CRITERIA FOR THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT FOR ENERGY

PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS A NEW EUROPEAN

STANDARD
Bjarne W. Olesen1*, Olli Seppanen2, Atze Boerstra 3
1

Danish Technical University, Denmark

Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
3
BBA, The Netherlands
2

ABSTRACT
European Directive for Energy Performance of Buildings was approved in the beginning
of 2003. The transition period is 3-6 years depending of the article. European
Standardisation Organisation (CEN) has drafted several standards to help the member
countries implementing the directive. One of these is the Criteria for the indoor
environment including thermal, indoor air quality (ventilation) light and noise. The
standard specifies design values of indoor environment, values to be used in energy
calculations, and methods how to verify the specified indoor environment in the buildings.
The paper describes some of the principles used in standards, and gives examples
presented in the standard. The standard covers all building types but the paper is focuses
on the non-residential buildings, numeric examples are given only for offices. A draft
standard has been under the international review process and is now being revised for final
approval during 2006...
INDEX TERMS
Standard, guidelines, ventilation, temperature, draft, lighting, noise, energy
INTRODUCTION
The European Parliament and Council approved in December 2002 a directive on the
energy performance of buildings (EPDB). The directive requires member countries to (1)
develop a comprehensive methodology for calculation of the integrated energy
performance of buildings and HVAC systems including heating, cooling, ventilation and
lighting (2) set minimum requirements for energy performance of new buildings (3) apply
requirements in existing buildings (4) develop an energy certification system for buildings
(5) have heating and air-conditioning systems inspected regularly.
The energy consumption of buildings depends significantly on the criteria used for the
indoor environment, which also affect health, productivity and comfort of the occupants.
An energy declaration without a declaration related to the indoor environment makes no
sense. The indoor environment is mentioned several times in the directive. First of all
energy-saving measures should not sacrifice peoples comfort and health. Secondly,
besides the energy certificate and actual values for the energy consumption, it is
recommended to display in the building the design values for the indoor environment and
indicators for the environmental comfort. There is therefore a need to specify criteria for
the indoor environment for design, energy calculations, performance evaluation and
display of operation conditions.
The paper describes how design criteria of the indoor environment are set for
dimensioning of systems and for energy calculations in the draft standard (prEN15251*

bwo@mek.dtu.dk

2005). The paper highlights some of the new principles in the standard such as three
categories of indoor environment, the difference between target values for dimensioning
and energy calculations, principles of defining the ventilation rates, and evaluation of the
indoor environment. For dimensioning and energy calculations, different approaches are
introduced for mechanically cooled buildings and buildings without mechanical cooling.
Finally, the paper will discuss some of the issues raised during the public review.
SOCPE OF THE STANDARD
The European Draft Standard specifies the parameters of impact and/or criteria for the
indoor environment and how they are used to meet the intent in the EPBD. It
Specifies the indoor environment parameters that have an impact on energy
performance of buildings, and specifies how to establish indoor environmental
input parameters for the building system design and energy performance
calculations.
Specifies methods for long-term evaluation of the obtained indoor environment as
a result of calculations or measurements.
Specifies criteria for measurements, which may be used if required by inspection.
Identifies parameters to be used by monitoring and displaying the indoor
environment in existing buildings.
Is applicable mainly in non-industrial buildings where criteria for the indoor
environment are set by human occupancy and where the production or process
does not have a major impact on the indoor environment. The standard is thus
applicable to the following building types: single-family houses, apartment
buildings, offices, educational buildings, hospitals, hotels and restaurants, sports
facilities, wholesale and retail trade service buildings.
The parameters and criteria are based on existing Standards and Guidelines (such as ISO
DIS16814-2005, EN ISO 7730-2005, prEN 13779-2005, CR1752-2001, and existing
national standards).
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR DIMENSIONING
For the design of buildings and dimensioning of HVAC systems the thermal comfort
criteria (minimum room temperature in winter, maximum room temperature in summer)
shall be used as input for heating load (EN12831) and cooling load (prEN15423)
calculations. This will guarantee that a minimum-maximum room temperature can be
obtained under design outdoor conditions and design internal loads. Values are presented
for the sizing and dimensioning of the systems and well as for the design of buildings
without mechanical cooling.
In general national specified criteria for design and dimensioning of systems must be used,
but in case of no national regulations, the standard gives recommended design values in
informative annexes. The recommended criteria are given for three classes (categories).
Using a higher class with stricter criteria will result in higher calculated design loads and
may then result in larger systems and equipment. The designer shall document design
criteria for the indoor environment. As an example, thermal design criteria for different
types of space are given in Table 1 for buildings with mechanical cooling.
Especially the criteria for kindergartens and department stores are under discussion. In
these types of building, activity will not be uniform as some people will be sedentary,
children will be playing and people walking. Also the clothing may vary between the
different groups of occupancy (sales people, customers). Other types of building like
hospitals, restaurants, sports facilities, and warehouses will have similar problems
regarding variations in activity and clothing between different types of occupant. The
temperature ranges are based on a general comfort criteria using the PMV-PPD index (EN
ISO 7730) of + 0,5 for category A (+ 0,2 for category A and + 0,7 for category C).

