agony and stigma of this and was unwilling to face a surgery due extreme fear and

anxiety. This has made me to make an attempt to improvise the knowledge of women
regarding gallstones.

6.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“A Study to assess the knowledge on prevention of cholelithiasis among adults in

selected hospitals in Bangalore with a view to develop an information booklet”

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of related literature is an integral component of any study or research

project. It enhances the depth of the knowledge and inspires a clear insight into the crux
of the problem. Literature review throws light on the studies and their findings reported
about the problem under study.

The review of literature is a broad, comprehensive, in depth, systemic and critical

review of scholarly publications, unpublished scholarly print materials, audio visual
materials and personal communications. Reviewing and evaluating the literature is
central to the research process.
This chapter deals with selected studies which are related to the objectives of
proposed study:
i) Review related to incidence of gallstones
ii) Review related to etiology and risk factors of gall stones
iii) Review related to complications of untreated gall stones.
iv) Review related to prevention of gallstones.

1) REVIEW RELATED TO INCIDENTS OF GALL STONES

 A randomized control trial was conducted in Netherlands regarding prevention of gall
stones and it has found that avoidance of prolonged fasting, rapid weight lose will reduce
the risk. It has also found that exercise will reduce the risk of gall stones. New university
Illilinois an American state has studied regarding prevention of gallstones and they found
that physical activity reduces gall stone formation.32

A study conducted in USA among women: the purpose of the study was to identify the
relationship of physical activity and risk of cholecystitis and they have found that
recreational physical activity was inversely related to risk of cholecystectomy. In contrast
sedentary behavior was independently related to an increased risk of cholecystectomy.33

6.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the knowledge regarding prevention of cholelithiasis among adults.

2. Identify the association between knowledge regarding prevention of cholelithiasis and

selected demographic variables.

3.To develop an information booklet on prevention of cholelithiasis.

6.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

KNOWLEDGE: Assess the knowledge on prevention of cholelithiasis by structured

questionnaire.

ADULT:A human male and female in the age group of 25-70ys.

INFORMATION BOOKLET:Self-learning material which contains data regarding

meaning ,etiology ,risk factors,pathophysiology,and preventive methods of cholelithiasis.
.

SELECTED HOSPITALS: Hospitals including Panacea hospital, BGS lithotripsy

center Vjaya nagar, Sarvodaya hospital.

6.7 ASSUMPTION

Adults may have some knowledge regarding prevention of cholelithiasis.

6.8 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:

There will be a significant association between knowledge regarding prevention of

cholelithiasis and selected demographic variables.

6.9 SAMPLING CRITERIA.

i) Inclusion Criteria

1. The adults who are available at the time of study.

2. The adults who are willing to participate in the study.

3. The adult who can read and write English or Kannada.

ii) Exclusion Criteria.

1. Adults other than the age group of 25-70.

 2. Adults who have prior knowledge regarding cholelithiasis.
3. Adults who are health professionals.

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.1 Sources of data:
The data will be collected from adults who are coming to the hospital for master health
chek-up in selected hospitals Bangalore.
7.2 Methods of data collection
i. Research approach : exploratory
ii. Research design : descriptive design.
iii. Setting : Selected hospitals, Bangalore.(panacea hospital,
Sarvodaya hospital ,
BGS hospital for lithotrypsy)
iv Population : All patients who are coming in selected hospital
v. Sample size : 60.
vi. Sample : Adults who coming for master health check-up.
vii. Sampling technique : Convenient sampling technique.
viii. Method of data collection : Self administered questionnaire
ix. Tool for data collection : Structured questionnaire,
x. Method of data analysis and interpretation:-
• The researcher will use appropriate statistical techniques for data
collection and present in the form of tables and diagrams
• Knowledge will be analyzed by frequency and percentage distribution.
• Level of knowledge will be analyzed by mean and standard deviation
• Association between demographic variables and knowledge on prevention
cholelithiasis will be assessed by chi square test.
xi. Duration of Study : 4 Weeks.
RESEARCH VARIABLES
Knowledge on prevention of cholelithiasis
 Demographic variables:age,sex,educational status,socio economic status, occupation,
source of information.
Does the study require any investigation or intervention to be conducted on the
patient or other human beings or animals?
NO.

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.Ellen g white:Diet a rational remedy;journal on herald of health Aug 2009,page no.4

2 Ben SD :Indian journal of medicine; Obese india 2008 Jan

4. jhonson Alex URL:www.gallbladderstudies.com/health-resources/gall stones

5.URL: www.emedicinehealth.com/cage3_em.htm

6.URL: www.doi.wiley.com/10.1111/pancreatic stones and gall stones

7.URL: www. The hindu.com/appolo delhi

8. URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites

9. URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed

10. URL:http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/gallbladder

11. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

12. linkinghub.elsevier.com/

13. URL www.sciencedirect.com

14. URL www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov

15. URL www.medscape.com

16. URL www. Uptodate.com

17. URL www. Nursingresearch.com

18. URL www. Nightngaletimes.com

19. www.medline.com

20. www.pubmed.com