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cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with Chiles unusual electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins
demise point out that the Chilean
PRESENTACIN
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
elected by popularTRAS
vote) LA
for 16
years. ByDE
the ADAM
standardsSMITH:
of multiparty
HUELLA
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential
SU RELEVANCIA HOY
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
Montes
parliamentary rights from five of Leonidas
the coalitions
deputies in 2002, and the
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
La influencia de algunos pensadores marca un verdadero hito en
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
nuestra historia intelectual. Adam Smith es un notable ejemplo. Cenecessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
lebrando los 230 aos de la publicacin de Una Investigacin acerca
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
de la Naturaleza y las Causas de la Riqueza de las Naciones (1776),
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
un conjunto de ensayos en este volumen destaca la relevancia para la
employment and
growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
discusin actual de quien es considerado uno de los grandes pilares
Concertacin del
may
well be inliberal.
a position
in 2005 to aclaim
for good
pensamiento
Esta introduccin
la seriecredit
de ensayos
que
economic stewardship.
Next,destacando
many of dethe
issues
surrounding
theaspecnonle siguen se inicia
manera
muy
sucinta algunos
democratic legacy
of the
Pinochet
including
renowned
tos de la vida
y obra
de Adam era
Smith.
En seguida sethe
analiza
parcialmente la recepcin de la obra de Smith con un hincapi especial en
algunas de las contribuciones ms recientes en torno a la investigacin del legado de este pensador. Finaliza con el objetivo principal
de esta breve introduccin, esto es, presentar los ensayos que le
siguen.

LEONIDAS MONTES. Ingeniero Civil Industrial, Licenciado en Filosofa, Magster


en Ciencia Poltica de la Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile; Ph.D. y M.Phil.
Facultad de Economa de la Universidad de Cambridge. Profesor de Economa en la
Universidad Adolfo Ibez y miembro del Consejo Directivo del CEP.

Estudios Pblicos, 104 (primavera 2006).

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
with 6Chiles unusual electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
1. Introduccin
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
n cuanto
y relevancia
Smith,
cmo en1980s, so as time
passes,a la
theinfluencia
compelling
force of de
thatAdam
initial
motivation
tender
el
legado
de
este
intelectual
alabado
por
Burke
y
utilizado
en
la causa
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
de
la
Revolucin
Francesa,
admirado
por
Kant
y
rebatido
por
Bentham,
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
de lassuch
virtudes
capitalismo
a la vez
implacable
over defensor
social issues,
as thedellegal
status of ydivorce
and
access to crtico
birth de
algunos
de sus
defectos?
Cmo explicar
que Smith,
considerado
uno de
control.
Finally,
by the
2005 elections,
the Concertacin
will
have held the
los
grandes
padres
del
liberalismo,
fue
admirado
por
Marx?
Distintas
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house respuestas
surgen ante
cierto esofque
el legado de
elected
by popular
vote)estas
for interrogantes,
16 years. Bypero
the lo
standards
multiparty
Adam Smith
posee much
mltiples
padre de lapresidential
economa tiene
coalitions
anywhere,
lessinterpretaciones.
among Latin El
Americas
muchas
caras,
sobre
todo
en
el
mbito
poltico.
En
efecto,
los
dos primeros
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
ensayos
en
este
volumen
Otteson
y
Fleischacker
muestran
interpretacorruption charges against members, including the stripping
of
ciones
aparentemente
contrapuestas,
pero
no
necesariamente
excluyentes,
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
de Adam
Smith: una
desde
derecha
poltica
y otraofdesde
izquierda,
general
disillusionment
that
goeslawith
holding
the reins
powerla for
so
respectivamente.
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
polticoordesome
Grancombination
Bretaa a fines
siglocould
XVIII,indeed
principalAny El
ofcontexto
these forces,
of del
them,
mente
dominado
por
whigs
y
tories,
no
es
de
gran
ayuda
para
definir
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors
as la
visin
poltica
de
Smith.
El
celo
por
su
vida
privada,
reflejado
en
su
escasa
necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
tampocoeconomy
nos permite
tener through
una ideathe
clara.
concepto
In thecorrespondencia,
first place, the Chilean
has come
last Si
fiveelyears
de
liberalismo
era
completamente
ajeno
a
su
contexto,
ms
distantes
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and an
seran lasand
distinciones,
cada vez
ms difusas,
izquierda
y derecha,
employment
growth figures
rebounded
in firstentre
months
of 2003.
The o
liberal versus
Adam
contribuye
a la for
gestacin
Concertacin
may progresista.
well be in aPero
position
in Smith
2005 to
claim credit
good de
1. Y su obra, fuente inagotauna
concepcin
econmica
y
poltica
liberal
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonble de ideas,
constituye
frtil cimiento
la tradicinthe
liberal.
democratic
legacy
of theunPinochet
era para
including
renowned
Se podra argumentar que todo el legado de Smith se resume en el
anlisis, la promocin y su defensa de el plan liberal de la igualdad, libertad
y justicia (RN IV.ix.3, 664). sta es su gran tarea: la formacin de una
sociedad mejor. Su aproximacin a los fenmenos sociales es principalmente desde la perspectiva de la economa poltica, la jurisprudencia y la tica.
Este gran proyecto de construir una ciencia social es multidisciplinario y
esencialmente interdisciplinario. Muy en el espritu de la Ilustracin, recordando el sapere aude de Kant, prcticamente no quedan reas del saber
ajenas a esta monumental tarea.
Lo interesante es que, trascendiendo las distinciones ideolgicas, el
legado de Smith sigue teniendo vigencia significativa. Aunque sus palabras
no sean siempre del agrado de todos los consumidores, tanto la izquierda

www.cepchile.cl

Utilizo el concepto liberal de acuerdo a nuestra tradicin hispana, no en su


concepcin norteamericana de una posicin poltica de izquierda, sino como referencia
a una tradicin liberal de la cual Smith forma parte, que bien podra ajustarse a lo que en
la tradicin anglosajona se ha denominado el liberalismo clsico.

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
MONTES
7
with Chiles
unusual
electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
como la derecha, as como progresistas, liberales clsicos y conservadores,
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
se pueden beneficiar con una lectura de Adam Smith.
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
Estas disquisiciones iniciales nos llevan al tema de fondo de esta
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
introduccin: cul es el verdadero legado de este pensador cuyo impacto
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
trasciende el mbito de la economa? Es Adam Smith an relevante? Estas
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
preguntas, complejas y a la vez provocativas, son en parte respondidas en
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
esta coleccin de ensayos. Sin embargo, antes de especular sobre su legacontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
do y su relevancia, es importante comprender quin era realmente Adam
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
Smith y en qu contexto le toc vivir. Aunque no es tema de esta introducelected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
cin, el estudio de la Ilustracin escocesa como un fenmeno social muy
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas
presidential
particular es, a mi juicio, sumamente relevante2. Sin duda lo que sucedi
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
despus del Acta de Unin entre Escocia e Inglaterra en 1707, una vez que
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
se funda Gran Bretaa, es esencial. El consecuente desarrollo econmico y
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
social de Escocia fue clave en la percepcin que los pensadores escoceses
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
tuvieron de la sociedad comercial que se estaba formando. Los intelectualong. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
les escoceses fueron testigos de muchos cambios, positivos y negativos.
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
Lo cierto es que Smith es una importante figura dentro de un contexto
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these
factors as
intelectual muy peculiar, que es la Ilustracin escocesa3.
necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
in far better shape 2.than
that of
any of its de
Southern
Cone yneighbors,
Algunos
antecedentes
Adam Smith
su obra and
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
Concertacin En
may
be inpueblo
a position
in 2005
to claim
creditdonde
for good
unwell
pequeo
escocs
llamado
Kirkcaldy,
slo haba
economic
stewardship.
Next,
many
of
the
issues
surrounding
the
nonaproximadamente 1.500 habitantes a comienzos del siglo XVIII (Rae, 1895:
democratic
the Smith.
Pinochet
era
renowned
7), nacelegacy
en 1723ofAdam
A los
14 including
aos, como erathe
comn
en esa poca,
comienza sus estudios universitarios en la Universidad de Glasgow. Despus de la unin entre Escocia e Inglaterra en 1707, Glasgow haba experimentado un rpido crecimiento econmico. El traslado desde su pequeo
pueblo natal a una prspera ciudad comercial debe haber sido un cambio
importante para el joven Smith. Sus estudios universitarios son en lenguas
clsicas, filosofa (lgica, metafsica y pneumtica), teologa, matemticas y
2

En relacin con el contexto de la Ilustracin escocesa, Bryson (1945) es un


texto clsico. Tambin conviene consultar Campbell y Skinner (1982), Berry (1997) y
Broadie (2001, 2003). Para una novela intelectual fascinante que narra la importancia
de la Ilustracin escocesa para el mundo moderno, recomiendo How the Scots Invented
the Modern World (2001), de Arthur Herman.
3 En cuanto a su vida, las biografas clsicas de Adam Smith son la de John Rae
(1895) y la ms reciente, actualizada y comprensiva, es The Life of Adam Smith,
publicada en 1995 por Ian Simpson Ross. Otras biografas que pueden consultarse son
Hirst (1904), West (1976) y el breve texto de Raphael (1985), que sirve como introduccin a Smith y su legado.