Table 1. Recommended design values of the indoor temperature for the design of buildings
and HVAC systems.
Type of building/ space

Category

Operative temperature oC
Heating (winter season),
~ 1,0 clo

Residential buildings: living spaces (bed

rooms, drawing room, kitchen etc)
Sedentary ~ 1,2 met

Residential buildings: other spaces: storages,

halls, etc)
Standing-walking ~ 1,6 met

Single office (cellular office)

Sedentary ~ 1,2 met

Cooling (summer season),

~ 0,5 clo

21,0

25,5

20,0

26,0

18,0

27,0

18,0

16,0

14,0

21,0

25,5

20,0

26,0

19,0

27,0

Landscaped office (open-plan office)

21,0

25,5

Sedentary ~ 1,2 met

20,0

26,0

19,0

27,0

21,0

25,5

20,0

26,0

19,0

27,0

Auditorium

21,0

25,5

Sedentary ~ 1,2 met

20,0

26,0

19,0

27,0

21,0

25,5

20,0

26,0

19,0

27,0

Classroom

21,0

25,0

Sedentary ~ 1,2 met

20,0

26,0

19,0

27,0

Kindergarten

19,0

24,5

Standing/walking ~ 1,4 met

17,5

25,5

16,5

26,0

17,5

24,0

16,0

25,0

15,0

26,0

Conference room
Sedentary ~ 1,2 met

Cafeteria/Restaurant
Sedentary ~ 1,2 met

Department store
Standing-walking ~ 1,6 met

Buildings without mechanical cooling

For the dimensioning of the heating system the same criteria as for mechanically
ventilated, cooled and heated buildings shall be used (Table 1).
The criteria for the thermal environment in buildings without mechanical cooling may be
specified differently from those with mechanical cooling during the warm season due to
the different expectations of building occupants and adaptation. The level of adaptation
and expectation is strongly related to climatic conditions. As there is no mechanical
cooling system to dimension the criteria, the categories of summer temperatures, are
mainly used for building design to prevent the overheating of the building by using solar

Indoor operative temperature

(max. and min. design value
for class A, B, C), C

shading, thermal capacity of the building, design, orientation and opening of windows etc.
Based on a mean monthly outside temperature, recommended criteria for the indoor
temperature are given in Figure 1. This is similar to the criteria used in ASHRAE
Standard 55-2004. One issue to consider is, however, whether a monthly mean of the
outside temperature or maybe a weighted weekly, running mean value should be used. In
this case the x-axis cannot just be changed. The whole diagram will change as ex. a month
with a mean outside temperature of 23 oC will include a weekly mean outside
temperatures even higher.
This diagram has been validated only for office buildings with operable windows under
occupant control.
32
30
28

Class C: Tm xa 65% acceptation

Class B: Tm xa 80% acceptation
Class A: Tm xa 90% acceptation
Class A: Tm xa 90% acceptation
Class B: Tm xa 80% acceptation
Class C: Tm xa 65% acceptation

