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Abbreviations

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

A
AAFI Amateur Athletics Federation of India
AAPSO Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation
AASU All Assam Students Union
ABM Anti Ballistic Missile
AC Alternate Current / Ashok Chakra / Air Conditioner / Antarctic Club/After Christ
ACC Anxillary Cadet Core
AD Ano Domini (After the birth of Jesus)
ADB Asian Development Bank .
AERE Atomic Energy Research Establishment
AGOC Asian Games Organisation Committee
AICC All India Congress Committee
AICTE All India Council of Technical Education
AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
AIFE All India Football Federation
AIIMS All India Institute of Medical Sciences
AIL Aeronautics India Limited
AIMPLB All India Muslim Personal Law Board
AIR All India Radio (Broadcasting)
AITUE All India Trade Union Congress
AM Anti Meridian (Before Noon)
ANC African National Congress
APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
APSC Army Postal Services Core
ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations
ASLV Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle
ASI Archaeological Survey of India
ASSOCHAM Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry (India)
ASWAC Airborne Surveillance Warning and Control
ATS Anti Tetanus Serum
B
BAMS Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery
BARC Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
BC Before Christ (Before the birth of Jesus)
BCG Bacillus Calmette Guerin (Anti TB Vaccine)
BCCI Board of Control for Cricket in India
BEL Bharat Electronics Limited
BENELUX Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg
BHEL Bharat Heavy Electronics Limited
BIFR Board of Industrial Finance and Reconstruction (Formerly Industrial
Reconstruction Finance Board)
BIMSTEC Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand Economic Cooperation
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
B Pharma Bachelor of Pharmacy
BSF Border Security Force
C
CAD Command Area Development
CAG Comptroller and Auditor General
CARE Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere
CASE Commission for Alternative Sources of Energy
CAT Central Administrative Tribunal, Computerised Axial Tomography
CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute
CBI Central Bureau of Investigation
CBSE Central. Board of Secondary Education
CCEA Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs
CCS Cabinet Committee on Security
C-DAC Centre For Development of Advance Computing
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CDRI Central Drug Research Institute
CDS Compulsory Deposit Scheme
CHOGM Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
CID Criminal Investigation Department
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
CISF Central Industrial Security Force
CITU , Centre of Indian Trade Unions
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
COD Central Ordnance Depot
COFEPOSA Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Act
CPO Central Passport Organisation
CPRI Central Power Research Institute
CRPF Central Reserve Police Force
CRR Cash Reserve Ratio
CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
CSO Central Statistical Organisation
CTS Computerised Tomography Scanner
CVC Central Vigilance Commission
D
DDT Dichloro Diphenyle Tri-chloroethane
DFDR 'Digital Flight Data Recorder (Black box)'
DIG Deputy Inspector General
D.Lit. Doctor of Literature
DM District Magistrate
DMK Dravida Munetra Kazhagam
DNA Di-oxyribo-Nucleic Acid
DPAP 'Drought Prone Area Programme
DPC Dabhol Power Company
DPSA Deep Penetration Strike Aircraft
DRDO Defence Research and Development Organisation
DTH Direct to Home
DVD Digital Versatile Disk
E
EAS Employment Assurance Scheme
ECD European Central Bank
ECG Electro Cardiogram
EEC European Economic Community
EEG Electro Encephalogram
ELISA Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay
EMF Electromotive Force
EPABX Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange
EPZ Export Processing Zone
ERDA Energy Research and Development Administration
ESMA Essential Services Maintenance Act
EVM Electronic Voting Machine
EXIM Bank Export-Import Bank of India
F
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation (USA)
FBTR Fast Breeder Test Reactor
FCI Food Corporation of India / Fertilizer Corporation of India
FDR Flight Data Recorder (Black Box)
FERA Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
FEMA Foreign Exchange Management Act
FICCI Federation of India Chambers of Commerce and Industry
FIPB Foreign Investment Promotion Board
FIR First Information Report
FRS Fellow of the Royal Society