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
with 8Chiles unusual electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
filosofa moral. Sin duda esta ltima disciplina tuvo una enorme influencia
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
en el joven Smith, sobre todo porque esta ctedra estaba en manos del
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
never to be forgotten Dr Hutcheson (Corr. 274, 309). Francis Hutcheson
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
(1694-1746) fue uno de los fundadores de la Ilustracin escocesa, padre de
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
la teora del moral sense y maestro de la nueva generacin a la que Smith
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
perteneca. En 1740 Adam Smith parte con una beca a Balliol College en la
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Universidad de Oxford. All su experiencia universitaria durante aproximadacontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
mente seis aos, en contraste con la vibrante vida intelectual en Glasgow,
presidency and a majority in the Chamber
of Deputies (the legislative house
fue acadmicamente desilusionante4. Pero constituy un perodo de extraorelected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
dinaria formacin intelectual.
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential
De regreso a Escocia comienza a dictar unas clases pblicas de besystems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
lles lettress en la Universidad de Edimburgo. En 1752 es elegido para la
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
famosa ctedra de filosofa moral en la Universidad de Glasgow, cuyo presparliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
tigio provena de la tradicin iniciada en esta ctedra por Francis Hutchegeneral disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
son. Ocupa esta posicin acadmica hasta 1764 y es durante este perodo
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
cuando se comienzan a forjar los primeros indicios de lo que ser el legado
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
de Adam Smith. Sus clases de filosofa moral, segn el testimonio de su
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
alumno y amigo John Millar, comprendan teologa natural, tica, jurisprunecessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
dencia y economa poltica (ver EPS, 274-275). Mientras es profesor de filoIn the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
sofa moral, escribe su Teora de los Sentimientos Morales (TSM).
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
No debemos olvidar que el prestigio intelectual de Smith proviene de
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
su Teora de los Sentimientos Morales, publicada en 1759. Fue esta obra,
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
inspirada en sus clases de filosofa en la Universidad de Glasgow, la que
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonconcit la admiracin de sus pares. Al momento de ser publicada, el gran
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
filsofo David Hume, probablemente su mejor amigo, le escribe una graciosa y larga carta con ese tono tan propio de su carcter alegre y jovial. Hume
parte enumerando a las personalidades de la poca a quienes les haba
hecho llegar copias de TSM, pidindole ms adelante excusas por la demora
en escribirle para contarle algo del xito de su libro, pronosticando con
cierta probabilidad si finalmente debe ser condenado al olvido o registrado
en el templo de la inmortalidad (Corr. 31, 33). Despus de otra extensa
digresin, contina: Mi querido Mr. Smith, tenga paciencia, tranquilidad en
su compostura, mustrese como un filsofo en la prctica as como en su
profesin, piense en lo vaco, lo rstico y ftil que es el juicio comn de los
hombres (Corr. 31, 34). Finalmente le transmite la noticia: Suponiendo,
4 Critica duramente el sistema de Oxford, donde los profesores reciben un sueldo
fijo, ya que por todos estos aos los profesores pblicos han perdido incluso la pretensin de ensear (RN V.i.f.7, 761). Por el contrario, defiende el sistema escocs, donde
los profesores reciben un sueldo fijo y otro variable que se recauda directamente de los
alumnos.

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
MONTES
9
with Chiles
unusual
electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
entonces, que se ha preparado para lo peor con estas reflexiones, procedo a
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
contarle las noticias melanclicas, que su libro ha sido muy desafortunado,
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
ya que el pblico tiende a aplaudirlo en extremo (Corr. 31, 35).
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
TSM recibi elogios de Edmund Burke (Corr. 38, 46-47), fue traducimight naturally weaken.
In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
da al francs5 y le permiti a Adam Smith ser invitado a comienzos de 1764
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
como tutor del duque de Buccleuch a un grand tour por el continente. sta
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
era una oferta atractiva, tanto desde una perspectiva intelectual como ecocontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
nmica. Abandona su ctedra de filosofa moral en la Universidad de Glaspresidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
gow y se embarca en su primer viaje al extranjero. Ese mismo verano de 1764
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
Smith le escribe a Hume contndole que estaba aburrido, y que para pasar el
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential
tiempo habra comenzado a escribir un libro (ver Corr. 82, 102), con toda
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
probabilidad el germen de su La Riqueza de las Naciones (RN). En gran
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
parte gracias a los contactos de David Hume, Smith conoce personalmente
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
a los grandes representantes de la Ilustracin francesa: Voltaire, Montesgeneral disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
quieu, Helvetius, Holbach, DAlambert, entre otros. Adems el futuro padre
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
de la economa tiene la oportunidad de conocer a Turgot y, ms importante
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
an, a Francois Quesnay, el padre de los fisicratas. Su contacto con el
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
fundador de la escuela fisicrata, que pregonaba el laissez faire, laissez
necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
passer con el corolario poltico de que el mejor gobierno es el menor gobierIn the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
no, fue una influencia importante para Smith, pero en ningn caso decisiva.
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
En el libro IV titulado De los sistemas de economa poltica de RN critica
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
al sistema agrcola. Segn los fisicratas, la riqueza de un pas est princiConcertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim6 credit for good
palmente en la naturaleza, en particular la agricultura .
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonSmith, al inicio de su La Riqueza de las Naciones, en la Introducdemocratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
cin y plan de la obra, responde de inmediato a la pregunta sugerida en el
ttulo de su gran obra: la riqueza de una nacin est en el trabajo productivo. Pensar que la riqueza de una nacin est en la naturaleza sera el gran
error de quienes se hacan llamar a s mismos les Economistes. Por ello
Smith se refiere en el ltimo captulo del libro IV, con su peculiar y fina
irona, al sistema agrcola como aquel que representa el producto de la
tierra como la nica fuente del ingreso de una nacin, y que en el presente
slo existe en las especulaciones de unos pocos hombres de gran saber e
ingenuidad en Francia (RN IV.ix.2, 663). Los dems ocho captulos del libro
IV son una crtica enrgica y sostenida del sistema mercantil. En efecto, el
5

En 1764 fue traducida por Marc Antoine Eidous y en 1774-1775 por JeanLouis Blavet. Asimismo sabemos que en 1774 Louis Alexandre de La Rochefoucauld
prepar un manuscrito de su traduccin. Una nueva traduccin fue publicada en 1798,
en pleno perodo revolucionario, por Sophie de Grouchy, en ese entonces viuda de
Condorcet. Esta ltima traduccin est basada en la ltima edicin de TSM.
6 De all el nombre de fisicratas (physis-kratos): el gobierno o la direccin de la
naturaleza.