26
24
22
20
18
-5

10

15

20

25

30

Mean monthly outdoor air temperature, C

Figure 1. Design values for the indoor operative temperature as a function of mean
monthly outdoor air temperature for buildings without mechanical cooling systems.
Indoor air quality and ventilation rates
For the design of ventilation systems and the calculation of heating and cooling loads, the
required ventilation rate must be specified in the design documents based on national
requirements or using the recommended methods in this standard. In the design and
operation the main sources of pollutants should be identified and eliminated or decreased
by any feasible means. Local exhausts and ventilation then deal with the remaining
pollution. Air cleaning devices can also be used to remove pollutants from the room air in
order to improve the air quality. The ventilation rates for air quality are independent of
season.
In the standard the recommended ventilation rates in non-residential buildings take into
account pollutant emission. The calculated design ventilation rate is from two components
(a) ventilation for pollution from occupancy and (b) ventilation for the pollution from the
building itself. The ventilation for each category is the sum of these two components as
illustrated by the equation (1).
The ventilation rates for occupants (qp ) only are:
Category A: 10 l/s, pers
Category B: 7 l/s, pers
Category C: 4 l/s, pers

The ventilation rates (qB) for the building emissions are:

Low-polluting building
Non-low-polluting building
Category A:
1,0 l/s, m2
2,0 l/s, m2
2
Category B:
0,7 l/s, m
1,4 l/s, m2
Category C:
0,4 l/s, m2
0,8 l/s, m2
The total ventilation rate for a room is calculated from the following formula
qtot = n q p + A q B

(1)

where qtot= total ventilation rate of the room, l/s

n = design value for the number of persons in the room,qp = ventilation rate for occupancy per person, l/s, pers
A= room floor area, m2
qB = ventilation rate for emissions from building, l/s,m2
Examples of the total ventilation rates for non-industrial, non-residential buildings based
on these values are calculated using the equation (1) with default occupancy densities
indicated in Table 2. The ventilation required for smoking is based on the assumption that
20% of occupants are smokers, smoking 2 cigarettes per hour. For a higher rate of
smoking the ventilation rates should be increased proportionally. Ventilation rates for
smoking are based on comfort, not on health criteria.
Criteria for the ventilation rate may also be expressed as total rates per m2 floor area
(l/s,m2) or per occupant l/s per occupant. By expressing it as a people part and as a
building part it will be easier to calculate required ventilation rates for non-typical levels
of occupancies.
One issue is the rate for the building component for two types of building. For new
buildings (Wargocki-2004), where attention has been paid to the selection of building
materials, no smoking etc., lower levels corresponding to a category B level of 0,14 l/s,m2
can be obtained. This should be included in the final standard.
Humidity
The humidification of indoor air is usually not needed. Humidity has only a small effect
on thermal sensation and perceived air quality in rooms for sedentary occupancy;
however, long-term high humidity indoors may cause microbial growth, and very low
humidity ( <15-20%) may cause dryness and irritation of eyes and airways.
If a humidification or dehumidification system is used, the design values for
dehumidification are 50, 60 and 70 %, and for humidification 40, 30 and 20 % in
categories A,B and C. Usually humidification or dehumidification is needed only in
special buildings like museums, some health care facilities etc.)
Lighting
Lighting levels for design must be established at national level. Recommended values for
design luminance levels that should be used when designing lighting systems are for an
office: luminance level at height of 0,8 m 500 lx, uniform glare index URG<19 and colour
rendering index Ra>80 (adapted from EN12464). When it comes to luminance levels a
distinction in class A, B and class C levels seemed less appropriate than e.g. for
temperature and fresh air supply. However, for the more qualitative aspects of lighting
also a separation in class A, B and C demands could be made. The standard gives values
for daylight factor (at centre of room), luminance uniformity, control and dimming,
uniform glare rating (UGR), ease of modification of lighting, light colour (colour
temperature) and colour rendering index Ra.

Table 2 Recommended ventilation rates for non-residential buildings with default

occupant density for two categories of pollution from the building itself. If smoking is
allowed the last column gives the additional required ventilation rate.
Type of
building or
space

