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HBb2b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kyN
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8XjyXR
as
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kRR
8XjyXk
transmute
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kRk
*PLh1Lha
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8Xjk lMbBx2/ hvT2b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kR8
8XjkXR \aBx2/ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kRe
8Xjj PT2ìQ`b M/ Pp2`HQ/BM; X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kRe
8Xj9 .2`27 +Q2`+BQMb X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kR3
8Xj8 J+`Qb X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kky
8Xj8XR .2}MBM; K+`Q X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kky
8Xj8Xk >v;B2M2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kk9
8Xj8Xj _2+m`bBp2 K+`Qb X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kke
8Xj8X9 .2#m;;BM; K+`Q +Q/2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kkd
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8Xj8XRy S`Q+2/m`H K+`Qb X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kjj
8Xje _r SQBMi2`b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kjj
8XjeXR "bB+b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kj9
8XjeXk 66A X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kj8
8XjeXj _272`2M+2b M/ `r TQBMi2`b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kj8
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unsafe
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eXRXk
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h?2 KBM +QM+2Ti i?i KF2b _mbi mMB[m2 Bb +HH2/ QrM2`b?BTX *QMbB/2` i?Bb bKHH 2tKTH2,
fn main() {
let mut x = vec!["Hello", "world"];
}
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iQ QrM i?2 p2+iQ`X h?Bb K2Mb i?i r?2M x ;Q2b Qmi Q7 b+QT2- i?2 p2+iQ`b K2KQ`v rBHH #2 /2@
HHQ+i2/X h?Bb Bb /QM2 /2i2`KBMBbiB+HHv #v i?2 _mbi +QKTBH2`- ì?2` i?M i?`Qm;? K2+?MBbK
bm+? b ;`#;2 +QHH2+iQ`X AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- BM _mbi- vQm /QMi +HH 7mM+iBQMb HBF2 malloc M/ free
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G2ib // MQi?2` HBM2 iQ Qm` 2tKTH2,
fn main() {
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RXkX "_A16 ALh_P.l*hAPL hP _lah
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let y = &x[0];
}
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Bb #/5
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fn main() {
let y = &x[0];
x.push("foo");
}
Bb K2i?Q/ QM p2+iQ`b i?i TT2M/b MQi?2` 2H2K2Mi iQ i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 p2+iQ`X q?2M r2
i`v iQ +QKTBH2 i?Bb T`Q;`K- r2 ;2i M 2``Q`,
push
error: cannot borrow `x` as mutable because it is also borrowed as immutable

x.push("foo");
^
note: previous borrow of `x` occurs here; the immutable borrow prevents
subsequent moves or mutable borrows of `x` until the borrow ends
let y = &x[0];
^
note: previous borrow ends here
fn main() {
}
^
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fn main() {
let y = x[0].clone();
x.push("foo");
}
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biQ`2/ BM x- #mi +QTv Q7 Bib }`bi 2H2K2Mi- "Hello"X LQr i?i r2 /QMi ?p2 `272`2M+2- Qm`
push() rQ`Fb Dmbi }M2X
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fn main() {
{
let y = &x[0];
}
x.push("foo");
}
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2bB2bi Bb iQ mb2 i?2 rustup b+`BTiX A7 vQm`2 QM GBMmt Q` J+- HH vQm M22/ iQ /Q Bb i?Bb UMQi2
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$ curl -sf -L https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup.sh | sh
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Qm` BMbiHHiBQM b+`BTi,
$ curl -f -L https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup.sh -O
$ sh rustup.sh
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`mM BiX
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lMBMbiHHBM;
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$ sudo /usr/local/lib/rustlib/uninstall.sh
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rustc 1.0.0-beta (9854143cb 2015-04-02) (built 2015-04-02)
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$ cd hello_world
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fn main() {
println!("Hello, world!");
}
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$ ./main # or main.exe on Windows
Hello, world!
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fn main() {
}
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main
main.rs
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main.exe
main.rs
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.rs
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# or main.exe on Windows
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Hello, world!
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Cargo.toml
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$ mkdir src
$ mv main.rs src/main.rs
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$ editor Cargo.toml
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[package]
name = "hello_world"
version = "0.0.1"
authors = [ "Your name <you@example.com>" ]
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$ cargo build
Compiling hello_world v0.0.1 (file:///home/yourname/projects/hello_world)
$ ./target/debug/hello_world
Hello, world!
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$ cargo run
Running `target/debug/hello_world`
Hello, world!
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$ cargo run
Compiling hello_world v0.0.1 (file:///home/yourname/projects/hello_world)
Running `target/debug/hello_world`
Hello, world!
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cargo build --release
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Cargo.lockX
[root]
version = "0.0.1"
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$ git clone someurl.com/foo
$ cd foo
$ cargo build
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$ cargo new hello_world --bin
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--bin
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$ cd hello_world
$ tree .
.
Cargo.toml
src
main.rs
1 directory, 2 files
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Cargo.toml,
[package]
version = "0.0.1"
authors = ["Your Name <you@example.com>"]
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src/main.rs,
fn main() {
}
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$ cd ~/projects
$ cargo new guessing_game --bin
$ cd guessing_game
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cargo new-
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--bin
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[package]
name = "guessing_game"
version = "0.0.1"
authors = ["Your Name <you@example.com>"]
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src/main.rs,
fn main() {
println!("Hello, world!")
}
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$ cargo build
Compiling guessing_game v0.0.1 (file:///home/you/projects/guessing_game)
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src/main.rs
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run
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$ cargo run
Running `target/debug/guessing_game`
Hello, world!
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use std::io;
fn main() {
println!("Guess the number!");
println!("Please input your guess.");
let mut guess = String::new();
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io::stdin().read_line(&mut guess)
.ok()
.expect("Failed to read line");
println!("You guessed: {}", guess);
}
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use std::io;
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fn main() {
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let foo = bar;
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let foo = 5; // immutable.
let mut bar = 5; // mutable
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.ok()
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io::stdin()
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.ok()
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io::stdin().read_line(&mut guess).ok().expect("failed to read line");
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A7 r2 H2p2 Qz +HHBM; i?2b2 irQ K2i?Q/b- Qm` T`Q;`K rBHH +QKTBH2- #mi r2HH ;2i r`MBM;,
$ cargo build
src/main.rs:10:5: 10:39 warning: unused result which must be used,
#[warn(unused_must_use)] on by default
src/main.rs:10
io::stdin().read_line(&mut guess);
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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}
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d ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/f`2bmHif2MmKX_2bmHiX?iKH
3 ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/f`2bmHif2MmKX_2bmHiX?iKHOK2i?Q/XQF
N ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/fQTiBQMf2MmKXPTiBQMX?iKHOK2i?Q/X2tT2+i
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guess b M `;mK2MiX A7 r2 ?/ KmHiBTH2 {}b- r2 rQmH/ Tbb KmHiBTH2 `;mK2Mib,
let x = 5;
let y = 10;
println!("x and y: {} and {}", x, y);
1bvX
Mvrv- i?ib i?2 iQm`X q2 +M `mM r?i r2 ?p2 rBi?
cargo run,
$ cargo run
Guess the number!
Please input your guess.
6
You guessed: 6
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M22/ iQ KQ/B7v Qm` Cargo.tomlX PT2M Bi mT- M/ // i?2b2 72r HBM2b i i?2 #QiiQK,
rand-
r2
[dependencies]
rand="0.3.0"
h?2 [dependencies] b2+iBQM Q7 Cargo.toml Bb HBF2 i?2 [package] b2+iBQM, 2p2`vi?BM; i?i 7QHHQrb
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p2`bBQM MmK#2`bX A7 r2 rMi2/ iQ mb2 i?2 Hi2bi p2`bBQM r2 +QmH/ mb2 * Q` r2 +QmH/ mb2 `M;2
Q7 p2`bBQMbX *`;Qb /Q+mK2MiiBQMRk +QMiBMb KQ`2 /2iBHbX
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Ry ?iiTb,ff+ì2bXBQf+ì2bf`M/
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$ cargo build
Updating registry `https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index`
Downloading rand v0.3.8
Downloading libc v0.1.6
Compiling libc v0.1.6
Compiling rand v0.3.8
UuQm Kv b22 /Bz2`2Mi p2`bBQMb- Q7 +Qm`b2XV

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Q7 2p2`vi?BM; 7`QK i?2 `2;Bbi`v- r?B+? Bb +QTv Q7 /i 7`QK *ì2bXBQRj X *ì2bXBQ Bb r?2`2
T2QTH2 BM i?2 _mbi 2+Qbvbi2K TQbi i?2B` QT2M bQm`+2 _mbi T`QD2+ib 7Q` Qi?2`b iQ mb2X
7i2` mT/iBM; i?2 `2;Bbi`v- *`;Q +?2+Fb Qm` [dependencies] M/ /QrMHQ/b Mv r2 /QMi ?p2
v2iX AM i?Bb +b2- r?BH2 r2 QMHv bB/ r2 rMi2/ iQ /2T2M/ QM rand- r2p2 HbQ ;`##2/ +QTv Q7
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A7 r2 `mM
cargo build
;BM- r2HH ;2i /Bz2`2Mi QmiTmi,
$ cargo build
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2tBibX A7 r2 QT2M mT src/main.rs ;BM- KF2 i`BpBH +?M;2- M/ i?2M bp2 Bi ;BM- r2HH Dmbi
b22 QM2 HBM2,
$ cargo build
aQ- r2 iQH/ *`;Q r2 rMi2/ Mv 0.3.x p2`bBQM Q7 rand- M/ bQ Bi 72i+?2/ i?2 Hi2bi p2`bBQM i
i?2 iBK2 i?Bb rb r`Bii2M- v0.3.8X "mi r?i ?TT2Mb r?2M M2ti r22F- p2`bBQM v0.3.9 +QK2b
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M/ `2@2pHmi2 Qm` rand `2[mB`2K2MibX
Cargo.toml
cargo build-
*`;Q rBHH mT/i2 i?2 BM/2t
h?2`2b HQi KQ`2 iQ bv #Qmi *`;QR9 M/ Bib 2+Qbvbi2KR8 - #mi 7Q` MQr- i?ib HH r2 M22/ iQ
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G2ib ;2i QM iQ +imHHv mbBM;
randX
>2`2b Qm` M2ti bi2T,
extern crate rand;

use std::io;
use rand::Rng;
fn main() {
let secret_number = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(1, 101);
println!("The secret number is: {}", secret_number);
.ok()
.expect("failed to read line");
}
h?2 }`bi i?BM; r2p2 /QM2 Bb +?M;2 i?2 }`bi HBM2X Ai MQr bvb extern crate randX "2+mb2 r2
/2+H`2/ rand BM Qm` [dependencies]- r2 +M mb2 extern crate iQ H2i _mbi FMQr r2HH #2 KFBM;
mb2 Q7 BiX h?Bb HbQ /Q2b i?2 2[mBpH2Mi Q7 use rand; b r2HH- bQ r2 +M KF2 mb2 Q7 Mvi?BM;
BM i?2 rand +ì2 #v T`2}tBM; Bi rBi? rand::X
L2ti- r2 //2/ MQi?2` use HBM2, use rand::RngX q2`2 ;QBM; iQ mb2 K2i?Q/ BM KQK2MiM/ Bi `2[mB`2b i?i Rng #2 BM b+QT2 iQ rQ`FX h?2 #bB+ B/2 Bb i?Bb, K2i?Q/b `2 /2}M2/ QM
bQK2i?BM; +HH2/ i`Bib- M/ 7Q` i?2 K2i?Q/ iQ rQ`F- Bi M22/b i?2 i`Bi iQ #2 BM b+QT2X 6Q` KQ`2
#Qmi i?2 /2iBHb- `2/ i?2 i`Bib Ub2+iBQM 8Xky- T;2 RdjV b2+iBQMX
h?2`2 `2 irQ Qi?2` HBM2b r2 //2/- BM i?2 KB//H2,
R9 ?iiT,ff/Q+X+ì2bXBQ
R8 ?iiT,ff/Q+X+ì2bXBQf+ì2b@BQX?iKH
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q2 mb2 i?2 rand::thread_rng() 7mM+iBQM iQ ;2i +QTv Q7 i?2 `M/QK MmK#2` ;2M2ìQ`- r?B+?
Bb HQ+H iQ i?2 TìB+mH` i?`2/ Ub2+iBQM 9Xe- T;2 N9V Q7 2t2+miBQM r2`2 BMX "2+mb2 r2 use
rand::Rng/ #Qp2- Bi ?b gen_range() K2i?Q/ pBH#H2X h?Bb K2i?Q/ iF2b irQ `;mK2MibM/ ;2M2ì2b MmK#2` #2ir22M i?2KX Aib BM+HmbBp2 QM i?2 HQr2` #QmM/- #mi 2t+HmbBp2 QM i?2
mTT2` #QmM/- bQ r2 M22/ 1 M/ 101 iQ ;2i MmK#2` #2ir22M QM2 M/ ?mM/`2/X
h?2 b2+QM/ HBM2 Dmbi T`BMib Qmi i?2 b2+`2i MmK#2`X h?Bb Bb mb27mH r?BH2 r2`2 /2p2HQTBM; Qm`
T`Q;`K- bQ r2 +M 2bBHv i2bi Bi QmiX "mi r2HH #2 /2H2iBM; Bi 7Q` i?2 }MH p2`bBQMX Aib MQi Km+?
Q7 ;K2 B7 Bi T`BMib Qmi i?2 Mbr2` r?2M vQm biì Bi mT5
h`v `mMMBM; Qm` M2r T`Q;`K 72r iBK2b,
$ cargo run
Guess the number!
The secret number is: 7
4
You guessed: 4
$ cargo run
Guess the number!
5
You guessed: 5
:`2i5 L2ti mT, H2ib +QKT`2 Qm` ;m2bb iQ i?2 b2+`2i ;m2bbX
jXRX9
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bi2T- i?Qm;? Bi /Q2bMi [mBi2 rQ`F v2i,
extern crate rand;
use std::io;
use std::cmp::Ordering;
use rand::Rng;
fn main() {
jk
*>Sh1_ jX G1_L _lah

.ok()
match guess.cmp(&secret_number) {
Ordering::Less
=> println!("Too small!"),
Ordering::Greater => println!("Too big!"),

Ordering::Equal
=> println!("You win!"),
}
}
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std::cmp::Ordering
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Ordering::Less

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Ub2+iBQM 8XR9- T;2 R8dV bii2K2Mi iQ /2i2`KBM2 2t+iHv r?i FBM/ Q7 Ordering Bi BbX Ordering Bb
M enum Ub2+iBQM 8XRj- T;2 R8eV- b?Qì 7Q` 2MmK2ìBQM- r?B+? HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,
enum Foo {
Bar,
Baz,
}
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Foo::Bar
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Foo::BazX
q2 mb2 i?2
::
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iF2b pHm2 Q7 ivT2- M/ H2ib vQm +`2i2 M `K 7Q` 2+? TQbbB#H2 pHm2X aBM+2 r2 ?p2 i?`22
ivT2b Q7 Ordering- r2 ?p2 i?`22 `Kb,
Ordering::Less

Ordering::Equal
}
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Bb `2HHv
A /B/ K2MiBQM i?i i?Bb rQMi [mBi2 rQ`F v2i- i?Qm;?X G2ib i`v Bi,
$ cargo build
src/main.rs:28:21: 28:35 error: mismatched types:
expected `&collections::string::String`,
found `&_`
(expected struct `collections::string::String`,
found integral variable) [E0308]
src/main.rs:28
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~
error: aborting due to previous error

Could not compile `guessing_game`.
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bi`QM;- biiB+ ivT2 bvbi2KX >Qr2p2`- Bi HbQ ?b ivT2 BM72`2M+2X q?2M r2 r`Qi2 let guess =
String::new()- _mbi rb #H2 iQ BM72` i?i guess b?QmH/ #2 String- M/ bQ Bi /Q2bMi KF2 mb
r`Bi2 Qmi i?2 ivT2X M/ rBi? Qm` secret_number- i?2`2 `2 MmK#2` Q7 ivT2b r?B+? +M ?p2
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_mbi /27mHib iQ M i32X >Qr2p2`- ?2`2- _mbi /Q2bMi FMQr ?Qr iQ +QKT`2 i?2 guess M/ i?2
secret_numberX h?2v M22/ iQ #2 i?2 bK2 ivT2X lHiBKi2Hv- r2 rMi iQ +QMp2ì i?2 String r2
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>2`2b Qm` M2r T`Q;`K,
extern crate rand;
use std::io;
use rand::Rng;
fn main() {
.ok()
j9
*>Sh1_ jX G1_L _lah

let guess: u32 = guess.trim().parse()
.ok()
.expect("Please type a number!");
Ordering::Less

Ordering::Equal
}
}
h?2 M2r i?`22 HBM2b,

.ok()
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String- #mi r2 rMi iQ +QMp2ì Bi iQ M u32X a?/QrBM; H2ib mb `2@mb2 i?2 guess MK2- ì?2`
i?M 7Q`+BM; mb iQ +QK2 mT rBi? irQ mMB[m2 MK2b HBF2 guess_str M/ guess- Q` bQK2i?BM; 2Hb2X
q2 #BM/
guess
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guess.trim().parse()
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i?2 #2;BMMBM; M/ 2M/ Q7 Qm` bi`BM;X h?Bb Bb BKTQìMi- b r2 ?/ iQ T`2bb i?2 `2im`M F2v iQ
biBb7v read_line()X h?Bb K2Mb i?i B7 r2 ivT2 5 M/ ?Bi `2im`M- guess HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb, 5\nX h?2
\n `2T`2b2Mib M2rHBM2- i?2 2Mi2` F2vX trim() ;2ib `B/ Q7 i?Bb- H2pBM; Qm` bi`BM; rBi? Dmbi i?2 5X
h?2 parse() K2i?Q/ QM bi`BM;bRd T`b2b bi`BM; BMiQ bQK2 FBM/ Q7 MmK#2`X aBM+2 Bi +M T`b2
p`B2iv Q7 MmK#2`b- r2 M22/ iQ ;Bp2 _mbi ?BMi b iQ i?2 2t+i ivT2 Q7 MmK#2` r2 rMiX >2M+2let guess: u32X h?2 +QHQM U:V 7i2` guess i2HHb _mbi r2`2 ;QBM; iQ MMQii2 Bib ivT2X u32 Bb
M mMbB;M2/- i?Bìv@irQ #Bi BMi2;2`X _mbi ?b MmK#2` Q7 #mBHi@BM MmK#2` ivT2bR3 - #mi r2p2
+?Qb2M u32X Aib ;QQ/ /27mHi +?QB+2 7Q` bKHH TQbBiBp2 MmK#2`X
Cmbi HBF2 read_line()- Qm` +HH iQ parse() +QmH/ +mb2 M 2``Q`X q?i B7 Qm` bi`BM; +QMiBM2/ A%\
h?2`2/ #2 MQ rv iQ +QMp2ì i?i iQ MmK#2`X b bm+?- r2HH /Q i?2 bK2 i?BM; r2 /B/ rBi?
read_line(), mb2 i?2 ok() M/ expect() K2i?Q/b iQ +`b? B7 i?2`2b M 2``Q`X
G2ib i`v Qm` T`Q;`K Qmi5
$ cargo run
Rd ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/fT`BKBiBp2Xbi`X?iKHOK2i?Q/XT`b2
R3 T`BKBiBp2@ivT2bX?iKHOMmK2`B+@ivT2b
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Running `target/guessing_game`
Guess the number!
76
You guessed: 76
Too big!
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MmK#2` iQQ bKHHX
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#v //BM; HQQTb5
jXRX8
GQQTBM;
h?2
F2vrQ`/ ;Bp2b mb M BM}MBi2 HQQTX G2ib // i?i BM,
loop
extern crate rand;

use std::io;
use rand::Rng;
fn main() {
loop {
.ok()
.ok()
je
*>Sh1_ jX G1_L _lah

Ordering::Less

Ordering::Equal
}
}
}
M/ i`v Bi QmiX "mi rBi- /B/Mi r2 Dmbi // M BM}MBi2 HQQT\ umTX _2K2K#2` Qm` /Bb+mbbBQM
#Qmi parse()\ A7 r2 ;Bp2 MQM@MmK#2` Mbr2`- r2HH return M/ [mBiX P#b2`p2,
$ cargo run
Guess the number!
45
You guessed: 45
Too small!
60
You guessed: 60
Too big!
59
You guessed: 59
You win!
quit
thread '<main>' panicked at 'Please type a number!'
>5 quit +imHHv [mBibX b /Q2b Mv Qi?2` MQM@MmK#2` BMTmiX q2HH- i?Bb Bb bm#QTiBKH iQ bv
i?2 H2biX 6B`bi- H2ib +imHHv [mBi r?2M vQm rBM i?2 ;K2,
extern crate rand;
use std::io;
use rand::Rng;
fn main() {
loop {
jXRX :l1aaAL: :J1
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.ok()
.ok()
Ordering::Less

Ordering::Equal
=> {
println!("You win!");
break;
}
}
}
}
"v //BM; i?2 break HBM2 7i2` i?2 You win!- r2HH 2tBi i?2 HQQT r?2M r2 rBMX 1tBiBM; i?2 HQQT
HbQ K2Mb 2tBiBM; i?2 T`Q;`K- bBM+2 Bib i?2 Hbi i?BM; BM main()X q2 ?p2 Dmbi QM2 KQ`2 ir2F
iQ KF2, r?2M bQK2QM2 BMTmib MQM@MmK#2`- r2 /QMi rMi iQ [mBi- r2 Dmbi rMi iQ B;MQ`2 BiX
q2 +M /Q i?i HBF2 i?Bb,
extern crate rand;
use std::io;
use rand::Rng;
fn main() {
loop {
j3
*>Sh1_ jX G1_L _lah

.ok()
let guess: u32 = match guess.trim().parse() {
Ok(num) => num,
Err(_) => continue,
};
Ordering::Less

Ordering::Equal
=> {
break;
}
}
}
}
h?2b2 `2 i?2 HBM2b i?i +?M;2/,

Ok(num) => num,
Err(_) => continue,
};
h?Bb Bb ?Qr vQm ;2M2`HHv KQp2 7`QK +`b? QM 2``Q` iQ +imHHv ?M/H2 i?2 2``Q`- #v brBi+?BM;
7`QK ok().expect() iQ match bii2K2MiX h?2 Result `2im`M2/ #v parse() Bb M 2MmK Dmbi HBF2
Ordering- #mi BM i?Bb +b2- 2+? p`BMi ?b bQK2 /i bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? Bi, Ok Bb bm++2bb- M/
Err Bb 7BHm`2X 1+? +QMiBMb KQ`2 BM7Q`KiBQM, i?2 bm++2bb7mH T`b2/ BMi2;2`- Q` M 2``Q` ivT2X
AM i?Bb +b2- r2 match QM Ok(num)- r?B+? b2ib i?2 BMM2` pHm2 Q7 i?2 Ok iQ i?2 MK2 num- M/ i?2M
r2 Dmbi `2im`M Bi QM i?2 `B;?i@?M/ bB/2X AM i?2 Err +b2- r2 /QMi +`2 r?i FBM/ Q7 2``Q` Bi BbbQ r2 Dmbi mb2 _ BMbi2/ Q7 MK2X h?Bb B;MQ`2b i?2 2``Q`- M/ continue +mb2b mb iQ ;Q iQ i?2
M2ti Bi2ìBQM Q7 i?2 loopX
LQr r2 b?QmH/ #2 ;QQ/5 G2ib i`v,
$ cargo run
Guess the number!
10
You guessed: 10
Too small!
jXRX :l1aaAL: :J1
jN