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
with 10
Chiles unusual electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
mercantilismo equivocadamente sostiene que la riqueza de un pas est en
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
sus reservas, promoviendo polticas econmicas de carcter proteccionista
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
que restringen el libre comercio.
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
Despus de casi tres aos en el continente, principalmente en Franmight naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
cia, Smith regresa a Londres a causa de la inesperada muerte del hermano
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
menor del duque, quien durante su enfermedad fue atendido por el propio
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Quesnay. De regreso a Londres, en 1766, el duque de Buccleuch se comprocontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
mete a mantenerle la generosa mensualidad de por vida. Gracias a este apopresidency
and a majority
in the
Chamber
of Deputies
legislative
housepocas
yo econmico,
Smith se
retira
a Kirkcaldy
y con la(the
excepcin
de unas
elected
by
popular
vote)
for
16
years.
By
the
standards
of
multiparty
visitas a Londres y Edimburgo, se dedica durante los prximos diez aos a
coalitions
less among
Americas
presidential
escribiranywhere,
su RN. Estamuch
importantsima
obraLatin
fue publicada
finalmente
en 1776,
systems,
Concertacin
is geriatric,
bearing
the scars
miscellaneous
pocothe
antes
de la revolucin
americana,
ad portas
de laofrevolucin
francesa
corruption
charges
against
members,
including
the
stripping
of
y de lo que aos despus sera la revolucin industrial.
parliamentary
rights
from
five
of
the
coalitions
deputies
in
2002,
and
the
El buen David Hume, despus de leer RN, le escribe Euge! Belle!
general
disillusionment
holdingcon
thesureins
of power(Corr.
for so 150,
Querido
Sr. Smith: that
estoygoes
muywith
satisfecho
desempeo
long.186),
One might
conclude,
then, that
the coalition
is simply ready
expire.
y lo invita
a discutir
ciertos
puntos, advirtindole
queto tiene
que ser
Any ya
of que
thesesuforces,
or estado
some de
combination
them, could
indeed
pronto,
delicado
salud no leof
permitir
una larga
espera.
undermine
the Concertacin,
but despus
we do David
not regard
these factors
as
Aproximadamente
cinco meses
Hume muere
apaciblemente.
necessarily
to the
coalitions
survival
forSmith
a number
of reasons.
En una devastating
carta a su editor
William
Strahan,
Adam
describe
la muerte de
In thesufirst
Chilean
economy
hassu
come
through
last five years
granplace,
amigothe
David
Hume,
alabando
carcter.
Estethe
testimonio
fue publilo que,
dada
la that
reputacin
de su amigo
produjo
in farcado,
better
shape
than
of anydeofateo
its Southern
ConeHume,
neighbors,
andcierta
reaccin and
pblica.
Smith
se queja
de que ese
inofensivo
papel...
employment
growth
figures
rebounded
in first
months pedazo
of 2003.deThe
me ha producido
diez
ms problemas
muy credit
violento
Concertacin
may well
beveces
in a position
in 2005que
to elclaim
forataque
good que
hice sobre
todo el sistema
Bretaa
(Corr. the
208,non251). Al
economic
stewardship.
Next, comercial
many of de
theGran
issues
surrounding
referirse
de
esta
forma
a
su
RN,
este
testimonio
es
evidencia
de
que
Smith
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
estaba consciente del carcter revolucionario de sus ideas en el plano de la
economa poltica.
En una suerte de irona histrica, en 1777 Adam Smith, el defensor
del libre mercado, es nombrado Comisionado de Aduanas en Edimburgo.
No obstante que esta posicin poda asumirse como una sinecura, ejerci
sus funciones con celosa responsabilidad. Tanto es as que pese a las
promesas para escribir un tratado de jurisprudencia que completara su plan
original de conformar el gran sistema de una ciencia social que incluyera tica (TSM), economa poltica (RN) y jurisprudencia, el tiempo le resulta escaso7.
7 Esta promesa qued al final de la primera edicin de la TSM (1759). Posteriormente en una carta de 1785 a su editor promete unas pequeas alteraciones (Corr. 244,
281) para una sexta edicin. Sin embargo slo tres aos ms tarde se da cuenta de la
verdadera dimensin de su tarea, dejando por un tiempo sus labores en Aduanas para hacer
muchas adiciones y correcciones (Corr. 276, 310). Despus de un ao de arduo trabajo
en TSM, Smith se excusa con su editor por la excesiva demora (ver Corr. 287, 321), pero
sigue trabajando en ella. Finalmente la sexta edicin de TSM se publica de manera pstuma en 1791.

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
MONTES
11
with Chiles
unusual
electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
Su Riqueza de las Naciones no sufri mayores cambios en sus dos
government during the 1990s. Moreover,
the coalition itself was initially
ltimas ediciones de 1786 y 17898. No obstante, los ltimos aos de su vida
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
Smith los dedic a su libro de tica: aproximadamente un tercio de la sexta
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
edicin de la TSM corresponde a adiciones que Smith realiz en este ltimo
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
perodo de su vida. Pese a que ciertos intrpretes no consideran relevantes
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
dichos cambios, a mi juicio son significativos porque reflejan su pensamiento
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
ms maduro. Es particularmente interesante su intencin de complementar su
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
concepto de simpata y espectador imparcial con una tica de la virtud.
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
En seguida realizar un recorrido muy personal, y en ningn caso
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
exhaustivo, en cuanto al impacto intelectual de Adam Smith.
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
corruption charges
against demembers,
including
the stripping
3. La recepcin
Adam Smith
y la investigacin
recienteof
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
No obstantethat
quegoes
el impacto
inicial de
vez mayor
general disillusionment
with holding
theTSM
reinsfue
of tal
power
for so que el
9, la gran influencia por un lado de Bentham, y por otro lado de Kant,
de
RN
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
sumieron
a la TSM
en una
suertecombination
del olvido. Lo
que RN
tuvo gran
Any of these
forces,
or some
of cierto
them, es
could
indeed
impacto
los acontecimientos
fines these
del siglo
XVIII,
undermine
the enConcertacin,
but wepolticos
do not de
regard
factors
as sobre
todo en
cuanto a su
influencia
en la for
Independencia
necessarily
devastating
to enorme
the coalitions
survival
a number ofamericana.
reasons. Pero
ante place,
estos dos
grandes economy
sistemas morales,
sonthe
el utilitarismo
y el kanIn the first
the Chilean
has comecomo
through
last five years
tianismo,
la
moral
smithiana,
basada
en
los
sentimientos,
entra
en
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and lo que
podramos
largo perodo
de hibernacin.
El ritmo
employment
and definir
growth como
figuresunrebounded
in first
months of 2003.
The de las
reediciones
es unainprueba
de claim
este fenmeno
durante los
Concertacin
may de
wellRNbeyinTSM
a position
2005 to
credit for good
10. Adam Smith pas a convertirse en el padre de la econosiglos
XIX
y
XX
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonma, e incluso
laissez faire
a la escuela
de Manchester.
democratic
legacy elofpadre
the del
Pinochet
era atribuido
including
the renowned
Sin embargo en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX un grupo de economistas
alemanes pertenecientes a la escuela histrica comenzaron a cuestionar la
TSM. Se preguntaron cmo era posible que el mismo autor hubiera escrito
dos libros tan distintos. En RN se defenda la concepcin del inters propio
y en TSM el concepto de simpata. El homo economicus descansa en un ser
humano egosta y el homo moralis en un ser benevolente. As se origina el
famoso Das Adam Smith Problem, un debate que mantuvo, y mantiene,
un activo inters intectual11.
8 La segunda edicin de la RN apareci en 1778, la tercera, para la cual se
agregaron unas 24.000 palabras, apareci en 1784, y las subsiguientes dos ediciones (1786
y 1789) no presentan alteraciones de ningn tipo. En efecto, al comienzo de la cuarta
edicin aclara: En esta cuarta edicin no he hecho alteraciones de ningn tipo.
9 Para la recepcin de RN, ver Teichgraeber (1987), Rashid (1998: 135-181) y
Rothschild (1992).
10 Por ejemplo durante los primeros tres cuartos del siglo XX se realizan slo
cuatro reimpresiones de TSM en ingls, y ms de cuarenta de RN.
11 Una interpretacin respecto al contexto que pudo originar el Smith Problem
y las reacciones ante ste, en Montes (2004, captulo 2).

