABRAHAM LINCOLN)
DEMOCRACY IN THE MODERN TIMES
Democracy in the modern times has been defined as “the greatest good of the grea
test number”. The greatest number of the people, therefore, taught to be in favo
r of democracy. The corrupt and self-seeking politicians of our country were fig
hting tooth and nail to dismantle the very fabric of democracy. They preferred t
he greatest good to be distributed among a tiny minority other people, in this m
anner the smaller minority procures more than if the same amount of good was dis
tributed among the entire cross-section of the people. These very politicians “t
urned an otherwise sound country into a laughing stock”. The free discussion. Pe
ople are persuaded in their own interest to do something in them at the same tim
e must develops sense of fellowship and responsibility, in order to have a peace
ful change everywhere of life. They will have to throw their weight in all devel
opment schemes i.e. social, economical, religious, political, industrial and agr
icultural. They will have ample opportunities to exchange their views with other
before arriving at a final decision.
Democracy is acknowledge of representative government cannot be reduced to a cut
and definition for its final stage has yet to come. However our representatives
have reached the assemblies and the 1973 Constitution of the Islamic Republic o
f Pakistan is now not under any suspension, we hope them to remain sincere to th
ere people, their land their religion. More than hundred and forty million peopl
e are looking for the bright future by trusting their representatives. They shou
ld look upon democracy as a classless society, which is based upon justice and e
quality. In short, it must be a unique blend of co-operation, organization and c
o-ordination.
WOMEN AND SOCIETY
AN ESSAY
THE PAST
Gone are the days when it was a curse to think of women employees. Today they ar
e equal partners of men in all walks of life. They take pleasure in adopting cer
tain careers. Till recently they were confined to teaching and nursing.
THE PRESENT
Nowadays they are doctors, professors, bank employees chief executives, minister
s and ambassadors we have seen four prime ministers in India, Sri Lanka, Banglad
esh and Pakistan. So they can take in any assignment and discharge their duties
with full confidence and show excellent results.
In our times, women have boldly accepted the challenge and have creditably shoul
dered the responsibilities entrusted to their in addition to their domestic assi
gnments, they are always on the fare front of all kinds of activities. Since the
last hundred years, they have been actively participating in the politics of th
e country.
It is a glittering for that nation of women is divine in this universe. She has
been shouldered ???????????? responsibilities. For the fulfillment of her duties
, she has beat awarded and commercial grace. Her reverence is universal.
A women perform different roles on the stage of this world. She is the phenomeno
n of rainbow as well as the reflection of spirituality. Her role has been admiri
ng the past age as well as in the modern age.
WOMEN IS A MOTHER
Fundamental role, which she plays in this universe, is the role of generally mot
her. She takes utmost care of her children from the age of infancy. It’s only pe
rsonality of mother who faces innumerable and endless difficulties the upbringin
g of her children so that they might be happy in their future life. Mother is th
e real torchbearer who provides precise guideline to her children. Behind all gr
eat achievements, there is the personality of a mother – a woman.
“The hand that rocks the cradle,
Is the hand that rules the world”
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
AN ESSAY
A LANGUAGE
Language is the medium by which a person communities his thoughts and feelings t
o his fellow men. It is the tool, with which he conducts his business in the soc
iety. It is vehicle, by which different subjects matters are transmitted.
A language lives in a society so long as people speak it and use it as their nat
ive tongue. A language is important because the people speak it are important po
litically, socially, commercially, economically and culturally.
ENGLISH COMPARED TO THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE
It is quite obvious that the national language is used more and more in our admi
nistration and education. In course of time it becomes the principle language an
d is used for official purposes. It is also obvious that English is retained in
Pakistan in some form or the other. It loses its present dominant position, but
if the country has to progress she cannot discard the English language. The disc
ussion bow mostly centers round how and when this changeover should take place.
The need was being felt that English should be replaced by our national language
. But there seems to be innumerable and insurmountable difficulties in implement
ing this scheme, which is the supreme need of the hour.
WHY ENGLISH?
However, we cannot close our eyes to the fact that English will continue to rema
in the most important foreign language for our country. The fact remains that we
shall have to be in close and constant touch with the latest development in the
international field, in scientific and industrial spheres and even in cultural
affairs. The English language clears the decks for having ready access to inform
ation about latest discoveries and inventions in the world of science and to Wes
tern thoughts and ideas. Moreover, it is a language with which we have been in c
lose and constant touch for the last hundred fifty years and therefore, there is
every reason to believe that there is a distinct and direct advantage I retaini
ng it as a compulsory subject of study.
After all we cannot be dreamers and should not bury our heads under the sand and
refuse to face the fact that the English language has its importance. This fore
ign language about which we hold controversy is the language of commerce, diplom
acy and the culture in the world today. We shall suffer a great loss if we lose
touch with English. We shall be shutting ourselves from all the influences, whic
h are necessary for our growth and development. We shall also lose much of our p
resent importance in international affairs.
ENGLISH AS INTERNATIONAL MEDIUM
Importance of English language is doubtlessly great, for it is spoken by more th
an 340 million people as a first language in the United Kingdom and the United S
tates. Moreover it is widely used as an international language throughout the wo
rld. It is one of the official languages, even in most of the countries of the t
hird world as well as that of the United Nations Organization. It is also used f
or international communication. English is the highly developed language, which
has the ability to express ideas, and it is the means of revelation of modern ci
vilization.
It is a fact that a vast knowledge of the universe has been demonstrated in this
language. For the achievement of that knowledge, it is essential to understand
this international language.
In this modern age when electronic media have widely spread all over the world,
kit is necessary to have the knowledge of this language because it is the medium
of communication and a person, lacking the knowledge of this language can’t get
awareness of the worldly affairs.