99
You guessed: 99
Too big!
foo
61
You guessed: 61
You win!
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extern crate rand;
use std::io;
use rand::Rng;
fn main() {
loop {
.ok()
Ok(num) => num,
Err(_) => continue,
};
Ordering::Less

Ordering::Equal
=> {
break;
}
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}
}
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struct Philosopher {
name: String,
}
impl Philosopher {
fn new(name: &str) -> Philosopher {
Philosopher {
name: name.to_string(),
}
}
}
fn main() {
let p1 = Philosopher::new("Baruch Spinoza");
let p2 = Philosopher::new("Gilles Deleuze");
let p3 = Philosopher::new("Karl Marx");
let p4 = Philosopher::new("Friedrich Nietzsche");
let p5 = Philosopher::new("Michel Foucault");
}
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impl Philosopher {
Philosopher {
}
}
}
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fn main() {
let p1 = Philosopher::new("Baruch Spinoza");
let p2 = Philosopher::new("Gilles Deleuze");
let p3 = Philosopher::new("Karl Marx");
let p4 = Philosopher::new("Friedrich Nietzsche");
let p5 = Philosopher::new("Michel Foucault");
}
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fn main() {
let p1 = Philosopher { name: "Baruch Spinoza".to_string() };
let p2 = Philosopher { name: "Gilles Deleuze".to_string() };
let p3 = Philosopher { name: "Karl Marx".to_string() };
let p4 = Philosopher { name: "Friedrich Nietzche".to_string() };
let p5 = Philosopher { name: "Michel Foucault".to_string() };
}
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name: String,
}
impl Philosopher {
Philosopher {
}
}
fn eat(&self) {
println!("{} is done eating.", self.name);
}
}
fn main() {
let philosophers = vec![
Philosopher::new("Baruch Spinoza"),
Philosopher::new("Gilles Deleuze"),
Philosopher::new("Karl Marx"),
Philosopher::new("Friedrich Nietzsche"),
Philosopher::new("Michel Foucault"),
];
for p in &philosophers {
p.eat();
}
}
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fn eat(&self) {
}
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p2`bBQM,
use std::thread;
name: String,
}
impl Philosopher {
Philosopher {
}
}
fn eat(&self) {
println!("{} is eating.", self.name);
thread::sleep_ms(1000);
}
}
fn main() {
];
for p in &philosophers {
p.eat();
}
}
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fn eat(&self) {
}
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Friedrich Nietzsche is eating.
Michel Foucault is eating.
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use std::thread;
name: String,
}
impl Philosopher {
Philosopher {
}
}
9e
*>Sh1_ jX G1_L _lah

fn eat(&self) {
}
}
fn main() {
];
let handles: Vec<_> = philosophers.into_iter().map(|p| {
thread::spawn(move || {
p.eat();
})
}).collect();
for h in handles {
h.join().unwrap();
}
}
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p.eat();
})
}).collect();
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p.eat();
})
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}).collect();
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for h in handles {
h.join().unwrap();
}
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struct,
93
*>Sh1_ jX G1_L _lah
use std::sync::Mutex;
struct Table {
forks: Vec<Mutex<()>>,
}
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Table,
use std::thread;
use std::sync::{Mutex, Arc};
name: String,
left: usize,
right: usize,
}
impl Philosopher {
fn new(name: &str, left: usize, right: usize) -> Philosopher {
Philosopher {
left: left,
right: right,
}
}
fn eat(&self, table: &Table) {
let _left = table.forks[self.left].lock().unwrap();
let _right = table.forks[self.right].lock().unwrap();
}
}
struct Table {
forks: Vec<Mutex<()>>,
}
fn main() {
let table = Arc::new(Table { forks: vec![
9N
Mutex::new(()),
Mutex::new(()),
Mutex::new(()),
Mutex::new(()),
Mutex::new(()),
]});
Philosopher::new("Baruch Spinoza", 0, 1),
Philosopher::new("Gilles Deleuze", 1, 2),
Philosopher::new("Karl Marx", 2, 3),
Philosopher::new("Friedrich Nietzsche", 3, 4),
Philosopher::new("Michel Foucault", 0, 4),
];
let table = table.clone();
p.eat(&table);
})
}).collect();
for h in handles {
h.join().unwrap();
}
}
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Qm` Table ?bX
8y
*>Sh1_ jX G1_L _lah
fn new(name: &str, left: usize, right: usize) -> Philosopher {

Philosopher {
left: left,
right: right,
}
}
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new()X
fn eat(&self, table: &Table) {

let _left = table.forks[self.left].lock().unwrap();
let _right = table.forks[self.right].lock().unwrap();
}
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_left
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let table = Arc::new(Table { forks: vec![

Mutex::new(()),
Mutex::new(()),
Mutex::new(()),
Mutex::new(()),
Mutex::new(()),
]});
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8R

Philosopher::new("Baruch Spinoza", 0, 1),
Philosopher::new("Gilles Deleuze", 1, 2),
Philosopher::new("Karl Marx", 2, 3),
Philosopher::new("Friedrich Nietzsche", 3, 4),
Philosopher::new("Michel Foucault", 0, 4),
];
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let table = table.clone();
p.eat(&table);
})
}).collect();
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threads = []
10.times do
threads << Thread.new do
count = 0
5_000_000.times do
8j
count += 1
end
end
end
threads.each {|t| t.join }
puts "done!"
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G2ib `2@r`Bi2 i?Bb T`Q#H2K BM _mbiX 6B`bi- H2ib KF2 M2r T`QD2+i rBi? *`;Q,
$ cargo new embed
$ cd embed
h?Bb T`Q;`K Bb 7B`Hv 2bv iQ r`Bi2 BM _mbi,

use std::thread;
fn process() {
let handles: Vec<_> = (0..10).map(|_| {
thread::spawn(|| {
let mut _x = 0;
for _ in (0..5_000_001) {
_x += 1
}
})
}).collect();
for h in handles {
h.join().ok().expect("Could not join a thread!");
}
}
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89
*>Sh1_ jX G1_L _lah
$ cargo build
Compiling embed v0.1.0 (file:///home/steve/src/embed)
src/lib.rs:3:1: 16:2 warning: function is never used: `process`, #[warn(dead_code)] on
by default
src/lib.rs:3 fn process() {
src/lib.rs:4
let handles: Vec<_> = (0..10).map(|_| {
src/lib.rs:5
thread::spawn(|| {
src/lib.rs:6
let mut x = 0;
src/lib.rs:7
for _ in (0..5_000_001) {
src/lib.rs:8
x += 1
...
src/lib.rs:6:17: 6:22 warning: variable `x` is assigned to, but never used, #[warn(unus
ed_variables)] on by default
src/lib.rs:6
let mut x = 0;
^~~~~
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#[no_mangle]
pub extern fn process() {
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Bi5 LQi r?QH2 HQi Q7 +?M;2X
h?2 b2+QM/ i?BM; r2 M22/ iQ /Q Bb iQ +?M;2 b2iiBM; BM Qm` Cargo.tomlX // i?Bb i i?2 #QiiQK,
[lib]
name = "embed"
crate-type = ["dylib"]
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88
$ cargo build --release

Compiling embed v0.1.0 (file:///home/steve/src/embed)
q2p2 +?Qb2M cargo build --release- r?B+? #mBH/b rBi? QTiBKBxiBQMb QMX q2 rMi i?Bb iQ #2
b 7bi b TQbbB#H25 uQm +M }M/ i?2 QmiTmi Q7 i?2 HB#``v BM target/release,
$ ls target/release/
build
deps
examples
libembed.so
native
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_m#v
PT2M mT
embed.rb
}H2 BMbB/2 Q7 Qm` T`QD2+i- M/ /Q i?Bb,
require 'ffi'
module Hello
extend FFI::Library
ffi_lib 'target/release/libembed.so'
attach_function :process, [], :void
end
Hello.process
puts "done!
"27Q`2 r2 +M `mM i?Bb- r2 M22/ iQ BMbiHH i?2
ffi
;2K,
$ gem install ffi # this may need sudo

Fetching: ffi-1.9.8.gem (100%)
Building native extensions.
This could take a while...
Successfully installed ffi-1.9.8

Parsing documentation for ffi-1.9.8
Installing ri documentation for ffi-1.9.8
Done installing documentation for ffi after 0 seconds
1 gem installed
M/ }MHHv- r2 +M i`v `mMMBM; Bi,

$ ruby embed.rb
done!
$
8e
*>Sh1_ jX G1_L _lah
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Tm`2 _m#v p2`bBQM iQQFX G2ib #`2F /QrM i?Bb _m#v +Q/2,
require 'ffi'
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module Hello
extend FFI::Library
ffi_lib 'target/release/libembed.so'
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r2 br #27Q`2- Bb target/release/libembed.soX
attach_function :process, [], :void
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`;mK2MiX
Hello.process
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attach_function
puts "done!"
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done!X
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*`2i2 M
embed.py
}H2 BM i?Bb /B`2+iQ`v- M/ Tmi i?Bb BM Bi,
from ctypes import cdll

lib = cdll.LoadLibrary("target/release/libembed.so")
lib.process()
print("done!")
8d
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+HH process()X
PM Kv bvbi2K- i?Bb iF2b
jXjX8
0.017
b2+QM/bX aT22/v5
LQ/2XDb
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AM Q`/2` iQ /Q 66A rBi? LQ/2- r2 }`bi M22/ iQ BMbiHH i?2 HB#``v,
$ npm install ffi
7i2` i?i BMbiHHb- r2 +M mb2 Bi,

var ffi = require('ffi');
var lib = ffi.Library('target/release/libembed', {
'process': [ 'void', []
});
lib.process();
console.log("done!");
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fn main() {
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let z = 42;
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fn main() {
let x = 5;
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fn foo(x: &i32) {
let y = 10;
let z = &y;
baz(z);
bar(x, z);
}
ee
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fn bar(a: &i32, b: &i32) {

let c = 5;
let d = Box::new(5);
let e = &d;
baz(e);
}
fn baz(f: &i32) {
let g = 100;
}
fn main() {
let h = 3;
let i = Box::new(20);
let j = &h;
foo(j);
}
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Compiling adder v0.0.1 (file:///home/you/projects/adder)
Running target/adder-91b3e234d4ed382a
running 1 test
test it_works ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured
Doc-tests adder
running 0 tests
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running 1 test
test it_works ... FAILED
failures:
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src/lib.rs:3
failures:
it_works
test result: FAILED. 0 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured
thread '<main>' panicked at 'Some tests failed', /home/steve/src/rust/src/libtest/lib.r
s:247
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101
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}
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running 1 test
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}
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d9
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assert_eq!("Hello", "world");
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pub fn add_two(a: i32) -> i32 {
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}
#[test]
fn it_works() {
assert_eq!(4, add_two(2));
}
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mod tests {
use super::add_two;
#[test]
fn it_works() {
}
}
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}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn it_works() {
}
}
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$ cargo test
Updating registry `https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index`
running 1 test
test tests::it_works ... ok
Doc-tests adder
running 0 tests
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extern crate adder;
#[test]
fn it_works() {
de
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assert_eq!(4, adder::add_two(2));
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$ cargo test
running 1 test
Running target/lib-c18e7d3494509e74
running 1 test
Doc-tests adder
running 0 tests
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//! The àdder` crate provides functions that add numbers to other numbers.
//!
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//! # Examples
//!
//! ```
//! assert_eq!(4, adder::add_two(2));
//! ```
/// This function adds two to its argument.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use adder::add_two;
///
/// assert_eq!(4, add_two(2));
/// ```
a + 2
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn it_works() {
}
}
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Compiling adder v0.0.1 (file:///home/steve/tmp/adder)
running 1 test
Running target/lib-c18e7d3494509e74
running 1 test
d3
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Doc-tests adder
running 2 tests
test add_two_0 ... ok
test _0 ... ok
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#[cfg(foo)]
#[cfg(bar = "baz")]
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#[cfg(all(unix, target_pointer_width = "32"))]
#[cfg(not(foo))]
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#[cfg(any(not(unix), all(target_os="macos", target_arch = "powerpc")))]
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[features]
# no features by default
default = []
# The
secure-password feature depends on the bcrypt package.
secure-password = ["bcrypt"]
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mod foo {
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/// Constructs a new `Rc<T>`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::rc::Rc;
///
/// let five = Rc::new(5);
/// ```
pub fn new(value: T) -> Rc<T> {
// implementation goes here
}
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/// The Òption` type. See [the module level documentation](../) for more.
enum Option<T> {
/// No value
None,
/// Some value `T`
Some(T),
}
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enum Option<T> {
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Some(T), /// Some value `T`
}
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# fn foo() {}
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///
# fn foo() {}
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/// # Examples
///
/// ```
///
/// ```
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/// # Examples
///
/// Simple `&str` patterns:
///
/// ```
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/// assert_eq!(v, vec!["Mary", "had", "a", "little", "lamb"]);
/// ```
///
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///
/// ```
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/// assert_eq!(v, vec!["abc", "def", "ghi"]);
/// ```
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/// ```
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/// ```
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fn main() {
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/// Some documentation.

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/// Panic with a given message unless an expression evaluates to true.

///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// # #[macro_use] extern crate foo;
/// # fn main() {
/// panic_unless!(1 + 1 == 2,
Math is broken.);
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// ```should_panic
/// # #[macro_use] extern crate foo;
/// # fn main() {
/// panic_unless!(true == false,
Im broken.);
/// # }
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! panic_unless {
($condition:expr, $($rest:expr),+) => ({ if ! $condition { panic!($($rest),+); } });
}
# fn main() {}
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/// ```no_run
/// loop {
///
println!("Hello, world");
/// }
/// ```
# fn foo() {}
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mod foo {
//! This is documentation for the `foo` module.
//!
//! # Examples
// ...
}
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//! A module for using `foo`s.
//!
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/// # Examples
///
/// ```
///
/// ```
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Some(_) => println!("We got some numbers!"),
None => println!("No numbers found :("),
}
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rMi iQ BKTH2K2Mi Send- M/ bQ i?2 +QKTBH2` rBHH ?2HT mb 2M7Q`+2 i?i Bi +Mi H2p2 i?2 +m``2Mi
i?`2/X
h?2 b2+QM/ Q7 i?2b2 i`Bib Bb +HH2/ SyncRR X q?2M ivT2 T BKTH2K2Mib Sync- Bi BM/B+i2b
iQ i?2 +QKTBH2` i?i bQK2i?BM; Q7 i?Bb ivT2 ?b MQ TQbbB#BHBiv Q7 BMi`Q/m+BM; K2KQ`v mMb72iv
r?2M mb2/ 7`QK KmHiBTH2 i?`2/b +QM+m``2MiHvX
Sync
6Q` 2tKTH2- b?`BM; BKKmi#H2 /i rBi? M iQKB+ `272`2M+2 +QmMi Bb i?`2/b72X _mbi T`QpB/2b
ivT2 HBF2 i?Bb- Arc<T>- M/ Bi BKTH2K2Mib Sync- bQ Bi Bb b72 iQ b?`2 #2ir22M i?`2/bX
h?2b2 irQ i`Bib HHQr vQm iQ mb2 i?2 ivT2 bvbi2K iQ KF2 bi`QM; ;m`Mi22b #Qmi i?2 T`QT2ìB2b
Q7 vQm` +Q/2 mM/2` +QM+m``2M+vX "27Q`2 r2 /2KQMbiì2 r?v- r2 M22/ iQ H2`M ?Qr iQ +`2i2
+QM+m``2Mi _mbi T`Q;`K BM i?2 }`bi TH+25
h?`2/b
_mbib biM/`/ HB#``v T`QpB/2b HB#``v 7Q` i?`2/b- r?B+? HHQr vQm iQ `mM _mbi +Q/2 BM
T`HH2HX >2`2b #bB+ 2tKTH2 Q7 mbBM; std::thread,
use std::thread;
N ?iiTb,ff;Bi?m#X+QKf+`HH2`+?2fKBQ
Ry ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/fK`F2`fi`BiXa2M/X?iKH
RR ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/fK`F2`fi`BiXavM+X?iKH
Ne
*>Sh1_ 9X 1661*hAo1 _lah
fn main() {
thread::spawn(|| {
println!("Hello from a thread!");
});
}
h?2 thread::spawn() K2i?Q/ ++2Tib +HQbm`2- r?B+? Bb 2t2+mi2/ BM M2r i?`2/X Ai `2im`Mb
?M/H2 iQ i?2 i?`2/- i?i +M #2 mb2/ iQ rBi 7Q` i?2 +?BH/ i?`2/ iQ }MBb? M/ 2ti`+i Bib
`2bmHi,
use std::thread;
fn main() {
let handle = thread::spawn(|| {
"Hello from a thread!"
});
println!("{}", handle.join().unwrap());
}
JMv HM;m;2b ?p2 i?2 #BHBiv iQ 2t2+mi2 i?`2/b- #mi Bib rBH/Hv mMb72X h?2`2 `2 2MiB`2
#QQFb #Qmi ?Qr iQ T`2p2Mi 2``Q`b i?i Q++m` 7`QK b?`2/ Kmi#H2 bii2X _mbi ?2HTb Qmi rBi?
Bib ivT2 bvbi2K ?2`2 b r2HH- #v T`2p2MiBM; /i `+2b i +QKTBH2 iBK2X G2ib iHF #Qmi ?Qr vQm
+imHHv b?`2 i?BM;b #2ir22M i?`2/bX
a72 a?`2/ Jmi#H2 aii2
.m2 iQ _mbib ivT2 bvbi2K- r2 ?p2 +QM+2Ti i?i bQmM/b HBF2 HB2, b72 b?`2/ Kmi#H2 bii2X
JMv T`Q;`KK2`b ;`22 i?i b?`2/ Kmi#H2 bii2 Bb p2`v- p2`v #/X
aQK2QM2 QM+2 bB/ i?Bb,
a?`2/ Kmi#H2 bii2 Bb i?2 `QQi Q7 HH 2pBHX JQbi HM;m;2b ii2KTi iQ /2H rBi? i?Bb
T`Q#H2K i?`Qm;? i?2 Kmi#H2 Tì- #mi _mbi /2Hb rBi? Bi #v bQHpBM; i?2 b?`2/
TìX
h?2 bK2 QrM2`b?BT bvbi2K Ub2+iBQM 8X3- T;2 Rj8V i?i ?2HTb T`2p2Mi mbBM; TQBMi2`b BM+Q``2+iHv
HbQ ?2HTb `mH2 Qmi /i `+2b- QM2 Q7 i?2 rQ`bi FBM/b Q7 +QM+m``2M+v #m;bX
b M 2tKTH2- ?2`2 Bb _mbi T`Q;`K i?i rQmH/ ?p2 /i `+2 BM KMv HM;m;2bX Ai rBHH
MQi +QKTBH2,
use std::thread;
fn main() {
let mut data = vec![1u32, 2, 3];
for i in 0..3 {
9XeX *PL*l__1L*u
Nd
data[i] += 1;
});
}
}
h?Bb ;Bp2b mb M 2``Q`,

8:17 error: capture of moved value: `data`
data[i] += 1;
^~~~
AM i?Bb +b2- r2 FMQr i?i Qm` +Q/2 b?QmH/ #2 b72- #mi _mbi BbMi bm`2X M/ Bib +imHHv MQi b72,
B7 r2 ?/ `272`2M+2 iQ data BM 2+? i?`2/- M/ i?2 i?`2/ iF2b QrM2`b?BT Q7 i?2 `272`2M+2- r2
?p2 i?`22 QrM2`b5 h?ib #/X q2 +M }t i?Bb #v mbBM; i?2 Arc<T> ivT2- r?B+? Bb M iQKB+
`272`2M+2 +QmMi2/ TQBMi2`X h?2 iQKB+ Tì K2Mb i?i Bib b72 iQ b?`2 +`Qbb i?`2/bX
bbmK2b QM2 KQ`2 T`QT2ìv #Qmi Bib +QMi2Mib iQ 2Mbm`2 i?i Bi Bb b72 iQ b?`2 +`Qbb
i?`2/b, Bi bbmK2b Bib +QMi2Mib `2 SyncX "mi BM Qm` +b2- r2 rMi iQ #2 #H2 iQ Kmii2 i?2
pHm2X q2 M22/ ivT2 i?i +M 2Mbm`2 QMHv QM2 T2`bQM i iBK2 +M Kmii2 r?ib BMbB/2X 6Q`
i?i- r2 +M mb2 i?2 Mutex<T> ivT2X >2`2b i?2 b2+QM/ p2`bBQM Q7 Qm` +Q/2X Ai biBHH /Q2bMi rQ`F#mi 7Q` /Bz2`2Mi `2bQM,
Arc<T>
use std::thread;
use std::sync::Mutex;
fn main() {
let mut data = Mutex::new(vec![1u32, 2, 3]);
for i in 0..3 {
let data = data.lock().unwrap();
data[i] += 1;
});
}
}
>2`2b i?2 2``Q`,

<anon>:9:9: 9:22 error: the trait `core::marker::Send` is not implemented for the type
`std::sync::mutex::MutexGuard<'_, collections::vec::Vec<u32>>` [E0277]
<anon>:11
^~~~~~~~~~~~~
<anon>:9:9: 9:22 note: `std::sync::mutex::MutexGuard<'_, collections::vec::Vec<u32>>` c
N3
*>Sh1_ 9X 1661*hAo1 _lah
annot be sent between threads safely

<anon>:11
^~~~~~~~~~~~~
uQm b22-
MutexRk
?b
lockRj
K2i?Q/ r?B+? ?b i?Bb bB;Mim`2,
fn lock(&self) -> LockResult<MutexGuard<T>>
"2+mb2 Send Bb MQi BKTH2K2Mi2/ 7Q`