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
with 12
Chiles unusual electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
Skaryski (1878) encontr una explicacin muy simple para este fegovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
nmeno: fue el contacto de Adam Smith con los materialistas franceses
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
durante su viaje al continente lo que habra producido un cambio en su
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
pensamiento. Antes de partir al grand tour escribe su TSM, donde se enfomight naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
ca en la benevolencia de lo seres humanos, y al regresar a Gran Bretaa
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
desarrolla su RN, donde destaca el carcter egosta de la naturaleza humana.
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
El ao 1896 Edwin Cannan (1861-1935) publica los apuntes de los estucontrol. Finally, by the 2005 12
elections, the Concertacin will have held the
diantes de Adam Smith , donde est claro que muchas de sus ideas en
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
economa poltica estaban presentes antes de su viaje al continente. Si el
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
descubrimiento de los apuntes de clases ech por la borda la Umschwungscoalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential
theorie que explicara el problema de Smith, el problema estaba basado en
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
una concepcin errnea de lo que Smith deca. Existe cierto generalizado
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
consenso en que TSM, y a fortiori el concepto de simpata, no es acerca de
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
la benevolencia, y RN tampoco es acerca del egosmo. Si bien es cierto que
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
en RN no aparece el concepto de simpata, en TSM el concepto de inters
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
propio, que difiere del egosmo que a la vez tanto critica en esta obra, es
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
tratado en profundidad.
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
En la primera mitad del siglo XX el connotado economista Jacob
necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
Viner (1892-1970) y Glenn Morrow ([1923] 1927, 1969) producen excelentes
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
estudios de Adam Smith. La introduccin a la nueva traduccin al alemn
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
de TSM realizada por Walter Eckstein (1926) es tambin un trabajo fundaemployment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
mental. Cabe asimismo destacar en este perodo Adam Smith as Student
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
and Professor (1927), de William Scott. No obstante hay a mi juicio dos
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonobras que marcan un quiebre. Por una parte en su influyente ensayo Adam
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
Smith and Laissez Faire (1927) Jacob Viner plantea que TSM y RN son
obras divergentes e imposibles de reconciliar, resucitando el famoso Adam
Smith Problem. Sugiere que RN sera un libro de economa poltica y TSM
una obra de tica donde Smith nos revelara una clara influencia religiosa.
Por otra parte, en su colosal History of Economic Analysis (1954), Joseph
Schumpeter plantea que Smith no es un pensador original. Para Schumpeter
tal vez lo nico rescatable y original en RN sera el captulo de precios (RN
I.vii) como precursor de la teora del equilibrio econmico, la Magna Carta
de la teora econmica (Schumpeter, 1954: 189, 968). La influencia de ambos
connotados economistas ocasiona lo que podramos definir como una relativa prdida de inters en el legado de Adam Smith13.
12 stas son sus Lectures on Jurisprudence, correspondientes a ciertos apuntes
de sus clases durante los aos acadmicos de 1762-1763 y 1763-1764.
13 Para entender la autoridad intelectual que figuras como Jacob Viner y Joseph
Schumpeter inspiraban, basta recordar que Hayek en su notable ensayo Two Types of
Mind se refiere a Viner y a Schumpeter como master of his subject (Hayek 1978: 51).
Esta prdida de inters es relativa, ya que en 1957 Joseph Cropsey, dentro de la corriente

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
MONTES
13
with Chiles
unusual
electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
No obstante que la obra de Smith contina siendo de inters para
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
una amplia gama de historiadores del pensamiento econmico14, hasta hace
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
unos treinta aos Adam Smith era el objeto de estudio por parte de historia1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
dores del pensamiento econmico que estudiaban el perodo clsico desde
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
una perspectiva marxista (e. g., Maurice Dobb, 1973; Ronald Meek, 1977). El
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
foco principal era RN, como eventual precursor del materialismo histrico, la
over social
such
as teora
the legal
of divorce
and access
to birth
teoraissues,
del valor
y la
de lastatus
alienacin.
Un pequeo
grupo
notablecontrol.mente
Finally,
by the
2005 elections,
the Concertacin
willliberales
have held
Hayek
y Friedman
defenda
las credenciales
delthe
padre de
presidency
and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
la economa.
elected by popular
vote) forde16
Byesthe
standards
of multiparty
El bicentenario
RNyears.
en 1976
un punto
de inflexin
para el estucoalitions
anywhere,
much
less
among
Latin
Americas
presidential
dio de Adam Smith. Para celebrar la ocasin, Oxford University
Press inicia
systems,
Concertacin
is geriatric,
bearing
the of
scars
miscellaneous
un the
ambicioso
proyecto:
el Glasgow
Edition
the of
Works
and Corresponcorruption
against
members,
including
theSmith
stripping
of entre
dence charges
of Adam Smith.
El legado
completo
de Adam
se publica
parliamentary
rights
from
five
of
the
coalitions
deputies
in
2002,
and
the
1976 y 1983, fruto del monumental esfuerzo de los editores generales Angeneraldrew
disillusionment
goes
with holding
reins
of power
so canS. Skinner y that
David
D. Raphael.
Estasthe
obras
establecen
losfor
textos
long. One
might
conclude,
then,instaurndose
that the coalition
is simplydeready
to expire.
nicos
de Adam
Smith,
un sistema
citaciones.
Las obras
Any of these
publicadas
son:forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
TSM devastating
The Theory
Moral Sentiments,
editado
por D.ofD.reasons.
Raphael y A.
necessarily
to theofcoalitions
survival for
a number
L.
Macfie,
Oxford:
Clarendon
Press,
1976.
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
An than
Inquiry
the Nature
and Causes
of the
Wealth ofand
Nations,
in far RN
better shape
thatinto
of any
of its Southern
Cone
neighbors,
R. H.rebounded
Campbell in
y A.
S. months
Skinner,ofOxford:
Clarendon
employment and editado
growth por
figures
first
2003. The
Press,
Concertacin may
well1976.
be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
Corr.stewardship.
Correspondence
of Adam
por E. C.
economic
Next, many
of theSmith,
issueseditado
surrounding
theMossner
non- y I.
S.
Ross,
Oxford:
Clarendon
Press,
1977.
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
LJ
Lectures on Jurisprudence, editado por R. L. Meek, D. D. Raphael y P. G. Stein, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978.
EPS
Essays on Philosophical Subjects, editado por W. P. D. Wightman y J. C. Bryce, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
LRBL
Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, editado por J. C. Bryce,
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.
Adems se publican importantes colecciones15. Este renacimiento de
productividad en cuanto al legado de Adam Smith se refleja en una serie de
straussiana, publica su importante obra Polity and Economy, donde destaca ciertos aspectos hobbesianos en Smith. Posteriormente en 1967 se publica una coleccin de ensayos de
A. L. Macfie, futuro editor de TSM, como The Individual in Society.
14 Cabe destacar a Nathan Rosenberg, Mark Blaug, Samuel Hollander, Warren
Samuels, David Levy, Maurice Brown, Rory O Donnell, Glenn Hueckel y Walter Eltis.
15 Previo a la edicin de Glasgow, en el ao 1975, A. Skinner y T. Wilson editan
la importante coleccin de ensayos Essays on Adam Smith. Otras colecciones relevantes
son ODriscoll (1979), Campbell & Skinner (1982), Jones & Skinner (1992) y Skinner
(1996).