Single
office

Landscaped
office

Conference
room

Auditorium

Restaurant

Class room

Kindergarte
n

Department
store

Category

Floor
area
m2/person

For
occupancy

qB
for lowpolluted
building
l/s,m2
1,0
0,7

qA
for nonlowpolluted
building
l/s,m2
2,0
1,4

qtot
total for
lowpolluted
building
l/s,m2
2,0
1,4

qtot
total for
non-low
polluted
building
l/s,m2
3,0
2,1

Add
when
smoking
allowed
l/s,m2
0,7
0,5

A
B

10
10

l/s,m2
1,0
0,7

10

0,4

0,4

0,8

0,8

1,2

0,3

A
B

15
15

0,7
0,5

1,0
0,7

2,0
1,4

1,7
1,2

2,7
1,9

0,7
0,5

15

0,3

0,4

0,8

0,7

1,1

0,3

A
B

2
2

5,0
3,5

1,0
0,7

2,0
1,4

6,0
4,2

7,0
4,9

5,0
3,6

2,0

0,4

0,8

2,4

2,8

2,0

A
B

0,75
0,75

15
10,5

1,0
0,7

2,0
1,4

16
11,2

17
11,9

0,75

6,0

0,4

0,8

6,4

6,8

A
B

1,5
1,5

7,0
4,9

1,0
0,7

2,0
1,4

8,0
5,6

9,0
6,3

5,0

1,5

2,8

0,4

0,8

3,2

3,6

2,8

A
B

2,0
2,0

5,0
3,5

1,0
0,7

2,0
1,4

6,0
4,2

7,0
4,9

2,0

2,0

0,4

0,8

2,4

2,8

A
B

2,0
2,0

6,0
4,2

1,0
0,7

2,0
1,4

7,0
4,9

8,0
5,8

2,0

2,4

0,4

0,8

2,8

3,2

A
B

7
7

2,1
1,5

2,0
1,4

3,0
2,1

4,1
2,9

5,1
3,6

0,9

0,8

1,2

1,7

2,1

Noise
The noise from the energy systems of the building may disturb the occupants and prevent
the intended use of the space or building. The noise in a space can be evaluated using Aweighted equivalent sound pressure level (Table 3). These criteria apply to the sources
from the building as well as the noise level from outdoor sources. The criteria should be
used to limit the sound power level from the mechanical equipment and to set sound
insulation requirements for the noise from outdoors and adjacent rooms. The values can be
exceeded in the case where the occupant can control the operation of the equipment or the

windows. For example a room air-conditioner may generate a higher sound pressure level
if its operation is controlled by the occupant, but even in this case the rise of the sound
pressure level over the values in Table 3 should be limited to between 5 and 10 dB(A).
It is therefore noted that the ventilation should not rely on operable windows if the
building is located in an area with an outdoor noise level too high considering the level the
designer wishes to achieve in the indoor zone.
Draft
Criteria for maximum mean air velocity are given for summer (cooling season) and winter
(heating season) as mean air velocity (Table 3).
Table 3. Criteria to evaluate draft and noise criteria of some spaces and buildings
Type of building/space

Category

Single office (cellular

office)

0,18

0,15

30

0,22

0,18

35

0,25

0,21

40

Landscaped office

0,18

0,15

35

(open-plan office)

0,22

0,18

40

0,25

0,21

45

0,18

0,15

30

0,22

0,18

35

0,25

0,21

40

0,18

0,15

30

0,22

0,18

33

0,25

0,21

35

0,18

0,15

35

0,22

0,18

45

0,25

0,21

50

0,18

0,15

30

0,22

0,18

35

0,25

0,21

40

0,16

0,13

30

0,20

0,16

40

0,24

0,19

45

0,16

0,13

40

0,20

0,15

45

0,23

0,18

50

Conference room

Auditorium

Cafeteria/Restaurant

Classroom

Kindergarten

Department store

Maximum mean air velocity,

m/s
Summer
Winter
(cooling
(heating
season)
season)

Sound pressure
dB(A)