FTII Films and Television Institute of India
FTZ Free Trade Zone
G
GAIL Gas Authority of India Limited
GATT General Agreement on Tariff and Trade
GIC General Insurance Corporation
GMT Greenwich Mean Time
GNLF Gorkha National Liberation Front
GNP Gross National Product
GPF General Provident Fund
GPO General Post Office
GPS Global Positioning System
GSI Geological Survey of India
H
HAC Hindustan Aluminium Corporation
HAL Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
HCF Highest Common Factor
HDFC Housing Development Finance Corporation
HIV Human Immuno-deficiency Virus
HMT Hindustan Machine Tools
HUDCO Housing and Urban Development Corporation
HYVS High Yield Variety Seeds
I
IAAI International Airport Authority of India
lAC Indian Airlines Corporation
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICBM Inter Continental Ballistic Missile
ICC International Cricket Council
ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
ICICI Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Limited
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research
ICSI Indian Company Secretaries Institute
IDA International Development Agency
IDBI Industrial Development Bank of India
IDO International Defence Organisation
IDPL Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited
IFA Indian Football Association
IFCI Industrial Finance Corporation of India
IFFI International Film Festival of India
IFFCO Indian Farmers Fertilizers Cooperative
IFTU International Federation of Trade Unions
IIPA Indian Institute of Public Administration
lIS Indian Institute of Sciences
IISCO Indian Iron and Steel Company
lIT Indian Institute of Technology
ILO International Labour Organisation
IMA Indian Military Academy
IMF International Monetary Fund
INGCA Indira Gandhi Gallery for Culture and Art
INS Indian Naval Ship
INSAT Indian National Satellite
INTELSAT International Telecommunication Satellite
INTERPOL International Police Organisation
INTUC Indian National Trade Union Congress
IOC International Olympic Committee / Indian Oil Corporation
IPC Indian Penal Code
IPKF Indian Peace Keeping Force
IQ Intelligence Quotient
IRBM Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile
IRC International Red Cross
IRDA Insurance Regulatory Development Authority
IRDP Integrated Rural Development Programme
ISB Indian Standard Bureau
ISM Indian School of Mines
ISO International Organisation for Standardisation
ISP Internet Services Provider
ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation
IST Indian Standard Time
ITBP Indo-Tibet Border Police
ITDC Indian Tourism Development Corporation
ITPO Indian Trade Promotion Organisation
ITO International Trade Organisation
ITUC Indian Trade Union Congress
J
JMM Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
K
KG Kinder Garten
L
LASER Light Amplification By Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LIC Life Insurance Corporation of India
LLB Bachelor of Law
LLM Master of Law
LMG Light Machine Gum
LoC Line of Control (Pakistan)
LoAC Line of Actual Control (China)
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LSD Lysergic acid di-ethylamide
LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam
M
MA Master of Arts
MASER Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
MBA Master of Business Administration
MBBS Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
MBT Main Battle Tank
MCA Monetary Compensatory Allowance / Master of Computer Application
MCC Melbourne Cricket Club
MD Doctor of Medicine
MFN Most Favoured Nation
MI Military Intelligence
MISA Maintenance of Internal Security Act
MIT Mechachusates Institute of Technology (USA)
MLA Member of Legislative Assembly
MLC Member of Legislative Council
MNC Multi National Corporation
MRCP Member of Royal College of Physicians
MRCS Member of Royal College of Surgeons
MRTPC Monopoly and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission
MODVAT Modified Value Added Tax
N
NABARD National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development
NACO National AIDS Control Organisation
NAEP National Adult Education Programme
NAFED National Agricultural and Marketing Federation
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NAPP Narora Atomic Power Plant
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA)
NASDAQ National Association of Security Dealer's Active Quotation
NASSCOM National Association of Software & Service Companies
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
NCW National Commission for Women
NCCR National Council for Civil Right
NCERT National Council of Educational Research & Training
NDA National Defence Academy
NDDB National Dairy Development Board (Anand, Gujarat)
NDF National Defence Fund .