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
with 14
Chiles unusual electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
ensayos en diversas reas del pensamiento de Smith. En particular los tragovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
bajos de Recktenwald (1978), Brown (1997) y Tribe (1999) cubren la flogalvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
reciente investigacin en torno a Adam Smith, resumiendo este mpetu
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
productivo.
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
Entre 1981 y 1987 Liberty Fund public todas las obras de Adam
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
Smith en un formato de alta calidad y a precios subsidiados por dicha funover social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
dacin. Recientemente Liberty Fund ha incluido una importante coleccin
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
de obras, incluyendo TSM y RN, en su The Online Library of Liberty
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
(www.econlib.org y www.libertyfund.org). Tambin acaba de publicar el
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
Index to
the Worksmuch
of Adam
Knud Haakonssen
y Ancoalitions
anywhere,
less Smith,
amongeditado
Latin por
Americas
presidential
drew
S.
Skinner,
que
es
un
ndice
por
temas
y
autores
para
todas
las
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneousobras
de Smith.charges
En espaol
contamos
con muy
buenas traducciones
(e introduccorruption
against
members,
including
the stripping
of
ciones)
de
Carlos
Rodrguez
Braun
para
TSM
y
RN,
publicadas
por Alianza
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and
the
Editorial
(1997 y 1994,
respectivamente),
para
los of
Ensayos
general
disillusionment
that goes
with holding ythe
reins
power Filosficos
for so
(Ediciones
Pirmide,
1998).
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
la edicin
de Glasgow
hay tres
obras could
en particular
Any Despus
of these de
forces,
or some
combination
of them,
indeed que
conviene
destacar.
En
1978
Donald
Winch
publica
Adam
Smiths
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factorsPolitics.
as
An Essay
in Historiographic
Revision,
dondefor
entrega
una lectura
historionecessarily
devastating
to the coalitions
survival
a number
of reasons.
con un
componente
del through
humanismo
cvico.
En 1981
In thegrfica
first place,
the interesante
Chilean economy
has come
the last
five years
Knud
Haakonssen
publica
The
Science
of
a
Legislator.
The
Natural
Jurisin far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
prudence
of
David
Hume
and
Adam
Smith
(1981),
donde
profundiza
en
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The las
Lectures on
Jurisprudence
concepto
de justicia
la importanConcertacin
may
well be in aanalizando
position inel2005
to claim
credit yfor
good
cia
de
una
corriente
jurisprudencial
en
Smith
que
proviene
de
Grotius
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non- y
Pufendorf.
La importante
coleccin era
de ensayos
editadathe
porrenowned
Istvan Hont y
democratic
legacy
of the Pinochet
including
Michael Ignatieff en 1983, Wealth and Virtue. The Shaping of Political
Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment, inicia el debate destacando las
tensiones entre una interpretacin desde el humanismo cvico (a la Pocock)
o jurisprudencial (a la Haakonssen)16. Estas obras gatillan una nueva etapa
en trminos de investigacin. No obstante presentar distintos enfoques, su
influencia sigue vigente en los estudios ms recientes de Adam Smith.
Despus de la cada del muro de Berln en 1989, surgen nuevas inquietudes respecto al legado de Adam Smith. Si en Smith los marxistas
vean a Marx, otros le atribuan una ciega defensa del libre mercado. La
cada del comunismo inici una nueva mirada de los economistas a
Adam Smith, mantenindose la tensin entre lecturas progresistas y liberales clsicas. Importantes economistas como James Buchanan, Robert Coase, Friedrich von Hayek, Amartya Sen, Milton Friedman, Vernon Smith and
16 Posteriormente Richard Teichgraeber publica en 1986 Free Trade and Moral
Philosophy.

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
MONTES
15
with Chiles
unusual
electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed
somewhat since the coalitions early years in
George Stigler17 entregaron sus propias visiones respecto del padre de la
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
economa.
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
Desde entonces diversos libros como Capitalism as a Moral Sys1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
tem: Adam Smiths Critique of the Free Market Economy, de Spencer Pack
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
(1991); A Third Concept of Liberty: Judgment and Freedom in Kant
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
and Adam Smith, de Samuel Fleischacker (1999), y el influyente Economic
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment, de Emma
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
Rothschild (2002), han reclamado la figura de Adam Smith para la izquierda
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
poltica. En particular Rothschild (2001) representa una corriente de historia
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
intelectual donde plantea la intepretacin ms radical de la mano invisible:
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential
sta sera una irona, una broma de Adam Smith para describir la sangrienta
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
mano invisible del libre mercado.
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
En 1993 se publican las obras de Jerry Muller, Adam Smith in His
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
Time and Ours (1993), y Stewart Justman, The Autonomous Male of Adam
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
Smith (1993). Vivienne Brown en su Adam Smiths Discourse: Canonicity,
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
Commerce, and Conscience (1994) entrega una mirada crtica, analizando la
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
narrativa de TSM y RN y realizando una investigacin pionera de la influenundermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
cia estoica en Smith. Jeffrey Young en su Economics as a Moral Science
necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
(1997) entrega un anlisis de la importancia de la relacin entre TSM y RN
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
en lo concerniente al concepto de justicia de Smith. En su Adam Smith and
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
the Classics: The Classical Heritage in Adam Smiths Thought (2001) Gloemployment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
ria Vivenza estudia las influencias clsicas en Adam Smith. Por su parte
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
Salim Rashid, en su The Myth of Adam Smith (1998), entrega una mirada ms
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the noniconoclstica del padre de la economa.
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
En los destacados trabajos de Charles Griswold, Adam Smith and
the Virtues of Enlightenment (1998), y de James Otteson, Adam Smiths
Marketplace of Life (2002), se reestablece el importante rol de TSM en la
historia de la filosofa moral. Esto es digno de resaltar ya que hoy filsofos
como Martha Nussbaum, Stephen Darwall, Ernst Tugendhat y Charles Larmore reconocen la importancia de Adam Smith en el campo de la filosofa moral.
En 2003 James Alvey publica Adam Smith: Optimist or Pessimist?18,
donde analiza la defensa y la crtica que realiza Smith de la sociedad comercial. Recientemente Samuel Fleischacker public su Adam Smiths Wealth of
Nations: A Philosophical Companion (2004), donde extiende una mirada
poltica al legado de Smith. Leonidas Montes public Adam Smith in Context. A Critical Reassessment of some Central Components of His Thought
17

Ver algunos de estos ensayos, y otros, en las colecciones para celebrar el


bicentenario como Glahe (1978) y posteriormente Fry (1992).
18 Ese mismo ao Pierre Force publica Self-Interest before Adam Smith. A
Genealogy of Economic Science (2003).

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
with 16
Chiles unusual electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
(2004), donde se cubre la importancia de la triloga de la simpata, el espectagovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
dor imparcial y la virtud del self-command. Jerry Evensky publica su Adam
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
Smiths Moral Philosophy. A Historical and Contemporary Perspective on
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
Markets, Law, Ethics, and Culture (2005), donde explica el legado de Smith
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
como el plan liberal de la igualdad, libertad y justicia (RN IV.ix.3, 664),
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
influido por una mirada religiosa.
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Istvan Hont publica en 2005 su Jealousy of Trade: Internacional
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Perspective, donde entrepresidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
ga su perspectiva intelectual de Smith y el contexto del siglo XVIII. Por
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
ltimo, se acaba de publicar el esperado Cambridge Companion to Adam
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential
Smith, editado por Knud Haakonssen, que incluye a un grupo de prestigiasystems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
dos acadmicos, entre ellos Amartya Sen, Emma Rothschild, John Pocock,
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
Knud Haakonssen, Donald Winch, Charles Griswold, Christopher Berry y
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
Alexander Broadie. Recientemente se public una coleccin de ensayos de
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
jvenes doctorados que trabajaron en Adam Smith, titulado New Voices on
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
Adam Smith (2006), editado por Leonidas Montes y Eric Schliesser.
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
Otra importante iniciativa es la formacin de la International Adam
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
Smith Society, que publica regularmente un Newsletter. Aqu se informan
necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
de las recientes disertaciones doctorales, publicaciones y conferencias relaIn the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
cionadas con Adam Smith. Esta sociedad tambin promueve sesiones esin far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
peciales de Adam Smith con diversas conferencias. Tambin se inici la
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
publicacin de una nueva revista internacional, la Adam Smith Review, ediConcertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
tada por Vivienne Brown, donde se publican crticas de los libros ms reeconomic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the noncientes, dndoles a los autores la posibilidad de responder.
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
Esta abrumadora produccin intelectual refleja un vibrante ambiente
intelectual en cuanto al legado de Adam Smith19. Este creciente inters, en
que se estn descubriendo aspectos muy interesantes de las obras menos
estudiadas de Smith, y especialmente algunos ensayos en su Essays on
Philosophical Subjects (EPS) acerca del lenguaje, metafsica, astronoma,
slo nos confirman por qu grandes pensadores como Adam Smith han
tenido tanta influencia y relevancia en nuestra historia.
4. Los ensayos en este volumen
Samuel Fleischacker, en su A Third Concept of Liberty (1999), ha
realizado una labor pionera descubriendo la posible influencia de Smith en
Kant. Esta conexin se extrapola al plano de lo poltico en su reciente On
19 Una coleccin bastante exhaustiva de ensayos acerca de Adam Smith se encuentra en las recopilaciones editadas por J. C. Wood, Adam Smith: Critical Assessments
(1983-1984 y 1994).