#QmM/`B2b- r?B+? ;Bp2b mb Qm` 2``Q`X
q2 +M mb2
Arc<T>
MutexGuard<T>-
r2 +Mi i`Mb72` i?2 ;m`/ +`Qbb i?`2/
iQ }t i?BbX >2`2b i?2 rQ`FBM; p2`bBQM,
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};

use std::thread;
fn main() {
let data = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![1u32, 2, 3]));
for i in 0..3 {
let data = data.clone();
let mut data = data.lock().unwrap();
data[i] += 1;
});
}
}
q2 MQr +HH clone() QM Qm` Arc- r?B+? BM+`2b2b i?2 BMi2`MH +QmMiX h?Bb ?M/H2 Bb i?2M KQp2/
BMiQ i?2 M2r i?`2/X G2ib 2tKBM2 i?2 #Q/v Q7 i?2 i?`2/ KQ`2 +HQb2Hv,
data[i] += 1;
});
6B`bi- r2 +HH lock()- r?B+? +[mB`2b i?2 Kmi2tb HQ+FX "2+mb2 i?Bb Kv 7BH- Bi `2im`Mb M
Result<T, E>- M/ #2+mb2 i?Bb Bb Dmbi M 2tKTH2- r2 unwrap() Bi iQ ;2i `272`2M+2 iQ i?2 /iX
_2H +Q/2 rQmH/ ?p2 KQ`2 `Q#mbi 2``Q` ?M/HBM; ?2`2X q2`2 i?2M 7`22 iQ Kmii2 Bi- bBM+2 r2
?p2 i?2 HQ+FX
GbiHv- r?BH2 i?2 i?`2/b `2 `mMMBM;- r2 rBi QM b?Qì iBK2`X "mi i?Bb Bb MQi B/2H, r2 Kv
?p2 TB+F2/ `2bQM#H2 KQmMi Q7 iBK2 iQ rBi #mi Bib KQ`2 HBF2Hv r2HH 2Bi?2` #2 rBiBM; HQM;2`
i?M M2+2bb`v Q` MQi HQM; 2MQm;?- /2T2M/BM; QM Dmbi ?Qr Km+? iBK2 i?2 i?`2/b +imHHv iF2
iQ }MBb? +QKTmiBM; r?2M i?2 T`Q;`K `mMbX
Rk ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/fbvM+fbi`m+iXJmi2tX?iKH
Rj ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/fbvM+fbi`m+iXJmi2tX?iKHOK2i?Q/XHQ+F
9XeX *PL*l__1L*u
NN
KQ`2 T`2+Bb2 Hi2`MiBp2 iQ i?2 iBK2` rQmH/ #2 iQ mb2 QM2 Q7 i?2 K2+?MBbKb T`QpB/2/ #v i?2
_mbi biM/`/ HB#``v 7Q` bvM+?`QMBxBM; i?`2/b rBi? 2+? Qi?2`X G2ib iHF #Qmi QM2 Q7 i?2K,
+?MM2HbX
*?MM2Hb
>2`2b p2`bBQM Q7 Qm` +Q/2 i?i mb2b +?MM2Hb 7Q` bvM+?`QMBxiBQM- ì?2` i?M rBiBM; 7Q`
bT2+B}+ iBK2,
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use std::thread;
use std::sync::mpsc;
fn main() {
let data = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0u32));
let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
for _ in 0..10 {
let (data, tx) = (data.clone(), tx.clone());
*data += 1;
tx.send(());
});
}
for _ in 0..10 {
rx.recv();
}
}
q2 mb2 i?2 mpsc::channel() K2i?Q/ iQ +QMbi`m+i M2r +?MM2HX q2 Dmbi

i?2 +?MM2H- M/ i?2M rBi 7Q` i2M Q7 i?2K iQ +QK2 #+FX
send
bBKTH2
q?BH2 i?Bb +?MM2H Bb Dmbi b2M/BM; ;2M2`B+ bB;MH- r2 +M b2M/ Mv /i i?i Bb
+?MM2H5
use std::thread;
use std::sync::mpsc;
fn main() {
let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
for _ in 0..10 {
let tx = tx.clone();
Send
()
/QrM
Qp2` i?2
Ryy
*>Sh1_ 9X 1661*hAo1 _lah
let answer = 42u32;
tx.send(answer);
});
}
rx.recv().ok().expect("Could not receive answer");
}
u32 Bb Send #2+mb2 r2 +M KF2 +QTvX aQ r2 +`2i2 i?`2/- bF Bi iQ +H+mHi2 i?2 Mbr2`M/ i?2M Bi send()b mb i?2 Mbr2` Qp2` i?2 +?MM2HX
SMB+b
panic! rBHH +`b? i?2 +m``2MiHv 2t2+miBM; i?`2/X uQm +M mb2 _mbib i?`2/b b bBKTH2
BbQHiBQM K2+?MBbK,
use std::thread;
let result = thread::spawn(move || {
panic!("oops!");
}).join();
assert!(result.is_err());
Pm`
Thread
9Xd
;Bp2b mb
Result
#+F- r?B+? HHQrb mb iQ +?2+F B7 i?2 i?`2/ ?b TMB+F2/ Q` MQiX
1``Q` >M/HBM;
h?2 #2bi@HB/ THMb Q7 KB+2 M/ K2M
P7i2M ;Q r`v
h2 JQQb2- _Q#2ì "m`Mb
aQK2iBK2b- i?BM;b Dmbi ;Q r`QM;X Aib BKTQìMi iQ ?p2 THM 7Q` r?2M i?2 BM2pBi#H2 ?TT2MbX
_mbi ?b `B+? bmTTQì 7Q` ?M/HBM; 2``Q`b i?i Kv UH2ib #2 ?QM2bi, rBHHV Q++m` BM vQm` T`Q;`KbX
h?2`2 `2 irQ KBM FBM/b Q7 2``Q`b i?i +M Q++m` BM vQm` T`Q;`Kb, 7BHm`2b- M/ TMB+bX G2ib
iHF #Qmi i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M i?2 irQ- M/ i?2M /Bb+mbb ?Qr iQ ?M/H2 2+?X h?2M- r2HH
/Bb+mbb mT;`/BM; 7BHm`2b iQ TMB+bX
9XdX 1__P_ >L.GAL:
9XdXR
RyR
6BHm`2 pbX SMB+
_mbi mb2b irQ i2`Kb iQ /Bz2`2MiBi2 #2ir22M irQ 7Q`Kb Q7 2``Q`, 7BHm`2- M/ TMB+X 7BHm`2 Bb
M 2``Q` i?i +M #2 `2+Qp2`2/ 7`QK BM bQK2 rvX TMB+ Bb M 2``Q` i?i +MMQi #2 `2+Qp2`2/
7`QKX
q?i /Q r2 K2M #v `2+Qp2`\ q2HH- BM KQbi +b2b- i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv Q7 M 2``Q` Bb 2tT2+i2/X 6Q`
2tKTH2- +QMbB/2` i?2 parse 7mM+iBQM,
"5".parse();
h?Bb K2i?Q/ +QMp2ìb bi`BM; BMiQ MQi?2` ivT2X "mi #2+mb2 Bib bi`BM;- vQm +Mi #2 bm`2
i?i i?2 +QMp2`bBQM +imHHv rQ`FbX 6Q` 2tKTH2- r?i b?QmH/ i?Bb +QMp2ì iQ\
"hello5world".parse();
h?Bb rQMi rQ`FX aQ r2 FMQr i?i i?Bb 7mM+iBQM rBHH QMHv rQ`F T`QT2`Hv 7Q` bQK2 BMTmibX Aib
2tT2+i2/ #2?pBQ`X q2 +HH i?Bb FBM/ Q7 2``Q` 7BHm`2X
PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- bQK2iBK2b- i?2`2 `2 2``Q`b i?i `2 mM2tT2+i2/- Q` r?B+? r2 +MMQi `2+Qp2`
7`QKX +HbbB+ 2tKTH2 Bb M assert!,
assert!(x == 5);
q2 mb2 assert! iQ /2+H`2 i?i bQK2i?BM; Bb i`m2X A7 Bib MQi i`m2- bQK2i?BM; Bb p2`v r`QM;X
q`QM; 2MQm;? i?i r2 +Mi +QMiBMm2 rBi? i?BM;b BM i?2 +m``2Mi bii2X MQi?2` 2tKTH2 Bb mbBM;
i?2 unreachable!() K+`Q,
enum Event {
NewRelease,
}
fn probability(_: &Event) -> f64 {
// real implementation would be more complex, of course
0.95
}
fn descriptive_probability(event: Event) -> &'static str {
match probability(&event) {
1.00 => "certain",
0.00 => "impossible",
0.00 ... 0.25 => "very unlikely",
0.25 ... 0.50 => "unlikely",
0.50 ... 0.75 => "likely",
0.75 ... 1.00 => "very likely",
}
}
fn main() {
std::io::println(descriptive_probability(NewRelease));
}
Ryk
*>Sh1_ 9X 1661*hAo1 _lah
h?Bb rBHH ;Bp2 mb M 2``Q`,

error: non-exhaustive patterns: `_` not covered [E0004]
q?BH2 r2 FMQr i?i r2p2 +Qp2`2/ HH TQbbB#H2 +b2b- _mbi +Mi i2HHX Ai /Q2bMi FMQr i?i
T`Q##BHBiv Bb #2ir22M yXy M/ RXyX aQ r2 // MQi?2` +b2,
use Event::NewRelease;
enum Event {
NewRelease,
}
fn probability(_: &Event) -> f64 {
// real implementation would be more complex, of course
0.95
}
fn descriptive_probability(event: Event) -> &'static str {
match probability(&event) {
1.00 => "certain",
0.00 => "impossible",
0.00 ... 0.25 => "very unlikely",
0.25 ... 0.50 => "unlikely",
0.50 ... 0.75 => "likely",
0.75 ... 1.00 => "very likely",
_ => unreachable!()
}
}
fn main() {
println!("{}", descriptive_probability(NewRelease));
}
q2 b?QmH/Mi 2p2` ?Bi i?2 _ +b2- bQ r2 mb2 i?2 unreachable!() K+`Q iQ BM/B+i2 i?BbX
unreachable!() ;Bp2b /Bz2`2Mi FBM/ Q7 2``Q` i?M ResultX _mbi +HHb i?2b2 bQìb Q7 2``Q`b TMB+bX
9XdXk >M/HBM; 2``Q`b rBi?
Option
M/
Result
h?2 bBKTH2bi rv iQ BM/B+i2 i?i 7mM+iBQM Kv 7BH Bb iQ mb2 i?2 Option<T> ivT2X 6Q` 2tKTH2i?2 find K2i?Q/ QM bi`BM;b ii2KTib iQ }M/ Tii2`M BM bi`BM;- M/ `2im`Mb M Option,
let s = "foo";
assert_eq!(s.find('f'), Some(0));
assert_eq!(s.find('z'), None);
9XdX 1__P_ >L.GAL:
Ryj
h?Bb Bb TT`QT`Bi2 7Q` i?2 bBKTH2bi Q7 +b2b- #mi /Q2bMi ;Bp2 mb HQi Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM BM i?2 7BHm`2
+b2X q?i B7 r2 rMi2/ iQ FMQr r?v i?2 7mM+iBQM 7BH2/\ 6Q` i?Bb- r2 +M mb2 i?2 Result<T,
E> ivT2X Ai HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,
enum Result<T, E> {
Ok(T),
Err(E)
}
h?Bb 2MmK Bb T`QpB/2/ #v _mbi Bib2H7- bQ vQm /QMi M22/ iQ /2}M2 Bi iQ mb2 Bi BM vQm` +Q/2X
h?2 Ok(T) p`BMi `2T`2b2Mib bm++2bb- M/ i?2 Err(E) p`BMi `2T`2b2Mib 7BHm`2X _2im`MBM;
Result BMbi2/ Q7 M Option Bb `2+QKK2M/2/ 7Q` HH #mi i?2 KQbi i`BpBH Q7 bBimiBQMbX
>2`2b M 2tKTH2 Q7 mbBM;
Result,
#[derive(Debug)]
enum Version { Version1, Version2 }
#[derive(Debug)]
enum ParseError { InvalidHeaderLength, InvalidVersion }
fn parse_version(header: &[u8]) -> Result<Version, ParseError> {
if header.len() < 1 {
return Err(ParseError::InvalidHeaderLength);
}
match header[0] {
1 => Ok(Version::Version1),
2 => Ok(Version::Version2),
_ => Err(ParseError::InvalidVersion)
}
}
let version = parse_version(&[1, 2, 3, 4]);
match version {
Ok(v) => {
println!("working with version: {:?}", v);
}
Err(e) => {
println!("error parsing header: {:?}", e);
}
}
h?Bb 7mM+iBQM KF2b mb2 Q7 M 2MmK- ParseError- iQ 2MmK2ì2 i?2 p`BQmb 2``Q`b i?i +M Q++m`X
h?2
DebugR9
i`Bi Bb r?i H2ib mb T`BMi i?2 2MmK pHm2 mbBM; i?2
R9 ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/f7Kifi`BiX.2#m;X?iKH
{:?}
7Q`Ki QT2ìBQMX
Ry9
*>Sh1_ 9X 1661*hAo1 _lah
9XdXj LQM@`2+Qp2`#H2 2``Q`b rBi?
panic!
AM i?2 +b2 Q7 M 2``Q` i?i Bb mM2tT2+i2/ M/ MQi `2+Qp2`#H2- i?2

TMB+X h?Bb rBHH +`b? i?2 +m``2Mi i?`2/- M/ ;Bp2 M 2``Q`,
panic!
K+`Q rBHH BM/m+2
panic!("boom");
;Bp2b
thread '<main>' panicked at 'boom', hello.rs:2
r?2M vQm `mM BiX

"2+mb2 i?2b2 FBM/b Q7 bBimiBQMb `2 `2HiBp2Hv ``2- mb2 TMB+b bT`BM;HvX
9XdX9 lT;`/BM; 7BHm`2b iQ TMB+b

AM +2ìBM +B`+mKbiM+2b- 2p2M i?Qm;? 7mM+iBQM Kv 7BH- r2 Kv rMi iQ i`2i Bi b TMB+
BMbi2/X 6Q` 2tKTH2- io::stdin().read_line(&mut buffer) `2im`Mb Result<usize>- r?2M i?2`2
Bb M 2``Q` `2/BM; i?2 HBM2X h?Bb HHQrb mb iQ ?M/H2 M/ TQbbB#Hv `2+Qp2` 7`QK 2``Q`X
A7 r2 /QMi rMi iQ ?M/H2 i?Bb 2``Q`- M/ rQmH/ ì?2` Dmbi #Qì i?2 T`Q;`K- r2 +M mb2 i?2
unwrap() K2i?Q/,
io::stdin().read_line(&mut buffer).unwrap();
rBHH panic! B7 i?2 Result Bb ErrX h?Bb #bB+HHv bvb :Bp2 K2 i?2 pHm2- M/ B7 bQK2i?BM;
;Q2b r`QM;- Dmbi +`b?X h?Bb Bb H2bb `2HB#H2 i?M Ki+?BM; i?2 2``Q` M/ ii2KTiBM; iQ `2+Qp2`#mi Bb HbQ bB;MB}+MiHv b?Qì2`X aQK2iBK2b- Dmbi +`b?BM; Bb TT`QT`Bi2X
unwrap()
h?2`2b MQi?2` rv Q7 /QBM; i?Bb i?ib #Bi MB+2` i?M
unwrap(),
let mut buffer = String::new();

let input = io::stdin().read_line(&mut buffer)
.ok()
+QMp2ìb i?2 Result BMiQ M Option- M/ expect() /Q2b i?2 bK2 i?BM; b unwrap()- #mi
iF2b K2bb;2X h?Bb K2bb;2 Bb Tbb2/ HQM; iQ i?2 mM/2`HvBM; panic!- T`QpB/BM; #2ii2` 2``Q`
K2bb;2 B7 i?2 +Q/2 2``Q`bX
ok()
9XdX8 lbBM;
try!
q?2M r`BiBM; +Q/2 i?i +HHb KMv 7mM+iBQMb i?i `2im`M i?2 Result ivT2- i?2 2``Q` ?M/HBM; +M
#2 i2/BQmbX h?2 try! K+`Q ?B/2b bQK2 Q7 i?2 #QBH2`THi2 Q7 T`QT;iBM; 2``Q`b mT i?2 +HH bi+FX
Ai `2TH+2b i?Bb,
9XdX 1__P_ >L.GAL:
Ry8
use std::fs::File;
use std::io;
use std::io::prelude::*;
struct Info {
name: String,
age: i32,
rating: i32,
}
fn write_info(info: &Info) -> io::Result<()> {
let mut file = File::create("my_best_friends.txt").unwrap();
if let Err(e) = writeln!(&mut file, "name: {}", info.name) {
return Err(e)
}
if let Err(e) = writeln!(&mut file, "age: {}", info.age) {
return Err(e)
}
if let Err(e) = writeln!(&mut file, "rating: {}", info.rating) {
return Err(e)
}
return Ok(());
}
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use std::fs::File;
use std::io;
use std::io::prelude::*;
struct Info {
name: String,
age: i32,
rating: i32,
}
fn write_info(info: &Info) -> io::Result<()> {
let mut file = try!(File::create("my_best_friends.txt"));
try!(writeln!(&mut file, "name: {}", info.name));
try!(writeln!(&mut file, "age: {}", info.age));
try!(writeln!(&mut file, "rating: {}", info.rating));
return Ok(());
}
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# #![feature(libc)]
extern crate libc;
use libc::size_t;
#[link(name = "snappy")]
extern {
fn snappy_max_compressed_length(source_length: size_t) -> size_t;
}
fn main() {
let x = unsafe { snappy_max_compressed_length(100) };
println!("max compressed length of a 100 byte buffer: {}", x);
}
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# #![feature(libc)]
extern crate libc;
use libc::{c_int, size_t};
#[link(name = "snappy")]
extern {
fn snappy_compress(input: *const u8,
input_length: size_t,
compressed: *mut u8,
compressed_length: *mut size_t) -> c_int;
fn snappy_uncompress(compressed: *const u8,
compressed_length: size_t,
uncompressed: *mut u8,
uncompressed_length: *mut size_t) -> c_int;
fn snappy_max_compressed_length(source_length: size_t) -> size_t;
fn snappy_uncompressed_length(compressed: *const u8,
result: *mut size_t) -> c_int;
fn snappy_validate_compressed_buffer(compressed: *const u8,
compressed_length: size_t) -> c_int;
}
# fn main() {}
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# #![feature(libc)]
# extern crate libc;
# use libc::{c_int, size_t};
# unsafe fn snappy_validate_compressed_buffer(_: *const u8, _: size_t) -> c_int { 0 }
# fn main() {}
pub fn validate_compressed_buffer(src: &[u8]) -> bool {
unsafe {
snappy_validate_compressed_buffer(src.as_ptr(), src.len() as size_t) == 0
}
}
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# #![feature(libc)]
# use libc::{size_t, c_int};
# unsafe fn snappy_compress(a: *const u8, b: size_t, c: *mut u8,
#
d: *mut size_t) -> c_int { 0 }
# unsafe fn snappy_max_compressed_length(a: size_t) -> size_t { a }

# fn main() {}
pub fn compress(src: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
unsafe {
let srclen = src.len() as size_t;
let psrc = src.as_ptr();
let mut dstlen = snappy_max_compressed_length(srclen);
let mut dst = Vec::with_capacity(dstlen as usize);
let pdst = dst.as_mut_ptr();
snappy_compress(psrc, srclen, pdst, &mut dstlen);
dst.set_len(dstlen as usize);
dst
}
}
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# #![feature(libc)]
# use libc::{size_t, c_int};
# unsafe fn snappy_uncompress(compressed: *const u8,
#
uncompressed: *mut u8,
uncompressed_length: *mut size_t) -> c_int { 0 }
# unsafe fn snappy_uncompressed_length(compressed: *const u8,

#
result: *mut size_t) -> c_int { 0 }
# fn main() {}
pub fn uncompress(src: &[u8]) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
unsafe {
let srclen = src.len() as size_t;
let psrc = src.as_ptr();
let mut dstlen: size_t = 0;
snappy_uncompressed_length(psrc, srclen, &mut dstlen);
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let mut dst = Vec::with_capacity(dstlen as usize);

let pdst = dst.as_mut_ptr();
if snappy_uncompress(psrc, srclen, pdst, &mut dstlen) == 0 {
dst.set_len(dstlen as usize);
Some(dst)
} else {
None // SNAPPY_INVALID_INPUT
}
}
}
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extern fn callback(a: i32) {
println!("I'm called from C with value {0}", a);
}
#[link(name = "extlib")]
extern {
fn register_callback(cb: extern fn(i32)) -> i32;
fn trigger_callback();
}
fn main() {
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trigger_callback(); // Triggers the callback
}
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typedef void (*rust_callback)(int32_t);
rust_callback cb;
int32_t register_callback(rust_callback callback) {
cb = callback;
return 1;
}
void trigger_callback() {
cb(7); // Will call callback(7) in Rust
}
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#[repr(C)]
struct RustObject {
a: i32,
// other members
}
extern "C" fn callback(target: *mut RustObject, a: i32) {
println!("I'm called from C with value {0}", a);
unsafe {
// Update the value in RustObject with the value received from the callback
(*target).a = a;
}
}
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#[link(name = "extlib")]
extern {
fn register_callback(target: *mut RustObject,
cb: extern fn(*mut RustObject, i32)) -> i32;
fn trigger_callback();
}
fn main() {
// Create the object that will be referenced in the callback
let mut rust_object = Box::new(RustObject { a: 5 });
unsafe {
register_callback(&mut *rust_object, callback);
trigger_callback();
}
}
* +Q/2,
typedef void (*rust_callback)(void*, int32_t);
void* cb_target;
rust_callback cb;
int32_t register_callback(void* callback_target, rust_callback callback) {
cb_target = callback_target;
cb = callback;
return 1;
}
void trigger_callback() {
cb(cb_target, 7); // Will call callback(&rustObject, 7) in Rust
}
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# #![feature(libc)]
extern crate libc;
#[link(name = "readline")]
extern {
static rl_readline_version: libc::c_int;
}
fn main() {
println!("You have readline version {} installed.",
rl_readline_version as i32);
}
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# #![feature(libc)]
extern crate libc;
use std::ffi::CString;
use std::ptr;
#[link(name = "readline")]
extern {
static mut rl_prompt: *const libc::c_char;
}
fn main() {
let prompt = CString::new("[my-awesome-shell] $").unwrap();
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unsafe {
rl_prompt = prompt.as_ptr();
println!("{:?}", rl_prompt);
rl_prompt = ptr::null();
}
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# #![feature(libc)]
extern crate libc;
#[cfg(all(target_os = "win32", target_arch = "x86"))]
#[link(name = "kernel32")]
#[allow(non_snake_case)]
extern "stdcall" {
fn SetEnvironmentVariableA(n: *const u8, v: *const u8) -> libc::c_int;
}
# fn main() { }
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system
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#[no_mangle]
pub extern fn hello_rust() -> *const u8 {
"Hello, world!\0".as_ptr()
}
# fn main() {}
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let mut map = HashMap::new();
map.insert("Foo".to_string(), 42);
assert_eq!(map.get("Foo"), Some(&42));
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use std::borrow::Borrow;
use std::fmt::Display;
fn foo<T: Borrow<i32> + Display>(a: T) {
println!("a is borrowed: {}", a);
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}
let mut i = 5;
foo(&i);
foo(&mut i);
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let s = "Hello".to_string();
fn foo<T: AsRef<str>>(s: T) {
let slice = s.as_ref();
}
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fn main() {
let x = 5; // x: i32
}
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let x = 5;
x = 10;
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x = 10;
^~~~~~~
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G2ib i`v Bi QmiX *?M;2 vQm`
src/main.rs
}H2 iQ HQQF HBF2 i?Bb,
fn main() {
let x: i32;
println!("Hello world!");
}
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T`BMi >2HHQ- rQ`H/5,
Compiling hello_world v0.0.1 (file:///home/you/projects/hello_world)
src/main.rs:2:9: 2:10 warning: unused variable: `x`, #[warn(unused_variable)]
on by default
src/main.rs:2
let x: i32;
^
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fn main() {
let x: i32;
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
}
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$ cargo build
Compiling hello_world v0.0.1 (file:///home/you/projects/hello_world)
src/main.rs:4:39: 4:40 error: use of possibly uninitialized variable: `x`
src/main.rs:4
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);

^
note: in expansion of format_args!