NEERI National Environment Engineering Research Institute
NEFA North-East Frontier Agency
NEPA National Environment Protection Authority
NFDC National Film Development Corporation
NFL National Fertilizer Limited
NHRC National Human Rights Commission
NICO New Information and Communication Order
NIDC National Industrial Development Corporation
NIIT National Institute of Information Technology
NIMHANS National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences
NITIE National Institute for Training in Industrial Engineering
NMDS National Missile Defence System (US)
NMEP National Malaria Eradication Programme
NOIDA New Okhla Industrial Development Authority
NPC National Productivity Council
NPP National Population Policy
NPT Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
NRDC National Research and Development Corporation
NREP National Rural Employment Programme
NRI Non Resident Indian
NSC National Security Council
NSSO National Sample Survey Organisation
NTC National Textile Corporation
NTPC National Thermal Power Corporation
O
OGL Open General Licence
OIL Oil India Limited
OK All Correct
ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Commission
OPEC Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
P
PCI Press Council of India
PCS Provincial Civil Services
Ph. D Doctor of 'Philosophy
PIN Posial lndex Number
PLO Palestine Liberation Organisation
PM Post Meridian / Prime Minister
POTA Prevention of Terrorism Act
PSLV Polar. Satellite Launch Vehicle
PTI Press Trust of India
PRO Public Relations Officer
PTO Please Turn Over
PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride / Paramvir Chakra
PVSM Param Vishisht Seva Medal
PWD Public Work's Department
PWG People's War Group
Q
QED Quod Erat Demonstrandum (Which was to be proved)
QEF Quod Erat Faciendum (Which was to be done)
QEI Quod Erat Inveniendum (Which was to be found)
QMG Quarter Master General
R
RADAR Radio Angle Direction and Range
RAW Research and Analysis Wing
R&D Research and Development
RBI Reserve Bank of India
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
RDX Research Developed Explosive
RIMC Rashtriya Indian Military College
RMS Railway Mail Service
RLEGP Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme
RNA Ribonucleic Acid
RPM Revolutions Per Minute
RSS Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
RTO Regional Transport Officer
S
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SAC Space Application Centre
SAFTA South Asian Free Trade Agreement
SAI Sports Authority of India
SAIL Steel Authority of India Limited
SAPTA South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SC Security Council/Supreme Court
SCI Shipping Corporation of India
SCOPE Standing Conference of Public Enterprises
SCRA Special Class Railway Apprentice
SDR Special Drawing Rights
SEBI Security Exchange Board of India
SGPC Siromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee
SHAR Shri Harikota Range
SIDBI Small Industries Development Bank of India
SIS Secret Intelligence Service (U.K)
SITA Suppression of .Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act
SLV Satellite Launch Vehicle
SPCA Society for the Prevention of Cruelty of Animals
SPICMC Society for the Promotion of Indian Classical music and culture
STARS Satellite Tracking and Ranging Station
STD Subscribers Trunk Dialing
STPI Software Technology Parks of India
SWAPO South West African People's Organisation
T
TA Travelling Aliowance / Territorial Anmy
TC Transfer Certificate, Trusteeship Council
TELCO Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company
TELEX Teleprinter Exchange
TISCO Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited
TNT Tri-nitro-toluene
TOEFL Test of English as a Foreign Language
TRAI Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
TRIPS Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights
TTE Travelling Ticket Examiner
TTFI Table Tennis Federation of India
TWA Trans World Airlines (USA)
U
UDC Upper Division Clerk
UFO Unidentified Flying Object
UGC University Grants Commission
UHT Ultra High Temperature
ULFA United Liberation Front of Assam
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEF United Nations Emergency Force
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO United Nations Economic Social and Cultural Organisation
UNFPA United Nations for Population Activities
UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees
UNI United News of India
UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
UNO United Nations Organisation
UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply
UPSC Union Public Service Commission
USP Unique Selling Proposition,
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republic
UTI Unit Trust of India
V
VAT Value Added Tax
VDIS Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme
VC Vice-Chancellor / Victoria Cross
VIP Very Important Person
VPP Value Payable Post
VRS Voluntary Retirement Scheme
VSNL Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited
VSSC Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
W
WEF World Economic Forum
WHO World Health Organisation
WILL Wireless in Local Loop
WMO World Meteorological Organisation
WWF World Wild Life Fund
WPI Wholesale Price Index
WTO World Trade Organisation
WWF World Wild Life Fund for Nature
WWW World Wide Web
X
X-tian Christian
Y
YMCA Young Men's Christians Association
YWCA Young Women's Christians Association
Z
ZBB Zero Based Budgeting
ZPG Zero Population Growth
ZS Zoological Society
ZSI Zoological Survey of India
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Short Name Full Form or Abbreviations


3G Third Generation
AAA Asian Athletics Association
AAFI The Amateur Athletics Federation of India
AC Ante Christum (Before Christ), Ashok Chakra, Air Conditioner
ADB Asian Development Bank
AFI Athletics Federation of India
AFMC Armed Forces Medical College
AI Artifical Intelligence, Air India
AICTE All India Council for Technical Education
AIFF All India Football Federation
AIIMS All India Institute of Medical Science
AITUC All India Trade Union Congress
ALGOL Algebric Oriented Language
AM Ante Meridiem (before Noon), Amplitude Modulation
APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
ARPANET Advanced Research Project Agency Network
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations
ASLV Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle
AT&T American Telegraphic and Telephone Co. Ltd.