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
MONTES
17
with Chiles
unusual
electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations: A Philosophical Companion (2004), dongovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
de analiza en detalle las implicancias polticas que hoy tiene el pensamiento
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
de Smith. Como un representante de la izquierda poltica, en su ensayo
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
Adam Smith y la Igualdad Fleischacker defiende una visin progresista
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
de Adam Smith que pone el nfasis en su concepto de igualdad y su preparties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
ocupacin por los pobres.
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Por otra parte James Otteson en su influyente Adam Smiths Marketcontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
place of Life (2002) ha realizado una interpretacin del legado de Smith a la
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
luz de una visin ms amplia del mercado. Desde una posicin hayekiana,
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
destacando la preocupacin de Adam Smith por el principio de la libertad
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential
individual, Otteson representara una perspectiva poltica de derecha. En su
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
Adam Smith y la Libertad James Otteson defiende una lectura liberal clsicorruption charges against members, including the stripping of
ca de Adam Smith donde priman el respeto por la libertad individual y la
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
justicia conmutativa. La actitud poltica liberal clsica de desconfianza ante
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
los planes sociales, de reticencia frente al rol de los expertos, forma parte
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
integral de la interpretacin de Otteson.
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
El primer captulo del libro primero de RN es acerca de la divisin del
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
trabajo. En su clsico ejemplo de la fbrica de alfileres, Smith cuenta que un
necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
hombre por s mismo slo puede producir entre uno y veinte alfileres. Pero
In the first place, the Chilean
economy has come through the last five years
Smith ha visto20 una pequea fbrica donde diez hombres se dividen
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
distintas tareas, con lo cual se incrementa la produccin a cuarenta y ocho
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
mil alfileres por da (RN I.i.3, 14-15). Con el principio de la divisin del
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
trabajo y su impacto en la productividad se establecen los fundamentos de
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonla defensa que realiza Smith de la sociedad comercial. Lo notable es que
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
este primer captulo finaliza con una suerte de experimento mental. Smith
compara la gran diferencia entre las condiciones de vida de un campesino
laborioso y frugal con el lujo extravagante de un prncipe europeo. Pero
acto seguido compara al campesino laborioso y frugal con un rey africano, dueo absoluto de las vidas y libertades de diez mil salvajes desnudos (RN I.i.11, 24). Esta comparacin a mi juicio entrega un mensaje
poltico, donde resulta difcil abstenerse de encontrar cierta similitud con el
experimento mental que sugiere la imagen del velo de la ignorancia de
Rawls. El salvaje desnudo no es dueo de su vida ni de su libertad. El
campesino, en una sociedad comercial, tiene garantizada su propiedad, la
que incluye, en la tradicin liberal lockeana, su vida, su libertad y sus
derechos de propiedad. Segn Smith, si es laborioso y frugal en una
sociedad comercial tendr la oportunidad de mejorar su condicin. Por
tanto la pregunta es: polticamente qu tipo de sociedad es mejor, la comer20

dores.

Destaco esto para recordar la importancia de la experiencia en estos pensa-

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
with 18
Chiles unusual electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
cial o la africana? Ciertamente, extrapolando al situarse ante el experimento
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
mental rawlsiano, aquella donde se respeta la propiedad en su ms amplio
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
sentido liberal.
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
En esta lnea argumental, Jimena Hurtado en su Smith y Rawls: De
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
la Utilidad de la Simpata para una Concepcin Liberal de la Justicia reclaparties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
ma para Smith una concepcin ms sofisticada de la justicia social que
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
incluye la simpata y el espectador imparcial. Esto resulta interesante, ya
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
que Rawls
clasifica
a Smith
como un(the
pensador
utilitarista.
presidency
and errneamente
a majority in the
Chamber
of Deputies
legislative
house
En
palabras
del
gran
historiador
del
pensamiento
econmico
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multipartyJacob
Viner, Smith
fue elmuch
gran eclctico
(1927:
199).
A mi juicio,
este epteto no
coalitions
anywhere,
less among
Latin
Americas
presidential
debe the
ser Concertacin
tomado en unissentido
peyorativo.
Smith
no slo hablaba y
systems,
geriatric,
bearing Adam
the scars
of miscellaneous
lea
en
latn,
como
era
usual
en
la
poca,
sino
que
tena
un
amplio dominio
corruption charges against members, including the stripping
of
de
la
lengua
griega.
Por
ello
es
muy
posible
que
Adam
Smith
hubiera
estado
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002,
and the
de acuerdo
con esta descripcin.
En holding
efecto, etimolgicamente
el verbo
general
disillusionment
that goes with
the reins of power
for sogriego
eklektikos
dice
relacin
con
elegir
lo
que
es
mejor.
En
cuanto
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. a sus
influencias,
Smith
supo or
elegir
a lo
largo de una
intelectual
Any of these
forces,
some
combination
of tradicin
them, could
indeed que
parte con
clsicos, de quienes
erado
un not
granregard
conocedor
y admirador.
undermine
thelosConcertacin,
but we
these
factors as Una
rpida mirada
por los
que contena
1967) y
necessarily
devastating
to volmenes
the coalitions
survival su
forbiblioteca
a number(Mizuta,
of reasons.
una
rpida
lectura
de
su
legado
son
evidencia
suficiente
de
su
acabado
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
los that
clsicos.
La of
influencia
de losCone
clsicos
en su obra
in farconocimiento
better shapedethan
of any
its Southern
neighbors,
andes un
tema queand
ha ido
cobrando
queda
claroofen2003.
el libro
Adam
employment
growth
figuresrelevancia,
reboundedcomo
in first
months
The
Smith andmay
the Classics
de GloriainVivenza.
Concertacin
well be(2001)
in a position
2005 to claim credit for good
Siguiendo la empresa
de estudiar
influencia
de los clsicos,
Mara
economic stewardship.
Next, many
of the laissues
surrounding
the nondemocratic
of entrega
the Pinochet
era including
renowned
Alejandralegacy
Carrasco
una novedosa
lectura de the
Adam
Smith como
filsofo de la razn prctica. Sin duda las figuras de Aristteles y de Santo
Toms de Aquino eran subestimadas por los intelectuales de la Ilustracin
escocesa, pero Carrasco nos muestra como Smith puede ser ledo desde una
ptica aristotlica sin que ello signifique una contraposicin a su teora de
la simpata y el espectador imparcial, sino muy por el contrario, su postura
sera compatible con la razn prctica aristotlica.
En una lnea de investigacin similar, Ryan Hanley pretende rescatar
la importancia de una tica de la virtud en una lectura de Smith. No es
casual que una parte completa de TSM, titulada Del carcter de la virtud,
haya sido agregada en los ltimos aos de vida de Smith para su sexta
edicin. Esto implica un giro hacia una tica de la virtud.
En su La Concepcin Benevolente pero Interesada de la Filosofa
de Adam Smith, Eric Schliesser explora la concepcin de la filosofa de
Adam Smith en relacin con la vida comn y las ciencias. En cuanto a la
poltica, se esboza la idea de que la filosofa ayuda a disear un marco