<std macros>:2:23: 2:77 note: expansion site
<std macros>:1:1: 3:2 note: in expansion of println!
src/main.rs:4:5: 4:42 note: expansion site
Could not compile `hello_world`.
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fn main() {
}
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fn foo() {
}
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fn print_number(x: i32) {
println!("x is: {}", x);
}
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print_number,
fn main() {
print_number(5);
}
fn print_number(x: i32) {
println!("x is: {}", x);
}
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let
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R ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/f7KifBM/2tX?iKH
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Rkj
fn main() {
print_sum(5, 6);
}
fn print_sum(x: i32, y: i32) {
println!("sum is: {}", x + y);
}
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let-
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fn print_sum(x, y) {
println!("sum is: {}", x + y);
}
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expected one of `!`, `:`, or `@`, found `)`
fn print_number(x, y) {
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fn add_one(x: i32) -> i32 {
x + 1
}
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x + 1;
}
q2 rQmH/ ;2i M 2``Q`,

error: not all control paths return a value
x + 1;
}
Rk9
help: consider removing this semicolon:

x + 1;
^
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x = y = 5
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let x = (let y = 5); // expected identifier, found keyword `let`
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let mut y = 5;
let x = (y = 6);
// x has the value `()`, not `6`
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x + 1
}
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return,
fn foo(x: i32) -> i32 {

return x;
// we never run this code!
x + 1
}
lbBM;
return
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fn foo(x: i32) -> i32 {

return x + 1;
}
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fn diverges() -> ! {
panic!("This function never returns!");
}
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panic!
println!()- panic!()
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# fn diverges() -> ! {
#
panic!("This function never returns!");
# }
let x: i32 = diverges();
let x: String = diverges();
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true
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let x = true;
let y: bool = false;
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charb
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let x = 'x';
let two_hearts = '';
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charb
char
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u16
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let x = 42; // x has type i32
let y = 1.0; // y has type f64
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3 ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/fT`BKBiBp2Xm3X?iKH
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RR ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/fT`BKBiBp2Xme9X?iKH
Rk ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/fT`BKBiBp2XBbBx2X?iKH
Rj ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/fT`BKBiBp2XmbBx2X?iKH
R9 ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/fT`BKBiBp2X7jkX?iKH
R8 ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/fT`BKBiBp2X7e9X?iKH
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let a = [1, 2, 3]; // a: [i32; 3]
let mut m = [1, 2, 3]; // m: [i32; 3]
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let a = [0; 20]; // a: [i32; 20]
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a.len(),
let a = [1, 2, 3];

println!("a has {} elements", a.len());
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let names = ["Graydon", "Brian", "Niko"]; // names: [&str; 3]
println!("The second name is: {}", names[1]);
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let a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4];
let middle = &a[1..4]; // A slice of a: just the elements 1, 2, and 3
let complete = &a[..]; // A slice containing all of the elements in a
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let x: (i32, &str) = (1, "hello");
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let y = (2, 3); // y: (i32, i32)
x = y;
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let x: fn(i32) -> i32 = foo;
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// Line comments are anything after
//
and extend to the end of the line.
let x = 5; // this is also a line comment.

// If you have a long explanation for something, you can put line comments next
// to each other. Put a space between the // and your comment so that its
// more readable.
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/// Adds one to the number given.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let five = 5;
///
/// assert_eq!(6, add_one(5));
/// ```
x + 1
}
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}
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println!("x is not five :(");
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let x = 5;
if x == 5 {
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println!("x is six!");
} else {
println!("x is not five or six :(");
}
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let x = 5;
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} else {
15
}; // y: i32
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fn foo() {
let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
}
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let v = vec![1, 2, 3];

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println!("v[0] is: {}", v[0]);
^
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fn take(v: Vec<i32>) {
// what happens here isnt important.
}
let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
take(v);
println!("v[0] is: {}", v[0]);
aK2 2``Q`, mb2 Q7 KQp2/ pHm2X q?2M r2 i`Mb72` QrM2`b?BT iQ bQK2i?BM; 2Hb2- r2 bv i?i
r2p2 KQp2/ i?2 i?BM; r2 `272` iQX uQm /QMi M22/ bQK2 bQì Q7 bT2+BH MMQiiBQM ?2`2- Bib
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h?2 /2iBHb
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r2 r`Bi2 +Q/2 HBF2 i?Bb,
let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
let v2 = v;
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3]V biQ`2/ QM i?2 ?2T Ub2+iBQM 9XR- T;2 8NVX q?2M r2 KQp2 v iQ v2- Bi +`2i2b +QTv Q7 i?i
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Aib HbQ BKTQìMi iQ MQi2 i?i QTiBKBxiBQMb Kv `2KQp2 i?2 +imH +QTv Q7 i?2 #vi2b QM i?2
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Copy
ivT2b
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Q`B;BMH #BM/BM;X >Qr2p2`- i?2`2b i`Bi Ub2+iBQM 8Xky- T;2 RdjV i?i +?M;2b i?Bb #2?pBQ`M/ Bib +HH2/ CopyX q2 ?p2Mi /Bb+mbb2/ i`Bib v2i- #mi 7Q` MQr- vQm +M i?BMF Q7 i?2K b M
MMQiiBQM iQ TìB+mH` ivT2 i?i //b 2ti` #2?pBQ`X 6Q` 2tKTH2,
let v = 1;
let v2 = v;
println!("v is: {}", v);
Rj3
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Copy
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fn foo(v: Vec<i32>) -> Vec<i32> {
// do stuff with v
// hand back ownership
v
}
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fn foo(v1: Vec<i32>, v2: Vec<i32>) -> (Vec<i32>, Vec<i32>, i32) {
// do stuff with v1 and v2
// hand back ownership, and the result of our function
(v1, v2, 42)
}
let v1 = vec![1, 2, 3];
let v2 = vec![1, 2, 3];
let (v1, v2, answer) = foo(v1, v2);
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M2ti b2+iBQM5
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8XNX _161_1L*1a L. "P__PqAL:
RjN
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8XNXk
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HBF2 i?Bb,
fn foo(v1: Vec<i32>, v2: Vec<i32>) -> (Vec<i32>, Vec<i32>, i32) {
// hand back ownership, and the result of our function
(v1, v2, 42)
}
let v1 = vec![1, 2, 3];
let v2 = vec![1, 2, 3];
let (v1, v2, answer) = foo(v1, v2);
h?Bb Bb MQi B/BQKiB+ _mbi- ?Qr2p2`- b Bi /Q2bMi iF2 /pMi;2 Q7 #Q``QrBM;X >2`2b i?2 }`bi
bi2T,
fn foo(v1: &Vec<i32>, v2: &Vec<i32>) -> i32 {
// return the answer
42
R9y
}
let v1 = vec![1, 2, 3];
let v2 = vec![1, 2, 3];
let answer = foo(&v1, &v2);
// we can use v1 and v2 here!
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/2HHQ+i2 i?2 `2bQm`+2 r?2M Bi ;Q2b Qmi Q7 b+QT2X h?Bb K2Mb i?i 7i2` i?2 +HH iQ foo()- r2
+M mb2 Qm` Q`B;BMH #BM/BM;b ;BMX
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#2 +?M;2/ i HH,
foo()-
i?2 p2+iQ`b +Mi
fn foo(v: &Vec<i32>) {
v.push(5);
}
let v = vec![];
foo(&v);
2``Q`b rBi?,
error: cannot borrow immutable borrowed content `*v` as mutable
v.push(5);
^
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`2bQm`+2 vQm`2 #Q``QrBM;X 6Q` 2tKTH2,
let mut x = 5;
{
let y = &mut x;
*y += 1;
}
println!("{}", x);
8XNX _161_1L*1a L. "P__PqAL:
R9R
h?Bb rBHH T`BMi 6X q2 KF2 y Kmi#H2 `272`2M+2 iQ x- i?2M // QM2 iQ i?2 i?BM; y TQBMib iX
uQmHH MQiB+2 i?i x ?/ iQ #2 K`F2/ mut b r2HH- B7 Bi rbMi- r2 +QmH/Mi iF2 Kmi#H2 #Q``Qr
iQ M BKKmi#H2 pHm2X
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r2 M22/ i?i 2ti` b+QT2- rBi? i?2 { M/ }X A7 r2 `2KQp2 i?2K- r2 ;2i M 2``Q`,
error: cannot borrow `x` as immutable because it is also borrowed as mutable
println!("{}", x);
^
note: previous borrow of `x` occurs here; the mutable borrow prevents
subsequent moves, borrows, or modification of `x` until the borrow ends
let y = &mut x;
^
fn main() {
}
^
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/i `+2,
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>2`2b i?2 +Q/2,
let mut x = 5;
let y = &mut x;
*y += 1;
println!("{}", x);
h?Bb +Q/2 ;Bp2b mb i?Bb 2``Q`,

error: cannot borrow `x` as immutable because it is also borrowed as mutable
println!("{}", x);
^
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iQ +`2i2 Mv &TbX PM2 Q` i?2 Qi?2`X h?2 MQi2 ?BMib i ?Qr iQ i?BMF #Qmi i?Bb T`Q#H2K,
fn main() {
}
^
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i?2 Kmi#H2 #Q``Qr iQ 2M/ #27Q`2 r2 i`v iQ +HH println! M/ KF2 M BKKmi#H2 #Q``QrX AM
_mbi- #Q``QrBM; Bb iB2/ iQ i?2 b+QT2 i?i i?2 #Q``Qr Bb pHB/ 7Q`X M/ Qm` b+QT2b HQQF HBF2 i?Bb,
let mut x = 5;
let y = &mut x;
*y += 1;
// -+ &mut borrow of x starts here

//
//
//
println!("{}", x); // -+ - try to borrow x here

// -+ &mut borrow of x ends here
h?2 b+QT2b +QM~B+i, r2 +Mi KF2 M
&x
r?BH2
Bb BM b+QT2X
aQ r?2M r2 // i?2 +m`Hv #`+2b,

let mut x = 5;
{
let y = &mut x; // -+ &mut borrow starts here
*y += 1;
//
8XNX _161_1L*1a L. "P__PqAL:

}
// -+ ... and ends here
println!("{}", x);
// <- try to borrow x here
R9j
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"mi b+QT2 Bb i?2 F2v iQ b22BM; ?Qr HQM; #Q``Qr Hbib 7Q`X
Abbm2b #Q``QrBM; T`2p2Mib
q?v ?p2 i?2b2 `2bi`B+iBp2 `mH2b\ q2HH- b r2 MQi2/- i?2b2 `mH2b T`2p2Mi /i `+2bX q?i FBM/b
Q7 Bbbm2b /Q /i `+2b +mb2\ >2`2b 72rX
Ai2ìQ` BMpHB/iBQM PM2 2tKTH2 Bb Bi2ìQ` BMpHB/iBQM- r?B+? ?TT2Mb r?2M vQm i`v
iQ Kmii2 +QHH2+iBQM i?i vQm`2 Bi2ìBM; Qp2`X _mbib #Q``Qr +?2+F2` T`2p2Mib i?Bb 7`QK
?TT2MBM;,
let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
for i in &v {
println!("{}", i);
}
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r2`2 Bi2ìBM;,
let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
for i in &v {
println!("{}", i);
v.push(34);
}
>2`2b i?2 2``Q`,

error: cannot borrow `v` as mutable because it is also borrowed as immutable
v.push(34);
^
note: previous borrow of `v` occurs here; the immutable borrow prevents
subsequent moves or mutable borrows of `v` until the borrow ends
for i in &v {
^
for i in &v {
println!({}, i);
v.push(34);
}
^
R99
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b+QT2b Q7 vQm` `272`2M+2b iQ 2Mbm`2 i?i i?Bb Bb i`m2X
A7 _mbi /B/Mi +?2+F i?i i?Bb T`QT2ìv- r2 +QmH/ ++B/2MiHHv mb2 `272`2M+2 r?B+? rb BMpHB/X
6Q` 2tKTH2,
let y: &i32;
{
let x = 5;
y = &x;
}
println!("{}", y);
q2 ;2i i?Bb 2``Q`,

error: `x` does not live long enough
y = &x;
^
note: reference must be valid for the block suffix following statement 0 at
2:16...
let y: &i32;
{
let x = 5;
y = &x;
}
note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for the block suffix following
statement 0 at 4:18
let x = 5;
y = &x;
}
AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- y Bb QMHv pHB/ 7Q` i?2 b+QT2 r?2`2 x 2tBbibX b bQQM b x ;Q2b rv- Bi #2+QK2b
BMpHB/ iQ `272` iQ BiX b bm+?- i?2 2``Q` bvb i?i i?2 #Q``Qr /Q2bMi HBp2 HQM; 2MQm;? #2+mb2
Bib MQi pHB/ 7Q` i?2 `B;?i KQmMi Q7 iBK2X
h?2 bK2 T`Q#H2K Q++m`b r?2M i?2 `272`2M+2 Bb /2+H`2/ #27Q`2 i?2 p`B#H2 Bi `272`b iQ,
let y: &i32;
let x = 5;
y = &x;
println!("{}", y);
q2 ;2i i?Bb 2``Q`,
8XRyX GA61hAJ1a
R98
error: `x` does not live long enough

y = &x;
^
note: reference must be valid for the block suffix following statement 0 at
2:16...
let y: &i32;
let x = 5;
y = &x;
println!("{}", y);
}
note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for the block suffix following
statement 1 at 3:14
let x = 5;
y = &x;
println!("{}", y);
}
8XRy
GB72iBK2b
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R9e
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A +[mB`2 ?M/H2 iQ bQK2 FBM/ Q7 `2bQm`+2X

A H2M/ vQm `272`2M+2 iQ i?2 `2bQm`+2X
A /2+B/2 AK /QM2 rBi? i?2 `2bQm`+2- M/ /2HHQ+i2 Bi- r?BH2 vQm biBHH ?p2 vQm` `272`2M+2X
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l? Q?5 uQm` `272`2M+2 Bb TQBMiBM; iQ M BMpHB/ `2bQm`+2X h?Bb Bb +HH2/ /M;HBM; TQBMi2` Q` mb2
7i2` 7`22- r?2M i?2 `2bQm`+2 Bb K2KQ`vX
hQ }t i?Bb- r2 ?p2 iQ KF2 bm`2 i?i bi2T 7Qm` M2p2` ?TT2Mb 7i2` bi2T i?`22X h?2 QrM2`b?BT
bvbi2K BM _mbi /Q2b i?Bb i?`Qm;? +QM+2Ti +HH2/ HB72iBK2b- r?B+? /2b+`B#2 i?2 b+QT2 i?i
`272`2M+2 Bb pHB/ 7Q`X
q?2M r2 ?p2 7mM+iBQM i?i iF2b `272`2M+2 #v `;mK2Mi- r2 +M #2 BKTHB+Bi Q` 2tTHB+Bi #Qmi
i?2 HB72iBK2 Q7 i?2 `272`2M+2,
// implicit
fn foo(x: &i32) {
}
// explicit
fn bar<'a>(x: &'a i32) {
}
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fn bar<'a>(...)
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bar
?b QM2 HB72iBK2-
fn bar<'a, 'b>(...)
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'aX
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...(x: &'a i32)
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&mut
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...(x: &'a mut i32)
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struct
Ub2+iBQM 8XRk- T;2 R8jVb,
struct Foo<'a> {
x: &'a i32,
}
fn main() {
let y = &5; // this is the same as `let _y = 5; let y = &_y;`
let f = Foo { x: y };
println!("{}", f.x);
}
b vQm +M b22-
structb
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struct Foo<'a> {
/2+H`2b HB72iBK2- M/

x: &'a i32,
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rv iQ i?BMF #Qmi HB72iBK2b Bb iQ pBbmHBx2 i?2 b+QT2 i?i `272`2M+2 Bb pHB/ 7Q`X 6Q` 2tKTH2,
fn main() {
let y = &5;
// stuff
}
//BM; BM Qm`
// -+ y goes into scope

//
//
//
// -+ y goes out of scope

Foo,
R93
struct Foo<'a> {
x: &'a i32,
}
fn main() {
let y = &5;
// -+ y goes into scope
let f = Foo { x: y }; // -+ f goes into scope

// stuff
}
Pm`
//
//
// -+ f and y go out of scope

f
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struct Foo<'a> {
x: &'a i32,
}
fn main() {
let x;
// -+ x goes into scope
{
let y = &5;
//
//
// ---+ y goes into scope
let f = Foo { x: y }; // ---+ f goes into scope

x = &f.x;
}
//
| | error here
// ---+ f and y go out of scope
println!("{}", x);
}
//
//
// -+ x goes out of scope
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let x: &'static str = "Hello, world.";
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static FOO: i32 = 5;
let x: &'static i32 = &FOO;
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fn foo<'a>(bar: &'a str)
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fn print(s: &str); // elided
fn print<'a>(s: &'a str); // expanded
fn debug(lvl: u32, s: &str); // elided
fn debug<'a>(lvl: u32, s: &'a str); // expanded
// In the preceding example, `lvl` doesnt need a lifetime because its not a
// reference (`&`). Only things relating to references (such as a `struct`
R8y
// which contains a reference) need lifetimes.

fn substr(s: &str, until: u32) -> &str; // elided
fn substr<'a>(s: &'a str, until: u32) -> &'a str; // expanded
fn get_str() -> &str; // ILLEGAL, no inputs
fn frob(s: &str, t: &str) -> &str; // ILLEGAL, two inputs
fn frob<'a, 'b>(s: &'a str, t: &'b str) -> &str; // Expanded: Output lifetime is unclea
r
fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T; // elided
fn get_mut<'a>(&'a mut self) -> &'a mut T; // expanded
fn args<T:ToCStr>(&mut self, args: &[T]) -> &mut Command // elided
fn args<'a, 'b, T:ToCStr>(&'a mut self, args: &'b [T]) -> &'a mut Command // expanded
fn new(buf: &mut [u8]) -> BufWriter; // elided
fn new<'a>(buf: &'a mut [u8]) -> BufWriter<'a> // expanded
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let x = 5;
x = 6; // error!
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mut
F2vrQ`/,
let mut x = 5;
x = 6; // no problem!
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let mut x = 5;
let y = &mut x;
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let mut x = 5;
let mut y = &mut x;
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let (mut x, y) = (5, 6);
fn foo(mut x: i32) {
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use std::sync::Arc;
let x = Arc::new(5);
let y = x.clone();
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R8k
use std::cell::RefCell;
let x = RefCell::new(42);
let y = x.borrow_mut();
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use std::cell::RefCell;
let x = RefCell::new(42);
let y = x.borrow_mut();
let z = x.borrow_mut();
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BKKmi#H2,
struct Point {
x: i32,
mut y: i32, // nope
}
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struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
let mut a = Point { x: 5, y: 6 };
a.x = 10;
let b = Point { x: 5, y: 6};
b.x = 10; // error: cannot assign to immutable field `b.x`
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Cell<T>-
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8XRkX ah_l*ha
R8j
use std::cell::Cell;
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: Cell<i32>,
}
let point = Point { x: 5, y: Cell::new(6) };
point.y.set(7);
println!("y: {:?}", point.y);
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y: Cell { value: 7 }X
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let origin_x = 0;
let origin_y = 0;
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struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
fn main() {
let origin = Point { x: 0, y: 0 }; // origin: Point
println!("The origin is at ({}, {})", origin.x, origin.y);
}
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origin.xX
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iQ KF2
R89
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
fn main() {
let mut point = Point { x: 0, y: 0 };
point.x = 5;
println!("The point is at ({}, {})", point.x, point.y);
}
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The point is at (5, 0)X
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i?Bb,
struct Point {
mut x: i32,
y: i32,
}
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struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
fn main() {
let mut point = Point { x: 0, y: 0 };
point.x = 5;
let point = point; // this new binding cant change now
point.y = 6; // this causes an error
}
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8XRkX ah_l*ha
R88
struct Point3d {
x: i32,
y: i32,
z: i32,
}
let mut point = Point3d { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 };
point = Point3d { y: 1, .. point };
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let origin = Point3d { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 };
let point = Point3d { z: 1, x: 2, .. origin };
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struct Color(i32, i32, i32);
struct Point(i32, i32, i32);
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let black = Color(0, 0, 0);
let origin = Point(0, 0, 0);
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struct Color {
red: i32,
blue: i32,
green: i32,
}
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
z: i32,
}
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Point
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struct Inches(i32);
let length = Inches(10);
let Inches(integer_length) = length;
println!("length is {} inches", integer_length);
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struct Electron;
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enum
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enum Message {
Quit,
ChangeColor(i32, i32, i32),
Move { x: i32, y: i32 },
Write(String),
}
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enum
let x: Message = Message::Move { x: 3, y: 4 };

enum BoardGameTurn {
Move { squares: i32 },
Pass,
}
let y: BoardGameTurn = BoardGameTurn::Move { squares: 1 };
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fn process_color_change(msg: Message) {
let Message::ChangeColor(r, g, b) = msg; // compile-time error
}
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let x = 5;
match x {
1 => println!("one"),
2 => println!("two"),
3 => println!("three"),
4 => println!("four"),
5 => println!("five"),
R83

_ => println!("something else"),
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error: non-exhaustive patterns: `_` not covered
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match
let
#BM/BM;
let x = 5;
let number = match x {
1 => "one",
2 => "two",
3 => "three",
4 => "four",
5 => "five",
_ => "something else",
};
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match
enum Message {
Quit,
ChangeColor(i32, i32, i32),
Move { x: i32, y: i32 },
Write(String),
}
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8XR8X Shh1_La
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fn quit() { /* ... */ }
fn change_color(r: i32, g: i32, b: i32) { /* ... */ }
fn move_cursor(x: i32, y: i32) { /* ... */ }
fn process_message(msg: Message) {
match msg {
Message::Quit => quit(),
Message::ChangeColor(r, g, b) => change_color(r, g, b),
Message::Move { x: x, y: y } => move_cursor(x, y),
Message::Write(s) => println!("{}", s),
};
}
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[mB+F `27`2b?2`, vQm +M Ki+? ;BMbi HBi2`Hb /B`2+iHv- M/
let x = 1;
match x {
1 => println!("one"),
2 => println!("two"),
_ => println!("anything"),
}
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Rey