ATC Air Traffic Control
ATM Automated Teller Machine
AVSM Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
B2B Busines to Business
B2C Business to Consumer
BARC Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
BBS Bulletin Board Service
BC Before Christ
BHEL Bharat Heavy Electri-cals Ltd
BIOS Basic Input Output System
BIT Binary Digit
BPL Below Poverty Line
BPO Business Process Outsourcing
BPR Business Process Re-engineering
bps bytes per second
BSE Bombay Stock Exchange
BSF Border Security Force
BSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
C2C Consumer to Consumer
CA Chartered Accountant
CAD Computer Aided Design
CAT Common Admission Test
CBI Central Bureau of Investigation
CBSE Central Board of Secondary Education
CDAC Centre for the Development of Advanced Computing
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CFSL Central Forensic Science Laboratory
CGI Common Gateway Interface
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CID Criminal Investigation Department
CISC Complex instruction-set computing
CITU Centre of Indian Trade Unions
CNN Cable News Network
COMSAT Communications Satellite Corporation
COPRA Consumer Protection Act
CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture
CPI(M) Communist Party of India / Marxist
CPWD Central Public Works Department
CRIS Centre for Railway Information System
CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
CYMK Cyan, Yellow, Magenta, Kinda
D.Litt. Doctor of Literature
D.Phil. Doctor of Philosophy
D.Sc Doctor of Science
DC Direct Current
DIG Deputy Inspector General
DMA Direct Memory Access
DMK Dravida Munetra Kazhagam
DNA Deoxyribo-nucleic Acid
DTP Desktop Publishing
DVC Damodar Valley Corporation
DVD Digital Versatile/Video Disc

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Short
Full Form or Abbreviations
Name
E & OE Errors and Omissions Excepted
EDI Electronic Data Interchange
EIS Executive Information System
E-MAIL Electronic Mailing
EMI Equated Monthly Instalments
ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
ENT Ear, Nose and Throat
EOF end of file
EOT Eastern Daylight Time
EPABX Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange
ERNET Educational and Research Network
FAQ Frequently Asked Question
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
FBT Fringe Benefit Tax
FBTR Fast Breeder Test Reactor
FBW Fly-By-Wire
FCI Food Corporation of India; Fertilizer Corporation of India
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FEMA Foreign Exchange Management Act
FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
International Football Federation (Federation Internationale de Football Associa-
FIFA
tion)
FIR First Information Report
FM Frequency modulation
FRCP Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians
FRCS Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons
FRCS Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society
FRS Fellow of the Royal Society
Group of Seven (US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, japan and Canada) G8 includes
G7
G7 plus Russia
GATE Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
GATS General Agreement on Trade and Services
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GMAT Graduate Management Admission Test
GMT Greenwich Mean Time
GSLV Geo-Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
GSP Generalised System Preference
GUI Graphical User Interface
HAL Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HMI Himalayan Mountaineering Institute
HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
HUDCO Housing and Urban Development Corp.