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
MONTES
19
with Chiles
unusual
electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
institucional equitativo y libre del fanatismo como consecuencia no deseagovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
da de la religin. Finalmente se analiza la posicin smithiana en relacin con
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
el republicanismo extremo de Rousseau, sobre quien escribi en una revista
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
de la poca
argumentando
quethe
Smith
defiende aand
la sociedad
comercial como
might naturally
weaken.
In addition,
Concertacin,
even its component
un
medio
para
filosofar.
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
Marasuch
Eltonasen
Benevolencia
y Educacin
Pblica
en Smith
over social issues,
thesulegal
status of divorce
and access
to birth
hace
hincapi
en
la
importancia
de
la
benevolencia
en
el
pensamiento
de
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
Smith.
que in
el the
inters
por sofmismo
en La
de las
Naciones
presidency
andSugiere
a majority
Chamber
Deputies
(theRiqueza
legislative
house
incluso
puede
ser
virtuoso,
llegando
a
ser
una
prudencia
inferior,
compatielected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
ble
con
la
benevolencia.
Se
refiere
tambin
al
destacado
papel
que
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential en el
sistema
de la libertad isnatural
Smith
le atribuye
a la educacin
moral y poltisystems,
the Concertacin
geriatric,
bearing
the scars
of miscellaneous
ca
de
los
individuos
que
conforman
una
sociedad.
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
ltimo
Sobre
Newtonianismo
y lainTeora
del Equilibrio
parliamentaryPor
rights
fromenfive
of theelcoalitions
deputies
2002, and
the
General
degoes
Adam
Smith
se explora
la metodologa
Newton
generalEconmico
disillusionment
that
with
holding
the reins
of power fordeso
para
enfrentar
problemas
cientficos
argumentando
que
Adam
Smith,
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. inserto
en
el contexto
de la
Ilustracin of
escocesa,
sera un
sofisticado
Any
of these newtoniano
forces, or some
combination
them, could
indeed
intrprete
de Newton. Considerando
undermine
the Concertacin,
but we do que
not algunos
regard economistas,
these factorsentre
as ellos
Schumpeter,
han to
visto
Smith como
un precursor
de la teora
del equilibrio
necessarily
devastating
theacoalitions
survival
for a number
of reasons.
general,
y que
elloeconomy
la influencia
Newton
habra
sidofive
fundamental,
se
In the first
place,
the para
Chilean
has de
come
through
the last
years
que ambas
tesisofnoany
sonofsustentables.
y Smith noand
son prein far explica
better shape
than that
its SouthernNewton
Cone neighbors,
employment
and
figures
rebounded
in first months of 2003. The
cursores
delgrowth
equilibrio
econmico
walrasiano.
Concertacin El
may
well de
be un
in apensador
positiondel
in 2005
claim
credit
for es
good
legado
calibretode
Adam
Smith
y seguir
economic
stewardship.
of the issues
surrounding
the non-es que
siendo
fuente de Next,
nuevasmany
especulaciones
y debate.
Lo interesante
democratic
legacytrasciende
of the Pinochet
era including
renowned
Adam Smith
las distinciones
entre derechathe
e izquierda.
Las posturas de Otteson y de Fleischacker son en apariencia contrarias, pero no
necesariamente excluyentes a los ojos de Smith. Su plan liberal de la igualdad, libertad y justicia sigue siendo nuestro ms grande desafo.
Por ltimo slo resta agradecer a Samuel Fleischacker, James
Otteson, Jimena Hurtado, Alejandra Carrasco y Mara Elton por su participacin en este nmero. Expreso tambin mis agradecimientos a la editorial
Routledge por autorizar la traduccin de los ensayos de Ryan Hanley, Eric
Schliesser y el mo. Agradezco asimismo la importante colaboracin de
Martn Bruggendieck y Alberto Ide en la traduccin al castellano de los
trabajos de Samuel Fleischacker, Ryan Hanley y Eric Schliesser, y de los
artculos de James Otteson y el mo, respectivamente. Finalmente mi reconocimiento a Mara Teresa Miranda, secretaria de redaccin de Estudios Pblicos, por su silenciosa y abnegada labor de editar lo que en principio
pareca una tarea imposible.

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
with 20
Chiles unusual electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
REFERENCIAS
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
Alvey, J. E.: Adam Smith: Optimist or Pessimist? Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing
1980s, so as
time passes,
Company,
2003. the compelling force of that initial motivation
might
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addition,
the Concertacin,
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M.: Economic
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Broadie, A.: The Scottish Enlightenment. Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, 2001.
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The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge:
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Cropsey, J.: Polity and Economy: An Interpretation of the Principles of Adam Smith.
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Darwall, S.: Empathy, Sympathy, and Care. En Philosophical Studies, 89: 261-282,
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Dickey, L.: Historicizing the Adam Smith Problem: Conceptual, Historiographical,
and Textual Issues. En Journal of Modern History, 58: 579-609, 1986.

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
MONTES
21
with Chiles
unusual
electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
Dobb, M.: Theories of Value and Distribution since Adam Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge
government during
thePress,
1990s.
Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
University
1973.
galvanized
around
opposition
to
Pinochet
regime
of thePalgrave,
1970s 1984.
and
Eltis, W.: The Classical Theory ofthe
Economic
Growth.
Basingstoke:
Eckstein,
W.:
Einleitung.
En
W.
Eckstein,
Adam
Smith,
Theorie
der
etischen
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivationGefhle.
Leipzig:
Verlag
von Felix Meiner,
1926.
might naturally
weaken.
In addition,
the Concertacin,
and even its component
Evensky, J.: Adam Smiths Lost Legacy. En Southern Economic Journal, 67: 497parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
517, 2001.
over social
issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Adam Smiths Moral Philosophy: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective
control. Finally,
by the 2005
elections,
Concertacin
have held
the Press,
on Markets,
Law, Ethics,
and the
Culture.
Cambridge: will
Cambridge
University
presidency and
a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
2005.
S.: vote)
A Thirdfor
Concept
of Liberty:
and Freedom
in Kant and Adam
electedFleischacker,
by popular
16 years.
By Judgment
the standards
of multiparty
Smith. Princeton:
University
Press,
1999.
coalitions anywhere,
muchPrinceton
less among
Latin
Americas
presidential
On Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations: A Philosophical Companion. Princeton:
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
Princeton University Press, 2004.
corruption
against
members,
including
the stripping
Force, charges
P.: Self-Interest
before
Adam Smith.
A Genealogy
of EconomicofScience.
parliamentaryCambridge:
rights from
five ofUniversity
the coalitions
deputies in 2002, and the
Cambridge
Press, 2003.
M.: Adamthat
Smiths
for 1976.
F. R.ofGlahe
(ed.),
generalFriedman,
disillusionment
goesRelevance
with holding
the En
reins
power
forAdam
so Smith
and
the
Wealth
of
Nations.
Boulder:
Colorado
Associated
University
Press,
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. 1978.
Fry, M. (ed.): Adam Smiths Legacy: His Place in the Development of Modern
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
Economics. London: Routledge, 1992.
undermine
the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
Glahe, F. R. (ed.): Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations. Boulder: Colorado Associated
necessarily devastating
to the1978.
coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
University Press,
In the first
place,
economy
come
through the last
five years
Griswold,
C.the
L.: Chilean
Adam Smith
and the has
Virtues
of Enlightenment.
Cambridge:
Cambridge
University
in far better shape
thanPress,
that1998.
of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
Haakonssen,
The Science
of the
Legislator:inthefirst
Natural
Jurisprudence
of David
employment
and K.:
growth
figures
rebounded
months
of 2003.
The Hume
and Adam Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
(ed.): Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge
economic stewardship.
Next,
many of the issues surrounding the nonUniversity Press,
2006.
democratic
legacy
Pinochet
era(eds.):
including
renowned
Haakonssen,
Knudofy the
Andrew
S. Skinner
Index to thethe
Works
of Adam Smith.
Liberty Fund, 2002.
Harman, G.: Moral Agent and Impartial Spectator. The 1986 Lindley Lecture,
published by the Philosophy Department. Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1986.
Hayek, F. A.: Adam Smiths Message in Todays Language. En New Studies in
Philosophy, Politics, Economics, and the History of Ideas. Chicago: University
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1973.
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Smiths Fifth Chapter. En History of Political Economy, 32: 317-345, 2000.