1 | 2 => println!("one or two"),
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...,
let x = 1;
match x {
1 ... 5 => println!("one through five"),
}
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one through fiveX
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charb,
let x = '';
match x {
'a' ... 'j' => println!("early letter"),
'k' ... 'z' => println!("late letter"),
_ => println!("something else"),
}
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let x = 1;
match x {
e @ 1 ... 5 => println!("got a range element {}", e),
}
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8XR8X Shh1_La
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#[derive(Debug)]
struct Person {
name: Option<String>,
}
let name = "Steve".to_string();
let mut x: Option<Person> = Some(Person { name: Some(name) });
match x {
Some(Person { name: ref a @ Some(_), .. }) => println!("{:?}", a),
_ => {}
}
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Some("Steve"),
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name
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let x = 5;
match x {
e @ 1 ... 5 | e @ 8 ... 10 => println!("got a range element {}", e),
}
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enum OptionalInt {
Value(i32),
Missing,
}
let x = OptionalInt::Value(5);
match x {
OptionalInt::Value(..) => println!("Got an int!"),
OptionalInt::Missing => println!("No such luck."),
}
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if,
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enum OptionalInt {
Value(i32),
Missing,
}
let x = OptionalInt::Value(5);
match x {
OptionalInt::Value(i) if i > 5 => println!("Got an int bigger than five!"),
OptionalInt::Value(..) => println!("Got an int!"),
OptionalInt::Missing => println!("No such luck."),
}
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Got an int!X
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ref
F2vrQ`/,
let x = 5;
match x {
ref r => println!("Got a reference to {}", r),
}
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rv,
let mut x = 5;
match x {
ref mut mr => println!("Got a mutable reference to {}", mr),
}
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BMbB/2 Q7 Tii2`M,
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
struct
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8XR8X Shh1_La
Rej
let origin = Point { x: 0, y: 0 };

match origin {
Point { x: x, y: y } => println!("({},{})", x, y),
}
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struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
match origin {
Point { x: x, .. } => println!("x is {}", x),
}
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x is 0X
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struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
match origin {
Point { y: y, .. } => println!("y is {}", y),
}
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match x {
Foo { x: Some(ref name), y: None } => ...
}
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baz(bar(foo)));
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i?Bb BMbi2/\
foo.bar().baz();
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struct Circle {
x: f64,
y: f64,
radius: f64,
}
impl Circle {
fn area(&self) -> f64 {
std::f64::consts::PI * (self.radius * self.radius)
}
}
fn main() {
let c = Circle { x: 0.0, y: 0.0, radius: 2.0 };
println!("{}", c.area());
}
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impl
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struct Circle {
x: f64,
y: f64,
radius: f64,
}
impl Circle {
fn reference(&self) {
println!("taking self by reference!");
}
fn mutable_reference(&mut self) {
println!("taking self by mutable reference!");
}
fn takes_ownership(self) {
println!("taking ownership of self!");
}
}
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struct Circle {
x: f64,
y: f64,
radius: f64,
}
impl Circle {
}
fn grow(&self, increment: f64) -> Circle {
Circle { x: self.x, y: self.y, radius: self.radius + increment }
}
}
fn main() {
let c = Circle { x: 0.0, y: 0.0, radius: 2.0 };
println!("{}", c.area());
Ree

let d = c.grow(2.0).area();
println!("{}", d);
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# struct Circle;
# impl Circle {
fn grow(&self) -> Circle {
# Circle } }
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self
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struct Circle {
x: f64,
y: f64,
radius: f64,
}
impl Circle {
fn new(x: f64, y: f64, radius: f64) -> Circle {
Circle {
x: x,
y: y,
radius: radius,
}
}
}
fn main() {
let c = Circle::new(0.0, 0.0, 2.0);
}
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q2 2KTHQv i?2 #mBH/2` Tii2`M BMbi2/X Ai HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,
struct Circle {
x: f64,
y: f64,
radius: f64,
}
impl Circle {
}
}
struct CircleBuilder {
x: f64,
y: f64,
radius: f64,
}
impl CircleBuilder {
fn new() -> CircleBuilder {
CircleBuilder { x: 0.0, y: 0.0, radius: 1.0, }
}
fn x(&mut self, coordinate: f64) -> &mut CircleBuilder {
self.x = coordinate;
self
}
fn y(&mut self, coordinate: f64) -> &mut CircleBuilder {
self.y = coordinate;
self
}
fn radius(&mut self, radius: f64) -> &mut CircleBuilder {
self.radius = radius;
self
}
fn finalize(&self) -> Circle {
Circle { x: self.x, y: self.y, radius: self.radius }
}
}
fn main() {
let c = CircleBuilder::new()
.x(1.0)
Re3

.y(2.0)
.radius(2.0)
.finalize();
println!("area: {}", c.area());
println!("x: {}", c.x);
println!("y: {}", c.y);
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i?2 vec! K+`Q,
let v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; // v: Vec<i32>
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vec! K+`QX _mbi HHQrb vQm iQ mb2 2Bi?2` BM 2Bi?2` bBimiBQM- i?Bb Bb Dmbi +QMp2MiBQMXV
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vec!
[]
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7Q` `2T2iBM; M BMBiBH pHm2,
let v = vec![0; 10]; // ten zeroes
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[]b,
let v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

println!("The third element of v is {}", v[2]);
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let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

for i in &v {
println!("A reference to {}", i);
}
for i in &mut v {
println!("A mutable reference to {}", i);
}
for i in v {
println!("Take ownership of the vector and its element {}", i);
}
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let mut s = "Hello".to_string(); // mut s: String
println!("{}", s);
s.push_str(", world.");
println!("{}", s);
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fn takes_slice(slice: &str) {
println!("Got: {}", slice);
}
fn main() {
let s = "Hello".to_string();
takes_slice(&s);
}
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let s = "hello";
println!("The first letter of s is {}", s[0]); // ERROR!!!
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";
for b in hachiko.as_bytes() {
print!("{}, ", b);
}
println!("");
for c in hachiko.chars() {
print!("{}, ", c);
}
println!("");
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let world = "world!";
let hello_world = hello + world;
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enum Option<T> {
Some(T),
None,
}
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let x: Option<i32> = Some(5);
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let x: Option<f64> = Some(5);
// error: mismatched types: expected `core::option::Option<f64>`,
// found `core::option::Option<_>` (expected f64 but found integral variable)
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let x: Option<i32> = Some(5);

let y: Option<f64> = Some(5.0f64);
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}
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}
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fn takes_anything<T>(x: T) {
// do something with x
}
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fn takes_two_of_the_same_things<T>(x: T, y: T) {
// ...
}
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fn takes_two_things<T, U>(x: T, y: U) {
// ...
}
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struct
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struct Point<T> {
x: T,
y: T,
}
let int_origin = Point { x: 0, y: 0 };
let float_origin = Point { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 };
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struct Circle {
x: f64,
y: f64,
radius: f64,
}
impl Circle {
}
}
x: T
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struct Circle {
x: f64,
y: f64,
radius: f64,
}
trait HasArea {
fn area(&self) -> f64;
}
impl HasArea for Circle {
}
}
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fn print_area<T>(shape: T) {
println!("This shape has an area of {}", shape.area());
}
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fn print_area<T: HasArea>(shape: T) {
}
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trait HasArea {
}
struct Circle {
x: f64,
y: f64,
radius: f64,
}
impl HasArea for Circle {
}
}
struct Square {
x: f64,
y: f64,
side: f64,
}
impl HasArea for Square {
self.side * self.side
}
}
fn print_area<T: HasArea>(shape: T) {
}
fn main() {
let c = Circle {
x: 0.0f64,
y: 0.0f64,
radius: 1.0f64,
};
let s = Square {
x: 0.0f64,
y: 0.0f64,
side: 1.0f64,
};
print_area(c);
print_area(s);
}
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This shape has an area of 3.141593
This shape has an area of 1
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print_area(5);
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error: failed to find an implementation of trait main::HasArea for int
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trait HasArea {
}
impl HasArea for i32 {
println!("this is silly");
*self as f64
}
}
5.area();
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let mut f = std::fs::File::open("foo.txt").ok().expect("Couldnt open foo.txt");
let result = f.write("whatever".as_bytes());
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error: type `std::fs::File` does not implement any method in scope named `write`
let result = f.write(b"whatever");
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Write
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use std::io::Write;
let mut f = std::fs::File::open("foo.txt").ok().expect("Couldnt open foo.txt");
let result = f.write("whatever".as_bytes());
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fn foo<T: Clone>(x: T) {
x.clone();
}
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use std::fmt::Debug;
fn foo<T: Clone + Debug>(x: T) {
x.clone();
println!("{:?}", x);
}
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fn foo<T: Clone, K: Clone + Debug>(x: T, y: K) {
Rd3

x.clone();
y.clone();
println!("{:?}", y);
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fn foo<T: Clone, K: Clone + Debug>(x: T, y: K) {
x.clone();
y.clone();
}
fn bar<T, K>(x: T, y: K) where T: Clone, K: Clone + Debug {
x.clone();
y.clone();
}
fn main() {
foo("Hello", "world");
bar("Hello", "workd");
}
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foo()
fn bar<T, K>(x: T, y: K)
where T: Clone,
K: Clone + Debug {
x.clone();
y.clone();
}
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where
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trait ConvertTo<Output> {
fn convert(&self) -> Output;
}
impl ConvertTo<i64> for i32 {
fn convert(&self) -> i64 { *self as i64 }
}
// can be called with T == i32
fn normal<T: ConvertTo<i64>>(x: &T) -> i64 {
x.convert()
}
// can be called with T == i64
fn inverse<T>() -> T
// this is using ConvertTo as if it were "ConvertFrom<i32>"
where i32: ConvertTo<T> {
1i32.convert()
}
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trait Foo {
fn bar(&self);
fn baz(&self) { println!("We called baz."); }
}
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struct UseDefault;
impl Foo for UseDefault {
fn bar(&self) { println!("We called bar."); }
}
struct OverrideDefault;
impl Foo for OverrideDefault {
fn bar(&self) { println!("We called bar."); }
R3y

fn baz(&self) { println!("Override baz!"); }
}
let default = UseDefault;
default.baz(); // prints "We called baz."
let over = OverrideDefault;
over.baz(); // prints "Override baz!"
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trait Foo {
fn foo(&self);
}
trait FooBar : Foo {
fn foobar(&self);
}
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struct Baz;
impl Foo for Baz {
fn foo(&self) { println!("foo"); }
}
impl FooBar for Baz {
fn foobar(&self) { println!("foobar"); }
}
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struct HasDrop;
impl Drop for HasDrop {
fn drop(&mut self) {
println!("Dropping!");
}
}
fn main() {
let x = HasDrop;
// do stuff
} // x goes out of scope here
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struct Firework {
strength: i32,
}
impl Drop for Firework {
fn drop(&mut self) {
println!("BOOM times {}!!!", self.strength);
}
}
fn main() {
let firecracker = Firework { strength: 1 };
let tnt = Firework { strength: 100 };
}
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BOOM times 1!!!
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match option {
Some(x) => { foo(x) },
None => {},
}
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match
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if,
if option.is_some() {
let x = option.unwrap();
foo(x);
}
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if let Some(x) = option {

foo(x);
}
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foo(x);
} else {
bar();
}
while let
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loop {
match option {
Some(x) => println!("{}", x),
_ => break,
}
}
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while let Some(x) = option {
println!("{}", x);
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trait Foo {
fn method(&self) -> String;
}
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String,
impl Foo for u8 {

fn method(&self) -> String { format!("u8: {}", *self) }
}
impl Foo for String {
fn method(&self) -> String { format!("string: {}", *self) }
}
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fn do_something<T: Foo>(x: T) {
x.method();
}
fn main() {
let x = 5u8;
let y = "Hello".to_string();
do_something(x);
do_something(y);
}
R39
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fn do_something_u8(x: u8) {
x.method();
}
fn do_something_string(x: String) {
x.method();
}
fn main() {
let x = 5u8;
let y = "Hello".to_string();
do_something_u8(x);
do_something_string(y);
}
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fn do_something(x: &Foo) {
x.method();
}
fn main() {
let x = 5u8;
do_something(&x as &Foo);
}
Q` #v +Q2`+BM;,
fn do_something(x: &Foo) {
x.method();
}
fn main() {
let x = "Hello".to_string();
do_something(&x);
}
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pub struct TraitObject {
pub data: *mut (),
pub vtable: *mut (),
}
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struct FooVtable {
destructor: fn(*mut ()),
size: usize,
align: usize,
method: fn(*const ()) -> String,
}
// u8:
fn call_method_on_u8(x: *const ()) -> String {
// the compiler guarantees that this function is only called
// with `x` pointing to a u8
let byte: &u8 = unsafe { &*(x as *const u8) };
byte.method()
}
static Foo_for_u8_vtable: FooVtable = FooVtable {
destructor: /* compiler magic */,
size: 1,
align: 1,
// cast to a function pointer
method: call_method_on_u8 as fn(*const ()) -> String,
};
// String:
jk ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;fbi/f`rfbi`m+iXh`BiP#D2+iX?iKH
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fn call_method_on_String(x: *const ()) -> String {

// the compiler guarantees that this function is only called
// with `x` pointing to a String
let string: &String = unsafe { &*(x as *const String) };
string.method()
}
static Foo_for_String_vtable: FooVtable = FooVtable {
destructor: /* compiler magic */,
// values for a 64-bit computer, halve them for 32-bit ones
size: 24,
align: 8,
method: call_method_on_String as fn(*const ()) -> String,
};
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let a: String = "foo".to_string();
let x: u8 = 1;
// let b: &Foo = &a;
let b = TraitObject {
// store the data
data: &a,
// store the methods
vtable: &Foo_for_String_vtable
};
// let y: &Foo = x;
let y = TraitObject {
// store the data
data: &x,
// store the methods
vtable: &Foo_for_u8_vtable
};
// b.method();
R33
(b.vtable.method)(b.data);
// y.method();
(y.vtable.method)(y.data);
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let plus_one = |x: i32| x + 1;
assert_eq!(2, plus_one(1));
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let plus_two = |x| {
let mut result: i32 = x;
result += 1;
result += 1;
result
};
assert_eq!(4, plus_two(2));
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assert_eq!(2, plus_one(1));
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R3N
"mi r2 /QMi ?p2 iQX q?v Bb i?Bb\ "bB+HHv- Bi rb +?Qb2M 7Q` 2`;QMQKB+ `2bQMbX q?BH2
bT2+B7vBM; i?2 7mHH ivT2 7Q` MK2/ 7mM+iBQMb Bb ?2HT7mH rBi? i?BM;b HBF2 /Q+mK2MiiBQM M/ ivT2
BM72`2M+2- i?2 ivT2b Q7 +HQbm`2b `2 ``2Hv /Q+mK2Mi2/ bBM+2 i?2v`2 MQMvKQmb- M/ i?2v /QMi
+mb2 i?2 FBM/b Q7 2``Q`@i@@/BbiM+2 i?i BM72``BM; MK2/ 7mM+iBQM ivT2b +MX
h?2 b2+QM/ Bb i?i i?2 bvMit Bb bBKBH`- #mi #Bi /Bz2`2MiX Ap2 //2/ bT+2b ?2`2 iQ KF2 i?2K
HQQF HBiiH2 +HQb2`,
fn
plus_one_v1
(x: i32 ) -> i32 { x + 1 }
let plus_one_v2 = |x: i32 | -> i32 { x + 1 };

let plus_one_v3 = |x: i32 |
x + 1
aKHH /Bz2`2M+2b- #mi i?2v`2 bBKBH` BM rvbX
8Xk9Xk
*HQbm`2b M/ i?2B` 2MpB`QMK2Mi
*HQbm`2b `2 +HH2/ bm+? #2+mb2 i?2v +HQb2 Qp2` i?2B` 2MpB`QMK2MiX Ai HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,
let num = 5;
let plus_num = |x: i32| x + num;
assert_eq!(10, plus_num(5));
h?Bb +HQbm`2- plus_num- `272`b iQ let #BM/BM; BM Bib b+QT2, numX JQ`2 bT2+B}+HHv- Bi #Q``Qrb i?2
#BM/BM;X A7 r2 /Q bQK2i?BM; i?i rQmH/ +QM~B+i rBi? i?i #BM/BM;- r2 ;2i M 2``Q`X GBF2 i?Bb
QM2,
let mut num = 5;
let y = &mut num;
q?B+? 2``Q`b rBi?,

error: cannot borrow `num` as mutable because it is also borrowed as immutable
let y = &mut num;
^~~
note: previous borrow of `num` occurs here due to use in closure; the immutable
borrow prevents subsequent moves or mutable borrows of `num` until the borrow
ends
let plus_num = |x| x + num;
^~~~~~~~~~~
fn main() {
let mut num = 5;
let plus_num = |x| x + num;
RNy

let y = &mut num;
}
^
p2`#Qb2 v2i ?2HT7mH 2``Q` K2bb;25 b Bi bvb- r2 +Mi iF2 Kmi#H2 #Q``Qr QM
i?2 +HQbm`2 Bb H`2/v #Q``QrBM; BiX A7 r2 H2i i?2 +HQbm`2 ;Q Qmi Q7 b+QT2- r2 +M,
num
#2+mb2
let mut num = 5;

{
} // plus_num goes out of scope, borrow of num ends
let y = &mut num;
A7 vQm` +HQbm`2 `2[mB`2b Bi- ?Qr2p2`- _mbi rBHH iF2 QrM2`b?BT M/ KQp2 i?2 2MpB`QMK2Mi BMbi2/,
let takes_nums = || nums;
println!("{:?}", nums);
h?Bb ;Bp2b mb,

note: `nums` moved into closure environment here because it has type
`[closure(()) -> collections::vec::Vec<i32>]`, which is non-copyable
let takes_nums = || nums;
^~~~~~~
?b QrM2`b?BT Qp2` Bib +QMi2Mib- M/ i?2`27Q`2- r?2M r2 `272` iQ Bi BM Qm` +HQbm`2- r2 ?p2
iQ iF2 QrM2`b?BT Q7 numsX Aib i?2 bK2 b B7 r2/ Tbb2/ nums iQ 7mM+iBQM i?i iQQF QrM2`b?BT
Q7 BiX
Vec<T>
move
+HQbm`2b
q2 +M 7Q`+2 Qm` +HQbm`2 iQ iF2 QrM2`b?BT Q7 Bib 2MpB`QMK2Mi rBi? i?2
move
F2vrQ`/,
let num = 5;
let owns_num = move |x: i32| x + num;
LQr- 2p2M i?Qm;? i?2 F2vrQ`/ Bb move- i?2 p`B#H2b 7QHHQr MQ`KH KQp2 b2KMiB+bX AM i?Bb +b25 BKTH2K2Mib Copy- M/ bQ owns_num iF2b QrM2`b?BT Q7 +QTv Q7 numX aQ r?ib i?2 /Bz2`2M+2\
8Xk9X *GPal_1a
RNR
let mut num = 5;

{
let mut add_num = |x: i32| num += x;
add_num(5);
}
assert_eq!(10, num);
aQ BM i?Bb +b2- Qm` +HQbm`2 iQQF Kmi#H2 `272`2M+2 iQ num- M/ i?2M r?2M r2 +HH2/ add_numBi Kmii2/ i?2 mM/2`HvBM; pHm2- b r2/ 2tT2+iX q2 HbQ M22/2/ iQ /2+H`2 add_num b mut iQQ#2+mb2 r2`2 KmiiBM; Bib 2MpB`QMK2MiX
A7 r2 +?M;2 iQ
move
+HQbm`2- Bib /Bz2`2Mi,
let mut num = 5;

{
let mut add_num = move |x: i32| num += x;
add_num(5);
}
assert_eq!(5, num);
q2 QMHv ;2i 5X _i?2` i?M iFBM; Kmi#H2 #Q``Qr Qmi QM Qm`

+QTvX
num-
r2 iQQF QrM2`b?BT Q7
MQi?2` rv iQ i?BMF #Qmi move +HQbm`2b, i?2v ;Bp2 +HQbm`2 Bib QrM bi+F 7`K2X qBi?Qmi move +HQbm`2 Kv #2 iB2/ iQ i?2 bi+F 7`K2 i?i +`2i2/ Bi- r?BH2 move +HQbm`2 Bb b2H7@+QMiBM2/X
h?Bb K2Mb i?i vQm +MMQi ;2M2`HHv `2im`M MQM@move +HQbm`2 7`QK 7mM+iBQM- 7Q` 2tKTH2X
"mi #27Q`2 r2 iHF #Qmi iFBM; M/ `2im`MBM; +HQbm`2b- r2 b?QmH/ iHF bQK2 KQ`2 #Qmi i?2
rv i?i +HQbm`2b `2 BKTH2K2Mi2/X b bvbi2Kb HM;m;2- _mbi ;Bp2b vQm iQMb Q7 +QMi`QH Qp2`
r?i vQm` +Q/2 /Q2b- M/ +HQbm`2b `2 MQ /Bz2`2MiX
8Xk9Xj
*HQbm`2 BKTH2K2MiiBQM
_mbib BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 +HQbm`2b Bb #Bi /Bz2`2Mi i?M Qi?2` HM;m;2bX h?2v `2 2z2+iBp2Hv
bvMit bm;` 7Q` i`BibX uQmHH rMi iQ KF2 bm`2 iQ ?p2 `2/ i?2 i`Bib +?Ti2` Ub2+iBQM 8XkyT;2 RdjV #27Q`2 i?Bb QM2- b r2HH b i?2 +?Ti2` QM i`Bi Q#D2+ib Ub2+iBQM 8Xkj- T;2 R3jVX
:Qi HH i?i\ :QQ/X
h?2 F2v iQ mM/2`biM/BM; ?Qr +HQbm`2b rQ`F mM/2` i?2 ?QQ/ Bb bQK2i?BM; #Bi bi`M;2, lbBM;
iQ +HH 7mM+iBQM- HBF2 foo()- Bb M Qp2`HQ/#H2 QT2ìQ`X 6`QK i?Bb- 2p2`vi?BM; 2Hb2 +HB+Fb BMiQ
TH+2X AM _mbi- r2 mb2 i?2 i`Bi bvbi2K iQ Qp2`HQ/ QT2ìQ`bX *HHBM; 7mM+iBQMb Bb MQ /Bz2`2MiX
q2 ?p2 i?`22 b2Tì2 i`Bib iQ Qp2`HQ/ rBi?,
()
RNk
pub trait Fn<Args> : FnMut<Args> {

extern "rust-call" fn call(&self, args: Args) -> Self::Output;
}
pub trait FnMut<Args> : FnOnce<Args> {
extern "rust-call" fn call_mut(&mut self, args: Args) -> Self::Output;
}
pub trait FnOnce<Args> {
type Output;
extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, args: Args) -> Self::Output;
}
uQmHH MQiB+2 72r /Bz2`2M+2b #2ir22M i?2b2 i`Bib- #mi #B; QM2 Bb self, Fn iF2b &self- FnMut
iF2b &mut self- M/ FnOnce iF2b selfX h?Bb +Qp2`b HH i?`22 FBM/b Q7 self pB i?2 mbmH K2i?Q/
+HH bvMitX "mi r2p2 bTHBi i?2K mT BMiQ i?`22 i`Bib- ì?2` i?M ?pBM; bBM;H2 QM2X h?Bb
;Bp2b mb H`;2 KQmMi Q7 +QMi`QH Qp2` r?i FBM/ Q7 +HQbm`2b r2 +M iF2X
h?2 || {} bvMit 7Q` +HQbm`2b Bb bm;` 7Q` i?2b2 i?`22 i`BibX _mbi rBHH ;2M2ì2 bi`m+i 7Q` i?2
2MpB`QMK2Mi- impl i?2 TT`QT`Bi2 i`Bi- M/ i?2M mb2 BiX
8Xk9X9 hFBM; +HQbm`2b b `;mK2Mib

LQr i?i r2 FMQr i?i +HQbm`2b `2 i`Bib- r2 H`2/v FMQr ?Qr iQ ++2Ti M/ `2im`M +HQbm`2b,
Dmbi HBF2 Mv Qi?2` i`Bi5
h?Bb HbQ K2Mb i?i r2 +M +?QQb2 biiB+ pb /vMKB+ /BbTi+? b r2HHX 6B`bi- H2ib r`Bi2
7mM+iBQM r?B+? iF2b bQK2i?BM; +HH#H2- +HHb Bi- M/ `2im`Mb i?2 `2bmHi,
fn call_with_one<F>(some_closure: F) -> i32
where F : Fn(i32) -> i32 {
some_closure(1)
}
let answer = call_with_one(|x| x + 2);
assert_eq!(3, answer);
q2 Tbb Qm` +HQbm`2- |x| x + 2- iQ