HVAC Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
i.e. id est (that is)
IAAI International Airport Authority of India
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute
IAS Indian Administrative Service
IATA International Air Transport Association
IBM International Business Machines
ICSE Indian Certificate of Secondary Education
ICU Intensive Care Unit
ICWA Indian Council of World Affairs
IDA International Development Agency
IDBI Industrial Development Bank of India
IEEE Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers
IELTS International English Language Testing System
IFC Industrial Finance Corporation, International Finance Corporation
IFS Indian Foreign Service; Indian Forest Service
IGNOU Indira Gandhi National Open University
IIPA Indian Institute of Public Administration
IISCO Indian Iron and Steel Company
IISS International Institute of Strategic Studies
IIT Indian Institute of Technology
ILA Indian Library Association
ILO International Labour Organisation
IMAP Internet Mail Access Protocol
IMF International Monetary Fund
INA Indian National Army
INTUC Indian National Trade Union Congress
IOC Indian Oil Corporation
IP Internet Protocol
IPC Indian Penal Code
IPCL Indian Petro-Chemicals Corporation Ltd
IPI International Press Institute
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Short
Full Form or Abbreviations
Name
IPO Initial Public Offering
IPS Indian Police Service; Inter Press Service
IQ Intelligence Quotient
IRC International Red Cross
IRDP Integrated Rural Development Programme
IRS Indian Revenue Service
ISBN International Standard Book Number
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ISI Indian Standards Institution; Inter Services Intelligence
ISKCON International Society for Krishna Consciousness
ISO International Standards Organisation
ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation
IST Indian Standard Time
ITBP Indo-Tibetan Border Police
ITES Information Technology enabled services
ITI Indian Telephone Industries<br> Industrial Training Institute
ITU International Telecommunication Union
IVF In-Vitro Fertilisation
IVM In-vitro Maturation
JCO Junior Commissioned Officer
JEE Joint Entrance Examination
JPEG Joint Photographic Expert Group
LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LCA Light Combat Aircraft
LCD Liquid Crystal Display<br>Least Common Denominator
LCM Lowest Common Multiple
LIC Life Insurance Corporation (of India)
LLB Bachelor of Laws
LMC Large Megallanic Cloud
LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam
M.A. Magisiter Artium (Master of Arts)
M.D Doctor of Medicine
MBA Master of Business Administration
MBBS Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
MCC Marylebone Cricket Club
MCI Medical Council of India
MICR Magnetic ink character recognition
MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIPS Million Instructions per Second
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Master Instruction Tape
MLA Member of Legislative Assembly
MNC Multi-National Corporation
MODEM modulator demodulator
MP Member of Parliament; Madhya Pradesh
MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group
MRCP Member of the Royal College of Physicians
MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime
MVC Maha Vir Chakra
NAAC National Assessment and Accreditation Council
NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NAFED National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation
NALCO National Aluminium Company Ltd.
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASDAQ National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation
NASSCOM National Association of Software and Service Companies
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
NAV Net Asset Value
NCERT National Council of Educational Research and Training
National Centre for Supercomputing Applications; National Computer Security
NCSA
Association
NDA National Defence Academy
NOC No Objection Certificate
NPA Non-performing Assets
NPT Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
NRF National Renewal Fund
NSUI National Students Union of India
NTPC National Thermal Power Corporation
OBC Other Backward Classes
OCR Optical Character Recognition
ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
OOP Object Oriented Programme
OPEC Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OSCAR Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio
PAN Permanent Account Number
Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy (Philosophiae Doctor)
PIL Public Interest Litigation
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Short Name Full Form or Abbreviations


PIN Postal Index Number
PSLV Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
PWD Public Works Department;
R&D Research and Development
RADAR Radio Detecting and Ranging
RAM Random Access Memory
RAW Research & Analysis Wing
RBI Reserve Bank of India
RDX Research Department Explosive (Cyclotrim-ethylin Trinitrate)
RISC Reduced instruction-set computing
RNA Ribonucleic acid
ROM Read Only Memory
RPM Revolutions Per Minute
RTI Right to Information
SAIL Steel Authority of India Limited
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface
SEBI Securities and Exchange Board of India
SENSEX Sensitivity Index (of Share Price)
SEZ Special Economic Zone
SGPC Siromani Gurudwara Prabandak Committee
SIM Subscriber Information Module
SLV Satellite Launch Vehicle
SMS Short Message Service
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
STD Subscriber Trunk Dialling; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
TADA Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act
TCP Transfer Call Protocol<br> Transmission Control Protocol
TELCO Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company
TFT Thin-Film Transistor
TIFR Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
TISCO Tata Iron and Steel Company
TOEFL Test of English as a Foreign Language
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UGC University Grants Commission
ULFA United Liberation Front of Asom
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi-sation
UNI United News of India
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (now, 'United Nations
UNICEF
Children's Fund')
UNU United Nations University
UPA United Progressive Alliance
UPSC Union Public Service Commission
URL Uniform Resource Locator
VAT Value Added Tax
VCR Video Cassette Recorder
VIP Very Important Person
VIRUS Vital Information Resources Under Siege
VRML Virtual Reality Modelling Language
VRS Voluntary Retirement Scheme
VSSC Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
WHO World Health Organisation
WMO World Meteorological Organisation
WTO World Trade Orga-nisation
WWF World Wildlife Fund
WWW World Wide Web
WYSIWYG What you see is what you get
XML Extensible Mark-up Language
YMCA Young Men's Christian Association
ZIP Zone Improvement Plan

Minerals and their Significance to a Human Body

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Effects of
Mineral Elements Sources Significance
deficiency.