INDOOR ENVIRONMENT PARAMETERS FOR ENERGY CALCULATIONS

Standardised input values for the energy calculations are needed for the calculations
specified in article 3 and in the annex of EPBD. To perform a yearly energy calculation
(prEN13790-2005), criteria for the indoor environment must be specified and documented.
Thermal environment in mechanically cooled buildings
As the energy calculations may be performed on a seasonal, monthly of hourly basis
(dynamic simulation), the indoor environment is specified accordingly.
Seasonal calculations (degree day method)
For seasonal and monthly calculations the same values of indoor temperature as for design
(sizing) the heating and cooling systems should be used (Table 1) for each category of
indoor environment to calculate energy consumption for heating and cooling respectively.
Hourly calculations (dynamic simulation)
In dynamic simulation the energy consumption is calculated on an hourly basis.
Recommended values for the acceptable range of the indoor temperature for heating and
cooling are presented in Table 4. The midpoint of the temperature range should be used as
a target value but the indoor temperature may fluctuate within the range due to the energysaving features or control algorithm.
If the cooling power is limited (mixed mode buildings) the excess indoor temperatures
must be estimated using one of the methods in section 8. It may also be considered to
allow the indoor temperature to increase above the recommended values in Table 1 by 1/3
of the difference between the actual outdoor temperature and the upper end of the indoor
temperature range for cooling ( Example: in category A, office building the indoor
temperature may be 27,5, when the outdoor temperature is 31,5 C).
Thermal environment in buildings without mechanical cooling
For heating, the same lower temperature limits apply as for mechanically cooled buildings.
As there is no mechanical cooling, there will not be any energy use for cooling and the
upper limit in Figure 1 has really no impact. It may, however, be recommended to
calculate energy demand as if cooling were installed or calculate how often and how much
the recommended temperature range is not fulfilled. The calculated energy demand in
summer for a fictive cooling may be added to the overall energy demand as a penalty,
bearing in mind that people may at a later stage want to install mechanical cooling.
Furthermore, an increased air speed may be used to offset an increased air temperature.
ASHRAE standard 55 and EN ISO-7730 include a diagram to estimate the air speed
required to offset an increase in temperature (Figure 2) for occupants having individual
control (ceiling fans, operable windows). The requirement for personal control (open
windows, personal fans) of the increased air speed is essential for acceptance. Therefore, it
may not be appropriate to offset a temperature increase by increasing the air speed within
a centrally controlled air system. In this case, the requirements for draught must be used.

Table 4. Temperature ranges for hourly calculation of cooling and heating energy in three
categories of indoor environment.
Type of building or space

Category

Residential buildings, living

spaces (bedrooms, living rooms
etc.)
Sedentary activity ~1,2 met

21,0 -25,0

Temperature
range for cooling,
o
C
Clothing ~ 0,5 clo
23,5 - 25,5

20,0-25,0

23,0 - 26,0

18,0- 25,0

22,0 - 27,0

Residential buildings , other

spaces (kitchens, storages etc.)
Standing-walking activity ~1,5 met

18,0-25,0

16,0-25,0

C
A
B
C

14,0-25,0
21,0 23,0
20,0 24,0
19,0 25,0

23,5 - 25,5
23,0 - 26,0
22,0 - 27,0

A
B
C
A
B
C

19,0 21,0
17,5 22,5
16,5 23,5
17,5 20,5
16,0 22,0
15,0 23,0

22,5 - 24,5
21,5 25,5
21,0 - 26,0
22,0 - 24,0
21,0 25,0
20,0 - 26,0

Offices and spaces with similar

activity (single offices, open-plan
offices, conference rooms,
auditorium, cafeteria, restaurants,
classrooms,
Sedentary activity ~1,2 met
Kindergarten
Standing-walking activity ~1,4 met

Air Speed, m/s

Department store
Standing-walking activity ~1,6 met

Temperature range
for heating, oC
Clothing ~ 1,0 clo

1.5
1.0

Limit 0.8 m/s for sedentary occupancy

0.5
0.0
0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Temperature Rise, C
Figure 2. Air speed required to offset increased temperature (ASHRAE Standard 55, EN
ISO 7730). The air speed increases by the amount necessary to maintain the same total
heat transfer from the skin. Acceptance of the increased air speed requires occupant
control of the local air speed.

.95
.9
.85

composite weighted

.8

Relative Performance

The recommended upper temperature levels do not take into account any influence on
peoples performance. By an economical evaluation of the trade-offs between increased
temperature, comfort and energy performance, the performance of the occupants should be
included. Based on a literature analysis by Seppnen and Fisk(2005), Figure 3 shows a
relation between performance and space temperature for spaces occupied by people with
mainly sedentary activities and normal indoor clothing.

sample size weighted

unweighted

15

20

25

30

35

Temperature (C)

Figure 3. Relative performance vs. temperature derived from analysis of published

results. (from Seppnen and Fisk 2005).