+HQbm`2- ;BpBM; Bi 1 b M `;mK2MiX
G2ib 2tKBM2 i?2 bB;Mim`2 Q7
call_with_oneX
call_with_one
Ai Dmbi /Q2b r?i Bi bm;;2bib, Bi +HHb i?2
BM KQ`2 /2Ti?,
fn call_with_one<F>(some_closure: F) -> i32
q2 iF2 QM2 T`K2i2`- M/ Bi ?b i?2 ivT2 FX q2 HbQ `2im`M

h?2 M2ti Tì Bb,
i32X
h?Bb Tì BbMi BMi2`2biBM;X
8Xk9X *GPal_1a
RNj
where F : Fn(i32) -> i32 {
"2+mb2 Fn Bb i`Bi- r2 +M #QmM/ Qm` ;2M2`B+ rBi? BiX AM i?Bb +b2- Qm` +HQbm`2 iF2b
M `;mK2Mi M/ `2im`Mb M i32- M/ bQ i?2 ;2M2`B+ #QmM/ r2 mb2 Bb Fn(i32) -> i32X
i32
b
h?2`2b QM2 Qi?2` F2v TQBMi ?2`2, #2+mb2 r2`2 #QmM/BM; ;2M2`B+ rBi? i`Bi- i?Bb rBHH ;2i
KQMQKQ`T?Bx2/- M/ i?2`27Q`2- r2HH #2 /QBM; biiB+ /BbTi+? BMiQ i?2 +HQbm`2X h?ib T`2iiv
M2iX AM KMv HM;m;2b- +HQbm`2b `2 BM?2`2MiHv ?2T HHQ+i2/- M/ rBHH Hrvb BMpQHp2 /vMKB+
/BbTi+?X AM _mbi- r2 +M bi+F HHQ+i2 Qm` +HQbm`2 2MpB`QMK2Mi- M/ biiB+HHv /BbTi+? i?2
+HHX h?Bb ?TT2Mb [mBi2 Q7i2M rBi? Bi2ìQ`b M/ i?2B` /Ti2`b- r?B+? Q7i2M iF2 +HQbm`2b b
`;mK2MibX
P7 +Qm`b2- B7 r2 rMi /vMKB+ /BbTi+?- r2 +M ;2i i?i iQQX i`Bi Q#D2+i ?M/H2b i?Bb +b2b mbmH,
fn call_with_one(some_closure: &Fn(i32) -> i32) -> i32 {
some_closure(1)
}
let answer = call_with_one(&|x| x + 2);
LQr r2 iF2 i`Bi Q#D2+i- &FnX M/ r2 ?p2 iQ KF2 `272`2M+2 iQ Qm` +HQbm`2 r?2M r2 Tbb
Bi iQ call_with_one- bQ r2 mb2 &||X
8Xk9X8
_2im`MBM; +HQbm`2b
Aib p2`v +QKKQM 7Q` 7mM+iBQMH@bivH2 +Q/2 iQ `2im`M +HQbm`2b BM p`BQmb bBimiBQMbX A7 vQm i`v iQ
`2im`M +HQbm`2- vQm Kv `mM BMiQ M 2``Q`X i }`bi- Bi Kv b22K bi`M;2- #mi r2HH };m`2 Bi QmiX
>2`2b ?Qr vQm/ T`Q##Hv i`v iQ `2im`M +HQbm`2 7`QK 7mM+iBQM,
fn factory() -> (Fn(i32) -> Vec<i32>) {
let vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
|n| vec.push(n)
}
let f = factory();
let answer = f(4);
assert_eq!(vec![1, 2, 3, 4], answer);
h?Bb ;Bp2b mb i?2b2 HQM;- `2Hi2/ 2``Q`b,

error: the trait `core::marker::Sized` is not implemented for the type
`core::ops::Fn(i32) -> collections::vec::Vec<i32>` [E0277]
RN9
f = factory();
^
note: `core::ops::Fn(i32) -> collections::vec::Vec<i32>` does not have a
constant size known at compile-time
f = factory();
^
error: the trait `core::marker::Sized` is not implemented for the type
`core::ops::Fn(i32) -> collections::vec::Vec<i32>` [E0277]
factory() -> (Fn(i32) -> Vec<i32>) {
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
note: `core::ops::Fn(i32) -> collections::vec::Vec<i32>` does not have a constant size
known at compile-time
fa ctory() -> (Fn(i32) -> Vec<i32>) {
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
AM Q`/2` iQ `2im`M bQK2i?BM; 7`QK 7mM+iBQM- _mbi M22/b iQ FMQr r?i bBx2 i?2 `2im`M ivT2
BbX "mi bBM+2 Fn Bb i`Bi- Bi +QmH/ #2 p`BQmb i?BM;b Q7 p`BQmb bBx2b, KMv /Bz2`2Mi ivT2b +M
BKTH2K2Mi FnX M 2bv rv iQ ;Bp2 bQK2i?BM; bBx2 Bb iQ iF2 `272`2M+2 iQ Bi- b `272`2M+2b
?p2 FMQrM bBx2X aQ r2/ r`Bi2 i?Bb,
fn factory() -> &(Fn(i32) -> Vec<i32>) {
let vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
|n| vec.push(n)
}
let f = factory();
let answer = f(4);
assert_eq!(vec![1, 2, 3, 4], answer);
"mi r2 ;2i MQi?2` 2``Q`,

error: missing lifetime specifier [E0106]
fn factory() -> &(Fn(i32) -> i32) {
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_B;?iX "2+mb2 r2 ?p2 `272`2M+2- r2 M22/ iQ ;Bp2 Bi HB72iBK2X "mi Qm` factory() 7mM+iBQM
iF2b MQ `;mK2Mib- bQ 2HBbBQM /Q2bMi FB+F BM ?2`2X q?i HB72iBK2 +M r2 +?QQb2\ 'static,
fn factory() -> &'static (Fn(i32) -> i32) {
let num = 5;
|x| x + num
}
let f = factory();
8Xk9X *GPal_1a
RN8
let answer = f(1);

"mi r2 ;2i MQi?2` 2``Q`,

error: mismatched types:
expected `&'static core::ops::Fn(i32) -> i32`,
found `[closure <anon>:7:9: 7:20]`
(expected &-ptr,
found closure) [E0308]
|x| x + num
^~~~~~~~~~~
h?Bb 2``Q` Bb H2iiBM; mb FMQr i?i r2 /QMi ?p2

<anon>:7:9: 7:20]X qBi- r?i\
&'static Fn(i32) -> i32-
r2 ?p2
[closure
"2+mb2 2+? +HQbm`2 ;2M2ì2b Bib QrM 2MpB`QMK2Mi struct M/ BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 Fn M/ 7`B2M/bi?2b2 ivT2b `2 MQMvKQmbX h?2v 2tBbi Dmbi bQH2Hv 7Q` i?Bb +HQbm`2X aQ _mbi b?Qrb i?2K b closure
<anon>- ì?2` i?M bQK2 miQ;2M2ì2/ MK2X
"mi r?v /Q2bMi Qm` +HQbm`2 BKTH2K2Mi &'static Fn\ q2HH- b r2 /Bb+mbb2/ #27Q`2- +HQbm`2b
#Q``Qr i?2B` 2MpB`QMK2MiX M/ BM i?Bb +b2- Qm` 2MpB`QMK2Mi Bb #b2/ QM bi+F@HHQ+i2/ 5i?2 num p`B#H2 #BM/BM;X aQ i?2 #Q``Qr ?b HB72iBK2 Q7 i?2 bi+F 7`K2X aQ B7 r2 `2im`M2/
i?Bb +HQbm`2- i?2 7mM+iBQM +HH rQmH/ #2 Qp2`- i?2 bi+F 7`K2 rQmH/ ;Q rv- M/ Qm` +HQbm`2 Bb
+Tim`BM; M 2MpB`QMK2Mi Q7 ;`#;2 K2KQ`v5
aQ r?i iQ /Q\ h?Bb HKQbi rQ`Fb,
fn factory() -> Box<Fn(i32) -> i32> {
let num = 5;
Box::new(|x| x + num)
}
let f = factory();
let answer = f(1);
q2 mb2 i`Bi Q#D2+i- #v
BoxBM;
mT i?2
FnX
h?2`2b Dmbi QM2 Hbi T`Q#H2K,
error: `num` does not live long enough

Box::new(|x| x + num)
^~~~~~~~~~~
q2 biBHH ?p2 `272`2M+2 iQ i?2 T`2Mi bi+F 7`K2X qBi? QM2 Hbi }t- r2 +M KF2 i?Bb rQ`F,
RNe
fn factory() -> Box<Fn(i32) -> i32> {

let num = 5;
Box::new(move |x| x + num)
}
let f = factory();
let answer = f(1);
"v KFBM; i?2 BMM2` +HQbm`2 move Fn- r2 +`2i2 M2r bi+F 7`K2 7Q` Qm` +HQbm`2X "v
Bi mT- r2p2 ;Bp2M Bi FMQrM bBx2- M/ HHQrBM; Bi iQ 2b+T2 Qm` bi+F 7`K2X
8Xk8
lMBp2`bH 6mM+iBQM *HH avMit
aQK2iBK2b- 7mM+iBQMb +M ?p2 i?2 bK2 MK2bX *QMbB/2` i?Bb +Q/2,
trait Foo {
fn f(&self);
}
trait Bar {
fn f(&self);
}
struct Baz;
impl Foo for Baz {
fn f(&self) { println!("Bazs impl of Foo"); }
}
impl Bar for Baz {
fn f(&self) { println!("Bazs impl of Bar"); }
}
let b = Baz;
A7 r2 r2`2 iQ i`v iQ +HH
b.f()-
r2/ ;2i M 2``Q`,
error: multiple applicable methods in scope [E0034]

b.f();
^~~
note: candidate #1 is defined in an impl of the trait `main::Foo` for the type
`main::Baz`
fn f(&self) { println!("Bazs impl of Foo"); }
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
BoxBM;
8Xk8X lLAo1_aG 6lL*hAPL *GG auLhs
RNd
note: candidate #2 is defined in an impl of the trait `main::Bar` for the type
`main::Baz`
fn f(&self) { println!("Bazs impl of Bar"); }
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
q2 M22/ rv iQ /BbK#B;mi2 r?B+? K2i?Q/ r2 M22/X h?Bb 72im`2 Bb +HH2/ mMBp2`bH 7mM+iBQM
+HH bvMit- M/ Bi HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,
Foo::f(&b);
Bar::f(&b);
G2ib #`2F Bi /QrMX

Foo::
Bar::
h?2b2 ?Hp2b Q7 i?2 BMpQ+iBQM `2 i?2 ivT2b Q7 i?2 irQ i`Bib, Foo M/ BarX h?Bb Bb r?i 2M/b
mT +imHHv /QBM; i?2 /BbK#B;miBQM #2ir22M i?2 irQ, _mbi +HHb i?2 QM2 7`QK i?2 i`Bi MK2
vQm mb2X
f(&b)
q?2M r2 +HH K2i?Q/ HBF2 b.f() mbBM; K2i?Q/ bvMit Ub2+iBQM 8XRe- T;2 Re9V- _mbi rBHH
miQKiB+HHv #Q``Qr b B7 f() iF2b &selfX AM i?Bb +b2- _mbi rBHH MQi- M/ bQ r2 M22/ iQ Tbb M
2tTHB+Bi &bX
8Xk8XR
M;H2@#`+F2i 6Q`K
h?2 7Q`K Q7 l6*a r2 Dmbi iHF2/ #Qmi,

Trait::method(args);
Ab b?Qì@?M/X h?2`2b M 2tTM/2/ 7Q`K Q7 i?Bb i?ib M22/2/ BM bQK2 bBimiBQMb,

<Type as Trait>::method(args);
h?2 <>:: bvMit Bb K2Mb Q7 T`QpB/BM; ivT2 ?BMiX h?2 ivT2 ;Q2b BMbB/2 i?2 <>bX AM i?Bb +b2i?2 ivT2 Bb Type as Trait- BM/B+iBM; i?i r2 rMi Traitb p2`bBQM Q7 method iQ #2 +HH2/ ?2`2X
h?2 as Trait Tì Bb QTiBQMH B7 Bib MQi K#B;mQmbX aK2 rBi? i?2 M;H2 #`+F2ib- ?2M+2 i?2
b?Qì2` 7Q`KX
>2`2b M 2tKTH2 Q7 mbBM; i?2 HQM;2` 7Q`KX
trait Foo {
fn clone(&self);
}
RN3
#[derive(Clone)]
struct Bar;
impl Foo for Bar {
fn clone(&self) {
println!("Making a clone of Bar");
<Bar as Clone>::clone(self);
}
}
h?Bb rBHH +HH i?2
8Xke
Clone
i`Bib
clone()
K2i?Q/- ì?2` i?M
FoobX
*ì2b M/ JQ/mH2b
q?2M T`QD2+i biìb ;2iiBM; H`;2- Bib +QMbB/2`2/ ;QQ/ bQ7ir`2 2M;BM22`BM; T`+iB+2 iQ bTHBi
Bi mT BMiQ #mM+? Q7 bKHH2` TB2+2b- M/ i?2M }i i?2K iQ;2i?2`X Aib HbQ BKTQìMi iQ ?p2
r2HH@/2}M2/ BMi2`7+2- bQ i?i bQK2 Q7 vQm` 7mM+iBQMHBiv Bb T`Bpi2- M/ bQK2 Bb Tm#HB+X hQ
7+BHBii2 i?2b2 FBM/b Q7 i?BM;b- _mbi ?b KQ/mH2 bvbi2KX
8XkeXR "bB+ i2`KBMQHQ;v, *ì2b M/ JQ/mH2b

_mbi ?b irQ /BbiBM+i i2`Kb i?i `2Hi2 iQ i?2 KQ/mH2 bvbi2K, +ì2 M/ KQ/mH2X +ì2
Bb bvMQMvKQmb rBi? HB#``v Q` T+F;2 BM Qi?2` HM;m;2bX >2M+2 *`;Q b i?2 MK2 Q7
_mbib T+F;2 KM;2K2Mi iQQH, vQm b?BT vQm` +ì2b iQ Qi?2`b rBi? *`;QX *ì2b +M T`Q/m+2
M 2t2+mi#H2 Q` HB#``v- /2T2M/BM; QM i?2 T`QD2+iX
1+? +ì2 ?b M BKTHB+Bi `QQi KQ/mH2 i?i +QMiBMb i?2 +Q/2 7Q` i?i +ì2X uQm +M i?2M /2}M2
i`22 Q7 bm#@KQ/mH2b mM/2` i?i `QQi KQ/mH2X JQ/mH2b HHQr vQm iQ TìBiBQM vQm` +Q/2 rBi?BM
i?2 +ì2 Bib2H7X
b M 2tKTH2- H2ib KF2 T?`b2b +ì2- r?B+? rBHH ;Bp2 mb p`BQmb T?`b2b BM /Bz2`2Mi HM@
;m;2bX hQ F22T i?BM;b bBKTH2- r2HH biB+F iQ ;`22iBM;b M/ 7`2r2HHb b irQ FBM/b Q7 T?`b2bM/ mb2 1M;HBb? M/ CTM2b2 UV b irQ HM;m;2b 7Q` i?Qb2 T?`b2b iQ #2 BMX q2HH mb2
i?Bb KQ/mH2 HvQmi,
+-----------+
+---| greetings |
|
+---------+
+-----------+
+---| english |---+

|
+---------+
+---------+
+-----------+
+---| farewells |
+-----------+
| phrases |---+
+---------+
+-----------+
+---| greetings |
8XkeX *_h1a L. JP.lG1a

|
+----------+
RNN
|
+-----------+
+---| japanese |--+

+----------+
|
|
+-----------+
+---| farewells |
+-----------+
AM i?Bb 2tKTH2- phrases Bb i?2 MK2 Q7 Qm` +ì2X HH Q7 i?2 `2bi `2 KQ/mH2bX uQm +M b22 i?i
i?2v 7Q`K i`22- #`M+?BM; Qmi 7`QK i?2 +ì2 `QQi- r?B+? Bb i?2 `QQi Q7 i?2 i`22, phrases Bib2H7X
LQr i?i r2 ?p2 THM- H2ib /2}M2 i?2b2 KQ/mH2b BM +Q/2X hQ biì- ;2M2ì2 M2r +ì2 rBi?
*`;Q,
$ cargo new phrases
$ cd phrases
A7 vQm `2K2K#2`- i?Bb ;2M2ì2b bBKTH2 T`QD2+i 7Q` mb,

$ tree .
.
Cargo.toml
src
lib.rs
1 directory, 2 files
src/lib.rs
8XkeXk
Bb Qm` +ì2 `QQi- +Q``2bTQM/BM; iQ i?2
phrases
BM Qm` /B;`K #Qp2X
.2}MBM; JQ/mH2b
hQ /2}M2 2+? Q7 Qm` KQ/mH2b- r2 mb2 i?2 mod F2vrQ`/X G2ib KF2 Qm` src/lib.rs HQQF HBF2 i?Bb,
mod english {
mod greetings {
}
mod farewells {
}
}
mod japanese {
mod greetings {
}
mod farewells {
}
}
kyy
7i2` i?2 mod F2vrQ`/- vQm ;Bp2 i?2 MK2 Q7 i?2 KQ/mH2X JQ/mH2 MK2b 7QHHQr i?2 +QMp2MiBQMb
7Q` Qi?2` _mbi B/2MiB}2`b, lower_snake_caseX h?2 +QMi2Mib Q7 2+? KQ/mH2 `2 rBi?BM +m`Hv #`+2b
U{}VX
qBi?BM ;Bp2M mod- vQm +M /2+H`2 bm#@modbX q2 +M `272` iQ bm#@KQ/mH2b rBi? /Qm#H2@
+QHQM U::V MQiiBQM, Qm` 7Qm` M2bi2/ KQ/mH2b `2 english::greetings- english::farewellsjapanese::greetings- M/ japanese::farewellsX "2+mb2 i?2b2 bm#@KQ/mH2b `2 MK2bT+2/ mM@
/2` i?2B` T`2Mi KQ/mH2- i?2 MK2b /QMi +QM~B+i, english::greetings M/ japanese::greetings
`2 /BbiBM+i- 2p2M i?Qm;? i?2B` MK2b `2 #Qi? greetingsX
"2+mb2 i?Bb +ì2 /Q2b MQi ?p2
+ì2 b HB#``v,
main()
7mM+iBQM- M/ Bb +HH2/
lib.rs-
*`;Q rBHH #mBH/ i?Bb
$ cargo build
Compiling phrases v0.0.1 (file:///home/you/projects/phrases)
$ ls target/debug
build
deps
examples
libphrases-a7448e02a0468eaa.rlib
native
Bb i?2 +QKTBH2/ +ì2X "27Q`2 r2 b22 ?Qr iQ mb2 i?Bb +ì2 7`QK MQi?2`
+ì2- H2ib #`2F Bi mT BMiQ KmHiBTH2 }H2bX
libphrase-hash.rlib
8XkeXj JmHiBTH2 }H2 +ì2b

A7 2+? +ì2 r2`2 Dmbi QM2 }H2- i?2b2 }H2b rQmH/ ;2i p2`v H`;2X Aib Q7i2M 2bB2` iQ bTHBi mT +ì2b
BMiQ KmHiBTH2 }H2b- M/ _mbi bmTTQìb i?Bb BM irQ rvbX
AMbi2/ Q7 /2+H`BM; KQ/mH2 HBF2 i?Bb,
mod english {
// contents of our module go here
}
q2 +M BMbi2/ /2+H`2 Qm` KQ/mH2 HBF2 i?Bb,

mod english;
A7 r2 /Q i?i- _mbi rBHH 2tT2+i iQ }M/ 2Bi?2`

+QMi2Mib Q7 Qm` KQ/mH2X
english.rs
}H2- Q`
english/mod.rs
}H2 rBi? i?2
LQi2 i?i BM i?2b2 }H2b- vQm /QMi M22/ iQ `2@/2+H`2 i?2 KQ/mH2, i?ib H`2/v #22M /QM2 rBi?
i?2 BMBiBH mod /2+HìBQMX
lbBM; i?2b2 irQ i2+?MB[m2b- r2 +M #`2F mT Qm` +ì2 BMiQ irQ /B`2+iQ`B2b M/ b2p2M }H2b,
$ tree .
.
Cargo.lock
Cargo.toml
src
kyR
english
farewells.rs
greetings.rs
mod.rs
japanese
farewells.rs
greetings.rs
mod.rs
lib.rs
target
debug
build
deps
examples
libphrases-a7448e02a0468eaa.rlib
native
src/lib.rs
Bb Qm` +ì2 `QQi- M/ HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,
mod english;
mod japanese;
h?2b2 irQ /2+HìBQMb i2HH _mbi iQ HQQF 7Q` 2Bi?2` src/english.rs M/ src/japanese.rs- Q`
src/english/mod.rs M/ src/japanese/mod.rs- /2T2M/BM; QM Qm` T`272`2M+2X AM i?Bb +b2- #2@
+mb2 Qm` KQ/mH2b ?p2 bm#@KQ/mH2b- r2p2 +?Qb2M i?2 b2+QM/X "Qi? src/english/mod.rs M/
src/japanese/mod.rs HQQF HBF2 i?Bb,
mod greetings;
mod farewells;
;BM- i?2b2 /2+HìBQMb i2HH _mbi iQ HQQF 7Q` 2Bi?2` src/english/greetings.rs M/
src/japanese/greetings.rs Q` src/english/farewells/mod.rs M/ src/japanese/farewells/mod.rsX
"2+mb2 i?2b2 bm#@KQ/mH2b /QMi ?p2 i?2B` QrM bm#@KQ/mH2b- r2p2 +?Qb2M iQ KF2 i?2K
src/english/greetings.rs M/ src/japanese/farewells.rsX q?2r5
h?2 +QMi2Mib Q7 src/english/greetings.rs M/
i?2 KQK2MiX G2ib // bQK2 7mM+iBQMbX
Smi i?Bb BM
src/english/greetings.rs,
fn hello() -> String {

"Hello!".to_string()
}
Smi i?Bb BM
src/english/farewells.rs,
fn goodbye() -> String {

"Goodbye.".to_string()
}
src/japanese/farewells.rs
`2 #Qi? 2KTiv i
kyk
Smi i?Bb BM
src/japanese/greetings.rs,
fn hello() -> String {

"
".to_string()
P7 +Qm`b2- vQm +M +QTv M/ Tbi2 i?Bb 7`QK i?Bb r2# T;2- Q` Dmbi ivT2 bQK2i?BM; 2Hb2X Aib MQi
BKTQìMi i?i vQm +imHHv Tmi FQMMB+?Br iQ H2`M #Qmi i?2 KQ/mH2 bvbi2KX
Smi i?Bb BM
src/japanese/farewells.rs,
fn goodbye() -> String {