Macro Elements
Calcium(Ca)# Milk, cereals, Required for formation of Weak theeth and
Cheese, Green teeth and Bones , blood bones ; retarded
Vegetables. clotting, function of nerves body growth.
and muscles
Phosphorus(P) Weak theeth and
bones ; retarded
body growth and
physiology.
Sulphur(S) Many protiens of Component of many amino Distributed protein
food. acids. metabolism.
Pottassium(K) Meat, milk, Required for acid-base Low blood pressure,
cereals,fruits and balance, water regulation nad weak muscles; risk
vegetables. function of nerevs.. of paralysis..
Chlorine(Cl) Table salt Required for acid base Loss of appetite;
balance; component of gastric muscles cramps
juice.
Magnesium(Mg) Cereals, green Cofactor of many enzymes of Irregularties of
vegetables. glycolysis anda number of metabolism
another metabolic reactions principally affecting
dependent upon ATP nervous functions.
Iron(Fe) Meat, eggs , Component of haemoglobin Anaemia, weakness
cereals, green and cytochromes. and weak immunity.
vegetables.
Iodine(I) Milk, cheese, sea important component of Goitre, Cretinism
food, iodized salt thyroxine hormone
Micro Elements
Fluorine(F) Drinking water, tea Maintence of bones and teeth. Weak theeth, larger
, sea food amount causes
motting of teeth.
Zinc(Zn) Cereals, Milk, Cofactor of digestive and Retarded growth,
eggs, meat, sea many other enzymes anaemia, rough skin,
food weak immunity and
fertility
Copper(Cu) Meat, dry fruits , Cofactor of cytochrome Anaemia,weak
POds , Green oxidase enzyme.Necessary for blood vessels and
vegetables, sea iron metabolism and connective tissues
food development of blood vessels
and connective tissues
Manganese(MN) Dry fruits, Cofactor of some enzymes of Irregular growth of
cereals,tea fruits urea synthesis and transfer of bones, cartilages and
and green phosphate group connective tissues
vegetables
Cobalt(Co) MIlk, cheese, meat Important component of Anaemia
vitamin B12
Selenium(SE) Meat, cereals, sea Cofactor of many enzymes; Muscular pain;
food assists vitamin E weakness of cardiac
muscles
Chromium(CR) Yeast, sea food, Important for catabolic Irregularities of
meat, some metabolism catabolic
vegetables meatbolism and
ATP production
Molybdenum(MO) Cereals, pods, Cofactor of some enzymes Irregular excreation
some vegetables of nitrogenous waste
products
Vitamin Chemical Name Properties Deficiency disease
A Retinol General health giving vitamin, Night blindness
can be stored liver
B1 Thiamine For Growth, carbohydrate Beri-Beri
metabolism, functioning of
heart
B2 Riboflavin For Keeping skin and mouth Cheilosis
healthy
B5 Niacin For healthy skin, sound mental Pellagra
health
B6 Pyridoxine Processing of proteins and for Convulsions in child
nervous system
B12 Cynacobalamin Required for formation and Pernicious anaemia
maturation of RBCs
C Ascorbic Acid For keeping teeth , gums and Scurvy
joints healthy .Gets destroyed
on heating
D Calciferol For normal bones and teeth, Rickets
can be stored in liver
E Tocopherol For normal reproduction , Sterility
removes scars and wrincles
K Phylloquinone For normal clotting of blood Haemophilia
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