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
with 22
Chiles unusual electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
Jones, Peter y Andrew Skinner: Adam Smith Reviewed. Edinburgh University, 1992.
government
1990s. Moreover,
the coalition
itself was
Justman, during
S.: The the
Autonomous
Male of Adam
Smith. Norman,
OK: initially
University of
galvanized Oklahoma
around opposition
to
the
Pinochet
regime
of
the
1970s and
Press, 1993.
Larmore,
Patterns
of Moral
Complexity. force
Cambridge:
Cambridge
University Press,
1980s,
so as C.:
time
passes,
the compelling
of that
initial motivation
1987.
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
Levy, D. M.: The Partial Spectator in the Wealth of Nations: A Robust Utilitarianism.
parties
most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
En European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 2: 299-326, 1995.
over
social issues,
such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Adam Smiths Rational Choice Linguistics. En Economic Inquiry, 35: 672control. Finally,
by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
678, 1997.
presidency
andAdam
a majority
in the
Chamber
of Deputies
(the legislative
house

Smiths
Katallactic
Model
of Gambling:
Approbation
from the
En Journal
of the
HistoryBy
of Economic
Thought,of21:multiparty
81-92, 1999a.
elected by Spectator.
popular vote)
for 16
years.
the standards
Levy, D.anywhere,
M. y S. J. Peart:
Sympathy
and Approbation
in Hume andpresidential
Smith: A Solution
coalitions
much
less among
Latin Americas
to the Other Rational Species Problem. En Economics and Philosophy, 20:
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
331-349, 2004.
corruption
against
members,
the stripping
of
Lindgren, charges
J. R.: The Social
Philosophy
of Adamincluding
Smith. The Hague:
M. Nijhoff, 1973.
parliamentary
rights
from
fiveMoral
of the
coalitions
deputies for
in his
2002,
andof the
Macfie, A. L.:
Adam
Smiths
Sentiments
as Foundation
Wealth
Nations. En Oxford
Economic
2: 209-228,
1959.
general disillusionment
that goes
withPapers,
holding
the reins
of power for so

The
Individual
in
Society:
Papers
on
Adam
Smith.
London:
George
Allen and
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to
expire.
Unwin Ltd., 1967.
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
The Invisible Hand of Jupiter. En Journal of the History of Ideas, 32: 595undermine 599,
the 1971.
Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
necessarily
devastating
to theand
coalitions
forthe
a number
of reasons.
Meek, R. L.: Smith, Marx
After: Tensurvival
Essays in
Development
of Economic
In the first place,
theLondon:
Chilean
economy
Thought.
Chapman
and has
Hall,come
1977. through the last five years
Adam than
Smiths
Library.
A Supplement
to Bonars
Catalogue
with a and
Checklist
in farMizuta,
betterH.:shape
that
of any
of its Southern
Cone
neighbors,
of
the
whole
Library.
Cambridge:
Cambridge
University
Press,
1967.
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
Montes, L.: Adam Smith in Context. A Critical Reassessment of some Central
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
Components of His Thought. London: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2004.
economic
Next,
of the
surrounding
the non-2006.
Montes,stewardship.
L. y E. Schliesser
(eds.):many
New Voices
on issues
Adam Smith.
London: Routledge,
democratic
legacy
of and
the Economic
Pinochet
era including
Morrow, G.
R.: Ethical
Theories
of Adam Smith. the
New renowned
York: August M.
Kelly, [1923] 1969.
The Significance of the Doctrine of Sympathy in Hume and Adam Smith.
En Philosophical Review, 32: 60-78, 1923.
Adam Smith: Moralist and Philosopher. En Journal of Political Economy,
Vol. 35, N 3, pp. 321-342, 1927.
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York: The Free Press, 1993.
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Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Hiding From Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 2004.
ODonnell, R.: Adam Smiths Theory of Value and Distribution: A Reappraisal. New
York: St. Martins Press, 1990.
Otteson, J.: Adam Smiths Marketplace of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2002.
Pack, S. J.: Capitalism as a Moral System: Adam Smiths Critique of the Free Market
Economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1991.

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
LEONIDAS
MONTES
23
with Chiles
unusual
electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
ODriscoll, G. P. Jr. (ed.): Adam Smith and Modern Political Economy: Bicentennial
government during
theThe
1990s.
the coalition
was Press,
initially
Essays on
WealthMoreover,
of Nations. Ames:
Iowa Stateitself
University
1979.
galvanized
around
opposition
to
the
Pinochet
regime
of
the
1970s
Rae, J.: Life of Adam Smith. New York: Augustus M. Kelley, [1895] 1965. and
D. D.:
Humethe
andcompelling
Smith on Justice
Utility.
En motivation
Proceedings of the
1980s,Raphael,
so as time
passes,
force and
of that
initial
Aristotelian
Society,
73:
87-103,
1973.
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
parties
most Adam
notably
the Christian Democrats are internally divided
Rashid, S.: The Myth of Adam Smith. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1998.
over social
issues,
such
as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Raynor, D.: Humes Abstract of Adam Smiths Theory of Moral Sentiments. En
control. Finally,
by the
2005
elections,
the Concertacin
will have held the
Journal
of the
History
of Philosophy,
22: 51-79, 1984.
presidency
and a majority
in Adam
the Chamber
of Deputies
legislative
house Output.
Recktenwald,
H. C.: An
Smith Renaissance
Anno(the
1976?
The Bicentenary
A Reappraisal
His16
Scholarship.
Journal
of Economic
Literature, 16: 56elected by popular
vote) offor
years. ByEnthe
standards
of multiparty
83, 1978. much less among Latin Americas presidential
coalitions anywhere,
Redman, D. A.: The Political Economy as a Science: Methodology and the Classical
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
Economists. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1997.
corruption
charges
members,
including
theof stripping
Rosenberg,
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parliamentaryPolitical
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of 557-570,
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En
general
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reinsTwo
of power
forOne?.
so
Economica,
32:
127-139,
1965.
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
Adam Smith, Consumer Tastes, and Economic Growth. En Journal of
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
Political Economy, 76: 361-374, 1968.
undermine
the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
Adam Smith on Profits-Paradox Lost and Regained. En A. S. Skinner y T.
necessarily devastating
to the
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for a number
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1,
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1992.
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment.
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
economic
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Next,
many
of Economy
the issues
the En
nonSamuels,
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www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that


the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
with 24
Chiles unusual electoral rules.
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
Smith, V.: The Two Faces of Adam Smith. En Southern Journal of Economics, 65: 2government20,
during
1998. the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
galvanized
around
opposition
to the
Pinochet Chicago:
regime The
of the
1970sofand
Stigler, G. J.: Essays
in the History
of Economics.
University
Chicago
Press,
1965.
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation

Smiths
Travels
on the Ship
of State. En A.and
S. Skinner
T. Wilson (eds.),
might
naturally
weaken.
In addition,
the Concertacin,
even itsy component
Essays on Adam Smith. Clarendon Press, 1975.
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
Teichgraeber III, R. F.: Free Trade and Moral Philosophy: Rethinking the Sources of
over social Adam
issues,
such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
Smiths Wealth of Nations. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986.
control.
Finally,
byAbused
the 2005
the to
Concertacin
will haveofheld
the of

Less
thanelections,
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presidency and
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in En
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byK.:popular
16 Theorist?.
years. ByEnthe
standards
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coalitions anywhere,
much less among Latin Americas presidential
Tugendhat, E.: Vorlesung ber Ethik. Frankfurth/M: Suhrkamp, 1997.
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
Universally Approved Intersubjective Attitudes: Adam Smith (traducido al
corruptioningls
charges
against
members,
of
por Bernard
Schriebl).
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Smith Review,the
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general disillusionment
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that the
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Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
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undermine Princeton:
the Concertacin,
but we do not regard these factors as
Princeton University Press, 1991.
necessarily
devastating
to
the
coalitions
survival
for a number
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in reasons.
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In the first place,
theOxford:
Chilean
economy
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through the last five years
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Oxford
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Adam than
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in Historiographic
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in farWinch,
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of anyAnofEssay
its Southern
Cone neighbors,
and
Cambridge
University
Press,
1978.
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
Scottish Moral Philosopher as Political Economist. En Historical Journal,
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
35: 91-113, 1995.
economic
stewardship.
Next, many
of the History
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the non
Riches and Poverty:
An Intellectual
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legacy Cambridge:
of the Pinochet
including
the renowned
Cambridgeera
University
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