"
".to_string()
Uh?Bb Bb avM`- B7 vQm`2 +m`BQmbXV

LQr i?i r2 ?p2 bQK2 7mM+iBQMHBiv BM Qm` +ì2- H2ib i`v iQ mb2 Bi 7`QK MQi?2` +ì2X
8XkeX9 AKTQìBM; 1ti2`MH *ì2b

q2 ?p2 HB#``v +ì2X G2ib KF2 M 2t2+mi#H2 +ì2 i?i BKTQìb M/ mb2b Qm` HB#``vX
JF2
src/main.rs
M/ Tmi i?Bb BM Bi UBi rQMi [mBi2 +QKTBH2 v2iV,
extern crate phrases;

fn main() {
println!("Hello in English: {}", phrases::english::greetings::hello());
println!("Goodbye in English: {}", phrases::english::farewells::goodbye());
println!("Hello in Japanese: {}", phrases::japanese::greetings::hello());
println!("Goodbye in Japanese: {}", phrases::japanese::farewells::goodbye());
}
h?2 extern crate /2+HìBQM i2HHb _mbi i?i r2 M22/ iQ +QKTBH2 M/ HBMF iQ i?2 phrases +ì2X
q2 +M i?2M mb2 phrases KQ/mH2b BM i?Bb QM2X b r2 K2MiBQM2/ 2`HB2`- vQm +M mb2 /Qm#H2
+QHQMb iQ `272` iQ bm#@KQ/mH2b M/ i?2 7mM+iBQMb BMbB/2 Q7 i?2KX
HbQ- *`;Q bbmK2b i?i src/main.rs Bb i?2 +ì2 `QQi Q7 #BM`v +ì2- ì?2` i?M HB#``v
+ì2X Pm` T+F;2 MQr ?b irQ +ì2b, src/lib.rs M/ src/main.rsX h?Bb Tii2`M Bb [mBi2
+QKKQM 7Q` 2t2+mi#H2 +ì2b, KQbi 7mM+iBQMHBiv Bb BM HB#``v +ì2- M/ i?2 2t2+mi#H2 +ì2
mb2b i?i HB#``vX h?Bb rv- Qi?2` T`Q;`Kb +M HbQ mb2 i?2 HB#``v +ì2- M/ Bib HbQ MB+2
b2TìBQM Q7 +QM+2`MbX
h?Bb /Q2bMi [mBi2 rQ`F v2i- i?Qm;?X q2 ;2i 7Qm` 2``Q`b i?i HQQF bBKBH` iQ i?Bb,
$ cargo build
src/main.rs:4:38: 4:72 error: function `hello` is private

src/main.rs:4
kyj
println!("Hello in English: {}", phrases::english::greetings::hello()
);
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
note: in expansion of format_args!
<std macros>:1:1: 2:62 note: in expansion of print!
<std macros>:1:1: 3:58 note: in expansion of println!
phrases/src/main.rs:4:5: 4:76 note: expansion site
"v /27mHi- 2p2`vi?BM; Bb T`Bpi2 BM _mbiX G2ib iHF #Qmi i?Bb BM bQK2 KQ`2 /2Ti?X
8XkeX8
1tTQìBM; Sm#HB+ AMi2`7+2
_mbi HHQrb vQm iQ T`2+Bb2Hv +QMi`QH r?B+? bT2+ib Q7 vQm` BMi2`7+2 `2 Tm#HB+- M/ bQ T`Bpi2 Bb
i?2 /27mHiX hQ KF2 i?BM;b Tm#HB+- vQm mb2 i?2 pub F2vrQ`/X G2ib 7Q+mb QM i?2 english KQ/mH2
}`bi- bQ H2ib `2/m+2 Qm` src/main.rs iQ Dmbi i?Bb,
fn main() {
println!("Hello in English: {}", phrases::english::greetings::hello());
println!("Goodbye in English: {}", phrases::english::farewells::goodbye());
}
AM Qm`
src/lib.rs-
H2ib //
pub
iQ i?2
english
KQ/mH2 /2+HìBQM,
pub mod english;

mod japanese;
M/ BM Qm`
src/english/mod.rs-
H2ib KF2 #Qi?
pub,
pub mod greetings;

pub mod farewells;
AM Qm`
src/english/greetings.rs-
H2ib //
pub
iQ Qm`
fn
/2+HìBQM,
pub fn hello() -> String {

"Hello!".to_string()
}
M/ HbQ BM
src/english/farewells.rs,
pub fn goodbye() -> String {

"Goodbye.".to_string()
}
LQr- Qm` +ì2 +QKTBH2b- H#2Bi rBi? r`MBM;b #Qmi MQi mbBM; i?2
japanese
7mM+iBQMb,
ky9
$ cargo run
src/japanese/greetings.rs:1:1: 3:2 warning: function is never used: `hello`, #[warn(dea
d_code)] on by default
src/japanese/greetings.rs:1 fn hello() -> String {
src/japanese/greetings.rs:2
"".to_string()
src/japanese/greetings.rs:3 }
src/japanese/farewells.rs:1:1: 3:2 warning: function is never used: `goodbye`, #[warn(d
ead_code)] on by default
src/japanese/farewells.rs:1 fn goodbye() -> String {
src/japanese/farewells.rs:2
"".to_string()
src/japanese/farewells.rs:3 }
Running `target/debug/phrases`
Hello in English: Hello!
Goodbye in English: Goodbye.
LQr i?i Qm` 7mM+iBQMb `2 Tm#HB+- r2 +M mb2 i?2KX

:`2i5
>Qr2p2`- ivTBM; Qmi
phrases::english::greetings::hello() Bb p2`v HQM; M/ `2T2iBiBp2X
_mbi ?b MQi?2` F2v@
rQ`/ 7Q` BKTQìBM; MK2b BMiQ i?2 +m``2Mi b+QT2- bQ i?i vQm +M `272` iQ i?2K rBi? b?Qì2`
MK2bX G2ib iHF #Qmi useX
8XkeXe AKTQìBM; JQ/mH2b rBi?

_mbi ?b
use
F2vrQ`/- r?B+? HHQrb mb iQ BKTQì MK2b BMiQ Qm` HQ+H b+QT2X G2ib +?M;2 Qm`
iQ HQQF HBF2 i?Bb,
use
src/main.rs

use phrases::english::greetings;
use phrases::english::farewells;
fn main() {
println!("Hello in English: {}", greetings::hello());
println!("Goodbye in English: {}", farewells::goodbye());
}
h?2 irQ use HBM2b BKTQì 2+? KQ/mH2 BMiQ i?2 HQ+H b+QT2- bQ r2 +M `272` iQ i?2 7mM+iBQMb #v
Km+? b?Qì2` MK2X "v +QMp2MiBQM- r?2M BKTQìBM; 7mM+iBQMb- Bib +QMbB/2`2/ #2bi T`+iB+2 iQ
BKTQì i?2 KQ/mH2- ì?2` i?M i?2 7mM+iBQM /B`2+iHvX AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- vQm +M /Q i?Bb,
use phrases::english::greetings::hello;
use phrases::english::farewells::goodbye;
fn main() {
println!("Hello in English: {}", hello());
println!("Goodbye in English: {}", goodbye());
}
ky8
"mi Bi Bb MQi B/BQKiB+X h?Bb Bb bB;MB}+MiHv KQ`2 HBF2Hv iQ BMi`Q/m+2 MKBM; +QM~B+iX AM Qm`
b?Qì T`Q;`K- Bib MQi #B; /2H- #mi b Bi ;`Qrb- Bi #2+QK2b T`Q#H2KX A7 r2 ?p2 +QM~B+iBM;
MK2b- _mbi rBHH ;Bp2 +QKTBHiBQM 2``Q`X 6Q` 2tKTH2- B7 r2 K/2 i?2 japanese 7mM+iBQMb Tm#HB+M/ i`B2/ iQ /Q i?Bb,
use phrases::english::greetings::hello;
use phrases::japanese::greetings::hello;
fn main() {
println!("Hello in English: {}", hello());
println!("Hello in Japanese: {}", hello());
}
_mbi rBHH ;Bp2 mb +QKTBH2@iBK2 2``Q`,

src/main.rs:4:5: 4:40 error: a value named `hello` has already been imported in this mo
dule [E0252]
src/main.rs:4 use phrases::japanese::greetings::hello;
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Could not compile `phrases`.
A7 r2`2 BKTQìBM; KmHiBTH2 MK2b 7`QK i?2 bK2 KQ/mH2- r2 /QMi ?p2 iQ ivT2 Bi Qmi irB+2X
AMbi2/ Q7 i?Bb,
use phrases::english::greetings;
use phrases::english::farewells;
q2 +M mb2 i?Bb b?Qì+mi,

use phrases::english::{greetings, farewells};
_2@2tTQìBM; rBi?
pub use
uQm /QMi Dmbi mb2 use iQ b?Qì2M B/2MiB}2`bX uQm +M HbQ mb2 Bi BMbB/2 Q7 vQm` +ì2 iQ `2@2tTQì
7mM+iBQM BMbB/2 MQi?2` KQ/mH2X h?Bb HHQrb vQm iQ T`2b2Mi M 2ti2`MH BMi2`7+2 i?i Kv MQi
/B`2+iHv KT iQ vQm` BMi2`MH +Q/2 Q`;MBxiBQMX
G2ib HQQF i M 2tKTH2X JQ/B7v vQm`
src/main.rs

use phrases::english::{greetings,farewells};
use phrases::japanese;
iQ `2/ HBF2 i?Bb,
kye
fn main() {
println!("Hello in English: {}", greetings::hello());
println!("Goodbye in English: {}", farewells::goodbye());
println!("Hello in Japanese: {}", japanese::hello());
println!("Goodbye in Japanese: {}", japanese::goodbye());
}
h?2M- KQ/B7v vQm`
src/lib.rs
iQ KF2 i?2
japanese
KQ/ Tm#HB+,
pub mod english;

pub mod japanese;
L2ti- KF2 i?2 irQ 7mM+iBQMb Tm#HB+- }`bi BM
src/japanese/greetings.rs,
pub fn hello() -> String {

"
".to_string()
M/ i?2M BM
src/japanese/farewells.rs,
pub fn goodbye() -> String {

"
".to_string()
6BMHHv- KQ/B7v vQm`
src/japanese/mod.rs
iQ `2/ HBF2 i?Bb,
pub use self::greetings::hello;

pub use self::farewells::goodbye;
mod greetings;
mod farewells;
h?2 pub use /2+HìBQM #`BM;b i?2 7mM+iBQM BMiQ b+QT2 i i?Bb Tì Q7 Qm` KQ/mH2 ?B@
2``+?vX
"2+mb2 r2p2 pub use/ i?Bb BMbB/2 Q7 Qm` japanese KQ/mH2- r2 MQr ?p2
phrases::japanese::hello() 7mM+iBQM M/ phrases::japanese::goodbye() 7mM+iBQM2p2M i?Qm;? i?2 +Q/2 7Q` i?2K HBp2b BM phrases::japanese::greetings::hello() M/
phrases::japanese::farewells::goodbye()X
Pm` BMi2`MH Q`;MBxiBQM /Q2bMi /2}M2 Qm`
2ti2`MH BMi2`7+2X
>2`2 r2 ?p2 pub use 7Q` 2+? 7mM+iBQM r2 rMi iQ #`BM; BMiQ i?2 japanese b+QT2X q2 +QmH/
Hi2`MiBp2Hv mb2 i?2 rBH/+`/ bvMit iQ BM+Hm/2 2p2`vi?BM; 7`QK greetings BMiQ i?2 +m``2Mi b+QT2,
pub use self::greetings::*X
q?i #Qmi i?2 self\ q2HH- #v /27mHi- use /2+HìBQMb `2 #bQHmi2 Ti?b- biìBM; 7`QK vQm`
+ì2 `QQiX self KF2b i?i Ti? `2HiBp2 iQ vQm` +m``2Mi TH+2 BM i?2 ?B2``+?v BMbi2/X h?2`2b
QM2 KQ`2 bT2+BH 7Q`K Q7 use, vQm +M use super:: iQ `2+? QM2 H2p2H mT i?2 i`22 7`QK vQm`
8XkdX
CONST
L.
kyd
STATIC
+m``2Mi HQ+iBQMX aQK2 T2QTH2 HBF2 iQ i?BMF Q7 self b . M/

/BbTHv 7Q` i?2 +m``2Mi /B`2+iQ`v M/ i?2 T`2Mi /B`2+iQ`vX
super
b
..-
7`QK KMv b?2HHb
PmibB/2 Q7 use- Ti?b `2 `2HiBp2, foo::bar() `272`b iQ 7mM+iBQM BMbB/2 Q7 foo `2HiBp2 iQ r?2`2
r2 `2X A7 i?ib T`2}t2/ rBi? ::- b BM ::foo::bar()- Bi `272`b iQ /Bz2`2Mi foo- M #bQHmi2
Ti? 7`QK vQm` +ì2 `QQiX
HbQ- MQi2 i?i r2
}`biX
pub use/
#27Q`2 r2 /2+H`2/ Qm`
modbX
_mbi `2[mB`2b i?i
use
/2+HìBQMb ;Q
h?Bb rBHH #mBH/ M/ `mM,

$ cargo run
Running `target/debug/phrases`
Hello in English: Hello!
Goodbye in English: Goodbye.
Hello in Japanese:
Goodbye in Japanese:
8Xkd
const
M/
static
_mbi ?b rv Q7 /2}MBM; +QMbiMib rBi? i?2
const
F2vrQ`/,
const N: i32 = 5;
lMHBF2
let
Ub2+iBQM 8XR- T;2 RRNV #BM/BM;b- vQm Kmbi MMQii2 i?2 ivT2 Q7
constX
*QMbiMib HBp2 7Q` i?2 2MiB`2 HB72iBK2 Q7 T`Q;`KX JQ`2 bT2+B}+HHv- +QMbiMib BM _mbi ?p2 MQ
}t2/ //`2bb BM K2KQ`vX h?Bb Bb #2+mb2 i?2v`2 2z2+iBp2Hv BMHBM2/ iQ 2+? TH+2 i?i i?2v`2
mb2/X _272`2M+2b iQ i?2 bK2 +QMbiMi `2 MQi M2+2bb`BHv ;m`Mi22/ iQ `272` iQ i?2 bK2 K2KQ`v
//`2bb 7Q` i?Bb `2bQMX
8XkdXR
static
_mbi T`QpB/2b ;HQ#H p`B#H2 bQì Q7 7+BHBiv BM biiB+ Bi2KbX h?2v`2 bBKBH` iQ +QMbiMib- #mi
biiB+ Bi2Kb `2Mi BMHBM2/ mTQM mb2X h?Bb K2Mb i?i i?2`2 Bb QMHv QM2 BMbiM+2 7Q` 2+? pHm2M/ Bib i }t2/ HQ+iBQM BM K2KQ`vX
>2`2b M 2tKTH2,
static N: i32 = 5;
lMHBF2
let
Ub2+iBQM 8XR- T;2 RRNV #BM/BM;b- vQm Kmbi MMQii2 i?2 ivT2 Q7
staticX
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static NAME: &'static str = "Steve";
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mut
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static mut N: i32 = 5;
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unsafe {
N += 1;
println!("N: {}", N);
}
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8XkdXj q?B+? +QMbi`m+i b?QmH/ A mb2\

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HBF2 +QMbiMi T`QT;iBQM MQi QMHv BM vQm` +ì2 #mi /QrMbi`2K +ì2bX
+QMbi +M #2 i?Qm;?i Q7 b #define BM *, Bi ?b K2i/i Qp2`?2/ #mi Bi ?b MQ `mMiBK2
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#[test]
Q` HBF2 i?Bb,
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TYPE
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#![test]
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#[foo]
struct Foo;
mod bar {
#![bar]
}
h?2 #[foo] ii`B#mi2 TTHB2b iQ i?2 M2ti Bi2K- r?B+? Bb i?2 struct /2+HìBQMX h?2 #![bar]
ii`B#mi2 TTHB2b iQ i?2 Bi2K 2M+HQbBM; Bi- r?B+? Bb i?2 mod /2+HìBQMX Pi?2`rBb2- i?2v`2 i?2
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#[test]
fn check() {
assert_eq!(2, 1 + 1);
}
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#[inline(always)]
fn super_fast_fn() {
P` 2p2M F2vb M/ pHm2b,

#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
mod macos_only {
_mbi ii`B#mi2b `2 mb2/ 7Q` MmK#2` Q7 /Bz2`2Mi i?BM;bX h?2`2 Bb 7mHH HBbi Q7 ii`B#mi2b BM
i?2 `272`2M+2jj X *m``2MiHv- vQm `2 MQi HHQr2/ iQ +`2i2 vQm` QrM ii`B#mi2b- i?2 _mbi +QKTBH2`
/2}M2b i?2KX
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type
h?2
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type
HBb2b
jj ?iiT,ff/Q+X`mbi@HM;XQ`;f`272`2M+2X?iKHOii`B#mi2b
kRy
type Name = String;
uQm +M i?2M mb2 i?Bb ivT2 b B7 Bi r2`2 `2H ivT2,

type Name = String;
let x: Name = "Hello".to_string();
LQi2- ?Qr2p2`- i?i i?Bb Bb M HBb- MQi M2r ivT2 2MiB`2HvX AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- #2+mb2 _mbi Bb
bi`QM;Hv ivT2/- vQm/ 2tT2+i +QKT`BbQM #2ir22M irQ /Bz2`2Mi ivT2b iQ 7BH,
let x: i32 = 5;
let y: i64 = 5;
if x == y {
// ...
}
i?Bb ;Bp2b
error: mismatched types:
expected ì32`,
found ì64`
(expected i32,
found i64) [E0308]
if x == y {
^
"mi- B7 r2 ?/ M HBb,

type Num = i32;
let x: i32 = 5;
let y: Num = 5;
if x == y {
// ...
}
h?Bb +QKTBH2b rBi?Qmi 2``Q`X oHm2b Q7

rvX
Num
uQm +M HbQ mb2 ivT2 HBb2b rBi? ;2M2`B+b,

use std::result;
enum ConcreteError {
ivT2 `2 i?2 bK2 b pHm2 Q7 ivT2
i32-
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8XjyX *ahAL: "1hq11L huS1a
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Foo,
Bar,
}
type Result<T> = result::Result<T, ConcreteError>;
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E Tì Q7 Result<T, E>X h?Bb Bb +QKKQMHv mb2/ BM i?2 biM/`/ HB#``v iQ +`2i2 +mbiQK 2``Q`b
7Q` 2+? bm#b2+iBQMX 6Q` 2tKTH2- BQ,,_2bmHij9 X
8Xjy
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Qi?2`X h?2 }`bi- as- Bb 7Q` b72 +bibX AM +QMi`bi- transmute HHQrb 7Q` `#Bi``v +biBM;- M/ Bb
QM2 Q7 i?2 KQbi /M;2`Qmb 72im`2b Q7 _mbi5
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as
as
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let x: i32 = 5;
let y = x as i64;
Ai QMHv HHQrb +2ìBM FBM/b Q7 +biBM;- ?Qr2p2`,

let a = [0u8, 0u8, 0u8, 0u8];
let b = a as u32; // four eights makes 32
h?Bb 2``Q`b rBi?,

error: non-scalar cast: `[u8; 4]` as ù32`
let b = a as u32; // four eights makes 32
^~~~~~~~
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transmute
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MQi?2` ivT2X Ai /Q2b i?Bb `2;`/H2bb Q7 i?2 ivT2+?2+FBM; bvbi2K- M/ Dmbi +QKTH2i2Hv i`mbib vQmX
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rMi iQ /Q i?2 +biX lbBM; transmute BMbi2/ Q7 as- _mbi H2ib mb,
u32
T`QT2`Hv- M/ bQ r2
use std::mem;
unsafe {
let a = [0u8, 0u8, 0u8, 0u8];
let b = mem::transmute::<[u8; 4], u32>(a);
}
q2 ?p2 iQ r`T i?2 QT2ìBQM BM M unsafe #HQ+F 7Q` i?Bb iQ +QKTBH2 bm++2bb7mHHvX h2+?MB+HHvQMHv i?2 mem::transmute +HH Bib2H7 M22/b iQ #2 BM i?2 #HQ+F- #mi Bib MB+2 BM i?Bb +b2 iQ 2M+HQb2
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bBx2X h?Bb 2``Q`b,
use std::mem;
unsafe {
let a = [0u8, 0u8, 0u8, 0u8];
let b = mem::transmute::<[u8; 4], u64>(a);
}
rBi?,
error: transmute called on types with different sizes: [u8; 4] (32 bits) to u64
(64 bits)
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8XjR
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7KBHv- BM Qi?2` rQ`/b- ;`QmTBM; KmHiBTH2 ivT2b iQ;2i?2`X h?i /2b+`BTiBQM Bb #Bi #bi`+i- bQ
H2ib /Bp2 `B;?i BMiQ M 2tKTH2X A7 vQm rMi iQ r`Bi2 Graph i`Bi- vQm ?p2 irQ ivT2b iQ #2
;2M2`B+ Qp2`, i?2 MQ/2 ivT2 M/ i?2 2/;2 ivT2X aQ vQm KB;?i r`Bi2 i`Bi- Graph<N, E>- i?i
HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,
8XjRX aaP*Ah1. huS1a
kRj
trait Graph<N, E> {

fn has_edge(&self, &N, &N) -> bool;
fn edges(&self, &N) -> Vec<E>;
// etc
}
q?BH2 i?Bb bQì Q7 rQ`Fb- Bi 2M/b mT #2BM; rFr`/X 6Q` 2tKTH2- Mv 7mM+iBQM i?i rMib iQ
iF2 Graph b T`K2i2` MQr HbQ M22/b iQ #2 ;2M2`B+ Qp2` i?2 NQ/2 M/ E/;2 ivT2b iQQ,
fn distance<N, E, G: Graph<N, E>>(graph: &G, start: &N, end: &N) -> u32 { ... }
Pm` /BbiM+2 +H+mHiBQM rQ`Fb `2;`/H2bb Q7 Qm`

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Edge
ivT2- bQ i?2
bimz BM i?Bb bB;Mim`2 Bb Dmbi
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FBM/ Q7 GraphX q2 +M /Q i?i rBi? bbQ+Bi2/ ivT2b,
trait Graph {
type N;
type E;
fn has_edge(&self, &Self::N, &Self::N) -> bool;
fn edges(&self, &Self::N) -> Vec<Self::E>;
// etc
}
LQr- Qm` +HB2Mib +M #2 #bi`+i Qp2` ;Bp2M
Graph,
fn distance<G: Graph>(graph: &G, start: &G::N, end: &G::N) -> uint { ... }
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.2}MBM; bbQ+Bi2/ ivT2b
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Graph
i`BiX >2`2b i?2 /2}MBiBQM,
trait Graph {
type N;
type E;
}
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kR9
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Qm` N ivT2 iQ BKTH2K2Mi Display- bQ r2 +M T`BMi i?2 MQ/2b Qmi- r2 +QmH/ /Q i?Bb,
use std::fmt;
trait Graph {
type N: fmt::Display;
type E;
}
AKTH2K2MiBM; bbQ+Bi2/ ivT2b

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impl
F2vrQ`/ iQ T`QpB/2 BKTH2K2Mi@
struct Node;
struct Edge;
struct MyGraph;
impl Graph for MyGraph {
type N = Node;
type E = Edge;
fn has_edge(&self, n1: &Node, n2: &Node) -> bool {
true
}
fn edges(&self, n: &Node) -> Vec<Edge> {
Vec::new()
}
}
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L2ti Bb i?2
impl
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6`QK ?2`2- r2 mb2 = iQ /2}M2 Qm` bbQ+Bi2/ ivT2bX h?2 MK2 i?2 i`Bi mb2b ;Q2b QM i?2 H27i Q7
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Q#D2+i 7`QK M bbQ+Bi2/ ivT2- HBF2 i?Bb,
let graph = MyGraph;
let obj = Box::new(graph) as Box<Graph>;
uQmHH ;2i irQ 2``Q`b,

error: the value of the associated type È` (from the trait `main::Graph`) must
be specified [E0191]
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
24:44 error: the value of the associated type `N` (from the trait
`main::Graph`) must be specified [E0191]
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
q2 +Mi +`2i2 i`Bi Q#D2+i HBF2 i?Bb- #2+mb2 r2 /QMi FMQr i?2 bbQ+Bi2/ ivT2bX AMbi2/- r2
+M r`Bi2 i?Bb,
let graph = MyGraph;
let obj = Box::new(graph) as Box<Graph<N=Node, E=Edge>>;
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jX PMHv i?2 Hbi }2H/ BM struct Kv ?p2 /vMKB+HHv bBx2/ ivT2c i?2 Qi?2` }2H/b Kmbi
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impl Foo for str {
Q`
impl<T> Foo for [T] {
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impl Foo for &str {
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#QmM/- ?Sized,
struct Foo<T: ?Sized> {
f: T,
}
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6Q` 2tKTH2- i?2
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use std::ops::Add;
#[derive(Debug)]
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
impl Add for Point {
type Output = Point;
Add
i`Bi,
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kRd
fn add(self, other: Point) -> Point {