Indoor air quality and ventilation

For energy calculations, the ventilation rates during the operation hours of the ventilation
system are usually the same as specified for design load calculations and dimensioning of
the ventilation system. To guarantee good indoor air quality in the beginning of
occupancy, the ventilation shall start prior to occupancy. The operation hours of
ventilation shall also be longer than the occupation hours to flush out the pollutants
generated during operation of the building. Outdoor air flow corresponding to 2 air
volumes of ventilated space should be delivered to the space before occupancy (e.g. if the
ventilation rate is 2 ach the ventilation is started one hour before occupancy). Infiltration
can be calculated as a part of the ventilation (leakage assumptions should be described).
It is recommended also to ventilate buildings during unoccupied periods, usually with a
lower ventilation rate than during the occupied period. The minimum ventilation rate shall
be defined based on building type and pollution load of the spaces. A minimum value of
0,1 to 0,2 l/s,m2 is recommended if national requirements are not available.
In systems with variable air flow control and demand-controlled ventilation, the
ventilation rate may vary between maximum for full occupancy or demand and minimum
for a non-occupied space.
Natural ventilation
Ventilation rates in naturally ventilated buildings are calculated based on building
construction, location and weather conditions. During unoccupied periods, minimum
ventilation for the buildings shall be provided. A value between 0,05 and 0,1 l/s,m2 can be
used if national regulations and codes are not available. National codes may allow
complementary ventilation by airing to achieve this requirement in a mild season if
acoustic requirements can be achieved.
EVALUATION OF INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

As the loads of the building vary spatially and temporally, the designed system may not be
able to fulfil the design intent in all rooms during all hours. There is a need to evaluate the
long-term performance of a building in respect to indoor environment. This evaluation is
necessary for the display of the climatic factors (indoor environment) in the energy
performance certificate (a requirement of the directive in articles 6 and 7). The standard
also presents indicators for such an evaluation and their use. The evaluation of the indoor
environment of a building is made by evaluating the indoor environment of typical rooms
representing different zones in the building. Evaluation can be based on design,
measurements or calculations. An evaluation includes (1) thermal criteria for winter (2)
thermal criteria for summer (3) air quality and ventilation criteria (4) lighting criteria (5)
acoustic criteria (6) draft criteria.
As the criteria are based on instantaneous values it values outside the recommended range
should be acceptable for short periods during a day. Therefore it is recommended that for
3-5% of the time (working hours) the calculated or measured values can be outside the
range. The 3-5% is to be used for daily (meaning 15-25 minutes during a working day),
weekly (24-120 working minutes) and yearly (50-100 working hours) periods.
Finally, the standard is discussing methods to give an overall evaluation of the indoor
environment, which in the future could be used for an indoor environmental certificate.
Unfortunately, only a few research results are available on the combined effects of the
indoor environmental parameters.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the European Organisation for Standardization (CEN) with a
grant from the European Commission, and reviewed by a CEN working group TC 156
WG12, as well as national organisations.

REFERENCES
ASHRAE Standard 55-1992, 2004. Thermal environment conditions for human
occupancy. ASHRAE, Atlanta.
ASHRAE Standard 62-2001, 2004, Ventilation for Acceptable Air Quality. ASHRAE,
Atlanta.
CEN prEN15251, 2005 Criteria for the Indoor Environment including thermal, indoor air
quality, light and noise.
CEN prEN15423, 2005 Ventilation for Buildings-Calculation of room temperatures and of
load and energy for buildings with room conditioning systems
CEN prEN13790-2005 Energy performance of buildings Calculation of energy use
for space heating and cooling.
EN ISO 7730, 2005. Moderate thermal environments - Determination of the PMV and
PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort".
EN 12464-2002. Light and lighting Lighting of work places- Part 1: Indoor work places
EN12831-2002 Heating systems in buildings Method for calculation of the design heat
load.
CEN CR 1752-2002. Ventilation for buildings Design criteria for the indoor
environment
CEN PrEN13799-2005. Ventilation for non-residential buildings - performance
requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems
ISO DIS 16814-2005 Building environment design Indoor air quality Methods of
expressing the quality of indoor air for human occupancy
Seppnen O, Fisk WJ. 2005. Some quantitative relations between indoor environmental
quality and work performance or health. Proceedings of 9 th International conference on
Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Beijing September 2005
Wargocki, P. (2004) "Sensory pollution sources in buildings, Indoor Air, Vol.14 (Suppl
7), 82-91