Point { x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y }
}
}
fn main() {
let p1 = Point { x: 1, y: 0 };
let p2 = Point { x: 2, y: 3 };
let p3 = p1 + p2;
println!("{:?}", p3);
}
AM
main-
r2 +M mb2
QM Qm` irQ
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Add<Output=Point>
7Q`
PointX
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Addje
BM KQ`2 /2iBH,
pub trait Add<RHS = Self> {

type Output;
fn add(self, rhs: RHS) -> Self::Output;
}
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Self::Output ivT2X
impl Add<i32> for Point {
type Output = f64;
fn add(self, rhs: i32) -> f64 {
// add an i32 to a Point and get an f64
}
}
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let p: Point = // ...
let x: f64 = p + 2i32;
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use std::ops::Deref;
struct DerefExample<T> {
value: T,
}
impl<T> Deref for DerefExample<T> {
type Target = T;
fn deref(&self) -> &T {
&self.value
}
}
fn main() {
let x = DerefExample { value: 'a' };
assert_eq!('a', *x);
}
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fn foo(s: &str) {
// borrow a string for a second
}
// String implements Deref<Target=str>
let owned = "Hello".to_string();
// therefore, this works:
foo(&owned);
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use std::rc::Rc;
fn foo(s: &str) {
// borrow a string for a second
}
// String implements Deref<Target=str>
let owned = "Hello".to_string();
let counted = Rc::new(owned);
// therefore, this works:
foo(&counted);
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fn foo(s: &[i32]) {
// borrow a slice for a second
}
// Vec<T> implements Deref<Target=[T]>
let owned = vec![1, 2, 3];
foo(&owned);
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struct Foo;
impl Foo {
fn foo(&self) { println!("Foo"); }
}
let f = Foo;
f.foo();
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f.foo();
(&f).foo();
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(&&&&&&&&f).foo();
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let x: Vec<u32> = vec![1, 2, 3];
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BK;BM2 Bi b bvMi+iB+ b?Qì?M/ 7Q`
let x: Vec<u32> = {
let mut temp_vec = Vec::new();
temp_vec.push(1);
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temp_vec.push(2);
temp_vec.push(3);
temp_vec
};
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j3
macro_rules! vec {
( $( $x:expr ),* ) => {
{
let mut temp_vec = Vec::new();
$(
temp_vec.push($x);
)*
temp_vec
}
};
}
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macro_rules! vec { ... }
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( $( $x:expr ),* ) => { ... };
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macro_rules! foo {
(x => $e:expr) => (println!("mode X: {}", $e));
(y => $e:expr) => (println!("mode Y: {}", $e));
}
fn main() {
foo!(y => 3);
}
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mode Y: 3
qBi?
foo!(z => 3);
r2 ;2i i?2 +QKTBH2` 2``Q`

error: no rules expected the token `z`
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$(
temp_vec.push($x);
)*
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MQi?2` /2iBH, i?2
+QK#BM2/ HBF2 bQ,
macro_rules! foo {
() => {{
...
}}
}
vec!
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()
Q`
[]
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mMiBH r2 mb2 i?2 K+`Q b M 2tT`2bbBQMX qBi? +`2- vQm +M r`Bi2 K+`Q r?Qb2 2tTMbBQM
rQ`Fb BM b2p2`H +QMi2tibX 6Q` 2tKTH2- b?Qì?M/ 7Q` /i ivT2 +QmH/ #2 pHB/ b 2Bi?2` M
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7Q` HH Q7 i?2 $nameb Bi +QMiBMb- BM HQ+Fbi2TM/

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macro_rules! o_O {
(
$(
$x:expr; [ $( $y:expr ),* ]
);*
) => {
&[ $($( $x + $y ),*),* ]
}
}
fn main() {
let a: &[i32]
= o_O!(10; [1, 2, 3];
20; [4, 5, 6]);
assert_eq!(a, [11, 12, 13, 24, 25, 26]);
}
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BM+Hm/2 b2TìQ`- r?B+? +M #2 Mv iQF2M 2t+2Ti + Q` *X
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#define FIVE_TIMES(x) 5 * x
int main() {
printf("%d\n", FIVE_TIMES(2 + 3));
return 0;
}
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macro_rules! five_times {
($x:expr) => (5 * $x);
}
fn main() {
assert_eq!(25, five_times!(2 + 3));
}
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* 2ti2MbBQM9R iQ 2KmHi2 _mbib 2tT`2bbBQM #HQ+FbX
#define LOG(msg) ({ \
int state = get_log_state(); \
if (state > 0) { \
printf("log(%d): %s\n", state, msg); \
} \
})
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const char *state = "reticulating splines";
LOG(state)
h?Bb 2tTM/b iQ
const char *state = "reticulating splines";
int state = get_log_state();
if (state > 0) {
printf("log(%d): %s\n", state, state);
}
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h?2 b2+QM/ p`B#H2 MK2/ state b?/Qrb i?2 }`bi QM2X h?Bb Bb T`Q#H2K #2+mb2 i?2 T`BMi
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h?2 2[mBpH2Mi _mbi K+`Q ?b i?2 /2bB`2/ #2?pBQ`X
macro_rules! log {
($msg:expr) => {{
let state: i32 = get_log_state();
if state > 0 {
println!("log({}): {}", state, $msg);
}
}};
}
fn main() {
let state: &str = "reticulating splines";
log!(state);
}
h?Bb rQ`Fb #2+mb2 _mbi ?b ?v;B2MB+ K+`Q bvbi2K9k X 1+? K+`Q 2tTMbBQM ?TT2Mb BM
/BbiBM+i bvMit +QMi2ti- M/ 2+? p`B#H2 Bb i;;2/ rBi? i?2 bvMit +QMi2ti r?2`2 Bi rb
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p`B#H2 state BMbB/2 i?2 K+`Q- M/ i?2`27Q`2 i?2v /QMi +QM~B+iX
h?Bb HbQ `2bi`B+ib i?2 #BHBiv Q7 K+`Qb iQ BMi`Q/m+2 M2r #BM/BM;b i i?2 BMpQ+iBQM bBi2X *Q/2
bm+? b i?2 7QHHQrBM; rBHH MQi rQ`F,
macro_rules! foo {
() => (let x = 3);
}
fn main() {
foo!();
println!("{}", x);
}
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bvMit +QMi2tiX
macro_rules! foo {
($v:ident) => (let $v = 3);
}
fn main() {
foo!(x);
println!("{}", x);
}
9k ?iiT,ff2MXrBFBT2/BXQ`;frBFBf>v;B2MB+nK+`Q
kke
h?Bb ?QH/b 7Q`

+QKTBH2,
let
#BM/BM;b M/ HQQT H#2Hb- #mi MQi 7Q` Bi2Kb9j X aQ i?2 7QHHQrBM; +Q/2 /Q2b
macro_rules! foo {
() => (fn x() { });
}
fn main() {
foo!();
x();
}
8Xj8Xj _2+m`bBp2 K+`Qb

K+`Qb 2tTMbBQM +M BM+Hm/2 KQ`2 K+`Q BMpQ+iBQMb- BM+Hm/BM; BMpQ+iBQMb Q7 i?2 p2`v bK2
K+`Q #2BM; 2tTM/2/X h?2b2 `2+m`bBp2 K+`Qb `2 mb27mH 7Q` T`Q+2bbBM; i`22@bi`m+im`2/ BMTmib BHHmbiì2/ #v i?Bb UbBKTHBbiB+V >hJG b?Qì?M/,
macro_rules! write_html {
($w:expr, ) => (());
($w:expr, $e:tt) => (write!($w, "{}", $e));
($w:expr, $tag:ident [ $($inner:tt)* ] $($rest:tt)*) => {{
write!($w, "<{}>", stringify!($tag));
write_html!($w, $($inner)*);
write!($w, "</{}>", stringify!($tag));
write_html!($w, $($rest)*);
}};
}
fn main() {
use std::fmt::Write;
let mut out = String::new();
write_html!(&mut out,
html[
head[title["Macros guide"]]
body[h1["Macros are the best!"]]
]);
assert_eq!(out,
"<html><head><title>Macros guide</title></head>\
<body><h1>Macros are the best!</h1></body></html>");
}
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log_syntax!(...)
trace_macros!(true)
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#[macro_use(foo, bar)]
extern crate baz;
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#[no_link]
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macro_rules! m1 { () => (()) }
// visible here: m1
mod foo {
// visible here: m1
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! m2 { () => (()) }
// visible here: m1, m2
}
// visible here: m1
macro_rules! m3 { () => (()) }
#[macro_use]
mod bar {
macro_rules! m4 { () => (()) }
// visible here: m1, m3, m4
}
// visible here: m1, m3, m4
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mylib
/2}M2b
pub fn increment(x: u32) -> u32 {

x + 1
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! inc_a {
($x:expr) => ( ::increment($x) )
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! inc_b {
($x:expr) => ( ::mylib::increment($x) )
}
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#[macro_export]
macro_rules! inc {
($x:expr) => ( $crate::increment($x) )
}
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macro_rules! bct {
// cmd 0:
d ... => ...
(0, $($ps:tt),* ; $_d:tt)

=> (bct!($($ps),*, 0 ; ));
(0, $($ps:tt),* ; $_d:tt, $($ds:tt),*)
=> (bct!($($ps),*, 0 ; $($ds),*));
// cmd 1p:
1 ... => 1 ... p
(1, $p:tt, $($ps:tt),* ; 1)

=> (bct!($($ps),*, 1, $p ; 1, $p));
(1, $p:tt, $($ps:tt),* ; 1, $($ds:tt),*)
=> (bct!($($ps),*, 1, $p ; 1, $($ds),*, $p));
// cmd 1p:
0 ... => 0 ...
(1, $p:tt, $($ps:tt),* ; $($ds:tt),*)

=> (bct!($($ps),*, 1, $p ; $($ds),*));
// halt on empty data string
( $($ps:tt),* ; )
=> (());
}
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TMB+5
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panic!("oh no!");
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vec!
Vec<T>b
let v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
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let v = vec![0; 100];
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assert_eq!
iF2b irQ pHm2b
// A-ok!
assert!(true);
assert_eq!(5, 3 + 2);
// nope :(
assert!(5 < 3);
assert_eq!(5, 3);
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try!
use std::fs::File;
fn foo() -> std::io::Result<()> {
let f = try!(File::create("foo.txt"));
Ok(())
}
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use std::fs::File;
fn foo() -> std::io::Result<()> {
let f = File::create("foo.txt");
let f = match f {
Ok(t) => t,
Err(e) => return Err(e),
};
Ok(())
}
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Result<T, E>-
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if false {
unreachable!();
}
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let x: Option<i32> = None;
match x {
Some(_) => unreachable!(),
None => println!("I know x is None!"),
}
mMBKTH2K2Mi2/5
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#Qi? BKTH2K2Mi2/ 2MiB`2Hv BM _mbiVX
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8XjeXR "bB+b
*`2iBM; `r TQBMi2` Bb T2`72+iHv b72,
let x = 5;
let raw = &x as *const i32;
let mut y = 10;
let raw_mut = &mut y as *mut i32;
>Qr2p2`- /2`272`2M+BM; QM2 Bb MQiX h?Bb rQMi rQ`F,

let x = 5;
println!("raw points at {}", *raw);
Ai ;Bp2b i?Bb 2``Q`,

error: dereference of unsafe pointer requires unsafe function or block [E0133]
println!("raw points at{}", *raw);
^~~~
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i?i rQmH/ #2 BM+Q``2+iX b bm+?- vQm M22/ unsafe,
let x = 5;
let points_at = unsafe { *raw };
println!("raw points at {}", points_at);
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let p_imm: *const u32 = &i as *const u32;
let mut m: u32 = 2;
// implicit coercion
let p_mut: *mut u32 = &mut m;
unsafe {
let ref_imm: &u32 = &*p_imm;
let ref_mut: &mut u32 = &mut *p_mut;
}
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// scary stuff
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roman_numerals.rsR9
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#![crate_type="dylib"]
#![feature(plugin_registrar, rustc_private)]
extern crate syntax;
extern crate rustc;
use syntax::codemap::Span;
use syntax::parse::token;
use syntax::ast::{TokenTree, TtToken};
use syntax::ext::base::{ExtCtxt, MacResult, DummyResult, MacEager};
use syntax::ext::build::AstBuilder;
// trait for expr_usize
use rustc::plugin::Registry;
fn expand_rn(cx: &mut ExtCtxt, sp: Span, args: &[TokenTree])
-> Box<MacResult + 'static> {
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static NUMERALS: &'static [(&'static str, u32)] = &[

("M", 1000), ("CM", 900), ("D", 500), ("CD", 400),
("C",
100), ("XC",
90), ("L",
50), ("XL",
40),
("X",
10), ("IX",
9), ("V",
5), ("IV",
4),
("I",
1)];
let text = match args {

[TtToken(_, token::Ident(s, _))] => token::get_ident(s).to_string(),
_ => {
cx.span_err(sp, "argument should be a single identifier");
return DummyResult::any(sp);
}
};
let mut text = &*text;
let mut total = 0;
while !text.is_empty() {
match NUMERALS.iter().find(|&&(rn, _)| text.starts_with(rn)) {
Some(&(rn, val)) => {
total += val;
text = &text[rn.len()..];
}
None => {
cx.span_err(sp, "invalid Roman numeral");
return DummyResult::any(sp);
}
}
}
MacEager::expr(cx.expr_u32(sp, total))
}
#[plugin_registrar]
pub fn plugin_registrar(reg: &mut Registry) {
reg.register_macro("rn", expand_rn);
}
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rn!()
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#![feature(plugin)]
#![plugin(roman_numerals)]
fn main() {
assert_eq!(rn!(MMXV), 2015);
}
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fn(&str) -> u32
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fn expand_foo(cx: &mut ExtCtxt, sp: Span, args: &[TokenTree])
-> Box<MacResult+'static> {
let mut parser = cx.new_parser_from_tts(args);
let expr: P<Expr> = parser.parse_expr();
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declare_lint!(TEST_LINT, Warn,
"Warn about items named 'lintme'");
struct Pass;
impl LintPass for Pass {
fn get_lints(&self) -> LintArray {
lint_array!(TEST_LINT)
}
fn check_item(&mut self, cx: &Context, it: &ast::Item) {
let name = token::get_ident(it.ident);
if name.get() == "lintme" {
cx.span_lint(TEST_LINT, it.span, "item is named 'lintme'");
}
}
}
#[plugin_registrar]
pub fn plugin_registrar(reg: &mut Registry) {
reg.register_lint_pass(box Pass as LintPassObject);
}
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#![plugin(lint_plugin_test)]
fn lintme() { }
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foo.rs:4 fn lintme() { }
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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asm!(assembly template
: output operands
: input operands
: clobbers
: options
);
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#![feature(asm)]
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#![feature(asm)]
#[cfg(any(target_arch = "x86", target_arch = "x86_64"))]
fn foo() {
unsafe {
asm!("NOP");
}
}
// other platforms
#[cfg(not(any(target_arch = "x86", target_arch = "x86_64")))]
fn foo() { /* ... */ }
fn main() {
// ...
foo();
// ...
}
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feature(asm)
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# #![feature(asm)]
# #[cfg(any(target_arch = "x86", target_arch = "x86_64"))]
# fn main() { unsafe {
asm!("xor %eax, %eax"
:
:
: "{eax}"
);
# } }
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# } }
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# #![feature(asm)]
fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
let c: i32;
unsafe {
asm!("add $2, $0"
: "=r"(c)
: "0"(a), "r"(b)
);
}
c
}
# #[cfg(not(any(target_arch = "x86", target_arch = "x86_64")))]
# fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 { a + b }
fn main() {
assert_eq!(add(3, 14159), 14162)
}
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# #![feature(asm)]
# unsafe fn read_byte_in(port: u16) -> u8 {
let result: u8;
asm!("in %dx, %al" : "={al}"(result) : "{dx}"(port));
result
# }
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# #![feature(asm)]
// Put the value 0x200 in eax
asm!("mov $$0x200, %eax" : /* no outputs */ : /* no inputs */ : "{eax}");
# } }
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options
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# #![feature(asm)]
# fn main() {
let result: i32;
unsafe {
asm!("mov eax, 2" : "={eax}"(result) : : : "intel")
}
println!("eax is currently {}", result);
# }
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pQB/2/ rBi? i?2 #![no_std] ii`B#mi2 ii+?2/ iQ i?2 +ì2X
// a minimal library
#![crate_type="lib"]
#![feature(no_std)]
#![no_std]
# // fn main() {} tricked you, rustdoc!
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#[start]
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#![feature(lang_items, start, no_std, libc)]

#![no_std]
// Pull in the system libc library for what crt0.o likely requires
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extern crate libc;

// Entry point for this program
#[start]
fn start(_argc: isize, _argv: *const *const u8) -> isize {
0
}
// These functions and traits are used by the compiler, but not
// for a bare-bones hello world. These are normally
// provided by libstd.
#[lang = "stack_exhausted"] extern fn stack_exhausted() {}
#[lang = "eh_personality"] extern fn eh_personality() {}
#[lang = "panic_fmt"] fn panic_fmt() -> ! { loop {} }
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#![feature(no_std)]
#![no_std]
#![no_main]
#![feature(lang_items, start)]
extern crate libc;
#[no_mangle] // ensure that this symbol is called `main` in the output
pub extern fn main(argc: i32, argv: *const *const u8) -> i32 {
0
}
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#![feature(lang_items, start, no_std, core, libc)]
#![no_std]
extern crate core;
use core::prelude::*;
use core::mem;
#[no_mangle]
pub extern fn dot_product(a: *const u32, a_len: u32,
b: *const u32, b_len: u32) -> u32 {
use core::raw::Slice;
// Convert the provided arrays into Rust slices.
// The core::raw module guarantees that the Slice
// structure has the same memory layout as a &[T]
// slice.
//
// This is an unsafe operation because the compiler
// cannot tell the pointers are valid.
let (a_slice, b_slice): (&[u32], &[u32]) = unsafe {
mem::transmute((
Slice { data: a, len: a_len as usize },
Slice { data: b, len: b_len as usize },
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))
};
// Iterate over the slices, collecting the result
let mut ret = 0;
for (i, j) in a_slice.iter().zip(b_slice.iter()) {
ret += (*i) * (*j);
}
return ret;
}
#[lang = "panic_fmt"]
extern fn panic_fmt(args: &core::fmt::Arguments,
file: &str,
line: u32) -> ! {
loop {}
}
# #[start] fn start(argc: isize, argv: *const *const u8) -> isize { 0 }
# fn main() {}
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# #![feature(intrinsics)]
# fn main() {}
extern "rust-intrinsic" {
fn transmute<T, U>(x: T) -> U;
k8k
fn offset<T>(dst: *const T, offset: isize) -> *const T;

}
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#![feature(lang_items, box_syntax, start, no_std, libc)]
#![no_std]
extern crate libc;
extern {
fn abort() -> !;
}
#[lang = "owned_box"]
pub struct Box<T>(*mut T);
#[lang = "exchange_malloc"]
unsafe fn allocate(size: usize, _align: usize) -> *mut u8 {
let p = libc::malloc(size as libc::size_t) as *mut u8;
// malloc failed
if p as usize == 0 {
abort();
}
p
}
#[lang = "exchange_free"]
unsafe fn deallocate(ptr: *mut u8, _size: usize, _align: usize) {
libc::free(ptr as *mut libc::c_void)
}
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#[start]
fn main(argc: isize, argv: *const *const u8) -> isize {
let x = box 1;
0
}
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#![feature(link_args)]
#[link_args = "-foo -bar -baz"]
extern {}
# fn main() {}
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src/lib.rs HQQF HBF2 i?Bb U+QKK2Mib 2HB/2/V,
#![feature(test)]
extern crate test;
a + 2
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
use test::Bencher;
#[test]
fn it_works() {
}
#[bench]
fn bench_add_two(b: &mut Bencher) {
b.iter(|| add_two(2));
}
}
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cargo bench,
$ cargo bench
Compiling adder v0.0.1 (file:///home/steve/tmp/adder)
Running target/release/adder-91b3e234d4ed382a
running 2 tests
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test tests::it_works ... ignored

test tests::bench_add_two ... bench:
1 ns/iter (+/- 0)
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#![feature(test)]
extern crate test;
use test::Bencher;
#[bench]
fn bench_xor_1000_ints(b: &mut Bencher) {
b.iter(|| {
(0..1000).fold(0, |old, new| old ^ new);
});
}
;Bp2b i?2 7QHHQrBM; `2bmHib

running 1 test
test bench_xor_1000_ints ... bench:
0 ns/iter (+/- 0)
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b.iter(|| {
// note lack of `;` (could also use an explicit `return`).
(0..1000).fold(0, |old, new| old ^ new)
});
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#![feature(test)]
extern crate test;
b.iter(|| {
let n = test::black_box(1000);
(0..n).fold(0, |a, b| a ^ b)
})
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running 1 test
test bench_xor_1000_ints ... bench:
131 ns/iter (+/- 3)
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#![feature(box_syntax, box_patterns)]
fn main() {
let b = Some(box 5);
match b {
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Some(box n) if n < 0 => {

println!("Box contains negative number {}", n);
},
Some(box n) if n >= 0 => {
println!("Box contains non-negative number {}", n);
},
None => {
println!("No box");
},
_ => unreachable!()
}
}
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struct BigStruct {
one: i32,
two: i32,
// etc
one_hundred: i32,
}
fn foo(x: Box<BigStruct>) -> Box<BigStruct> {
Box::new(*x)
}
fn main() {
let x = Box::new(BigStruct {
one: 1,
two: 2,
one_hundred: 100,
});
let y = foo(x);
}
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#![feature(box_syntax)]
struct BigStruct {
one: i32,
two: i32,
// etc
one_hundred: i32,
}
fn foo(x: Box<BigStruct>) -> BigStruct {
*x
}
fn main() {
let x = Box::new(BigStruct {
one: 1,
two: 2,
one_hundred: 100,
});
let y: Box<BigStruct> = box foo(x);
}
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slice_patterns
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#![feature(slice_patterns)]
fn main() {
let v = vec!["match_this", "1"];
match &v[..] {
["match_this", second] => println!("The second element is {}", second),
_ => {},
}
}
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#![feature(advanced_slice_patterns, slice_patterns)]
fn is_symmetric(list: &[u32]) -> bool {
match list {
[] | [_] => true,
[x, inside.., y] if x == y => is_symmetric(inside),
_ => false
}
}
fn main() {
let sym = &[0, 1, 4, 2, 4, 1, 0];
assert!(is_symmetric(sym));
let not_sym = &[0, 1, 7, 2, 4, 1, 0];
assert!(!is_symmetric(not_sym));
}
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#![feature(associated_consts)]
trait Foo {
const ID: i32;
}
impl Foo for i32 {
const ID: i32 = 1;
}
fn main() {
assert_eq!(1, i32::ID);
}
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trait Foo {
const ID: i32;
}
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impl Foo for i32 {

}
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impl Foo for i32 {
}
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trait Foo {
const ID: i32 = 1;
}
impl Foo for i32 {
}
impl Foo for i64 {
const ID: i32 = 5;
}
fn main() {
}
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struct Foo;
impl Foo {
pub const FOO: u32 = 3;
}
impl
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let x = (2, 3);
let y = (4, 6);
let z = (8, 2, 6);
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